JP2006301606A - Electrophotographic toner and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrophotographic toner improved in crushing resistance of the toner and further improved in anti-peeling property, releasing property (anti-offset property) and environmental stability of electrostatic charging property, and to provide a manufacturing method of the toner. <P>SOLUTION: The electrophotographic toner comprises at least a resin having a polar group and a colorant, wherein the toner has a matrix phase, and a domain structure in the matrix phase contains a mixture of a polar wax and a non-polar wax. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic toner and a method for producing the same.

  In recent years, full-color images are increasing in electrophotographic systems. A full-color image is formed with a higher pixel ratio than a character image. Therefore, the image tends to have a large area close to a so-called solid image. In a solid image, a large amount of toner passes at the time of fixing. Therefore, a contact type fixing device usually uses silicone oil for the purpose of preventing offset. However, although the silicone oil can prevent offset, the silicone oil remains on the surface of the image, causing glare or making it difficult to write. Further, when the silicone oil is present unevenly, there is a problem that the image quality is deteriorated due to the unevenness.

  In order to solve this problem, an oilless fixing method in which a release agent typified by wax is added to the toner and silicone oil is not required at the time of fixing has been adopted. However, in this method, the toner is considered to contain a release agent during development, and as a result, the toner continues to be subjected to a mechanical load due to friction with the image carrier, developing sleeve, etc. Will adversely affect the charging, development, transfer, and fixing processes.

  However, since the conveyance device using the contact member is a simple and efficient conveyance method, it is difficult to change to another method, and a method for outputting a stable image in the current full-color image formation has not been established.

  Further, the above-described solution to the problem is the mainstream even in so-called polymerized toners that have been used in recent years, and the oil-less easy addition of a release agent is the mainstream in production, and is becoming more important than the pulverized toner.

  At the same time, due to demands for resource saving, energy, etc., it is necessary to lower the temperature and simplify the fixing process that consumes the most energy among the electrophotographic systems, and the oilless system described above is advantageous for lowering the temperature and simplifying.

  Due to the mechanical stress during development using the non-magnetic one-component development method and the mechanical stress due to high-speed mixing using the high-speed two-component method, the mechanical durability of the toner during long-term use deteriorates. As a result, problems such as an increase in a small particle diameter component due to toner crushing and an offset and adhesion to a sleeve or the like occur, causing a significant deterioration in image quality.

  As a result of intensive investigations this time, crushing occurs at the interface between the resin and the release agent in the toner, and the phenomenon is particularly low-temperature fixing toner, which tends to be softer, and oil that contains a large amount of inclusion release agent. This is conspicuous in the developing method using less toner, and is considered to be in good agreement with the above estimated cause.

Therefore, as a solution, it is necessary to improve the strength of the interface between the resin and the release agent in the toner, and specifically, it is essential to improve the adhesiveness of the interface. For this purpose, it has been found that a polar group is introduced into both the resin and the release agent to improve the interfacial adhesion by increasing the affinity between them. In this case, the polar wax alone is compatible with the polar resin, and the release property that is the original function of the release agent cannot be sufficiently exhibited. For this reason, it has been found that a configuration in which a polar wax and a nonpolar wax are used together to form a domain structure in the toner and the polar wax content is continuously increased from the inside inside the domain is most preferable. There are known techniques (for example, see Patent Documents 1 to 3) in which wax is used as a mold release agent in distinction from polar wax and nonpolar wax, but these are polar and nonpolar waxes as in the present invention. It was used and the interfacial adhesion was improved by the interaction with the polar resin, and it was not linked to the improvement of toner crushing.
JP-A-11-149187 JP 2000-267347 A JP 2002-6542 A

  The object of the present invention is to improve the toner friability caused by mechanical stress during development in the non-magnetic one-component development method and mechanical stress due to high-speed mixing in the high-speed two-component method. It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrophotographic toner having improved properties, releasability (offset resistance) and charging environment stability, and a method for producing the same.

  The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following configurations.

  1. An electrophotographic toner containing at least a resin having a polar group and a colorant, wherein the toner has a matrix phase, and the domain structure in the matrix phase contains a mixture of a polar wax and a nonpolar wax An electrophotographic toner characterized by the above.

  2. 2. The electron according to 1 above, wherein the proportion of the radical polymerizable monomer having a polar group in the monomer (monomer mixture) used in the resin is 0.1 to 15% by mass. Toner for photography.

  3. The above 1 or 2 characterized in that the nonpolar wax is a hydrocarbon compound, and both the polar wax and the nonpolar wax have an endothermic peak measured by DSC of 60 to 110 ° C and an exothermic peak of 55 to 100 ° C. The toner for electrophotography described in 1.

  4). The polar group is at least one selected from a heterocyclic group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, an amide group, an imide group, a nitro group, an amino group, an ammonium group, a sulfonyl group, a thiol group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, and a sulfide group. 4. The electrophotographic toner according to any one of 1 to 3, wherein the toner is an electrophotographic toner.

  5. 5. The electrophotographic toner according to any one of 1 to 4, wherein the nonpolar wax is an alkane or alkene which may have a substituent.

  6). 6. The toner for electrophotography according to any one of 1 to 5, wherein a mixing composition ratio of the polar wax and the nonpolar wax is polar wax / nonpolar wax = 1/40 to 40/40. .

  7). The electrophotographic toner according to any one of 1 to 6, wherein the electrophotographic toner has a volume-based median diameter of 2 to 7 μm and a volume-based CV value of 5 to 30.

  8). 8. The electrophotographic toner according to any one of 1 to 7, wherein the resin fine particles (A) containing a polar wax, the resin fine particles (B) containing a nonpolar wax, and a colorant are associated in an aqueous medium. A method for producing an electrophotographic toner obtained by salting out and fusing.

  9. 9. The method for producing an electrophotographic toner as described in 8 above, wherein the resin fine particles (A) or the resin fine particles (B) are obtained by emulsion polymerization.

  10. 9. The method for producing an electrophotographic toner as described in 8 above, wherein the resin fine particles (A) or the resin fine particles (B) are obtained by seed polymerization using the respective wax fine particles as nuclei.

  11. 8. The electrophotographic toner according to any one of 1 to 7, wherein resin fine particles containing a mixture of a polar wax and a nonpolar wax and a colorant are associated, salted out, and fused in an aqueous medium. A method for producing a toner for electrophotography, comprising:

  12 12. The method for producing an electrophotographic toner as described in 11 above, wherein the resin fine particles are obtained by emulsion polymerization.

  13. 12. The method for producing an electrophotographic toner as described in 11 above, wherein the resin fine particles are obtained by seed polymerization using wax fine particles as nuclei.

  According to the present invention, the toner's friability due to mechanical stress during development in the non-magnetic one-component development system and mechanical stress due to high-speed mixing in the high-speed two-component system has been improved, and further, peeling resistance, An electrophotographic toner having improved releasability (offset resistance) and charging environment stability and a method for producing the same can be provided.

  The electrophotographic toner of the present invention has a domain structure in which a mixture of polar wax and nonpolar wax is dispersed in a matrix phase having at least a resin having a polar group. That is, at least one domain structure has the mixture. Details will be described below.

  In the electrophotographic toner of the present invention, at least a polymer primary fine particle dispersion and a colorant fine particle dispersion are mixed in advance, and the fine particles are aggregated and fused by adding an inorganic metal salt while stirring the mixture. A step of forming mother particles, and then a step of adding at least the same polymer primary fine particle dispersion as or different from the polymer primary fine particles described above to agglomerate and fuse the mother particles to form an outer layer. It can be produced by forming a capsule layer by repeating one or more times.

  Examples of the primary polymer particles used in the electrophotographic toner of the present invention include (meth) acrylic acid ester resins, radical polymerization resins such as aromatic vinyl resins, and condensation polymerization resins such as polyester resins. The volume-based median diameter is 80 to 200 nm, preferably about 100 to 150 nm.

  The polymer primary fine particles may be produced by any wet method, and for example, an emulsion polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, an emulsion dispersion method and the like can be applied. Hereinafter, the polymer primary fine particles produced by the emulsion polymerization method will be described as an example, but the components of the polymer primary fine particles that can be used in the present invention and the production means are not limited thereto.

  As the polymerizable monomer for obtaining the polymer primary fine particles by the emulsion polymerization method, at least one selected from radical polymerizable monomers having a radical polymerizable monomer as an essential component and particularly having a polar group. It is preferred to use different types of monomers. In the present invention, the proportion of the radical polymerizable monomer having a polar group in the monomer (monomer mixture) used is 0.1 to 15% by mass. Moreover, a crosslinking agent can also be used as needed.

  Specific examples of polar groups include heterocyclic groups, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, amide groups, imide groups, nitro groups, amino groups, ammonium groups, sulfonyl groups, thiol groups, phosphate groups, sulfonate groups, and sulfide groups. It is done. Of these polar groups, a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group are preferred.

  If the proportion of the radical polymerizable monomer having a polar group in the monomer (monomer mixture) used is 0.1% by mass or more, the compatibility with the polar wax becomes better and the interfacial adhesion is improved. The Therefore, the toner particles are less likely to be crushed. On the other hand, when the content is 15% by mass or less, the compatibility with the polar wax becomes appropriate, and the releasability of the wax can be sufficiently exhibited.

  Examples of the radical polymerizable monomer include aromatic vinyl monomers and (meth) acrylic acid ester monomers.

  Examples of the aromatic vinyl monomer include styrene, o-methyl styrene, m-methyl styrene, p-methyl styrene, p-methoxy styrene, p-phenyl styrene, p-chloro styrene, p-ethyl styrene, p. -N-butyl styrene, pt-butyl styrene, pn-hexyl styrene, pn-octyl styrene, pn-nonyl styrene, pn-decyl styrene, pn-dodecyl styrene, 2, Examples thereof include styrene monomers such as 4-dimethylstyrene and 3,4-dichlorostyrene and derivatives thereof.

  Examples of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer include, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, Examples include butyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, ethyl β-hydroxyacrylate, propyl γ-aminoacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and the like.

  As the crosslinking agent, a radical polymerizable crosslinking agent may be added in order to improve the properties of the toner. Examples of the radically polymerizable crosslinking agent include those having two or more unsaturated bonds such as divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene, divinyl ether, diethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and diallyl phthalate.

  In order to adjust the molecular weight of the resin, a commonly used chain transfer agent can be used. The chain transfer agent to be used is not particularly limited. For example, mercaptans such as octyl mercaptan, dodecyl mercaptan, tert-dodecyl mercaptan, and styrene dimer are used.

  The radical polymerization initiator used in the electrophotographic toner of the present invention can be appropriately used as long as it is water-soluble. For example, persulfates such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate, azo compounds such as 4,4′-azobis-4-cyanovaleric acid and its salts, 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) salt, peroxide compounds Etc. Furthermore, you may use the said radical polymerization initiator as a redox-type initiator combined with the reducing agent as needed. By using a redox initiator, the polymerization activity is increased, the polymerization temperature can be lowered, and the polymerization time can be further shortened.

  When performing emulsion polymerization using the radical polymerizable monomer, the surfactant that can be used is not particularly limited, but the following ionic and nonionic surfactants are preferably used. It is done.

  Examples of ionic surfactants include sulfonates (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium arylalkylpolyethersulfonate, 3,3-disulfonediphenylurea-4,4-diazo-bis-amino-8-naphthol-6 Sodium sulfonate, ortho-carboxybenzene-azo-dimethylaniline, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-triphenylmethane-4,4-diazo-bis-β-naphthol-6-sodium sulfonate, etc.), sulfuric acid Ester salts (sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium pentadecyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, etc.), fatty acid salts (sodium oleate, sodium laurate, sodium caprate, sodium caprylate, sodium caproate, stearic acid) Potassium, calcium oleate), and the like.

  Nonionic surfactants include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, combinations of polypropylene oxide and polyethylene oxide, esters of polyethylene glycol and higher fatty acids, alkylphenol polyethylene oxide, esters of higher fatty acids and polyethylene glycol, esters of higher fatty acids and polypropylene oxide. Sorbitan ester and the like can be mentioned, but if necessary, polymerization may be performed in combination with the ionic surfactant described above.

  In the present invention, the nonionic surfactant is used not only as an emulsifier during emulsion polymerization, but also for the purpose of stabilizing the dispersion of each fine particle in the aggregation step and adjusting the cohesive force of the dispersed fine particle. In other words, since nonionic surfactants have a markedly reduced dispersion stabilizing power at the cloud point or higher, an appropriate amount is allowed to coexist with the ionic surfactant when preparing the fine particle dispersion, By adding an appropriate amount in advance, it becomes possible to adjust the cohesive force between particles based on the control of the coagulation temperature, and it is possible to achieve uniformity and efficiency in coagulation of particles.

  As another polymerizable composition, modified polyester droplets may be polymerized with a molecular extender to form toner particles. Specifically, a modified polyester resin obtained by reacting a polyester resin (A) modified to react with active hydrogen with an extender and / or a crosslinking agent (B), and an unmodified polyester resin The toner composition containing the polyester-based resin (A) is dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent, and then the extender and / or the cross-linking agent (B) is further added and polymerized.

  As the modified polyester resin (A) capable of reacting with active hydrogen, it is preferable to use a polyester prepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group. Examples of the polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group include a polycondensate of a polyol and a polycarboxylic acid and a polyester having an active hydrogen group further reacted with a polyisocyanate. Examples of the active hydrogen group possessed by the polyester include a hydroxyl group (alcoholic hydroxyl group and phenolic hydroxyl group), an amino group, a carboxyl group, a mercapto group, and the like. Among these, an alcoholic hydroxyl group is preferable.

  Examples of the diol include alkylene glycol (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, etc.); alkylene ether glycol (diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, Dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene ether glycol, etc.); alicyclic diols (1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, hydrogenated bisphenol A, etc.); bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, etc.) ); Adducts of alkylene oxides (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc.) of the above alicyclic diols; Alkylene oxide (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc.), etc. adducts. Among these, preferred are alkylene glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols, and particularly preferred are alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols and alkylene glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms. It is a combined use.

  Polyisocyanates include aliphatic polyisocyanates (tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,6-diisocyanatomethylcaproate, etc.); alicyclic polyisocyanates (isophorone diisocyanate, cyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, etc.); aromatic diisocyanates ( Tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, etc.); araliphatic diisocyanates (α, α, α ′, α′-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, etc.); isocyanurates; the polyisocyanates blocked with phenol derivatives, oximes, caprolactam, etc. And combinations of two or more of these.

  The ratio of the polyisocyanate is usually 5/1 to 1/1, preferably 4/1 to 1.2, as the equivalent ratio [NCO] / [OH] of the hydroxyl group [OH] of the polyester having a hydroxyl group with the isocyanate group [NCO]. / 1, more preferably 2.5 / 1 to 1.5 / 1. When [NCO] / [OH] exceeds 5, low-temperature fixability deteriorates. If the molar ratio of [NCO] is less than 1, the urea content in the modified polyester will be low, and the hot offset resistance will deteriorate. The content of the polyisocyanate component in the prepolymer having an isocyanate group at the terminal is usually 0.5 to 40% by mass, preferably 1 to 30% by mass, and more preferably 2 to 20% by mass. If it is less than 0.5% by mass, the hot offset resistance deteriorates and it is disadvantageous in terms of both heat-resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability. On the other hand, if it exceeds 40% by mass, the low-temperature fixability deteriorates.

  The number of isocyanate groups contained per molecule in the prepolymer having isocyanate groups is usually 1 or more, preferably 1.5 to 3 on average, more preferably 1.8 to 2.5 on average. When the number is less than 1 per molecule, the molecular weight of the modified polyester resin after crosslinking and / or elongation becomes low, and the hot offset resistance deteriorates.

  In the present invention, amines are preferably used as the extender and / or the crosslinking agent. Examples of the amines include diamines, trivalent or higher polyamines, amino alcohols, amino mercaptans, amino acids, and those obtained by blocking their amino groups. Examples of diamines include aromatic diamines (phenylenediamine, diethyltoluenediamine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, etc.); alicyclic diamines (4,4'-diamino-3,3'-dimethyldicyclohexylmethane, diaminecyclohexane, isophorone) Diamines; and aliphatic diamines (ethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, etc.) and the like. Examples of the trivalent or higher polyamine include diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine. Examples of amino alcohols include ethanolamine and hydroxyethylaniline. Examples of amino mercaptans include aminoethyl mercaptan and aminopropyl mercaptan. Examples of amino acids include aminopropionic acid and aminocaproic acid.

  Diamine, polyamine, amino alcohol, amino mercaptan, amino acid blocked amino acids are obtained from diamine, polyamine, amino alcohol, amino mercaptan, amino acid amines and ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc.) And ketimine compounds, oxazoline compounds, and the like. Of these amines, preferred are diamines and mixtures of diamines and small amounts of polyamines.

  Further, if necessary, the molecular weight of the modified polyester resin after completion of the reaction can be adjusted by using a crosslinking and / or elongation terminator. Examples of the elongation terminator include monoamines (diethylamine, dibutylamine, butylamine, laurylamine, etc.) and those blocked (ketimine compounds).

  The ratio of amines is usually 1/2 to 2/1, preferably equivalent ratio [NCO] / [NHx] of isocyanate group [NCO] in the prepolymer having isocyanate groups and amino group [NHx] in amines, preferably Is 1.5 / 1 to 1 / 1.5, more preferably 1.2 / 1 to 1 / 1.2.

  The resin having a polar group according to the present invention will be described. Examples of the polar group of the resin include a heterocyclic group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, an amide group, an imide group, a nitro group, an amino group, an ammonium group, a sulfonyl group, a thiol group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, and a sulfide group. It is done. The resin may have two or more types of polar groups. The concentration of the polar group may be appropriately determined depending on the type and amount of polar wax described below. As a suitable aspect, for example, the monomer unit having a polar group in the component constituting the resin may be adjusted to 0.1 to 15% by mass.

  Next, the polar wax according to the present invention will be described. A polar wax is a wax having a polar group.

  Examples of polar groups as polar wax include heterocyclic groups, carboxyl groups, ester groups, ether groups, hydroxyl groups, amide groups, imide groups, nitro groups, amino groups, ammonium groups, sulfonyl groups, thiol groups, phosphate groups, sulfones. Examples include acid groups and sulfide groups. The polar wax may have two or more types of polar groups. The polar wax preferably has at least one polar group exemplified above.

  The ratio of the polar wax to the total wax (polar wax + nonpolar wax) in the electrophotographic toner of the present invention is preferably 0.1 to 15% by mass, more preferably 1 to 12% by mass.

  It is preferable that the ratio of the wax having a polar group in the used wax is 0.1% by mass or more because compatibility with a polar resin is improved, interfacial adhesion is improved, and crushing is difficult. Moreover, by setting it as 15 mass% or less, it can mix | blend with polar resin moderately and can fully exhibit the mold release property of wax.

  Specific examples of the polar wax according to the present invention include wax oxide obtained by air oxidation of petroleum wax or Fischer Tropsch wax, petroleum wax, α-olefin wax having a double bond at the terminal, Fischer Tropsch An alcohol type wax obtained by air oxidation of any of the waxes in the presence of boric acid, a urethane wax obtained by reacting the alcohol type wax with tolylene diisocyanate, stearic acid or an acid component of behenic acid and stearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, It is obtained by removing the low melting point components of ester wax, rice bran wax or carnauba wax obtained by reacting with any alcohol component of 1,4-butanediol with a solvent treatment or a flow-down or centrifugal thin-film distillation apparatus. Ester wax Examples include ketone wax obtained by decarboxylating stearic acid at high temperature under a metal oxide catalyst, and 3-pentadecylphenoxyacetic acid obtained by reacting 3-pentadecylphenol, which is a hydrogenated product of cashew nut oil, with chloroacetic acid. . Other examples include fatty acid waxes having 12 to 24 carbon atoms and ester compounds thereof, higher alcohol waxes, lanolin synthetic waxes, carnauba wax, rice wax, beeswax, scale insect wax, and montan wax. Alcohol waxes have a hydroxyl value similar to the acid value of acid waxes, but this is also a measure of polarity.

  The nonpolar wax according to the present invention is preferably a compound in which Y / X is 0 to 1/20, where X is the carbon number and Y is the number of heteroatoms. The nonpolar wax is preferably an alkene or alkane which may have a substituent. Moreover, it is preferable that the acid value of a wax is 0-0.1 mgKOH / g.

  Specific examples of the nonpolar wax include nonpolar waxes such as petroleum wax, low molecular weight polyethylene wax, and low molecular weight polypropylene wax.

  The mixing composition ratio of the polar wax and the nonpolar wax is preferably polar wax / nonpolar wax = 1/40 to 40/40. When the mixed composition ratio is 1/40 or more, there is an effect in improving the interfacial adhesion, and when it is 40/40 or less, the compatibility with the polar resin is appropriate, and the releasability can be sufficiently exhibited.

  The endothermic peak (melting point) in DSC is preferably 60 to 110 ° C. for both polar and nonpolar waxes. A wax having a melting point of 60 ° C. or higher is less likely to cause thermal aggregation when it is blended with a toner, and is less likely to cause a problem in storage stability. A melting point of 110 ° C. or lower is preferable from the viewpoint of energy saving because large energy is not required for melting the toner at the time of fixing. Moreover, 55 to 100 degreeC is preferable for the exothermic peak (crystallization temperature) in DSC with both polar and nonpolar waxes.

  As a specific measuring apparatus of DSC, DSC-7 manufactured by Perkin Elmer and DSC-200 manufactured by Seiko Electronics are listed.

  The measurement of the exothermic peak (melting point) and endothermic peak of the wax is as follows. As the differential thermal analysis measurement device (DSC measurement device), DSC-200 (manufactured by Seiko Electronics Co., Ltd.) is used, but other models may be used as long as equivalent accuracy can be obtained. The measurement is performed according to ASTM D3418-82.

  2-10 mg of a measurement sample is precisely weighed and placed in an aluminum pan, and an aluminum pan containing alumina as a reference is used. The measurement is performed at room temperature and normal humidity. First, the measurement sample is left at 0 ° C. for 1 minute, and then heated to 200 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C./min. An endothermic peak of the main peak in the range of 30 to 200 ° C. is obtained during this temperature process. The temperature of this endothermic main peak is defined as the exothermic peak (melting point) of the wax. After the temperature raising process, the temperature is maintained at 200 ° C. for 1 minute, and cooled at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min.

  The addition amount of the polar wax and the nonpolar wax is 0.5 to 15 parts by mass, preferably 1 to 13 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin as a so-called release agent. When using 2 or more types of polar wax and nonpolar wax as a mold release agent, the total amount should just be in the said range.

  As the colorant used in the present invention, known pigments conventionally used as colorants for full-color toners can be used. For example, carbon black, aniline blue, calcoil blue, chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, duPont oil red, quinoline yellow, methylene blue chloride, copper phthalocyanine, malachite green oxalate, lamp black, rose bengal, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 1, C.I. I. Pigment red 122, C.I. I. Pigment red 57: 1, C.I. I. Pigment red 184, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 97, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 12, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 17, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 162, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 180, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 185, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 1, C.I. I. And CI Pigment Blue 15: 3.

  In the present invention, the toner particles may contain a charge control agent and magnetic powder.

  As the charge control agent, a known charge control agent that has been conventionally added to control the chargeability in the field of electrostatic image developing toners can be used. For example, fluorine-containing surfactants, metal-containing dyes such as salicylic acid metal complexes, azo-based metal compounds, polymer acids such as copolymers containing maleic acid as a monomer component, quaternary ammonium salts, nigrosine, etc. An azine dye, carbon black, or the like can be used. The charge control agent may be used at a ratio of 0.01 to 5 parts by mass, preferably 0.05 to 3 parts by mass with respect to the total mass part of the binder resin used.

  Examples of the method for producing the electrophotographic toner of the present invention include a polymerization step for preparing a dispersion of polymer primary fine particles using the radical polymerizable monomer, and a polymer primary fine particle dispersion in an aqueous medium. , Colorant fine particle dispersion, etc. are mixed, and each fine particle is agglomerated and fused to obtain mother particles. The primary particle dispersion of the polymer is added to the aqueous dispersion of the mother particles to form the capsule layer. An encapsulating step, filtering the toner particles from the obtained dispersion of encapsulated toner particles, removing a surfactant from the toner particles, and drying the dried toner particles. It consists of steps. Below, the outline | summary of each process is demonstrated.

  In the polymerization process, droplets of a radical polymerizable monomer solution are formed in an aqueous medium (an aqueous solution of a surfactant and a radical polymerization initiator), and emulsion polymerization is performed in the droplets by radicals from the radical polymerization initiator. Allow the reaction to proceed. As the surfactant to be added to the aqueous medium, an anionic surfactant or a nonionic surfactant can be used, and these may be added singly or in an appropriate composition. The polymerization temperature may be any temperature as long as it is equal to or higher than the lowest radical generation temperature of the polymerization initiator, and for example, a range of 50 ° C. to 90 ° C. is used. However, it is also possible to perform polymerization at room temperature or higher by using a polymerization initiator that starts at room temperature, for example, a combination of hydrogen peroxide and a reducing agent (ascorbic acid or the like).

  In the mother particle forming step, the resin fine particle dispersion obtained in the polymerization step is mixed with a colorant fine particle dispersion in an aqueous medium, the fine particles are aggregated by salting out, and further heated to be fused. . In this step, resin fine particles and colorant fine particles as well as internal additive fine particles such as wax fine particles and charge control agents may be fused simultaneously.

  In particular, a toner for electrophotography from resin fine particles containing polar and nonpolar waxes according to the present invention was prepared by the following method.

  The toner for electrophotography of the present invention is obtained by associating, salting out, and fusing resin fine particles (A) containing a polar wax, resin fine particles (B) containing a nonpolar wax, and a colorant in an aqueous medium. It is done. Here, the resin fine particles (A) or the resin fine particles (B) are obtained by emulsion polymerization or seed polymerization using each wax fine particle as a nucleus.

  The toner for electrophotography of the present invention is obtained by associating, salting out, and fusing resin fine particles containing a mixture of polar wax and nonpolar wax and a colorant in an aqueous medium. Here, the resin fine particles are obtained by emulsion polymerization or seed polymerization using each wax fine particle as a nucleus.

  The size of the domain structure in the toner of the mixture of the polar wax and the nonpolar wax according to the present invention is preferably 0.1 to 1 μm as the number average value of the horizontal ferret diameter. Furthermore, it is 0.2-0.7 micrometer. By setting it in such a range, the effect of preventing offset during fixing is improved. Also, the density and glossiness of the image are stable. Further, it is preferable that the content of the polar wax is higher in the vicinity of the resin fine particle surface than the nonpolar wax, and the content of the nonpolar wax is higher in the inside than that of the polar wax. The adhesiveness is improved by the interaction between polar groups at the resin / wax interface.

  Here, the measurement of the ferret diameter and the number average value of the ferret diameters is performed by magnifying particles 10,000 times with a transmission electron microscope and measuring and calculating the ferret horizontal diameter with an image analyzer. In this case, it is preferable that the particles have a uniform particle size such that 70% by number or more is included in the average value of the ferret diameters ± 10%. In addition, the ferret horizontal diameter of the particle | grains used by this invention represents the maximum length in arbitrary one directions of each particle | grain in the some particle | grains image | photographed with the said electron microscope. The maximum length means a distance between parallel lines in the case where two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the one arbitrary direction and are in contact with the outer diameter of the particle are drawn.

  For example, in FIG. 1, an arbitrary direction 201 is defined for a photograph 300 of a particle 200 taken with an electron microscope. The distance between the two straight lines 202 perpendicular to the arbitrary one direction 201 and in contact with each particle 200 is the ferret diameter 203.

  The colorant fine particles can be prepared by dispersing the colorant in an aqueous medium. The dispersion treatment of the colorant is performed in a state where the surfactant concentration is set to a critical micelle concentration (CMC) or more in water. As the surfactant to be used, anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants can be used, and these may be used alone or mixed in an appropriate composition. The disperser used for the dispersion treatment of the colorant is not particularly limited, but preferably an ultrasonic disperser, a pressure disperser such as a mechanical homogenizer or a pressure homogenizer, a medium disperser such as a sand grinder or a diamond fine mill. Can be mentioned. Examples of the surfactant used include the same surfactants as those described above.

  As a method for agglomerating and fusing each fine particle, a salting-out agent composed of an alkali metal salt or an alkaline earth metal salt or the like in an aqueous medium in which resin fine particles, colorant fine particles, etc. are present exceeds the critical aggregation concentration. After adding as a flocculant, it is performed by heating to a temperature t1 higher than the glass transition point Tg of the resin fine particles, preferably Tg <t1 <Tg + 40 ° C.

  In addition, in order to improve the dispersion and dispersion stability of each fine particle, when a nonionic surfactant having a cloud point t3 of Tg <t3 <Tg + 40 ° C. is used with respect to Tg of the polymer primary fine particle, the temperature is set to a temperature t1 of t1> t3. The aggregation efficiency (speed) is improved by aggregation.

  Examples of the salting-out agent used here include alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts. Examples of the alkali metal include monovalent metals such as lithium, potassium and sodium, and examples of the alkaline earth metal include magnesium, calcium, A divalent metal such as strontium or barium can be used, and a divalent or higher salt such as aluminum can also be used. Preferably, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, barium and the like can be mentioned. Examples of constituents of the salt include chlorine salts, bromine salts, iodine salts, carbonates and sulfates.

  In the encapsulation step, a dispersion of polymer primary fine particles, which is the same as or different from that used for forming the mother particles, is used alone or mixed with the dispersion of the mother particles obtained in the mother particle forming step described above. Then, the resin fine particles are heated to a temperature higher than the Tg of the resin fine particles, preferably at a temperature t2 satisfying Tg <t2 <Tg + 40 ° C., thereby aggregating and fusing the resin fine particles. At that time, by repeating this operation as necessary, it is possible to form a multilayered capsule layer with less resin mixing between the capsule layers.

  In addition, when the added resin fine particles are adhered to the surface of the mother particles, the adhesion rate can be increased by further adding a flocculant having the same valence as that used for forming the mother particles or a larger valence (strong cohesive force). Can be improved. Examples of the flocculant having a large valence include trivalent aluminum salts and tetravalent polyaluminum chloride.

  Further, in order to improve the dispersion and dispersion stability of each fine particle, when a nonionic surfactant having a cloud point t3 of Tg <t3 <Tg + 40 ° C. is used with respect to Tg of the polymer primary fine particle, the temperature t2 is t2> t3. The aggregation efficiency (speed) is improved by aggregation.

  The filtration / washing step removes the surfactant and salting-out agent coexisting from the filtered toner particles filtered from the toner particle dispersion obtained in the above step and the filtered toner particles. The cleaning process is performed. Examples of the filtration method include, but are not limited to, a centrifugal separation method, a vacuum filtration method using Nutsche and the like, and a filtration method using a filter press and the like.

  The drying step is a step of drying the toner particles that have been washed. Examples of dryers used in this process include spray dryers, vacuum freeze dryers, vacuum dryers, etc., stationary shelf dryers, mobile shelf dryers, fluidized bed dryers, rotary dryers A stirring dryer or the like is preferably used. The water content of the dried toner particles is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less. In addition, when the toner particles subjected to the drying treatment are aggregated with a weak interparticle attractive force, the aggregate may be crushed. Here, as the crushing treatment apparatus, a mechanical crushing apparatus such as a jet mill or a Henschel mixer can be used.

  As an external additive used when externally treating the toner particles produced in the above-described steps, known inorganic fine particles used as a fluidity adjusting agent in the field of electrostatic image developing toners are used. For example, silicon carbide, boron carbide, titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, hafnium carbide, vanadium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, tungsten carbide, chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, calcium carbide, diamond carbon lactam, etc. Various nitrides such as carbide, boron nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, various borides such as zirconium boride, titanium oxide (titania), calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, silica, colloidal silica Various oxides such as calcium titanate, magnesium titanate Various titanate compounds such as strontium, strontium titanate, sulfides such as molybdenum disulfide, various fluorides such as magnesium fluoride and carbon fluoride, various types such as aluminum stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium stearate Various nonmagnetic inorganic fine particles such as metal soap, talc and bentonite can be used alone or in combination.

  Inorganic fine particles, especially silica, titanium oxide, alumina, zinc oxide, etc. are conventionally used hydrophobizing agents such as silane coupling agents, titanate coupling agents, silicone oils, silicone varnishes, and fluorine-based silane cups. Surface treatment is preferably carried out by a known method using a treating agent such as a ring agent or fluorine-based silicone oil, a coupling agent having an amino group or a quaternary ammonium base, or a modified silicone oil.

  The number average primary particle size of the inorganic fine particles used as the external additive is 5 to 100 nm, preferably 10 to 50 nm, more preferably 20 to 40 nm. This is because the adhesion stress of the toner can be effectively controlled within the above range by using inorganic fine particles having such a particle size.

  The additive amount (G (mass%)) of the external additive having the above particle diameter is 4 to the product (D50 × G) of the volume-based median diameter (D50 (μm)) of the toner particles and the additive amount. It is desirable that the amount is 14, preferably 5 to 13.5, more preferably 6 to 13. In the present invention, the additive amount of the external additive can be set to be relatively small as described above, so that it is considered that the charging environment stability of the toner is improved. In addition, said G means the total addition amount, when using 2 or more types of external additives.

  The present invention does not prevent further addition of “inorganic fine particles outside the above particle size range” and “organic fine particles” to the toner particles. Organic fine particles are granulated by emulsion polymerization method, soap-free emulsion polymerization method, wet polymerization method such as non-aqueous dispersion polymerization method, gas phase method, etc. for the purpose of cleaning aids, styrene type, (meth) acrylic type, Fine particles such as benzoguanamine, melamine, polytetrafluoroethylene, silicon, polyethylene, and polypropylene can be used.

  The toner for electrophotography of the present invention preferably has a median diameter (D50) of 2 to 7 μm in the volume-based particle size distribution of the toner particles constituting the toner.

  Here, the median diameter of the toner particles refers to a toner particle diameter corresponding to a central portion in a certain particle size distribution. That is, when the particle size distribution of a certain number of toner particles is taken, the frequency is obtained by counting the number of toner particles of each particle size in order from the larger or smaller particle size, and the total number of toner particles The toner particle diameter that becomes the particle size distribution portion showing 50% is called the median diameter of the toner particles.

  The toner for electrophotography of the present invention preferably has a CV value in a volume-based particle size distribution of 5 to 30. The CV value in the volume-based particle size distribution used in the present invention represents the degree of dispersion in the particle size distribution of toner particles on the volume basis, and is defined by the following equation. The smaller the CV value, the sharper the particle size distribution, and the larger the toner particle size.

CV value = (standard deviation in volume particle size distribution) / (volume-based median diameter) × 100
The toner for electrophotography of the present invention may be used as a full color toner used in a full color image forming apparatus or a monochrome toner used in a monochrome image forming apparatus. Is preferred. In full-color image forming apparatuses, the occurrence of voids due to poor transferability is generally noticeable. However, when the electrophotographic toner of the present invention is used as a full-color toner, transferability is maintained while maintaining good charging environment stability. This is because deterioration can be effectively prevented. In a full-color image forming apparatus, a solid image in which toner layers 1 to 4 are overlapped is often formed. In the solid image, since regions having different numbers of overlapping toner layers are mixed, the number of overlapping toner layers is increased. It is considered that as the amount increases, the transfer pressure becomes higher, and the occurrence of voids due to deterioration in transferability becomes more prominent.

The electrophotographic toner of the present invention may be used in an image forming apparatus having any type of fixing device, but the type of fixing in which the amount of release oil applied to a fixing member such as a roller is reduced. It is preferably used for an image forming apparatus having an apparatus, that is, a fixing device in which the amount of release oil applied is 4 mg / m ² or less, particularly a fixing device of a type that does not apply release oil. Conventional toners used in image forming apparatuses having such a fixing device generally contain a release agent in order to prevent the occurrence of high temperature offset, and the transfer property is easy because the release agent is easily exposed on the particle surface. In the electrophotographic toner of the present invention, since the probability that the release agent is exposed to the particle surface is reduced, transferability is maintained while maintaining good charging environment stability. This is because deterioration can be effectively prevented.

  As described above, the electrophotographic toner of the present invention can exhibit the effects of the present invention most effectively when used as a full color toner for oilless fixing. That is, even when the electrophotographic toner of the present invention is used in a full-color image forming apparatus having an oilless fixing device, it is possible to effectively prevent deterioration in transferability while maintaining good charging environment stability.

  The electrophotographic toner of the present invention is preferably a negatively chargeable toner, and may be used as either a two-component developer mixed with a carrier or a one-component developer not using a carrier.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated in detail, the aspect of this invention is not limited to this. In the text, “part” means “part by mass”.

[Preparation of latex particles]
(Preparation of latex particles (1))
(1) Preparation of core particles (first stage polymerization)
(Dispersion medium 1)
4.05 g sodium dodecyl sulfate
Ion exchange water 2500.00g
The dispersion medium 1 is charged into a 5000 ml separable flask equipped with a stirrer, temperature sensor, cooling pipe, and nitrogen introducing device, and the temperature in the flask is raised to 80 ° C. while stirring at a stirring speed of 230 rpm under a nitrogen stream. I let you.

(Monomer solution 1)
Styrene 568.00 g
n-Butyl acrylate 164.00g
Methacrylic acid 68.00 g
n-octyl mercaptan 16.51 g
An initiator solution prepared by dissolving 9.62 g of a polymerization initiator (potassium persulfate) in 200 g of ion-exchanged water is added to the dispersion medium 1, and the monomer solution 1 is added dropwise over 90 minutes. Polymerization (first stage polymerization) was performed by heating and stirring at 80 ° C. for 2 hours to prepare a latex dispersion. This is referred to as “latex (1H)”. The mass average particle diameter of the latex (1H) was 68 nm.

(2) Formation of intermediate layer (second stage polymerization / miniemulsion polymerization)
(Monomer solution 2)
Styrene 123.81g
n-butyl acrylate 39.51 g
Methacrylic acid 15.37g
n-octyl mercaptan 0.72 g
HNP-0190 (nonpolar wax, microcrystalline wax, manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) 47.00 g
Lanox FP-14 (polar wax, hard lanolin fatty acid ester, manufactured by Nippon Seika Co., Ltd.) 2.35 g
In a flask equipped with a stirrer, the monomer solution 2 described above was charged and heated to 80 ° C. and dissolved to prepare a monomer solution.

(Dispersion medium 2)
C ₁₂ H ₂₅ O (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ SO ₃ Na 0.60 g
Ion exchange water 800.00g
Next, the dispersion medium 2 is heated to 80 ° C. in a 1.8 L mayonnaise bottle, the monomer solution 2 is added, and a mechanical disperser “CLEARMIX” having a circulation path (manufactured by M Technique Co., Ltd.) ) To prepare a dispersion (miniemulsion) by mixing and dispersing at 80 ° C. for 1 hour. Then, the monomer solution 2 is composed of an emulsion of 80 ° C. composed of 140 g of latex (1H) and 1600 g of ion-exchanged water in a 5000 ml separable flask equipped with a stirrer, a temperature sensor, a condenser, and a nitrogen introducing device. A dispersion liquid (miniemulsion) was added immediately after dispersion, and a liquid mixture with a liquid temperature of 82 ° C. in the flask was prepared while stirring at a stirring speed of 230 rpm under a nitrogen stream.

  Next, an initiator solution prepared by dissolving 6.12 g of a polymerization initiator (potassium persulfate) in 250 ml of ion-exchanged water is added to the mixed solution, and the system is heated and stirred at 82 ° C. for 1-2 hours. Thus, polymerization (second stage polymerization) was performed to obtain a dispersion of composite resin particles having a structure in which the surface of latex (1H) particles was coated. This is “latex (1HM)”. The 1HM latex had a weight average molecular weight of 50,000.

(3) Formation of outer layer (third stage polymerization)
(Monomer solution 3)
Styrene 343.64 g
n-Butyl acrylate 85.47g
n-Octyl mercaptan 5.97g
An initiator solution prepared by dissolving 6.00 g of a polymerization initiator (KPS) in 250 ml of ion-exchanged water is added to the latex (1HM) obtained as described above, and the above monomer is added at a temperature of 82 ° C. Body solution 3 was added dropwise over 1 hour. After completion of the dropwise addition, polymerization (third stage polymerization) is performed by heating and stirring for 2 hours, followed by cooling to 28 ° C. and a central part made of latex (1H) and an intermediate layer made of second stage polymerized resin. And an outer layer made of a third-stage polymer resin, and the second-stage polymer resin layer contains HNP-0190 (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) and Ranox FP-14 A liquid was obtained. The latex particles (1) had a THF-soluble content having a main peak molecular weight of 30.000 as a weight average molecular weight, and the resin fine particles had a mass average particle diameter of 170 nm.

(Preparation of latex particles (2))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that Fischer-Tropsch wax HNP-51 (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used instead of HNP-0190.

(Preparation of latex particles (3))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that paraffin wax HNP-9 (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used instead of HNP-0190.

(Preparation of latex particles (4))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that paraffin wax HNP-11 (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used instead of HNP-0190.

(Preparation of latex particles (5))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that polyethylene wax X-1195 (manufactured by Toyo Petrolite Co., Ltd.) was used instead of HNP-0190.

(Preparation of latex particles (6))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that acid-based polar wax LICOWAX F (manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.) was used instead of Lanox FP-14.

(Preparation of latex particles (7))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that acid polar wax LICOWAX E (manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.) was used in place of Lanox FP-14.
(Preparation of latex particles (8))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that acid polar wax LICOCLUUB WE4 (manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.) was used in place of Lanox FP-14.
(Preparation of latex particles (9))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that alcoholic polar wax PARACOHOL-5003A (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used in place of Lanox FP-14.
(Preparation of latex particles (10))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that alcoholic polar wax PARACOHOL-5001 (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used in place of Lanox FP-14.

(Preparation of latex particles (11))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that alcoholic polar wax PARACOHOL-5070 (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used instead of Lanox FP-14.

(Preparation of latex particles (12))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that methacrylic acid was changed to 0 g in all steps.

(Preparation of latex particles (13))
With the exception of changing methacrylic acid from 68.00 g to 200.00 g in the preparation of the core particles (first stage polymerization) and changing 15.37 g to 47.37 g in the formation of the intermediate layer (second stage polymerization / miniemulsion polymerization). It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1).

(Preparation of latex particles (14))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that the mixed composition of Lanox FP-14 / HNP-0190 was changed to 1.0 / 40.0.

(Preparation of latex particles (15))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that the mixed composition of Lanox FP-14 / HNP-0190 was changed to 20.0 / 40.0.

(Preparation of latex particles (16))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that the mixed composition of Lanox FP-14 / HNP-0190 was changed to 40.0 / 40.0.

(Preparation of latex particles (17))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that the mixed composition of Lanox FP-14 / HNP-0190 was changed to 0 / 47.0.

(Preparation of latex particles (18))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that the mixed composition of Lanox FP-14 / HNP-0190 was changed to 47.0 / 0.

(Preparation of latex particles (19))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that the mixed composition of Lanox FP-14 / HNP-0190 was changed to 1.0 / 47.0.

(Preparation of latex particles (20))
It was prepared in the same manner as latex particles (1) except that the mixed composition of Lanox FP-14 / HNP-0190 was changed to 64.0 / 47.0.

[Thermal properties of wax]
(Melting point, crystallization temperature)
A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC-200: manufactured by Seiko Denshi) was used to measure the melting point and the crystallization temperature. A sample of 10 mg to be measured was precisely weighed and placed in an aluminum pan, and an alumina pan was used as a reference. The measurement was performed in an environment of normal temperature and normal humidity. The measurement sample was allowed to stand at 0 ° C. for 1 minute and then heated to 200 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C./min. An endothermic peak in the range of 30 to 200 ° C. was defined as the melting point during this temperature raising process. After the temperature raising process, the mixture was allowed to stand at 200 ° C. for 1 minute, and then cooled at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min.

(Acid value, hydroxyl value of wax)
The measurement was performed in accordance with the method defined in JIS K0070.

(Preparation of pigment particles)
(Preparation of pigment particle dispersion (1))
As an anionic surfactant, C ₁₂ H ₂₅ O (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ SO ₃ Na, 59 g, was dissolved by stirring in 1600 ml of ion-exchanged water. While stirring this solution, 420 g of a blue pigment (CI Pigment Blue 15: 3) was gradually added, and then dispersed using “CLEARMIX” (manufactured by M Technique Co., Ltd.). A dispersion was prepared. When the particle size of the dispersed blue pigment was measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analyzer, ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), the average particle size was 112 nm. This is designated as pigment particle dispersion (1).

(Preparation of pigment particle dispersion (2))
As an anionic surfactant, C ₁₂ H ₂₅ O (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ SO ₃ Na, 59 g, was dissolved by stirring in 1600 ml of ion-exchanged water. While stirring this solution, 420 g of a red pigment (CI Pigment Red 122) was gradually added, and then dispersed using “CLEARMIX” (manufactured by M Technique) to disperse the colorant particles. A liquid was prepared. When the particle size of the dispersed red pigment was measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analyzer, ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), the average particle size was 89 nm. This is designated as pigment particle dispersion (2).

(Preparation of pigment particle dispersion (3))
As an anionic surfactant, C ₁₂ H ₂₅ O (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ SO ₃ Na, 59 g, was dissolved by stirring in 1600 ml of ion-exchanged water. While stirring this solution, 420 g of a yellow pigment (CI Pigment Yellow 74) was gradually added, and then dispersed using “CLEAMIX” (manufactured by M Technique) to disperse the colorant particles. A liquid was prepared. When the particle size of the dispersed yellow pigment was measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analyzer, ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), the average particle size was 93 nm. This is designated as pigment particle dispersion (3).

(Preparation of pigment particle dispersion (4))
As an anionic surfactant, C ₁₂ H ₂₅ O (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ SO ₃ Na, 59 g, was dissolved by stirring in 1600 ml of ion-exchanged water. While stirring this solution, 420 g of black pigment (carbon black) was gradually added, and then dispersion treatment was performed using “CLEARMIX” (manufactured by M Technique Co., Ltd.) to prepare a dispersion of colorant particles. When the particle size of the dispersed black pigment was measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analyzer, ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), the average particle size was 95 nm. This is designated as pigment particle dispersion (4).

(Preparation of wax particles)
(Preparation of wax dispersion (1))
As an anionic surfactant, C ₁₂ H ₂₅ O (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₃ SO ₃ Na, 59 g, was dissolved by stirring in 1600 ml of ion-exchanged water. While heating this solution to 85 ° C. and stirring, 200 g of HNP-0190 (Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) and hard lanolin fatty acid ester; 10 g of Lanox FP-14 (Nippon Seika Co., Ltd.) are gradually added. Added and melted wax. Next, a dispersion of wax particles was prepared by performing a dispersion treatment using “CLEARMIX” (manufactured by M Technique Co., Ltd.). When the particle size of the dispersed wax was measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analyzer, ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), the average particle size was 120 nm. This is designated as wax dispersion (1).

  Next, an initiator solution in which 0.4 g of a polymerization initiator (KPS) is dissolved in 10 ml of ion-exchanged water is added to 250 g of the wax dispersion (1) obtained as described above, and a temperature condition of 70 ° C. Below, the following monomer solution was added dropwise over 2 hours. After completion of the dropwise addition, the polymerization was completed by heating and stirring for 2.5 hours. When the particle size of the dispersed wax was measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analyzer, ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), the average particle size was 200 nm. This is designated wax seed dispersion (1).

6.95 g of styrene
n-Butyl acrylate 2.30 g
Methacrylic acid 0.81g
n-Octyl mercaptan 0.40g
Example 1
[Production of Cyan Toner 1]
<< Preparation of colored particles (1) >>
Latex particles (1), 200.0 g (in terms of solid content), pigment particle dispersion (1), 5 g (in terms of solid content) and a mixture of 900 g of ion-exchanged water, a temperature sensor, a cooling tube, a nitrogen introducing device, It stirred in the reaction container (four necked flask) which attached the stirring apparatus. After adjusting the temperature in a container to 30 degreeC, 2M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to this solution, and pH was adjusted to 8-10.0.

  Next, an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving 65.0 g of magnesium chloride hexahydrate in 1000 ml of ion-exchanged water was added at 30 ° C. over 10 minutes with stirring. After standing for 3 minutes, the temperature was raised to 92 ° C. to produce associated particles. In this state, the particle size of the associated particles was measured with “Coulter Counter TA-II”, and when the volume-based median diameter became 4.5 μm, an aqueous solution in which 80.4 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 1000 ml of ion-exchanged water. Was added to stop the particle growth, and as a ripening treatment, the mixture was heated and stirred at a liquid temperature of 94 ° C., thereby continuing particle fusion and phase separation of the crystalline substance (ripening step). In this state, the shape of the associated particles was measured with “FPIA-2000”, and when the shape factor reached 0.965, it was cooled to 30 ° C. and stirring was stopped. The produced association particles were filtered, washed repeatedly with ion exchange water at 45 ° C., and then dried with hot air at 40 ° C. to obtain colored particles (1). When the volume-based median diameter and the circularity of the colored particles were measured again, they were 4.5 μm and 0.966, respectively.

<External processing>
Hydrophobic silica (number average primary particle size = 12 nm, hydrophobization degree = 68) was added at a ratio of 1.0% by mass, and hydrophobic titanium oxide (number average primary particle size = 20 nm, hydrophobization degree = 63). ) Was added at a ratio of 1.2% by mass, and mixed with a Henschel mixer to produce cyan toner 1. In addition, about this colored particle, the shape and particle size do not change by addition of hydrophobic silica and hydrophobic titanium oxide.

Example 2
[Production of Cyan Toner 2]
<< Preparation of colored particles (2) >>
In a reactor equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, and a temperature sensor, 240 parts of the latex (1H), 13.6 parts of the wax dispersion (1), 24 parts of the pigment particle dispersion (1), an anionic surfactant (Neogen SC; manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) 5 parts and 240 parts of distilled water were added, and a 2M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added with stirring to adjust the pH of the mixed dispersion to 10.0. Next, 40 parts of a 50 mass% magnesium chloride aqueous solution was added thereto, and then the temperature was raised to 56 ° C. with stirring and maintained for 1.0 hour. The volume-based median diameter of the toner in the mixed dispersion at this time was 4.3 μm. Next, after the temperature in the system was cooled to 75 ° C., 30 parts of latex (1H) was added, the temperature was raised to 94 ° C., 120 g of a 20 mass% sodium chloride aqueous solution was added, and the mixture was held for 6 hours. In this state, the shape of the associated particles was measured with “FPIA-2000”, and when the shape factor reached 0.965, it was cooled to 30 ° C. and stirring was stopped. The produced associated particles were filtered, repeatedly washed with ion exchange water at 45 ° C., and then dried with hot air at 40 ° C. to obtain colored particles (2). When the volume-based median diameter and the circularity of the colored particles were measured again, they were 4.7 μm and 0.970, respectively. Further, SEM observation of the toner after drying confirmed that the toner surface was smooth and the pigment was not exposed.

<External processing>
External toner treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 to produce cyan toner 2.

Example 3
A magenta toner 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pigment dispersion liquid (1) was changed to the pigment particle dispersion liquid (2).

Example 4
A yellow toner 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pigment dispersion (1) was changed to the pigment particle dispersion (3).

Example 5
A black toner 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pigment dispersion (1) was changed to the pigment particle dispersion (4).

Example 6
Cyan toner 6 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (2) in Example 1.

Example 7
Cyan toner 7 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (3) in Example 1.

Example 8
Cyan toner 8 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (4) in Example 1.

Example 9
Cyan toner 9 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (5) in Example 1.

Example 10
Cyan toner 10 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (6) in Example 1.

Example 11
Cyan toner 11 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (7) in Example 1.

Example 12
Cyan toner 12 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (8) in Example 1.

Example 13
Cyan toner 13 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (9) in Example 1.

Example 14
Cyan toner 14 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (10) in Example 1.

Example 15
Cyan toner 15 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (11) in Example 1.

Example 16
Cyan toner 16 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (13) in Example 1.

Example 17
Cyan toner 17 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (14) in Example 1.

Example 18
Cyan toner 18 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (15) in Example 1.

Example 19
Cyan toner 19 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (16) in Example 1.

Example 20
Cyan toner 20 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (19) in Example 1.

Example 21
Cyan toner 21 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (20) in Example 1.

Comparative Example 1
A cyan toner 22 was produced in the same manner except that the latex particles (1) were changed to the latex particles (12) in Example 1.

Comparative Example 2
Cyan toner 23 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (17) in Example 1.

Comparative Example 3
Cyan toner 24 was produced in the same manner except that latex particle (1) was changed to latex particle (18) in Example 1.

[Measurement of physical properties of toner]
(Particle size)
The volume-based median diameter (D50) was measured using a device in which a computer system for data processing (manufactured by Beckman Coulter) was connected to Coulter Multisizer III (manufactured by Beckman Coulter).

  As a measurement procedure, 0.02 g of toner was mixed with 20 ml of a surfactant solution (for example, a surfactant solution obtained by diluting a neutral detergent containing a surfactant component 10 times with pure water for the purpose of dispersing the toner). Then, ultrasonic dispersion is performed for 1 minute to prepare a toner dispersion. This toner dispersion is poured into a beaker containing ISOTON II (manufactured by Beckman Coulter) in a sample stand with a pipette until the display density of the measuring instrument becomes 5 to 10%. By setting this concentration range, a reproducible measurement value can be obtained. In the measuring instrument, the measurement particle count is set to 25,000 and measured. An aperture diameter of 50 μm was used. The volume standard CV value was measured using UPA-ST150 (manufactured by Microtrack).

(Roundness)
The circularity is expressed as “perimeter of equivalent circle / perimeter of particle projection image”. The average circularity was measured in a water dispersion system using a flow type particle image analyzer (FPIA-2000: manufactured by Sysmex Corporation).

(Molecular weight)
The measurement was performed using gel permeation chromatography (807-IT type: manufactured by JASCO Corporation). While maintaining the column temperature at 40 ° C., tetrahydrofuran as a carrier solvent was caused to flow at 1 kg / cm ² , 30 mg of a sample to be measured was dissolved in 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran, and 0.5 mg of this solution was introduced into the apparatus together with the carrier solvent, It calculated | required by polystyrene conversion.

(Horizontal ferret diameter)
The diameter of the ferret and the number average value of the ferret diameter are measured by taking a particle image with a transmission electron microscope and measuring and calculating the horizontal ferret diameter with an image analyzer.

[Manufacture of developer]
In order to evaluate the toners obtained in the above examples and comparative examples as a two-component developer, a ferrite carrier coated with a silicone resin and having a volume average particle diameter of 50 μm was mixed, and a developer having a toner concentration of 6% was mixed. Prepared.

[Evaluation of toner characteristics]
(Fracture index / interface adhesion)
30 g of toner, 1 g of titania (T805, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and 100 g of glass beads were put into a 1 L polyethylene container, and stirred for 1 hour with a Turbula shaker (TURBULA, Type T2C, Willy. Bachofen AG). The volume-based median particle size (D) was calculated by the following formula using the particle size before and after stirring measured using a Coulter Multisizer II (manufactured by Coulter Counter) using an aperture tube of 50 μm.

Crushing index = (number of particles having a particle size of 4.0 μm or less after stirring for 1 hour−number of particles having a particle size of 4.0 μm or less before stirring) / number of particles having a particle size of 4.0 μm or less after stirring for 1 hour The smaller the crushing index, There is little crushing.

(Peeling resistance)
While changing the fixing temperature in the range of 120 to 170 ° C. in increments of 2 ° C., the digital copying machine equipped with an oilless fixing device (Sitoos 9331; manufactured by Konica Minolta Business Technologies) has a solid size of 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm. Images (attachment amount 2.0 mg / cm ² ) were taken, each image was folded in half from the middle, and the peel resistance of the image was visually evaluated. The temperature between the fixing temperature when the image was slightly peeled off and the lower fixing temperature at which the image was not peeled at all was defined as the fixing lower limit temperature.

○: Fixing lower limit temperature was 142 ° C. or higher and lower than 146 ° C. Δ: Fixing lower limit temperature was 146 ° C. or higher and lower than 152 ° C. (no problem in practical use)
X: The fixing lower limit temperature was 152 ° C. or higher (practically problematic).

(Releasability, offset resistance)
Offset the digital copying machine (Sitios 9331; manufactured by Konica Minolta Business Technologies) by half the fixing system speed and changing the fixing temperature in the range of 130 to 190 ° C in 5 ° C increments. Was visually observed to evaluate the temperature (offset temperature) at which high temperature offset occurs.

A: Offset temperature was 168 ° C. or higher B: Offset temperature was 160 ° C. or higher and lower than 168 ° C. Δ: Offset temperature was 155 ° C. or higher and lower than 160 ° C. (no problem in practical use)
X: The offset temperature was less than 155 ° C. (practical problem).

(Charging environment stability (environmental stability))
The charging environment is stable due to the difference between the charge amount of the developer stored for 24 hours in a low temperature and low humidity environment (10 ° C, 15%) and the charge amount of the developer stored for 24 hours in a high temperature and high humidity environment (30 ° C, 85%). Sex was evaluated.

○: The absolute value of the difference was less than 7 μC / g Δ: The absolute value of the difference was 7 μC / g or more and less than 8 μC / g ×: The absolute value of the difference was 8 μC / g or more.

  From Table 3, Examples 1 to 21, which are electrophotographic toners of the present invention, have a crushing index significantly smaller than that of Comparative Examples 1 to 3, are not easily crushed, and have peeling resistance and releasability (offset resistance). ) And charging environment stability. In Comparative Example 3, the crush index is small to some extent, but the releasability (offset resistance) is remarkably poor and cannot be practically used.

It is a conceptual diagram showing the measuring method of the ferret diameter in this invention.

Explanation of symbols

200 Particles 203 Ferre diameter 300 Photographed

Claims (13)

An electrophotographic toner containing at least a resin having a polar group and a colorant, wherein the toner has a matrix phase, and the domain structure in the matrix phase contains a mixture of a polar wax and a nonpolar wax An electrophotographic toner characterized by the above. The proportion of the radical polymerizable monomer having a polar group in the monomer (monomer mixture) used in the resin is 0.1 to 15% by mass. Toner for electrophotography. The nonpolar wax is a hydrocarbon compound, and both polar wax and nonpolar wax have an endothermic peak measured by DSC of 60 to 110 ° C and an exothermic peak of 55 to 100 ° C. 2. The toner for electrophotography according to 2. The polar group is at least one selected from a heterocyclic group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, an amide group, an imide group, a nitro group, an amino group, an ammonium group, a sulfonyl group, a thiol group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, and a sulfide group. The toner for electrophotography according to claim 1, wherein the toner is an electrophotographic toner. The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein the nonpolar wax is an alkane or alkene which may have a substituent. 6. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mixing composition ratio of the polar wax and the nonpolar wax is polar wax / nonpolar wax = 1/40 to 40/40. 6. toner. 7. The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein the electrophotographic toner has a volume-based median diameter of 2 to 7 μm and a volume-based CV value of 5 to 30. 7. . The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein the resin fine particles (A) containing a polar wax, the resin fine particles (B) containing a nonpolar wax, and a colorant are mixed in an aqueous medium. A method for producing an electrophotographic toner obtained by associating, salting out, and fusing. 9. The method for producing an electrophotographic toner according to claim 8, wherein the resin fine particles (A) or the resin fine particles (B) are obtained by emulsion polymerization. 9. The method for producing an electrophotographic toner according to claim 8, wherein the resin fine particles (A) or the resin fine particles (B) are obtained by seed polymerization using each wax fine particle as a nucleus. The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein resin fine particles containing a mixture of a polar wax and a nonpolar wax and a colorant are associated, salted out, and fused in an aqueous medium. A method for producing an electrophotographic toner, comprising: The method for producing an electrophotographic toner according to claim 11, wherein the resin fine particles are obtained by emulsion polymerization. The method for producing an electrophotographic toner according to claim 11, wherein the resin fine particles are obtained by seed polymerization using wax fine particles as nuclei.

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