JP2006233650A - Earthquake resistant and wind-rain resistant tile for zig-zag roofing - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an earthquake resistant and wind-rain resistant tile for zig-zag roofing preventing a tile fillet, an eaves board or the like set on a roof substrate in execution of an eaves from running on a backing material and secures adequate tile inclination and enabling stable tiling and avoiding defects of damage, lack or the like of a fitting piece on the head side. <P>SOLUTION: In this constitution the fitting piece on the head side formed in an inner end on the underlap head side is inserted into an insertion space formed of an inclined inner surface and a ceiling rear surface set at the tail edge in two directions, so that dislocation and floating are prevented. A rear surface of the fitting piece on the head side is flush with a rear surface of a main body of the tile, and placing on the eaves or the like is prevented at the time of execution of the eaves, and a fitting protrusion on the tail side is received in a roofing recess on the underlap rear head side and pushing up of an upper tile is avoided. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a seismic and windproof tile for staggering.

  Conventionally, it is a flat roof tile for staggering each having an underlap and an overlap, and a head side locking piece is provided inside the head side of the underlap, and the head side locking piece is engaged (engaged). ) There are documents listed below for earthquake-resistant and wind-resistant roof tiles for staggering that have bottom-side locking projections on the bottom side of the tile body.

  Document (1) is “seismic and windproof tile for staggering” in Japanese Patent No. 3380235, and this invention is for staggering that has an underlap, an overlap, and an overlapping recess in the tile body. A flat roof tile provided with a head side locking piece at the head side inner end of the underlap, a bottom side insertion recess engaged with the head side locking piece on the bottom side of the tile body, and a bottom side swelling of the roof tile body A butt-side locking projection protruding on the surface of the belt is provided, and the head-side locking piece is engaged with the butt-side insertion recess and the butt-side locking projection. Therefore, the present invention intends to achieve, through the above-mentioned engagement, prevention of rolling up and scattering during a typhoon, prevention of displacement, slipping, etc. during an earthquake. However, the present invention employs a configuration in which the head side locking piece formed on the underlap protrudes from the back surface of the roof tile body, so that the head side locking piece is damaged during manufacture, transportation, etc. In addition, there is a possibility that the rear surface protruding portion of the head side locking piece interferes with a base material such as a tile seat and prevents proper laying at the time of eaves end construction.

  Document (2) is “Wind-resistant engagement flat roof tile” disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-158542, and this invention is for staggering each having an insertion receiving portion (underlap) and a covering portion (overlap). Flat roof tile (referred to as flat roof tile), provided with a latch receiving part at the tip of the underlap, and with a locking projection on the butt side. This is thought to be intended to prevent the upper roof tile from being displaced or lifted by being abutted and locked to the locking protrusions. However, since the back surface of the latch receiving portion protrudes one step lower than the back surface of the flat roof tile, inconvenience of climbing on the base material such as a tile seat occurs when laying on the eaves edge, and the latch protrusion is also on the bottom side. It is a configuration that protrudes outward from the end, and it is difficult to manufacture, and there may be problems such as the possibility of loss during transportation.

  Reference (3) is a “locking wind-resistant flat roof tile” disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-93141. In this invention, a bottom notch portion and a bottom engagement covering portion provided at the bottom end are provided with an underlap head. It is a structure which engages with the insertion engagement receiving part provided in the side, and suppresses a dislocation | rearrangement and levitation | floating, The outline | summary is based on above-mentioned literature (2).

  Reference (4) is a “disaster prevention tile” disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3560844. In the present invention, an engagement convex portion having an insertion space is erected on the bottom side water return surface of the tile body, and the insertion portion (underlap) ) Is provided with a band plate-like engagement insertion portion at the side end portion, and the engagement insertion portion engages with the insertion space of this engagement projection, and is intended to prevent displacement and lifting due to strong winds. Yes. However, according to the present invention, the engaging convex portion protrudes from the water return upper surface and the insertion space has an open shape in the flow direction, so that the strength of the base portion remains uneasy, and there is a risk of loss during transportation and construction. In addition, a dedicated device is indispensable for forming the engaging convex portion having the insertion space therethrough, and there remains a problem that it is difficult to maintain a predetermined accuracy and secure a yield.

  Reference (5) is “a roof tile forming method” disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-320513, and this invention overlaps a recess of a hook-shaped projection (butt-side locking projection) projecting from a butt-side end. It is the structure which latches the engaging groove provided in the back head side inner side. This invention employs a pressing piston member, eliminates the difference in density of the tile base density of the projection parts, suppresses distortion and cracking during drying and firing, and forms a tile having a high strength projection part. Intended. However, the concave portion of the hook-shaped protrusion penetrates in the flow direction and has a problem that it is easily lost. Further, since the driving of the pressing piston member depends on an external fluid pressure cylinder, the apparatus becomes complicated and careful maintenance is essential.

Japanese Patent No. 3380235 JP-A-8-158542 JP-A-8-93141 Japanese Patent No. 3560844 JP 2003-320513 A

  When summarizing the inventions of the literatures 1 to 4, the head side locking piece at the end of the underlap side, the insertion engaging receiving part, the locking receiving part, and the engaging convex part at the end of the bottom side are flat roof tiles (earthquake resistant). , Wind-resistant roof tiles, flat roof tiles, disaster prevention roof tiles), which protrude from the back surface or front surface of the roof.

  In the inventions of Documents 1 to 3, when the eaves edge is installed, the back side protruding portion of the head side locking portion (head side locking piece, insertion engagement receiving portion, locking receiving portion) is a base such as a tile seat. It is considered that there are problems such as getting on the material and hindering stable construction.

  In the inventions of Documents 1 to 4, the upper end surfaces of the butt-side projections (butt-side locking projections, butt-engaging cover portions, locking projections, and engaging projections) provided at the butt-side end portions are joined together. Sometimes the problem of pushing up the back of the upper roof tile remains. In other words, in order to achieve reliable engagement between the butt-side protrusion and the head-side locking portion, it is necessary to secure the height of the butt-side protrusion that accommodates the head-side locking portion with a sufficient margin. The rise of the side protrusion (height protruding from the front surface of the roof tile body) becomes a factor of colliding with the back surface of the upper roof tile.

In addition, in the roof tile of Document 5, the engagement groove (pocket) formed in the inner step of the overlap side on the back side of the head side has a high-precision balance in order to fit the concave portion of the bottom side hook-shaped projection in a stable posture. There is room for improvement because it requires a high degree of complexity, or requires a complicated countermeasure attached to an external dedicated device as a molding means.
Further, the roof tile of this document 5 requires a separate pressing piston member that is operated from the back side of the lower mold that forms the bottom-side saddle-shaped projection recess (the piston member in three directions in the entire mold). However, there is a problem that the space, cost, technology, etc. involved in the operation become a considerable burden.

  The invention according to claim 1 is configured such that the head side locking piece does not protrude from the back surface of the tile main body, so that it is not necessary to ride on a base material such as a tile seat or Hiroko Mai installed on the roof during construction of the eaves. It is intended to secure a gradient and to achieve stable installation, or to avoid harmful effects such as damage and omission of the head side locking piece.

  In addition, it has a trapezoidal structure in which the butt side locking projection is formed by an inclined surface and a ceiling surface in two directions (underlap direction and head side direction). Inserting and locking the top side locking piece of the upper roof tile into the insertion space formed by hollowing out the wrap side to prevent the tile body from shifting in the two directions and lifting, etc. It is intended to reduce the resistance (load) applied to the buttocks locking projections by using an inclined surface. Further, the configuration of the inclined surfaces in the two directions is intended to enhance the impact resistance of the butt side locking projection.

  And, as a structure that forms a concave recess near the head of the overlap back and accommodates the bottom side locking projections of the lower tile when staggered, the top back of the upper tile overlap by the bottom side locking projections It is intended to avoid and secure effective locking between the space portion formed inside the buttocks locking protrusion and the head locking piece.

  Further, when the bottom recess is formed below the space, and the flat roof tiles are stacked, the bottom lock projection is configured to accept the bottom latch protrusion of the lower tile in the bottom recess. It is intended to prevent breakage of the equipment, and to facilitate convenience such as bundling and transportation.

Claim 1 is a flat tile for staggering that has an underlap on one side end of a tile main body formed with a flat surface or a bulging portion on the surface, and an overlap on the other side end, respectively.
A head side locking piece is provided at the head side inner end of the underlap, and the back surface of the head side locking piece is configured to be positioned on the substantially same surface as the back surface of the flat roof tile,
Also, a trapezoidal buttocks-side locking projection having a two-side inclined surface on the roof side of the tile body, and a space for insertion formed by hollowing out the buttocks and the overlap side inside the buttocks-side locking projection And a configuration for receiving and locking the head side locking piece on the inner surface of the space and the inclined surface,
Forming a concavity recess near the overlap head of the back surface of the tile body, and, when laying, it is configured to accommodate the bottom-side locking projection of the lower tile in the concavity,
Furthermore, an overlapped concave portion is provided below the space portion, and when stacked, an anti-seismic and windproof tile for staggering that has a structure that allows the bottom side projections of other flat roof tiles to be received in the overlapping concave portion. is there.

  The invention of claim 2 achieves the object of claim 1 and intends to provide a cranial locking piece optimal for achieving this object.

  Claim 2 forms the head side locking piece according to claim 1 on the back surface that can be ridden on the base material during eaves construction (placed in a stable posture on the base material such as a tile seat, This is an anti-seismic and wind-resistant roof tile for staggering that has a structure that ensures an appropriate tile slope.

  The invention of claim 3 is intended to achieve the object of claim 1 and to provide an optimum passing portion for achieving this object.

  According to a third aspect of the present invention, a passing portion is formed at an intermediate portion between the space portion according to the first aspect and the bottom-side concave portion, and the bottom-side concave portion according to the first aspect is formed in the bottom-side concave portion below the passing portion when stacked. It is an anti-seismic and wind-resistant roof tile for staggering that has a structure that can accept side locking projections.

The invention of claim 1 is a flat roof tile for staggering that has an underlap on one side end of a tile main body formed with a surface flat or a bulging portion on the surface, and an overlap on the other side end, respectively.
A head-side locking piece is provided at the head-side inner end of the underlap, and the back surface of the head-side locking piece is positioned on the substantially same surface as the back surface of the flat roof tile,
Also, a trapezoidal buttocks-side locking projection having a two-side inclined surface on the roof side of the tile body, and a space for insertion formed by hollowing out the buttocks and the overlap side inside the buttocks-side locking projection And a configuration for receiving and locking the head side locking piece on the inner surface of the space and the inclined surface,
Forming a concavity recess near the overlap head on the back surface of the tile body, and when staggering this flat roof tile, it is configured to accommodate the butt side locking projection in the concavity recess,
Further, a bottom recess is formed below the space, and when the flat roof tiles are stacked, the bottom recesses of the flat roof tiles can be received in the bottom recess. It is a seismic and windproof tile.

  Accordingly, the first aspect of the present invention is such that the head side locking piece does not protrude from the back surface of the roof tile body, so that it is possible to prevent the roof tile from being mounted on the roof tiles and the base material such as Hiro Komai when constructing the eaves. It has features such as securing a gradient and achieving stable installation, and avoiding problems such as damage and omission of the head side locking piece.

  According to a first aspect of the present invention, the head side locking piece is inserted into a space for insertion composed of a trapezoidal bottom side locking projection having a two-way inclined surface and a ceiling surface, By engaging the end surface with the two directions of the trapezoidal buttocks locking projections and the ceiling surface, the tile body can be displaced in the two directions and prevented from rising. . In addition, there is an actual advantage that the resistance (load) applied to the butt-side locking projection can be reduced by using the inclined surface with respect to the rising of the tile body. Furthermore, this two-way inclined surface has an effect of being able to enhance the impact resistance of the buttocks locking projection.

  According to a first aspect of the present invention, when the zigzag is rolled, a claw recess for accommodating the bottom-side locking projections of the lower tile is formed near the overlap back to avoid collision with the upper tile, and the head-side locking There is an effect that it is possible to secure effective locking between the piece, the buttocks locking protrusion and the insertion space.

  Further, according to the first aspect of the present invention, when a bottom recess is formed below the space portion and the flat roof tiles are stacked, the head side locking piece of the lower roof tile can be received in the bottom recess. It has the characteristics of.

  The invention according to claim 2 is an anti-seismic and wind-resistant tile for staggering, wherein the head side locking piece according to claim 1 is formed on the back surface that can be ridden on the base material during eaves-end construction. .

  Accordingly, the second aspect has features such that the object of claim 1 can be achieved, and an optimal head side locking piece for achieving the object can be provided.

  In a third aspect of the present invention, when a passing portion is formed at an intermediate portion between the space portion and the bottom side concave portion according to the first aspect and the flat roof tiles are stacked, the lower portion of the passing portion is claimed in the first aspect. A seismic and windproof tile for staggering that is configured to receive the bottom side locking projection described in 1.

  Therefore, claim 3 has the practical benefits of being able to achieve the object of claim 1 and providing an optimum delivery section for achieving this object.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a first embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a rear view of the example of FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a bottom side locking projection of the example of FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a head side locking piece of FIG. 1, FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a locking state between the buttocks locking protrusion and the head side locking piece of FIG. 1, and FIG. 6 is a main portion of FIG. FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the main part of the example of FIG. 1 when installed, FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of the example of FIG. 1, and FIG. 9 is the bottom end of the example of FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the main part showing the stacked state of the part, FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the bottom side view showing the main part of the mold for molding the bottom side locking projection of the example of FIG. 1, and FIG. 11 is the bottom of the example of FIG. FIG. 12 is a plan view showing a second embodiment, FIG. 13 is a back view of the example of FIG. 12, and FIG. 14 is an example of FIG. Schematic view of the buttocks side view showing the main part of the mold for molding the buttocks locking latch 15 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the main part of a mold for molding the bottom side locking projection of the example of FIG. 12, and FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing the bottom side locking projection of the third embodiment of the present invention. 17 is a perspective view showing a locking state between the butt side locking projection and the head side locking piece in the example of FIG. 16, FIG. 18 is a rear perspective view of the main part of FIG. 17, and FIG. 19 is the example of FIG. FIG. 20 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the main part showing the stacked state at the bottom end in the example of FIG. 16.

  The first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 9 will be described. Reference numeral 1 denotes a square-shaped roof tile body, and a surface 1a of the roof tile body 1 has bulging portions 100 and 101 on one side and / or the other side thereof. , The underlap 2 is formed on one side, and the overlap 3 is formed on the other side. The head side 2-1 of the underlap 2 is formed to be shorter than the head side 1-1 of the roof tile body 1, and the head side 1-1 is narrowed down to the base (head side inner end) of the narrowed portion 201. Is provided with a head side locking piece 4. In this example, as shown in FIG. 7, the back surface 4 b of the head side locking piece 4 is formed on the same surface as the back surface 1 b of the roof tile body 1 and the back surface 2 b of the underlap 2. The structure in which the head side locking piece 4 does not protrude from the back surface 4b avoids riding on the base material (tile base A or the like) when it is applied to the eaves as shown in FIG. It is effective for securing the tile gradient and bringing about the benefits of stable laying, simplification of the manufacturing apparatus, avoidance of defects during transportation, and the like. A water return ridge 200 is formed on the side end 2-2 of the underlap 2 and a water return ridge 5 is formed on the bottom side 1-2 of the surface 1a. In the figure, 6 is a nail hole, 7 is a hook, and B is a roof bar.

  In this example, a trapezoidal buttocks locking projection 8 having two-side slopes 800 and 800 and a ceiling surface 801 is provided on the buttocks 1-2 of the surface 1a of the roof tile body 1. A space 9 for insertion is formed in the trapezoidal buttocks side locking projection 8 by hollowing out the buttocks 1-2 and the overlap side 1c.

  This insertion space portion 9 is composed of a ceiling back surface 801a that is the back surface of the ceiling surface 801 of the bottom side locking projection 8 and inclined inner surfaces 800a and 800a that are inside the inclined surfaces 800 and 800. The roof-side locking piece (not shown) of the roof tiled on the upper stage is configured to receive and engage and / or lock. In this case, the two-way inclined inner surfaces 800a and 800a and the ceiling back surface 801a constituting the insertion space 9 are displaced in the two directions when receiving and engaging and / or locking the head side locking piece 4. There is an actual benefit that will bring about the actual benefits of suppressing the lifting and demonstrating the anti-seismic and storm-resistant functions. In addition, with respect to this lifting action, it is also possible to expect the effect that the resistance (load) applied to the buttocks locking projection can be reduced by using the inclined surface. The configuration of the inclined surfaces 800 and 800 is also useful for improving the formability of the butt side locking projection 8 and improving the strength.

  Furthermore, the bottom (rear surface 1b) side of the space 9 is cut away to form the bottom recess 900. This bottom side recess 900 can exhibit effects such as stabilization of binding and prevention of damage as a configuration for accommodating the bottom side locking projections 8 of other roof tiles when stacked. The three directions on the inner surface of the bottom side recess 900 are similar to the shape of the periphery of the bottom side locking projection 8.

  In this example, a waterproof embankment 11 is formed on the inner side of the bottom side 1-2 to prevent the rainwater from going up and prevent the rainwater from flowing from the periphery of the space 9 to the back surface 1b. There are benefits to get.

  In the figure, reference numeral 12 denotes an assembling recess formed by, for example, passing through the overlap 3 head side 2-1 of the back surface 1b of the tile body 1. The assembling recess 12 is associated with the bottom side of the lower tile tiled in a staggered manner. The stop protrusion 8 is accommodated. By adopting this configuration, the upper roof tile is prevented from being pushed up, the effective height of the butt side locking projection 8 is ensured, and the engagement between the head side locking piece 4 and the butt side locking projection 8 and / or In addition, there are actual benefits such as being able to contribute to stabilization of locking and contributing to improvement of the disaster prevention function.

  Next, the molding method in the first embodiment is a schematic side view showing the main part of the mold for molding the bottom side locking projection shown in FIG. 10, and the bottom side locking projection shown in FIG. Description will be made based on a schematic cross-sectional view showing the main part of a mold to be molded. In this example, as shown in the figure, a method of forming a roofing element E by pressing in one step with a mold D composed of a pair of upper mold D-1, lower mold D-2 and sack D-3 is adopted. Therefore, there are features such as easy and efficient molding and contribution to cost reduction. Further, the bottom-side locking projection 8, the insertion space 9 and the bottom-side concave portion 900 are tile base E which is press-molded into a cavity C constituted by an upper mold D-1 and a lower mold D-2. Is formed on the butt side 1-2. In this case, the two-side slopes 800 and 800 and the ceiling surface 801 constituting the butt-side locking projection 8 are formed by the lower surface D-1a of the upper mold D-1. The insertion space 9 and the bottom recess 900 are formed on the upper surface D-2a of the lower mold D-2.

  Next, the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 12 to 13 will be described. In this example, the front surface 1a of the roof tile body 1 is formed on the flat surface 103, and the rib 104 is formed on the back surface 1b, and the other structure is in accordance with the first embodiment described above. In this example, the back surface 4 b of the head side locking piece 4 is made substantially flush with the back surface 2 b of the underlap 2 or the lower end surface (not shown) of the rib 104. In the figure, reference numeral 14 denotes an inner water return ridge, which has an advantage of preventing the rainwater from going up and preventing the wraparound from the periphery of the space portion 9 to the back surface 1b.

  Further, the molding method in the second embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. In principle, this is in accordance with the molding method in the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, and detailed description thereof is omitted. The third embodiment shown in FIGS. 16 to 20 will be described. In this example, a passing portion 901 is provided in the middle between the space portion 9 and the bottom-side concave portion 900 in the first embodiment. In this example, the lower portion of the passing portion 901 is a butt-side recess 900 that accommodates the butt-side locking projection 8. This configuration ensures a stable shape of the butt side locking projection 8 and / or the space portion 9 during press molding, improves the yield, and further improves the impact resistance of the butt side locking projection 8 and / or the space portion 9. There is a feature that can contribute. In addition, the configuration in which the passing portion 901 is provided is not shown, but can be applied to the second embodiment. In forming the delivery portion 901, it is possible to employ a molding method using the mold D according to the above-described example or a molding method using other means in some cases.

FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a first embodiment of the present invention. 2 is a back view of the example of FIG. FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a butt side locking projection in the example of FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the head side locking piece of the example of FIG. FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a locking state between the buttocks locking protrusion and the head locking piece in the example of FIG. 6 is a rear perspective view of the main part of FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the main part of the example of FIG. FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of the example of FIG. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the main part showing the stacked state at the bottom end of the example of FIG. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the bottom side view showing the main part of the mold for molding the bottom side locking projection of the example of FIG. FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a main part of a mold for molding the bottom side locking projection of the example of FIG. FIG. 12 is a plan view showing a second embodiment. 13 is a back view of the example of FIG. FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram in the side view of the buttocks showing the main part of the mold for molding the buttocks locking projection in the example of FIG. FIG. 15 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the main part of a mold for molding the bottom side locking projection of the example of FIG. FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing the buttocks locking projection of the third embodiment of the present invention. 17 is a perspective view showing a locking state between the buttocks locking protrusion and the head locking piece in the example of FIG. 18 is a rear perspective view of the main part of FIG. 19 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the main part of the example of FIG. FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the main part showing the stacked state at the bottom end portion of the example of FIG.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Roof tile 1-1 Head side 1-2 Bottom side 1a Front surface 1b Back surface 1c Overlap side 100 Swelling part 101 Swelling part 103 Flat surface 104 Rib 2 Underlap 2b Back surface 2-1 Head side 2-2 Side edge part 200 Water return ridge 201 Narrowed-down portion 3 Overlap 4 Head side locking piece 4b Back surface 5 Water return ridge 6 Nail hole 7 Hook 8 Bottom side locking protrusion 800 Inclined surface 800a Inclined inner surface 801 Ceiling surface 801a Ceiling back surface 9 Space portion 900 Bottom side recess 901 Crossing portion 10 Crossing recess 11 Waterproof dike 14 Water return ridge A Inside tile B Roof tile C Cavity D Mold D-1 Upper die D-1a Lower die D-2 Lower die D-2a Upper surface D-3 Sack E

Claims (3)

A flat roof tile for staggering that has an underlap on one side end of the tile main body formed with a flat surface or a bulging portion on the surface, and an overlap on the other side end,
A head-side locking piece is provided at the head-side inner end of the underlap, and the back surface of the head-side locking piece is positioned on the substantially same surface as the back surface of the flat roof tile,
Also, a trapezoidal buttocks-side locking projection having a two-side inclined surface on the roof side of the tile body, and a space for insertion formed by hollowing out the buttocks and the overlap side inside the buttocks-side locking projection And a configuration for receiving and locking the head side locking piece on the inner surface of the space and the inclined surface,
Forming a concavity recess near the overlap head on the back surface of the roof tile body, and when rigging, a configuration that accommodates the butt side locking protrusion in the concavity recess,
Further, a bottom side recess is formed below the space part, and when stacked, the bottom side recesses can receive the bottom side projections of other flat roof tiles. .   The head-side locking piece according to claim 1 is an anti-seismic and wind-resistant tile for staggering that is formed on the back surface that can be ridden on the base material during eaves-end construction.   The intermediate portion between the space portion according to claim 1 and the buttocks side recess is formed with a passing portion, and the buttocks locking projection according to claim 1 is received in the buttocks recess below the passing portion when stacked. Seismic and windproof tiles for staggering that have been made possible.

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