JP2006344425A - Cathode activator, cathode, and battery - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a cathode activator capable of improving battery characteristics even at a circumstance of high temperature, and a cathode and a battery using the same. <P>SOLUTION: The cathode 21 contains the cathode activator having average composition expressed by Li<SB>a+1</SB>Ni<SB>(1-b-c)</SB>Mn<SB>b</SB>M<SB>c</SB>O<SB>(2-x)</SB>F<SB>y</SB>, wherein, M denotes Co, Mg, Al, B, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Ca, Sr, W, Nb, Y, or Zr; and a, b, c, x, and y fulfills -0.1≤a≤0.1, 0,005≤b≤0.4, 0≤c≤0.35, -0.1≤x≤0.2, 0≤y≤0.1 respectively. Excessive fluorine exists on the surface of the cathode activator particle comparing with that existing inside the particle. On x-ray absorption end fine structure spectrum, in a state that 80 mol% of lithium is released, intermediate point of absorbance at K-shell absorption end of nickel is sifted by 1.1 eV or more. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material containing lithium (Li) and a transition metal, and a positive electrode and a battery using the same.

  In recent years, many portable electronic devices such as camera-integrated VTRs, mobile phones, laptop computers and the like have appeared, and the demand is rapidly expanding. As these electronic devices become smaller and lighter, research and development for improving the energy density of batteries, particularly secondary batteries, as portable power sources are being actively promoted. Among them, a lithium ion secondary battery has a large demand for energy because a large energy density can be obtained as compared with a lead battery and a nickel cadmium battery which are conventional aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.

  In this lithium ion secondary battery, for example, a lithium-cobalt composite oxide or lithium-nickel composite oxide having a layered rock salt structure or a lithium-manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure is used as a positive electrode active material. Has been.

  Among these, the lithium-manganese composite oxide has a three-dimensional lithium ion diffusion path and a relatively strong crystal structure, but has a low capacity and elution of manganese ions under a high temperature environment. However, the lithium-cobalt composite oxide has the best balance of capacity, cost, thermal stability, etc., and is widely used.

  On the other hand, lithium-nickel composite oxides have the disadvantages that the stability of the crystal structure is slightly low and the cycle characteristics or environmental resistance is inferior, but in terms of raw material price and supply stability, lithium-cobalt composite oxide It is superior to things, and the future is highly anticipated and research is ongoing.

In batteries using these complex oxides, various means for improving battery characteristics have been proposed. For example, Patent Documents 1 and 2 propose means for adding a specific metal to a lithium / nickel composite oxide or for defining the amount of binder in the positive electrode mixture. Further, Patent Documents 3 to 6 describe that lithium / nickel composite oxides are made of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), indium (In), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg). ), Titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo) and the like have been proposed as means for improving the discharge capacity. Furthermore, Patent Document 7 proposes means for dissolving different elements in the layered manganese composite oxide. Furthermore, Patent Documents 8 to 10 propose nickel / manganese composite oxide, nickel / cobalt / manganese composite oxide, or means for dissolving different elements in these. In addition, Patent Document 11 discloses a means for improving cycle characteristics by defining a charging method when a charging voltage is increased in a battery using a nickel / cobalt / manganese composite oxide as a positive electrode active material. Proposed.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-192721 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-302768 Japanese Patent No. 3244314 Japanese Patent No. 3281829 Japanese Patent No. 3064655 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 08-37007 International Publication No. 00/23380 Pamphlet JP 2003-238165 A US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0170540 JP 2004-296098 A JP 2004-55539 A

  However, these means do not have sufficient battery characteristics under a high temperature environment, and are insufficient particularly when the battery voltage is set high, and further improvements have been demanded.

  The present invention has been made in view of such problems, and an object thereof is to a positive electrode active material capable of improving battery characteristics even under a high temperature environment, and a positive electrode and a battery using the same.

The positive electrode active material according to the present invention is a particulate positive electrode active material having the average composition shown in Chemical Formula 1, wherein fluorine (F) on the particle surface is excessively present with respect to the inside, and the X-ray absorption edge fine structure In the X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum measured by analysis, when the 80 mol% lithium is released, the shift amount of the intermediate point of absorbance at the K-shell absorption edge of nickel (Ni) is 1.1 eV or more. belongs to.
(Chemical formula 1)
_{Li a + 1 Ni (1-} bc) Mn b M c O (2-x) F y
(In the formula, M represents cobalt (Co), magnesium, aluminum, boron (B), titanium, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr ), Tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), yttrium (Y), and zirconium (Zr), where a, b, c, x and y are −0.1 ≦ a ≦ 0.1, 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.4, 0 ≦ c ≦ 0.35, −0.1 ≦ x ≦ 0.2, 0 <y ≦ 0.1.

The positive electrode according to the present invention has a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer provided on the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode active material layer is a particulate positive electrode active material having an average composition shown in Chemical formula 1. In the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum measured by X-ray absorption edge fine structure analysis, the particle contains 80 mol% of lithium in the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum. In the detached state, the shift amount of the intermediate point of absorbance at the K shell absorption edge of nickel is 1.1 eV or more.
(Chemical formula 1)
_{Li a + 1 Ni (1-} bc) Mn b M c O (2-x) F y
(Wherein M is at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium, tungsten, niobium, yttrium and zirconium. A, b, c, x and y represent −0.1 ≦ a ≦ 0.1, 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.4, 0 ≦ c ≦ 0.35, and −0.1 ≦ x ≦. Represents a value in the range of 0.2, 0 <y ≦ 0.1.)

The battery according to the present invention is provided with an electrolyte together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and the positive electrode includes a particulate positive electrode active material having an average composition shown in Chemical Formula 1, and the particles have fluorine on the surface inside. In the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum measured by X-ray absorption edge fine structure analysis of the positive electrode in excess, the K shell of nickel was obtained when 80 mol% lithium was released from the positive electrode active material. The shift amount of the intermediate point of absorbance at the absorption edge is 1.1 eV or more.
(Chemical formula 1)
_{Li a + 1 Ni (1-} bc) Mn b M c O (2-x) F y
(Wherein M is at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium, tungsten, niobium, yttrium and zirconium. A, b, c, x and y represent −0.1 ≦ a ≦ 0.1, 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.4, 0 ≦ c ≦ 0.35, and −0.1 ≦ x ≦. Represents a value in the range of 0.2, 0 <y ≦ 0.1.)

  According to the positive electrode active material of the present invention, in the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum having a predetermined composition, fluorine on the surface is excessive with respect to the inside, and measured by X-ray absorption edge fine structure analysis, When 80 mol% lithium is released from the positive electrode active material, the shift amount of the intermediate point of absorbance at the K shell absorption edge of nickel is 1.1 eV or more, so that it is stable even in a high temperature environment. Can be improved. Therefore, according to the positive electrode and the battery of the present invention using this positive electrode active material, the battery characteristics can be improved even in a high temperature environment.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

The positive electrode active material according to one embodiment of the present invention is a complex oxide having a layered structure and an average composition represented by Chemical Formula 1.
(Chemical formula 1)
_{Li a + 1 Ni (1-} bc) Mn b M c O (2-x) F y

  In Formula 1, the value of a is a value in the range of −0.1 ≦ a ≦ 0.1. The value of b is in the range of 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.4, and more preferably in the range of 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.35. This is because if the manganese ratio is small, the capacity retention rate decreases, and if the manganese ratio is large, the capacity decreases.

  M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium, tungsten, niobium, yttrium, and zirconium; The ratio c is in the range of 0 ≦ c ≦ 0.35. It is because a battery characteristic can be improved by including in this range. The value of x is in the range of −0.1 ≦ x ≦ 0.2, and more preferably 0 ≦ x ≦ 0.2. Further, the value of y is in the range of 0 <y ≦ 0.1, and fluorine is preferably present on the surface in excess of the inside of the particles. This is because if fluorine is contained, stability is improved, and if fluorine is present inside, diffusion of lithium ions is inhibited.

  In this positive electrode active material, the electronic state of nickel changes due to the separation of lithium, and the X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum measured by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) The K shell absorption edge of nickel shifts. This shift amount is 1.1 eV or more at the midpoint of absorbance at the K-shell absorption edge of nickel when 80 mol% of lithium is released. Thereby, even in a high temperature environment, chemical stability is improved. In addition, although the intermediate point of the light absorbency in the K shell absorption edge of nickel changes with electronic states of nickel, it shifts within the range of 5 eV or less.

  The X-ray absorption edge fine structure analysis can analyze an electronic state, a local structure, and the like, and will be specifically described below.

  In general, each element has a property of absorbing X-rays having intrinsic energy due to electronic transition of inner-shell electrons. When an X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum of a certain element is measured, there is a portion where absorption rapidly increases at a certain energy or higher, which is called an absorption edge. The fine structure in the vicinity of the absorption edge reflects the existence form of the element and the surrounding environment. By analyzing this structure, the electronic state and the local structure can be known. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-102703 describes an analysis of the local structure of a battery material.

  In this specification, the intermediate point of the absorbance at the K-shell absorption edge of nickel is defined as follows.

First, a region on the lower energy side than the K absorption edge of nickel is fitted to the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum by Victreen Cλ ³ -Dλ ⁴ to obtain background absorption. After that, the background is subtracted from the entire spectrum and normalized so that the peak intensity at the absorption edge becomes 1. The middle point means a position of 0.5 (50%) of the absorbance at this time.

The structure obtained by enlarging about 10 eV in the vicinity of the absorption edge is called an X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and the electronic state of the central element is mainly used. It is reflected. In addition, it has been pointed out that in LiNiO ₂ , the absorption edge shifts to a higher energy side when lithium is released (DENKI KAGAKU, 66 (19998) 968.).

  This positive electrode active material can be produced, for example, as follows.

  First, a material containing each element is mixed so that the ratio of each element falls within a predetermined range. For example, the temperature is raised from room temperature at a predetermined speed, and held at a predetermined temperature, and then, for example, 200 at a predetermined speed. The composite oxide is produced by lowering the temperature to below ℃. At that time, the temperature rising rate is preferably 3 ° C. or more per minute, and the temperature lowering rate is preferably 5 ° C. or more per minute. The holding temperature is preferably 800 ° C. or higher, more preferably 850 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower. After that, by mixing and heating the obtained composite oxide and a fluorine compound, or by exposing the obtained composite oxide in a fluorine gas atmosphere, the fluorine on the particle surface is exposed to the inside. Try to be in excess. Thereby, a positive electrode active material is produced.

  This positive electrode active material is used for a secondary battery as follows, for example.

(First secondary battery)
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional structure of a first secondary battery using the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment. This secondary battery is a so-called lithium ion secondary battery in which lithium is used as an electrode reactant and the capacity of the negative electrode is represented by a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium. This secondary battery is called a so-called cylindrical type, and is a winding in which a pair of strip-like positive electrode 21 and strip-like negative electrode 22 are wound through a separator 23 inside a substantially hollow cylindrical battery can 11. A rotating electrode body 20 is provided. Inside the battery can 11, an electrolytic solution that is a liquid electrolyte is injected and impregnated in the separator 23. The battery can 11 is made of, for example, iron plated with nickel, and has one end closed and the other end open. Inside the battery can 11, a pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 are arranged perpendicular to the winding peripheral surface so as to sandwich the winding electrode body 20.

  At the open end of the battery can 11, a battery lid 14, a safety valve mechanism 15 provided inside the battery lid 14 and a heat sensitive resistance element (Positive Temperature Coefficient; PTC element) 16 are interposed via a gasket 17. It is attached by caulking, and the inside of the battery can 11 is sealed. The battery lid 14 is made of, for example, the same material as the battery can 11. The safety valve mechanism 15 is electrically connected to the battery lid 14 via the heat sensitive resistance element 16, and the disk plate 15A is reversed when the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a certain level due to an internal short circuit or external heating. Thus, the electrical connection between the battery lid 14 and the wound electrode body 20 is cut off. When the temperature rises, the heat sensitive resistance element 16 limits the current by increasing the resistance value and prevents abnormal heat generation due to a large current. The gasket 17 is made of, for example, an insulating material, and asphalt is applied to the surface.

  The wound electrode body 20 is wound around a center pin 24, for example. A positive electrode lead 25 made of aluminum or the like is connected to the positive electrode 21 of the spirally wound electrode body 20, and a negative electrode lead 26 made of nickel or the like is connected to the negative electrode 22. The positive electrode lead 25 is electrically connected to the battery lid 14 by being welded to the safety valve mechanism 15, and the negative electrode lead 26 is welded to and electrically connected to the battery can 11.

FIG. 2 shows an enlarged part of the spirally wound electrode body 20 shown in FIG. The positive electrode 21 has, for example, a structure in which a positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector 21A having a pair of opposed surfaces. Although not shown, the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be provided only on one surface of the positive electrode current collector 21A. The positive electrode current collector 21A is made of, for example, a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, a nickel foil, or a stainless steel foil. The positive electrode active material layer 21B includes, for example, a positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment, and a conductive agent such as graphite and a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride as necessary. Furthermore, you may contain the other 1 type, or 2 or more types of positive electrode active material. Examples of other positive electrode active materials include lithium transition metal composite oxides such as LiCoO _{2 and} LiMn ₂ O _4, and lithium phosphorus oxides such as LiFePO ₄ .

  The positive electrode active material layer 21B preferably has voids in the range of 15% by volume to 35% by volume. The positive electrode active material described above has a layered structure, and due to the release of lithium by charging, the crystal lattice expands initially and contracts at the end, but if the voids are within this range, This is because loss of active material or capacity deterioration due to volume change accompanying charging / discharging can be suppressed.

  The negative electrode 22 has, for example, a structure in which a negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided on both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector 22A having a pair of opposed surfaces. Although not shown, the negative electrode active material layer 22B may be provided only on one surface of the negative electrode current collector 22A. The negative electrode current collector 22A is made of, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, or a stainless steel foil having good electrochemical stability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength.

  The negative electrode active material layer 22B includes one or more negative electrode materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium as the negative electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material layer 21B as necessary. It is comprised including the binder similar to.

  In this secondary battery, the charge capacity of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is larger than the charge capacity of the positive electrode 21 so that lithium metal does not deposit on the negative electrode 22 during the charge. It has become.

  As a negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium, a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium at a potential of 2.0 V or less with respect to lithium metal is preferably exemplified. This is because high energy density of the battery can be easily realized. Specifically, carbon such as non-graphitizable carbon, artificial graphite, natural graphite, pyrolytic carbons, cokes, graphites, glassy carbons, organic polymer compound fired bodies, carbon fiber, activated carbon or carbon black Materials. Among these, examples of coke include pitch coke, needle coke, and petroleum coke. The organic polymer compound fired body is obtained by firing and polymerizing a polymer material such as phenol resin or furan resin at an appropriate temperature.

  Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium include materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium and containing at least one of a metal element and a metalloid element as a constituent element. . This is because a high energy density can be obtained by using such a material. In particular, the use with a carbon material is more preferable because a high energy density can be obtained and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained. The negative electrode material may be a single element, alloy or compound of a metal element or metalloid element, or may have at least a part of one or more of these phases. In the present invention, alloys include those containing one or more metal elements and one or more metalloid elements in addition to those composed of two or more metal elements. Moreover, the nonmetallic element may be included. There are structures in which a solid solution, a eutectic (eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, or two or more of them coexist.

  Examples of metal elements or metalloid elements constituting the negative electrode material include magnesium, boron, aluminum, gallium (Ga), indium, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin, lead (Pb), and bismuth (Bi). ), Cadmium (Cd), silver (Ag), zinc, hafnium (Hf), zirconium, yttrium, palladium (Pd) or platinum (Pt). These may be crystalline or amorphous.

  Among these, as the negative electrode material, a material containing a 4B group metal element or a semimetal element in the short-period type periodic table as a constituent element is preferable, and at least one of silicon and tin is particularly preferable as a constituent element. This is because silicon and tin have a large ability to occlude and release lithium, and a high energy density can be obtained.

  As a negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium, lithium can be inserted and extracted at a relatively base potential such as iron oxide, ruthenium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, titanium oxide or tin oxide. Possible oxides or nitrides are mentioned.

  The separator 23 is made of, for example, a porous film made of synthetic resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene, or a porous film made of ceramic, and has a structure in which two or more kinds of porous films are laminated. May be. Among these, a porous film made of polyolefin is preferable because it is excellent in short-circuit preventing effect and can improve the safety of the battery due to the shutdown effect.

  The electrolytic solution includes, for example, a nonaqueous solvent such as an organic solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent. Examples of the non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3- Examples include dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, diethyl ether, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, anisole, acetate ester, butyrate ester, or propionate ester. One non-aqueous solvent may be used alone, or two or more non-aqueous solvents may be mixed and used.

As electrolyte salt, lithium salt is mentioned, for example, 1 type may be used independently, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for it. Examples of the lithium salt include LiPF ₆ , LiBF ₄ , LiAsF ₆ , LiClO ₄ , LiB (C ₆ H ₅ ) ₄ , LiCH ₃ SO ₃ , LiCF ₃ SO ₃ , LiCl, or LiBr.

  Note that the open circuit voltage (that is, the battery voltage) at the time of full charge of the secondary battery may be 4.20V, but it is designed to be higher than 4.20V and not lower than 4.25V and lower than 4.80V. It is preferable. The energy density can be increased by increasing the battery voltage, and according to the present embodiment, the chemical stability of the positive electrode active material is improved. This is because high temperature characteristics can be obtained. In that case, since the amount of lithium released per unit mass increases even with the same positive electrode active material than when the battery voltage is set to 4.20 V, the amounts of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are adjusted accordingly. .

  For example, the secondary battery can be manufactured as follows.

  First, for example, the positive electrode active material layer 21B is formed on the positive electrode current collector 21A to produce the positive electrode 21. The positive electrode active material layer 21B is prepared, for example, by mixing a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder to prepare a positive electrode mixture, and then using the positive electrode mixture in a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. It is formed by dispersing to form a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry, applying this positive electrode mixture slurry to the positive electrode current collector 21A, drying the solvent, and compression molding with a roll press or the like. At that time, for example, the porosity can be changed by appropriately adjusting the compression pressure or the like. Moreover, you may press-mold while adding heat. This is preferable because the strength of the positive electrode 21 can be improved. Further, without applying the paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry, the positive electrode active material, the binder, and, if necessary, the conductive agent are mixed and heated to be applied to the positive electrode current collector 21A. May be.

  Further, for example, the negative electrode active material layer 22B is formed on the negative electrode current collector 22A to produce the negative electrode 22. The negative electrode active material layer 22B may be formed by, for example, any one of a vapor phase method, a liquid phase method, a baking method, and coating, or a combination of two or more thereof. As the vapor phase method, for example, a physical deposition method or a chemical deposition method can be used. Specifically, a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a laser ablation method, a thermal CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) A chemical vapor deposition method) or a plasma CVD method can be used. As the liquid phase method, a known method such as electrolytic plating or electroless plating can be used. As for the firing method, a known method can be used. For example, an atmosphere firing method, a reaction firing method, or a hot press firing method can be used. In the case of application, it can be formed in the same manner as the positive electrode 21.

  Subsequently, the positive electrode lead 25 is attached to the positive electrode current collector 21A by welding or the like, and the negative electrode lead 26 is attached to the negative electrode current collector 22A by welding or the like. After that, the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound through the separator 23, and the tip portion of the positive electrode lead 25 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 15, and the tip portion of the negative electrode lead 26 is welded to the battery can 11. The positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 and stored in the battery can 11. After the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are accommodated in the battery can 11, the electrolytic solution is injected into the battery can 11 and impregnated in the separator 23. After that, the battery lid 14, the safety valve mechanism 15, and the heat sensitive resistance element 16 are fixed to the opening end of the battery can 11 by caulking through a gasket 17. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is formed.

  In this secondary battery, when charged, lithium ions are released from the positive electrode active material layer 21B, and a negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium contained in the negative electrode active material layer 22B through the electrolytic solution. Occluded. Next, when discharging is performed, lithium ions occluded in the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium in the negative electrode active material layer 22B are released and inserted into the positive electrode active material layer 21B through the electrolytic solution. . In the present embodiment, since the positive electrode active material described above is used, the stability is high even in a high temperature environment, and the battery characteristics are improved.

(Secondary secondary battery)
FIG. 3 shows a configuration of a second secondary battery using the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment. In this secondary battery, a wound electrode body 30 to which a positive electrode lead 31 and a negative electrode lead 32 are attached is housed in a film-like exterior member 40, and can be reduced in size, weight, and thickness. ing.

  The positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 are led out from the inside of the exterior member 40 to the outside, for example, in the same direction. The positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 are each made of a metal material such as aluminum, copper, nickel, or stainless steel, and each have a thin plate shape or a mesh shape.

  The exterior member 40 is made of, for example, a rectangular aluminum laminated film in which a nylon film, an aluminum foil, and a polyethylene film are bonded together in this order. For example, the exterior member 40 is disposed so that the polyethylene film side and the wound electrode body 30 face each other, and the outer edge portions are in close contact with each other by fusion bonding or an adhesive. An adhesive film 41 is inserted between the exterior member 40 and the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 to prevent intrusion of outside air. The adhesion film 41 is made of a material having adhesion to the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32, for example, a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, modified polyethylene, or modified polypropylene.

  The exterior member 40 may be made of a laminated film having another structure, a polymer film such as polypropylene, or a metal film instead of the above-described aluminum laminated film.

  FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional structure taken along line II of the spirally wound electrode body 30 shown in FIG. The wound electrode body 30 is obtained by stacking and winding a positive electrode 33 and a negative electrode 34 with a separator 35 and an electrolyte layer 36 interposed therebetween, and the outermost peripheral portion is protected by a protective tape 37.

  The positive electrode 33 has a structure in which a positive electrode active material layer 33B is provided on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector 33A, and the negative electrode 34 has a structure in which a negative electrode active material layer 34B is provided on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 34A. have. The configurations of the positive electrode current collector 33A, the positive electrode active material layer 33B, the negative electrode current collector 34A, the negative electrode active material layer 34B, and the separator 35 are respectively the positive electrode current collector 21A, the positive electrode active material layer 21B, and the negative electrode current collector 22A. The same as the negative electrode active material layer 22B and the separator 23.

  The electrolyte layer 36 includes an electrolytic solution and a polymer compound serving as a holding body that holds the electrolytic solution, and has a so-called gel shape. The gel electrolyte layer 36 is preferable because high ion conductivity can be obtained and liquid leakage can be prevented. The configuration of the electrolytic solution is the same as that of the first secondary battery. Examples of the polymer compound include fluorine-based polymer compounds such as polyvinylidene fluoride or a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, ether-based polymer compounds such as polyethylene oxide or a crosslinked product containing polyethylene oxide, Examples include acrylonitrile. In particular, a fluorine-based polymer compound is desirable from the viewpoint of redox stability. Any one of these polymer compounds may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be mixed and used.

  For example, the secondary battery can be manufactured as follows.

  First, after the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 are manufactured in the same manner as the first secondary battery, a precursor solution containing an electrolytic solution, a polymer compound, and a mixed solvent is applied to each of the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34. Then, the mixed solvent is volatilized to form the electrolyte layer 36. After that, the positive electrode lead 31 is attached to the positive electrode current collector 33A, and the negative electrode lead 32 is attached to the negative electrode current collector 34A. Next, the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 on which the electrolyte layer 36 is formed are laminated via a separator 35 to form a laminated body, and then the laminated body is wound in the longitudinal direction, and a protective tape 37 is adhered to the outermost peripheral portion. Thus, the wound electrode body 30 is formed. Finally, for example, the wound electrode body 30 is sandwiched between the exterior members 40, and the outer edges of the exterior members 40 are sealed and sealed by heat fusion or the like. At that time, the adhesion film 41 is inserted between the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 and the exterior member 40. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is completed.

  Further, this secondary battery may be manufactured as follows. First, the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 are prepared as described above, and after the positive electrode lead 31 and the negative electrode lead 32 are attached to the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34, the positive electrode 33 and the negative electrode 34 are stacked via the separator 35 and wound. Rotate and adhere the protective tape 37 to the outermost periphery to form a wound body that is a precursor of the wound electrode body 30. Next, the wound body is sandwiched between the exterior members 40, and the outer peripheral edge portion excluding one side is heat-sealed to form a bag shape, and is stored inside the exterior member 40. Subsequently, an electrolyte composition containing an electrolytic solution, a monomer that is a raw material of the polymer compound, a polymerization initiator, and other materials such as a polymerization inhibitor as required is injected into the exterior member 40. The opening of the exterior member 40 is sealed. Thereafter, heat is applied to polymerize the monomer to obtain a polymer compound, thereby forming the gel electrolyte layer 36, and assembling the secondary battery shown in FIGS.

  This secondary battery operates in the same manner as the first secondary battery.

  As described above, according to the present embodiment, since the above-described positive electrode active material is used, stability under a high temperature environment can be improved. Therefore, according to the secondary battery according to the present embodiment using this positive electrode active material, battery characteristics in a high temperature environment can be improved.

  Further, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.

(Examples 1-1 to 1-31)
[Preparation of positive electrode active material]
In Examples 1-1 and 1-2, the positive electrode active material was produced as follows. First, aqueous ammonia mixed with commercially available nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and manganese nitrate so that the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese is a predetermined molar ratio, ammonia water was added dropwise while stirring sufficiently, A hydroxide powder was obtained. Next, the composite hydroxide powder and the lithium hydroxide powder were mixed to form a mixed hydroxide powder, and then first heating was performed using an electric furnace. At that time, the temperature was raised at a rate of 5 ° C. per minute, held at 950 ° C. for 5 hours, and then cooled to 150 ° C. at a rate of 7 ° C. per minute. The obtained fired product and lithium fluoride powder were mixed and subjected to second heating, whereby fluorine was diffused from the surface of the fired product to the inside, thereby producing a positive electrode active material powder. At that time, the temperature was raised at a rate of 5 ° C. per minute, held at 850 ° C. for 5 hours, and then cooled to 150 ° C. at a rate of 7 ° C. per minute.

  In Examples 1-3 to 1-5, positive electrode active materials were produced in the same manner as in Examples 1-1 and 1-2 except that the first heating condition was changed. Specifically, in Examples 1-3 and 1-4, the temperature was increased at a rate of 4 ° C. per minute, held at 900 ° C. for 3 hours, and then cooled to 150 ° C. at a rate of 6 ° C. per minute. In Example 1-5, the temperature was increased at a rate of 6 ° C. per minute, held at 900 ° C. for 3 hours, and then cooled to 150 ° C. at a rate of 6 ° C. per minute.

  In Examples 1-6 to 1-10, a positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Examples 1-1 and 1-2 except that the mixing ratio of each raw material was changed.

  In Examples 1-11 to 1-29, the positive electrode active material was produced as follows. First, aqueous ammonia mixed with commercially available nickel nitrate and manganese nitrate so that the ratio of nickel to manganese is a predetermined molar ratio is added dropwise with aqueous ammonia while stirring to obtain a composite hydroxide powder. It was. Next, the composite hydroxide powder, the lithium hydroxide powder, and a compound powder containing element M or a simple substance of element M as necessary are mixed to form a mixed hydroxide powder, and then an electric furnace is used. The first heating was performed under the same conditions as in Examples 1-1 and 1-2. After mixing the obtained fired product and lithium fluoride powder, the second heating is performed under the same conditions as in Examples 1-1 and 1-2, so that fluorine is transferred from the surface of the fired product to the inside. Then, a positive electrode active material powder was produced. The compound containing element M or elemental element M is magnesium carbonate in Example 1-11, aluminum hydroxide in Example 1-12, boron oxide in Example 1-13, and oxidized in Example 1-14. Titanium, vanadium oxide in Example 1-15, chromium oxide in Example 1-16, iron hydroxide in Example 1-17, copper oxide in Example 1-18, and in Example 1-19 Zinc oxide, zirconium oxide in examples 1-20 and 1-28, molybdenum oxide in example 1-21, tin metal in example 1-22, calcium hydroxide in example 1-23 Example 1-24 is strontium oxide, Example 1-25 is tungsten oxide, Example 1-26 is niobium oxide, and Example 1-27 is yttrium hydroxide. And the. In Example 1-29, the compound containing element M and the element M alone were not used.

  Examples 1-30 and 1-31 were the same as in Examples 1-1 and 1-2 except that the mixing ratio of the composite hydroxide powder and the lithium fluoride powder was changed. The material was made.

  As Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-2 for Examples 1-1 to 1-31, except that manganese nitrate and lithium fluoride were not used as raw materials, and the second heating was not performed, the other examples A positive electrode active material was produced in the same manner as 1-1 and 1-2. At that time, the mixing ratio of each raw material was changed.

  Further, as Comparative Example 1-3, a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Examples 1-1 and 1-2, except that lithium fluoride was not used as a raw material and second heating was not performed. Produced. At that time, the mixing ratio of each raw material was changed.

  Further, as Comparative Examples 1-4 and 1-5, the positive electrode active material was the same as that of Examples 1-1 and 1-2 except that the heating rate in the first heating was set to 1 ° C. per minute. Was made.

  When the composition of the obtained positive electrode active material powder was analyzed by atomic absorption analysis and an oxygen concentration meter, it was confirmed to have the composition shown in Table 1. In addition, when the distribution of fluorine from the surface to the inside of the particle was analyzed by X-ray electron spectroscopy, it was confirmed that the fluorine on the surface was excessively present in each case.

Furthermore, when the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material was measured by a laser diffraction method, the average particle diameter was about 13 μm in all cases. Moreover, when X-ray diffraction measurement was performed, it was confirmed that it was similar to the diffraction pattern of LiNiO ₂ described in ICDD09-0063 and formed the same layered rock salt structure as LiNiO ₂ . Furthermore, when observed by SEM, spherical particles in which primary particles of 0.1 μm to 5 μm aggregated were confirmed.

[X-ray absorption fine structure analysis]
The coin-type secondary battery shown in FIG. 5 was produced using these produced positive electrode active materials, and the characteristics of the positive electrode active materials were evaluated. This secondary battery is formed by laminating a positive electrode 51 and a negative electrode 52 via a separator 53 impregnated with an electrolytic solution, sandwiching between an outer can 54 and an outer cup 55 and caulking via a gasket 56. is there. The diameter was 20 mm and the height was 1.6 mm. In the positive electrode 51, 86% by mass of the produced positive electrode active material powder, 10% by mass of graphite as a conductive agent, and 4% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder were added to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent. It was dispersed and applied to a positive electrode current collector 51A made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 μm, dried, compression molded by a roll press machine to form the positive electrode active material layer 51B, and then punched into a pellet.

Also, a lithium metal foil for anode 52, using a porous polyolefin film separator 53, the electrolyte, LiPF the ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate mixed solvent in an equal volume, as an electrolyte salt ₆ Was dissolved so as to be 1.0 mol / l.

  The produced coin-type secondary battery was charged until 80 mol% of lithium was released from the positive electrode active material, disassembled, and the positive electrode 51 was taken out. Separately from this, a coin-type secondary battery produced in the same manner was prepared, charged in the same manner, completely discharged until the battery voltage reached 2.0 V, disassembled, and the positive electrode 51 was removed. I took it out.

  These positive electrodes 51 were subjected to X-ray absorption fine structure analysis as described in the embodiment, and the shift amount at the intermediate point of absorbance (absorbance 0.5) at the K shell absorption edge of nickel was examined. At that time, Si (400) was used as a spectral crystal, and the X-ray energy was scanned between 7960 eV and 9100 eV and measured by a transmission method. The results are shown in Table 1. 6 and 7 show the X-ray absorption fine structure spectra of Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-1.

[Production of secondary batteries and evaluation of high-temperature characteristics]
The secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 was produced. First, a belt-like positive electrode 21 was produced in the same manner as the positive electrode 51 of the coin-type secondary battery. At that time, the positive electrode active material layer 21B was formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 21A, and the porosity in the positive electrode active material layer 22B was 26% by volume. After that, an aluminum positive electrode lead 25 was attached to one end of the positive electrode current collector 21A.

  Further, 90% by mass of artificial graphite powder as a negative electrode active material and 10% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder are dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent, and are made of a copper foil having a thickness of 10 μm. The strip-shaped negative electrode 22 was produced by uniformly applying and drying on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 22A and compression molding with a roll press. At that time, the amount of the positive electrode active material and the amount of the negative electrode active material were adjusted, and in Examples 1-1, 1-3, 1-5 to 1-31, and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-4, complete charging was performed. It was designed so that the open circuit voltage in time was 4.40V. In Examples 1-2 and 1-4 and Comparative Example 1-5, the open circuit voltage during full charge was designed to be 4.20V. After that, a nickel negative electrode lead 26 was attached to one end of the negative electrode current collector 22A.

  After preparing the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, a separator 23 is prepared, the negative electrode 22, the separator 23, the positive electrode 21, and the separator 23 are stacked in this order, and this stacked body is wound many times in a spiral shape. Was made.

  After producing the wound electrode body 20, the wound electrode body 20 is sandwiched between the pair of insulating plates 12 and 13, the negative electrode lead 26 is welded to the battery can 11, and the positive electrode lead 25 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 15. The wound electrode body 20 was housed in the nickel-plated iron battery can 11 together with the heat sensitive resistance element 16. After that, the above-described electrolyte solution was injected into the battery can 11 by a reduced pressure method. The electrolyte was the same as that used for the coin-type secondary battery.

  After injecting the electrolyte into the battery can 11, the battery lid 14 is caulked to the battery can 11 through the gasket 17 having the surface coated with asphalt, whereby a cylindrical secondary having an outer diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm is obtained. A battery was obtained.

  About the produced secondary battery, it charged / discharged at 45 degreeC, and investigated the initial stage capacity | capacitance and cycling characteristics in high temperature. In Examples 1-1, 1-3, 1-5 to 1-31, and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-4, charging is performed under the conditions of a current value of 1000 mA, a charging voltage of 4.40 V, and a charging time of 2.5 hours. The discharge was performed under the conditions of a current value of 800 mA and a final voltage of 2.75V. In Examples 1-2 and 1-4 and Comparative Example 1-5, charging is performed under the conditions of a current value of 1000 mA, a charging voltage of 4.20 V, and a charging time of 2.5 hours, and discharging is performed at a current value of 800 mA. The test was performed under the condition of a final voltage of 2.75V. The initial capacity is the discharge capacity of the first cycle, and the cycle characteristics are 200 cycles of charge / discharge, and the discharge capacity maintenance rate of the 200th cycle relative to the first cycle, that is, (discharge capacity of the 200th cycle / first cycle). Discharge capacity) x 100%. The results are shown in Table 1. The initial capacity was a relative value when the value of Comparative Example 1-5 was 100.

  As can be seen from Tables 1 and 6 and 7, the average composition shown in Chemical Formula 1 is obtained, and the shift amount of the intermediate point of absorbance (absorbance 0.5) at the K-shell absorption edge of nickel is 1.1 eV or more. According to Examples 1-1 to 1-31, compared to Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3 not having this composition or Comparative Examples 1-4 and 1-5 having a shift amount of less than 1.1 eV, Both capacity and cycle characteristics improved.

  Further, when Examples 1-1 to 1-4 having the same composition are compared with Comparative Examples 1-4 and 1-5, the effect of improving the initial capacity and cycle characteristics is higher when the charging voltage is set higher. It was.

  That is, it has the average composition shown in Chemical Formula 1, and fluorine on the surface is excessive with respect to the inside, and the shift amount of the intermediate point (absorbance 0.5) of the absorbance at the K-shell absorption edge of nickel is 1.1 eV. By doing so, the battery characteristics can be improved even in a high temperature environment, and a high effect can be obtained particularly in a battery having an open circuit voltage of 4.25 V or more at full charge. I understood.

(Examples 2-1 to 2-4)
Except for changing the filling amount of the positive electrode active material, the pressure at the time of producing the positive electrode active material layer 21B, etc., and changing the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer 21B in the range of 15% by volume to 34% by volume. A cylindrical secondary battery was produced in the same manner as Example 1-1.

  For the fabricated secondary battery, the initial capacity and cycle characteristics were examined in the same manner as in Example 1-1. The results are shown in Table 2 together with the results of Example 1-1. The initial capacity was a relative value when the value of Comparative Example 1-5 was 100.

  As can be seen from Table 2, according to Examples 1-1, 2-1 to 2-4 in which the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer 21B is in the range of 15 volume% to 35 volume%, the initial capacity and cycle High values for the properties were obtained.

  That is, it has been found that it is preferable to set the porosity in the positive electrode active material layer 21B to 15 volume% or more and 35 volume% or less.

(Examples 3-1 to 3-4)
The amount of the positive electrode active material and the amount of the negative electrode active material were adjusted, and the open circuit voltage during full charge was 4.35 V in Example 3-1, 4.55 V in Example 3-2, and Example 3-3. 3-4, cylindrical secondary batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Examples 1-1 and 1-2, except that the voltage was designed to be 4.75V.

  For the fabricated secondary batteries of Examples 3-1 to 3-4, the initial capacity and the cycle characteristics were examined in the same manner as in Examples 1-1 to 1-31. At that time, in Example 3-1, the charging voltage was set to 4.35V, and the end voltage was set to 2.75V. In Example 3-2, the charging voltage was 4.55 V, and the end voltage was 2.75 V. In Example 3-3, the charging voltage was 4.75 V, and the end voltage was 2.75 V. In Example 3-4, the charge voltage was 4.75 V, and the end voltage was 3.20 V. These results are shown in Table 3 together with the results of Examples 1-1 and 1-2. The initial capacity was a relative value when the value of Comparative Example 1-5 was 100.

  As can be seen from Table 3, as the charge voltage increased, the initial capacity improved and the cycle characteristics decreased. In addition, when the charging voltage was increased, the cycle characteristics were improved by increasing the end voltage.

  That is, it has been found that a high effect can be obtained when the open circuit voltage at the time of full charge is set in the range of 4.25V to 4.80V.

  Although the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments and examples, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments and examples, and various modifications can be made. For example, in the above-described embodiment or example, the case of using an electrolytic solution that is a liquid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte in which the electrolytic solution is held in a polymer compound has been described, but other electrolytes may be used. Also good. Examples of the other electrolyte include a solid electrolyte having ionic conductivity, or a mixture of a solid electrolyte and a gel electrolyte or an electrolytic solution.

  As the solid electrolyte, for example, a polymer solid electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is dispersed in a polymer compound having ion conductivity, or an inorganic solid electrolyte made of ion conductive glass or ionic crystals can be used. In this case, as the polymer compound, for example, an ether polymer compound such as polyethylene oxide or a crosslinked product containing polyethylene oxide, an ester polymer compound such as polymethacrylate or polyacrylate, or a mixture thereof, or in the molecule It can be used after being copolymerized. As the inorganic solid electrolyte, lithium nitride, lithium iodide, or the like can be used.

  In the above embodiments and examples, a so-called lithium ion secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode is represented by a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium has been described. However, the present invention relates to lithium metal as the negative electrode active material. The capacity of the negative electrode used is a so-called lithium metal secondary battery whose capacity is represented by the deposition and dissolution of lithium, or the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is more charged than the positive electrode. The same applies to a secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode includes a capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium and a capacity component due to precipitation and dissolution of lithium, and is expressed by the sum thereof, by reducing the capacity. be able to.

  Further, in the above embodiments and examples, the secondary battery having a coin type and a winding structure has been described. However, the present invention relates to a secondary battery having another structure in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are folded or stacked in plural. Can be applied similarly. In addition, the present invention can also be applied to secondary batteries having other shapes such as so-called button shapes or square shapes. Moreover, not only a secondary battery but a primary battery is applicable.

It is sectional drawing showing the structure of the 1st secondary battery using the positive electrode active material which concerns on one embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing which expands and represents a part of winding electrode body in the secondary battery shown in FIG. It is a disassembled perspective view showing the structure of the 2nd secondary battery using the positive electrode active material which concerns on one embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing along the II line | wire of the winding electrode body shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing showing the structure of the secondary battery produced in the Example. It is a characteristic view showing an example of the X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum produced in the Example. It is a characteristic view showing an example of the X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum produced by the comparative example.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 ... Battery can, 12, 13 ... Insulation board, 14 ... Battery cover, 15 ... Safety valve mechanism, 15A ... Disc board, 16 ... Heat sensitive resistance element, 17, 56 ... Gasket, 20, 30 ... Winding electrode body, 21 , 33, 51 ... positive electrode, 21A, 33A, 51A ... positive electrode current collector, 21B, 33B, 51B ... positive electrode active material layer, 22, 34, 52 ... negative electrode, 22A, 34A ... negative electrode current collector, 22B, 34B ... Negative electrode active material layer, 23, 35, 53 ... separator, 24 ... center pin, 25, 31 ... positive electrode lead, 26, 32 ... negative electrode lead, 36 ... electrolyte layer, 37 ... protective tape, 40 ... exterior member, 41 ... adhesion Film, 54 ... exterior can, 55 ... exterior cup.

Claims (6)

A particulate positive electrode active material having an average composition shown in Chemical Formula 1,
Fluorine (F) on the particle surface exists excessively with respect to the inside,
In the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum measured by X-ray absorption edge fine structure analysis, the amount of shift of the intermediate point of absorbance at the K-shell absorption edge of nickel (Ni) when 80 mol% lithium is released. Is 1.1 eV or more.
(Chemical formula 1)
_{Li a + 1 Ni (1-} bc) Mn b M c O (2-x) F y
(Wherein M is cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu). , Zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), yttrium (Y) and zirconium (Zr) A, b, c, x and y are each −0.1 ≦ a ≦ 0.1, 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.4, 0 ≦ c ≦ 0.35, −0. (Represents values in the range of 1 ≦ x ≦ 0.2 and 0 <y ≦ 0.1.) A positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer provided on the positive electrode current collector;
The positive electrode active material layer includes a particulate positive electrode active material having an average composition shown in Chemical Formula 1,
This particle has an excessive amount of fluorine (F) on the surface with respect to the inside,
In the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum measured by the X-ray absorption edge fine structure analysis, the absorbance at the K-shell absorption edge of nickel (Ni) when 80 mol% lithium is released from the positive electrode active material. The positive electrode characterized in that the shift amount of the intermediate point is 1.1 eV or more.
(Chemical formula 1)
_{Li a + 1 Ni (1-} bc) Mn b M c O (2-x) F y
(Wherein M is cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu). , Zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), yttrium (Y) and zirconium (Zr) A, b, c, x and y are each −0.1 ≦ a ≦ 0.1, 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.4, 0 ≦ c ≦ 0.35, −0. (Represents values in the range of 1 ≦ x ≦ 0.2 and 0 <y ≦ 0.1.)   The positive electrode according to claim 2, wherein the positive electrode active material layer has voids in a range of 15% by volume to 35% by volume. A battery comprising an electrolyte together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode,
The positive electrode includes a particulate positive electrode active material having an average composition shown in Chemical Formula 1, and the particles have an excessive amount of fluorine (F) on the surface with respect to the inside.
In the X-ray absorption edge fine structure spectrum measured by X-ray absorption edge fine structure analysis for the positive electrode, when 80 mol% lithium is released from the positive electrode active material, the K-shell absorption edge of nickel (Ni) The battery is characterized in that the amount of shift at the midpoint of the absorbance at 1.1 is 1.1 eV or more.
(Chemical formula 1)
_{Li a + 1 Ni (1-} bc) Mn b M c O (2-x) F y
(Wherein M is cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu). , Zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), yttrium (Y) and zirconium (Zr) A, b, c, x and y are each −0.1 ≦ a ≦ 0.1, 0.005 ≦ b ≦ 0.4, 0 ≦ c ≦ 0.35, −0. (Represents values in the range of 1 ≦ x ≦ 0.2 and 0 <y ≦ 0.1.) The positive electrode has a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer provided on the positive electrode current collector,
The battery according to claim 4, wherein the positive electrode active material layer has voids in a range of 15% by volume to 35% by volume. The battery according to claim 4, wherein an open circuit voltage in a fully charged state per pair of positive electrode and negative electrode is in a range of 4.25V to 4.80V.

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