JP2006270711A - Information providing device and control program of information providing device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To automatically instantly generate proper feeling information provided to an appreciator for an arbitrary image content and ensure, as needed, viewing with high realistic sensations including the feeling information. <P>SOLUTION: There are provided image analyzing means 106 for extracting a predetermined movement in an image; skin feeling information generation means 107 for generating skin feeling information to be provided to the appreciator on the basis of the extracted movement; and skin feeling information providing means 108 for providing the generated skin feeling information to the appreciator. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an information providing device including an image display device that displays an image based on input image information, and in particular, provides viewers with sensory information other than images in addition to image information, and allows image viewing with high presence. The present invention relates to an information providing apparatus and a control program thereof.

Attempts to experience multiple sensations in addition to images and sounds have been made for the purpose of providing highly realistic information. The movement of the seat and the air-conditioning control according to the image are often used in attractions of entertainment facilities, but the effect of the wind is also important for increasing the sense of reality in general image viewing. Realistic feeling can be obtained by simulating the effect of the wind that is always felt when riding a vehicle. The following Patent Document 1 discloses a method of generating a virtual space having a wind effect by incorporating a blower device on the back of an image display device, paying attention to this point.
JP 2000-78430 A

  In the prior art described in Patent Document 1 above, it is necessary to set the timing of image reproduction and blowing in advance according to the scenario. Is limited to content that has been set and edited. In other words, there is a problem that any image content cannot be viewed with a high sense of presence at any time. Moreover, in the said prior art, the point that the environment where the scale of an air blower is large and realizable is restricted was also a problem.

  In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to immediately and automatically generate appropriate sensory information to be provided to a viewer for arbitrary image content, and to enable image appreciation including high sensory information at any time. It is another object of the present invention to provide a sense of presence by providing effective sensory information in a limited information providing environment.

  In order to achieve the above object, the present invention extracts a predetermined motion in an image, analyzes the image, generates skin sensation information to be provided to a viewer based on the extracted motion, and generates the generated skin sensation information. Is provided to viewers.

That is, according to the present invention, in an information providing apparatus including an image display apparatus that displays an image based on input image information,
Image analysis means capable of supporting all image inputs without being limited to a specific image, and detecting a motion vector of the input image and extracting a predetermined motion in the image;
Skin sensation information generation means for generating skin sensation information including at least one of wind direction, wind pressure, and vibration to be provided to the viewer based on the extracted movement;
Skin sensation information providing means for providing the viewer with the generated skin sensation information,
An information providing apparatus characterized by being provided is provided.

According to the present invention, in a program for causing a computer to control an information providing apparatus including an image display apparatus that displays an image based on input image information.
An image analysis step capable of supporting all image inputs without being limited to a specific image, detecting a motion vector of the input image and extracting a predetermined motion in the image;
A skin sensory information generating step for generating skin sensory information including at least one of wind direction, wind pressure, and vibration to be provided to the viewer based on the extracted movement;
There is provided a control program for an information providing apparatus, characterized in that a skin sensation information providing step for providing the generated skin sensation information to the viewer is provided.

  In addition, it is a preferable aspect of the present invention to acquire physiological information of the viewer, determine the state of the viewer based on the physiological information, and provide skin sensation information according to the determination result.

  According to the information providing apparatus or the control program of the present invention, by generating skin sensation information based on movement information in image information, appropriate sensory information to be provided to a viewer for any image content is immediately provided. It is possible to obtain an effect of enabling image viewing with high presence including sensory information at any time. Furthermore, the present invention generates sensory information that can be easily realized by the target information providing device based on the motion information in the image information, thereby providing a sense of presence by providing effective sensory information in a limited information providing environment. An effect of enabling production can be obtained. In addition, according to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to obtain an effect that information suitable for maintaining and improving the health of the viewer can be provided by controlling the provided information based on the state of the viewer.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In addition, the information provision apparatus of this invention is realizable with the form which adds the production | generation / provision function of skin sensation information to the various apparatuses which can display image information.
<First Embodiment>
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the first embodiment of the information providing apparatus of the present invention. The television apparatus 1 can be connected to image input means such as a video camera 2, an image recording / reproducing apparatus 3 such as an optical disc player, a digital broadcast receiving antenna 4, and the like, and can input image information. A speaker and a blower 6 (not shown) are installed around the display screen 5. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a first embodiment of an information providing apparatus of the present invention. The information providing apparatus 101 includes a data input unit 102 that inputs a digital video signal and an analog video signal, an image processing unit 103 that performs data conversion and image quality improvement processing, an output driver 104 that drives a display device, and an image display unit 105 that includes a display panel. A motion detection unit 106 that detects a predetermined motion from the image information, a blower information generation unit 107 that generates control information of the blower unit 108 based on the motion information, a blower unit 108 that includes a silent fan, and a control that performs overall control of each unit Part 109 is provided.

  The flow of image display processing is the same as that of a normal television device. In the data input unit 102, the digital video signal is decoded, and the analog video signal is digitized and sent to the image processing unit 103 as digital image information. The image processing unit 103 analyzes the image information, performs gamma correction, contrast correction, color correction, and the like, and sends them to the output driver 104. The output driver 104 optimizes the image information for the output device and outputs it to the image display unit 105, and the image display unit 105 displays the image information as a high-definition image.

  On the other hand, the image information digitized by the data input unit 102 is sent to the motion detection unit 106. The flow of the motion detection process will be described with reference to FIG. The input image information for each frame is subjected to preprocessing such as noise removal and edge extraction (S201), and a difference from the previous frame is obtained (S202). If there is motion in the image from the frame difference result (S203 → Y), the motion is extracted as a region (S204), and the motion vector vi is extracted (S205). Further, statistical values of average Vave of motion vectors and variance Vvar of motion vectors in each region are calculated (S206), and frame information is stored (S207). If there is no motion in the image (S203 → N), the frame information is saved (S207) and the process ends. Here, motion information and statistical values of each motion region in the processing frame are obtained.

  The blow information is generated by the blow information generation unit 107 based on the motion information. The flow of the blowing information generation process will be described with reference to FIG. If the average Vave value of the motion vectors is larger than the predetermined threshold value Thave (S211 → Y), the ventilation information determination process (S212) is performed, and the ventilation setting is turned on (S215). If the average Vave value of the motion vectors is equal to or less than a predetermined threshold Thave (S211 → N), the motion vector variance Vvar is compared with the predetermined threshold Thvar (S213). If the motion vector variance Vvar is larger than the predetermined threshold value Thvar (S213 → Y), the entire area is set to be blown without limiting the blowing area (S214), and the blowing setting is turned on (S215). If the motion vector variance Vvar is smaller than the predetermined threshold value Thvar (S213 → N), the fan setting is turned off (OFF) (S216).

  The blowing information determination process (S212) when the average Vave value of motion vectors is larger than a predetermined threshold value Thave will be described with reference to FIG. In the blowing information determination process (S212), the position of the moving object is localized as the blowing source, and the wind direction and the air volume are set. First, the presence / absence of depth information is detected based on the composition of the image information (S221). Specifically, a vanishing point is obtained by detecting a plurality of line segments having a constant angular relationship representing an original parallel line such as a lane using Hough transform. If the vanishing point is determined with high accuracy and it is determined that the image has depth information (S222 → Y), the position information of the motion region is corrected (S223). Furthermore, if the distribution of the motion area is evaluated and it is determined that the background image is moving (S224 → Y), the wind direction is corrected according to the depth information (S225). Thereafter, the air source is localized according to the position of the movement area (S226), and the air volume is set according to the movement amount (S227).

  Based on the air blowing information, the air blowing unit 108 is driven to blow air at a predetermined wind direction and air volume. A specific air blowing information generation process will be described with reference to the image example of FIG. When the average Vave value of the motion vectors is larger than the threshold Thave, there is a moving object of a certain size and speed in the screen as shown in FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (c), FIG. 6 (b), As shown in (d), it is assumed that there is a movement in a certain direction over a wide range of the screen, and this is the target of the blowing information determination process. When the average Vave value of the motion vectors is less than or equal to the threshold Thave, there are almost no movements in the screen (Vvar ≦ Thvar), and there are various directions in the screen as in the small wave on the water surface in FIG. It is assumed that there is motion (Vvar> Thvar). When there is no movement, the air blow information is not set. When there are movements in various directions on the screen, it is difficult for a small-scale device to identify the position of each moving object and reflect the movements in the blowing information. Therefore, in such a case, the air source is set assuming the movement of the entire screen, and air is blown with a small air volume.

  In the blowing information determination process S212 shown in FIG. 4, the localization of the blowing source, the wind direction, and the air volume are determined. Basically, as shown in FIG. 6C, the position of the moving object is localized as the air source, and the wind pressure received by the viewer as the object moves is expressed by setting the air volume corresponding to the motion vector amount. When there is a wide range of movement as in the panning shot of FIG. 6 (d), it is possible to express the sensation of cutting off the wind by localizing the entire screen as the air source. However, in the case of an image having depth information as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, it is necessary to correct this and localize it. For example, the vehicle in FIG. 6 (a) is moving from top to bottom in the coordinates on the screen, but actually it is approaching from a distance on the plane, not moving up and down. For this purpose, as shown in FIG. 6 (a), a plurality of line segments having a constant angle relation representing the original parallel lines are approximated to obtain the vanishing point P, and a plurality of constant angle relations representing the original parallel lines toward the vanishing point P are obtained. Assuming that the direction of the line segment is the depth direction, the position of the object moving in the depth direction in the motion region is converted from the coordinates on the screen to the position coordinates where P is the depth direction. When determining whether or not the movement is in the depth direction, the accuracy can be improved by using a change in the size of the movement region.

  Furthermore, when the background moves in the depth direction as in the video from the in-vehicle camera in Fig. 6 (b), the air source is localized to the entire screen, but when the background moves in the direction approaching, the air is directed toward the viewer. In contrast to expressing the feeling of cutting the wind, if the background moves away, the direction of the wind is set to express the feeling of moving away from the background space.

  The localization of the air source is performed by ON / OFF and air direction control of a plurality of air blowing fans. In addition, the control unit 109 performs timing control so that image display and air blowing are performed at corresponding frame positions. In particular, when the time lag of the blower operation is large, or when the distance between the blower and the viewer is long, the motion of the image precedes the blower operation. The time difference can be eliminated by synchronizing the air blowing operation. In order to delay the image data, for example, the image data stored in the memory inside the image display unit 105 in FIG. 1 can be read with a delay.

  Various techniques can be used as a technique for detecting motion in an image, but it is preferable to use the technique described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-278841 filed earlier by the present applicant. This method is executed by the apparatus or program described in the following (1) to (4).

(1)
First calculation means for obtaining a representative value; second calculation means for obtaining a representative value of the luminance of the entire image frame; and a representative value of the luminance applied to each of the divided blocks and a representative value of the luminance of the entire image frame. Using the representative value of each luminance read from the first storage means and between the divided blocks at positions corresponding to each other in two image frames input in time series A motion block detecting means for detecting a predetermined change as a motion and detecting a motion block, a second storage means for storing the motion block, and a motion block read from the second storage means. Adjacent areas of the image are integrated into motion area candidates, and motion area candidate extraction means for generating motion area candidate information, which is information relating to the motion area candidates, is created for the current frame by the motion area candidate extraction means. The third storage means for storing the motion area candidate information, and the motion area candidate association information of the current frame that associates the motion area candidate up to the previous frame with the motion area candidate of the current frame, up to the previous frame already created Motion region candidate association information created based on the motion region candidate association information of the current frame and the motion region candidate association information of the current frame read from the third storage unit, and motion region candidate association information up to the previous frame To the motion region candidate associating means, and the generated motion region candidate associating information of the current frame A motion region determination that determines whether or not the motion region candidate of the current frame corresponds to a predetermined motion region based on the fourth storage means to be stored and the created motion region candidate association information of the current frame And an output means for outputting a result of determination by the motion area determination means.

(2)
In the determination unit, the determination criterion of the motion region is the number of motion blocks included in the associated motion region candidate, the number of frames associated with the motion, and each motion included in the associated motion region candidate. The average displacement amount or displacement direction between consecutive frames of the block position, the displacement amount or displacement direction from the start of detection of the motion region candidate of the average position of each motion block included in the associated motion region candidate The image motion detection apparatus according to (1), wherein at least one of the above is used.

(3)
A computer program for motion detection for detecting image motion by storing image information input in time series, a first procedure for dividing an input image frame into a plurality of blocks, and A second procedure for obtaining a representative value of the luminance applied to each divided block; a third procedure for obtaining a representative value of the luminance of the entire image frame; and a representative value of the luminance applied to each divided block and the luminance of the entire image frame. A fourth procedure for storing a representative value and a predetermined value between each divided block at a position corresponding to each other in two image frames input in time series using the stored representative value of each luminance. A fifth procedure for detecting a change as a motion and detecting a motion block, a sixth procedure for storing the motion block, and a motion region candidate by integrating adjacent ones of the stored motion blocks In addition, a seventh procedure for creating motion region candidate information that is information relating to the motion region candidate, an eighth procedure for storing motion region candidate information created for the current frame by the seventh procedure, and up to the previous frame Current region motion region candidate association information for associating a motion region candidate with a current region motion region candidate, motion region candidate association information up to the previous frame already created, and the stored current region motion region candidate information And a tenth procedure for outputting motion region candidate association information up to the previous frame and newly storing the created motion region candidate association information for the current frame, Based on the created current frame motion region candidate association information, the current frame motion region candidate is assigned to a predetermined motion region. And whether eleventh procedure for determining whether the computer program characterized by executing the first 12 steps of outputting a determination result by the first 11 steps on a computer.

(4)
In the eleventh procedure, the motion region determination criterion includes the number of motion block candidates included in the associated motion region candidate, the number of frames associated with motion, and the associated motion region candidate. The displacement amount or displacement direction of the average position of each motion block candidate, the displacement amount from the start of detection of the motion region candidate, or the average position of each motion block candidate included in the associated motion region candidate, or The computer program according to (3), wherein at least one of the displacement directions is used.

  According to the image motion detection device according to the prior application, it is possible to perform motion determination that is not easily affected by changes in the illumination state, and effectively prevent troubles caused by erroneous detection of motion associated with changes in the illumination state in a monitoring system or the like. To do. In addition, by reflecting the characteristics of the motion of the object that the user wants to monitor in the motion criterion, it is possible to accurately detect the motion that needs to be detected and eliminate the motion that does not require the detection of the background. A good monitoring system can be constructed. In addition, the use of representative values (average value, etc.) related to the brightness of the divided blocks and the entire image frame for the motion detection calculation has the advantage that the influence of noise such as flicker can be reduced in advance and the motion determination process can be made more efficient. is there.

<Second Embodiment>
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a second embodiment of the information providing apparatus of the present invention. The information providing apparatus 101 includes a data input unit 102 that inputs a digital video signal and an analog video signal to the information providing apparatus main body 120, an image processing unit 103 that performs data conversion and image quality improvement processing, an output driver 104 that drives a display device, and a display panel An image display unit 105, a motion detection unit 106 that detects a predetermined motion from image information, a blower information generation unit 107 that generates control information of the blower unit based on the motion information, a blower unit 108 that includes a silent fan, and each unit The point provided with the control part 109 which carries out overall control is the same as that of 1st Embodiment. The present embodiment further includes a physiological information acquisition device 112 including a blood pressure sensor 113, a pulse sensor 114, a data transmission unit 115, and a control unit 116. The information providing device main body 120 includes a data reception unit 111, a user state determination unit. 110.

The physiological information acquisition device 112 is attached to the viewer, acquires the physiological information of the viewer by controlling the blood pressure sensor 113 and the pulse sensor 114, and transmits the physiological information from the data transmission unit 115 to the information providing device main body 120. To do. The data receiving unit 111 of the information providing apparatus main body 120 receives physiological information, the user state determining unit 110 determines the state of the viewer based on the viewer's physiological information, and the determination result is sent to the image processing unit 103 and the air flow. The data is output to both of the information generation unit 107.
Specifically, for example, when the blood pressure is high and the pulse is fast, the user state determination unit 110 determines that the viewer is in an excited state. In response to this, the image processing unit 103 adjusts the contrast of the image and the like in a direction that softens the excitement of the viewer. In the air blow information generation unit 107, the air volume setting is set to be less than a predetermined value in a direction that softens the stimulus to the viewer. Note that the user state determination unit 110 determines that a state change in an appropriate range assumed when viewing an image is within an allowable range. On the other hand, when the viewer's state significantly exceeds the normal range, it is desirable to control the image processing unit 103 and output alarm information to the image display unit 105.

<Third Embodiment>
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a third embodiment of the information providing apparatus of the present invention. A portable information providing terminal 301 includes a data input unit 302 for inputting a wireless digital signal, an image processing unit 303 for performing data conversion and image quality improvement processing, an output driver 304 for driving a display device, an image display unit 305 including a display panel, A motion detection unit 306 that detects a predetermined motion from image information, a vibration information generation unit 307 that generates control information of the vibration unit 308 based on the motion information, a vibration unit 308 that includes a vibrator, and a control unit 309 that performs overall control of each unit. Prepare.

  The flow of the image display process is the same as that of a normal portable information providing terminal. The data input unit 302 decodes the digital signal and sends it to the image processing unit 303 as digital image information. The image processing unit 303 performs size conversion of image information, image effect processing, and the like, and sends them to the output driver 304. The output driver 304 optimizes the image information for the output device, outputs it to the image display unit 305, and displays it on the image display unit 305.

  On the other hand, the image information digitized by the data input unit 302 is sent to the motion detection unit 306. The flow of the motion detection process will be described with reference to FIG. Preprocessing such as noise removal edge extraction is performed on the input image information for each frame (S401), and a difference from the previous frame is obtained (S402). If there is motion in the image from the frame difference result (S403 → Y), the average At of the motion pixel positions is calculated (S404), and the difference Vt from the average At-1 of the motion pixel positions of the previous frame is calculated ( S405). When the calculation process is completed, the frame information is saved (S406). If there is no motion in the image (S403 → N), the frame information is saved (S406) and the process ends. At this time, the average At of the motion pixel positions in the processing frame and the movement amount Vt (the above difference) of the average At of the motion pixel positions are obtained. The number of motion pixels Ct of each processing frame counted in the process of calculating the average is also stored.

  Based on the movement information, the vibration information generation unit 307 generates vibration information. The flow of vibration information generation processing will be described with reference to FIG. When the amount of change Ct-Ct-1 between the number of motion pixels Ct detected in the current frame and the number of motion pixels Ct-1 detected in the previous frame is smaller than a predetermined negative threshold value Thc (S411 → Y), and When the absolute value | Vt−Vt−1 | of the change amount of the average At movement amount Vt of the motion pixel position detected in the current frame is larger than a predetermined threshold Thv (S412 → Y), the vibration setting is turned ON ( S413). When Ct-Ct-1 is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold Thc (S411 → N) and | Vt-Vt-1 | is equal to or smaller than a predetermined threshold Thv (S412 → N), the vibration setting is turned OFF (S414 ).

  FIG. 12 shows an example of a scene in which a person taps a hand with respect to the change in the number of moving pixels and the generation timing of vibration information in the present embodiment. The number of moving pixels on the screen decreases when both hands meet and stop moving. When the threshold value Thc is set to -5000, the vibration setting is turned ON in the frame indicated by ↑ in FIG.

  FIG. 9 is an example of provided information in the third embodiment of the information providing apparatus of the present invention, in which vibration is generated in a frame where both hands stop moving in a scene where a person claps his hands on the screen. . Normally, when a person taps the hand, the hand surface is shocked. Therefore, it is a natural feeling that the hand holding the terminal receives vibration information in accordance with this timing. It is a natural sensation to feel pressure when a momentary force is applied as the ball bounces off the wall and changes direction. Thus, when the user holds the terminal and refers to the image, it is possible to obtain a high sense of realism by giving vibration information that matches the movement on the screen.

  The vibrator function conventionally used as the manner mode can be used for the vibration unit 308 shown in FIG. In each embodiment, an example of practical and simple movement information extraction has been shown. However, in order to accurately set skin sensation information with a higher degree of coincidence with movement on the screen, movement information is extracted according to processing resources. It is within the scope of the present invention to extract and use detailed information. Although not specifically described in each embodiment, the processing function for audio information synchronized with video included in the conventional information providing apparatus corresponding to the embodiment of the present invention is the information providing apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention. Of course, it shall be included in the configuration.

  As described above, the information providing apparatus and the control program for the information providing apparatus according to the present invention extract the predetermined motion in the image, analyze the image, and provide the skin to the viewer based on the extracted motion. Since the sensory information is generated and the generated skin sensory information is provided to the viewer, the real-time skin sensory information that matches the movement can be easily provided to the viewer. The present invention is useful in the field of various information providing devices such as a video reproducing device, a television receiver, and various image monitors, which are information providing devices including an image display device.

1 is a block diagram showing a first embodiment of an information providing apparatus of the present invention. 1 is a configuration diagram showing a first embodiment of an information providing apparatus of the present invention. 6 is a flowchart showing a flow of motion detection processing in the first embodiment of the information providing apparatus of the present invention. 6 is a flowchart showing a flow of a blowing information generation process in the first embodiment of the information providing apparatus of the present invention. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of the ventilation information determination process in 1st Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention. It is an example of the image in 1st Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows 2nd Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows 3rd Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention. It is an example of the provision information in 3rd Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of the motion detection process in 3rd Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of the vibration information generation process in 3rd Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention. It is a figure which shows the change of the number of motion pixels, and vibration information generation timing in 3rd Embodiment of the information provision apparatus of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Television apparatus 2 Video camera 3 Image recording / reproducing apparatus 4 Digital broadcast receiving antenna 5 Display screen 6 Blower apparatus 101 Information provision apparatus 102, 302 Data input part 103, 303 Image processing part 104, 304 Output driver 105, 305 Image display part 106, 306 Motion detection unit (image analysis means)
107 Blower information generation part (skin sensation information generation means)
108 Blower (Skin Sense Information Providing Unit)
109, 116, 309 Control unit 110 User state determination unit 111 Data reception unit 112 Physiological information acquisition device 113 Blood pressure sensor 114 Pulse sensor 115 Data transmission unit 120 Information provision device main body 301 Portable information provision terminal 307 Vibration information generation unit 308 Vibration Part

Claims (4)

In an information providing device including an image display device that displays an image based on input image information,
Image analysis means capable of supporting all image inputs without being limited to a specific image, and detecting a motion vector of the input image and extracting a predetermined motion in the image;
Skin sensation information generation means for generating skin sensation information including at least one of wind direction, wind pressure, and vibration to be provided to the viewer based on the extracted movement;
Skin sensation information providing means for providing the viewer with the generated skin sensation information,
An information providing apparatus characterized by being provided. Physiological information acquisition means for acquiring physiological information of the viewer;
Viewer state determination means for determining the state of the viewer based on the physiological information;
And controlling the skin sensation information providing means according to an output signal of the viewer state determination means, and thus providing the skin sensation information based on the movement in the image and the physiological state of the viewer. The information providing apparatus according to claim 1. In a program for causing a computer to control an information providing apparatus including an image display apparatus that displays an image based on input image information,
An image analysis step capable of supporting all image inputs without being limited to a specific image, detecting a motion vector of the input image and extracting a predetermined motion in the image;
A skin sensory information generating step for generating skin sensory information including at least one of wind direction, wind pressure, and vibration to be provided to the viewer based on the extracted movement;
A control program for an information providing apparatus, comprising: a skin sensation information providing step for providing the viewer with the generated skin sensation information. A physiological information acquisition step of acquiring physiological information of the viewer;
A viewer state determination step of determining the state of the viewer based on the physiological information, and executing the skin sensation information providing step according to a determination result of the viewer state determination step, and thus the image 4. The information providing apparatus control program according to claim 3, wherein the skin sensation information is provided on the basis of a movement inside and a physiological state of the viewer.

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