JP2006059647A - Fuel cell - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To enable the effective operation of a fuel cell. <P>SOLUTION: The fuel cell comprises a cathode for reducing oxygen to an active material, an anode for oxidizing fuel, and a power generation unit 100 that is formed with an electrolyte layer contained between the cathode and the anode. In the fuel cell, a fuel storage unit 210 for storing fuel gets pressure from a pressure impress portion 300 by using a non-porous gas-permeable membrane 220 as components of the fuel storage portion 210, gas generated in the anode can be exhausted to the outside from the fuel storage portion 210, and further fuel in the fuel storage 210 can be prevented from leaking to the outside. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

The present invention relates to a fuel cell having a fuel storage section, and more particularly to a fuel cell that handles liquid fuel.

  In recent years, with the widespread use of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), there has been a demand for smaller, lighter, and higher capacity batteries as driving power sources and memory holding power sources. . Under such circumstances, a fuel cell that can be expected to have a high capacity has attracted attention as a battery used in a portable electronic device.

  As a fuel cell that can be used in such portable applications, there is a direct methanol fuel cell called DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell). In this direct methanol fuel cell, methanol is used as a fuel. In general, an anode that oxidizes fuel (also referred to as a negative electrode or a fuel electrode), a cathode that reduces oxygen as an active material (also referred to as a positive electrode or an air electrode), And a power generation unit composed of an electrolyte layer provided between the two. In this direct methanol fuel cell, an aqueous methanol solution supplied as fuel is oxidized at the anode to generate electrons and protons, and the generated protons are transported to the cathode via the electrolyte layer. It reacts with the supplied oxygen to generate electricity.

  The greatest feature of this direct methanol fuel cell is that the device can be downsized, and continuous power generation is possible for a long time by supplying oxygen to the cathode and supplying fuel to the anode. . Due to such characteristics, the direct methanol fuel cell can be used in the same manner as the secondary battery by replenishing fuel instead of charging in the secondary battery.

  In this direct methanol fuel cell, a fuel storage unit for storing a methanol aqueous solution as fuel is provided so as to be in contact with the anode. Then, at the time of power generation, the methanol aqueous solution of fuel and water react at the anode, and carbon dioxide is generated as a product gas. Therefore, carbon dioxide generated during power generation is present in the fuel storage unit.

  If carbon dioxide is present in the fuel storage section, the supply of the methanol aqueous solution that is the fuel will be delayed, leading to a decrease in power generation efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the fuel storage unit with a mechanism for discharging carbon dioxide generated at the anode and preventing the fuel from leaking outside. As a countermeasure, in Patent Documents 1 and 2 shown below, a PTFE (Poly Tetra Floera Ethylene) sheet having pores is provided in the fuel storage unit, and the generated gas generated at the anode is externally supplied. To be discharged.

JP 2003-317789 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-14148 Nitto Technical Report Vol.34, No.2, December 1996, p. 15-20

  The above-described portable electronic devices and the like are expected to be used in various directions depending on the usage situation. When a fuel cell is used as the power source of this portable electronic device, the fuel storage part for storing the fuel is in various directions. For example, when the fuel storage part is not completely filled with fuel, A situation occurs in which the anode cannot be immersed in fuel. As a method for avoiding this, it is considered that the fuel storage section is filled with fuel, pressure is applied to the fuel in the fuel storage section, and fuel is continuously supplied to the anode. Thus, always immersing the anode with fuel is indispensable for the efficient operation of the fuel cell.

  However, since the PTFE sheet used in Patent Documents 1 and 2 described above is porous, it is possible to permeate a large amount of the generated gas generated in the fuel storage section, but the anode is always made of fuel. In the configuration in which the fuel in the fuel storage unit is pressurized for immersion, the fuel in the fuel storage unit leaks to the outside due to the pressurization, and the fuel cell cannot be efficiently operated. It was.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and realizes that the anode is always immersed in the fuel, and the generated gas generated in the anode is discharged to the outside of the fuel storage unit, and the fuel is stored. An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell that prevents leakage of fuel inside the unit to the outside.

  A fuel cell according to the present invention includes a cathode that reduces oxygen, an anode that oxidizes fuel, an electrolyte layer that is provided between the cathode and the anode, and stores the fuel. And a pressure application unit that applies pressure to the fuel stored in the fuel storage unit, the fuel storage unit is non-porous, and the pressure application unit A non-porous membrane is provided that allows only the product gas produced at the anode to pass through under pressure.

  According to another aspect of the fuel cell of the present invention, the thickness of the non-porous membrane and the surface area of the surface in contact with the fuel are determined by at least the permeability coefficient of the non-porous membrane with respect to the product gas and the pressure application unit. The applied pressure is set as a parameter.

  According to the present invention, the anode can always be immersed in the fuel, the generated gas generated in the anode is discharged to the outside of the fuel storage unit, and leakage of the fuel in the fuel storage unit to the outside is prevented. be able to. This makes it possible to realize efficient fuel cell operation. In particular, when the fuel cell is applied to a portable electronic device such as a mobile phone or PDA (Personal Digital Assistants), the anode can always be immersed in fuel regardless of the orientation of the portable electronic device. It is very effective.

-Basic outline of the present invention-
The present inventor has solved the problem that in the conventional fuel cell, when the fuel in the fuel storage unit is pressurized in order to operate the fuel cell efficiently, the fuel in the fuel storage unit leaks to the outside. Accordingly, the inventors have arrived at the basic outline of the invention described below.

  The present inventor has provided a gas permeable membrane in the fuel storage section in order to permeate the produced gas generated at the anode, and studied the material of the gas permeable membrane. When a porous membrane such as PTFE used in conventional fuel cells is used, there are many pores in the inside, so that the fuel leaks to the outside depending on the pressure in the fuel storage section. Focusing on this problem, I thought to apply a uniform and homogeneous non-porous material without pores as the material of the gas permeable membrane. As this non-porous material, for example, a material mainly made of silicone or polyimide can be cited.

  According to Non-Patent Document 1, the gas permeation mechanism in the non-porous film is caused by dissolution and diffusion into the non-porous film, whereas the gas permeation mechanism in the porous film is a gas molecule. This is attributed to Knudsen diffusion that diffuses by collision with the inner wall of the pore and surface diffusion on the inner wall of the pore. That is, in the conventionally used porous membrane, the permeation of the liquid fuel is blocked and the generated gas is permeated due to the difference in the surface tension of the inner wall of the pores with respect to the liquid fuel and the generated gas.

  And in this porous membrane, when the pressure more than the surface tension in liquid fuel is applied from the outside, the leakage of the said liquid fuel will arise. On the other hand, in the non-porous membrane, since there are no pores in the inside thereof, liquid fuel does not leak even when an external pressure is applied to the fuel storage portion.

  Further, the present inventor noticed that the generated gas permeates due to gas dissolution and diffusion into the non-porous membrane, and optimized the thickness of the gas permeable membrane and the surface area (permeation area) of the surface in contact with the liquid fuel. I thought to plan.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a fuel cell for explaining the basic outline of the present invention.
The fuel cell is provided with a fuel storage unit 210 that faces the anode provided in the power generation unit 100 and stores fuel (shaded lines in FIG. 1) to be supplied to the anode. The pressure is applied from the pressure application unit 300. A non-porous gas permeable membrane 220 is provided on the surface of the fuel storage unit 210 that faces the anode surface.

In general, the permeability coefficient of gas is
"Transmission coefficient = transmission amount (volume) x film thickness / (pressure difference x transmission area x time)"
It is calculated by the relationship. From this relational expression, it can be seen that the transmission coefficient is proportional to the thickness of the film and inversely proportional to the transmission area of the film.

  Further, the amount of generated gas generated at the anode 30 depends on the current value used in the fuel cell. Therefore, the permeation amount (volume) to be transmitted through the gas permeable membrane 220 is determined based on the current value to be used. Further, the generated gas generated at the anode 30 is determined according to the fuel to be used, and the permeability coefficient of the gas permeable membrane 220 with respect to the generated gas is determined. Furthermore, the pressure applied from the pressure application unit 300 is a pressure difference from the atmosphere.

  Accordingly, the film thickness and transmission area of the gas permeable membrane 220 can be calculated from the above-described relational equation of the transmission coefficient, using the determined transmission coefficient and the pressure applied by the pressure application unit 300 as parameters. . In this way, the present inventor optimizes the gas permeable membrane 220, and does not stagnate the product gas generated at the anode 30 inside the fuel storage unit, so that all the generated gas is supplied to the outside of the fuel storage unit. It was realized that it was discharged.

-Embodiment of the present invention-
Next, an embodiment based on the basic outline of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the fuel cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
The fuel cell includes a power generation unit 100 that generates power, an anode-side casing 200 provided on the anode 30 side of the power generation unit 100, and a liquid stored in a fuel storage unit 210 provided in the anode-side casing 200. A pressure application unit 300 that applies pressure to the fuel and a cathode-side housing 400 provided on the cathode side of the power generation unit 100 are provided.

First, the configuration of the power generation unit 100 will be described.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of the power generation unit 100.
As shown in FIG. 3, the power generation unit 100 includes a cathode 10 that reduces oxygen as an active material, an anode 30 that oxidizes fuel, and a solid electrolyte layer 20 provided between the cathode 10 and the anode 30. Yes.

  The anode 30 oxidizes fuel to generate electrons and protons, and is formed by laminating an anode electrode layer 31, a gas diffusion layer 32, and an anode current collector layer 33 in this order from the solid electrolyte layer 20 side. .

  The cathode 10 generates water from ions generated by reduction using oxygen as an active material and electrons and protons generated at the anode 30. From the solid electrolyte layer 20 side, the cathode electrode layer 13, the gas diffusion layer 12, The cathode current collector layers 12 are laminated in this order.

  The solid electrolyte layer 20 is a path for transporting protons generated at the anode 30 to the cathode 10 and is formed of an ionic conductor having no electronic conductivity. For example, a polyperfluorosulfonic acid resin is used as a main material.

Next, each configuration in FIG. 2 will be described.
As described above, the anode-side casing 200 is provided on the anode 30 side of the power generation unit 100, and the fuel storage unit 210 that stores the liquid fuel supplied to the anode 30 is disposed therein. The fuel storage unit 210 is supplied with liquid fuel via a pipe 310 connected to the fuel supply port 211, and is provided with a fuel supply pipe 212 for storing the supplied liquid fuel. Further, an appropriate pressure is applied to the liquid fuel in the fuel supply pipe 212 by butane gas or chlorofluorocarbon gas supplied from the pressure application unit 300. A non-porous gas permeable membrane 220 that allows gas existing inside the fuel storage unit 210 to permeate outside is provided on a side surface of the fuel storage unit 210.

  The cathode side housing 400 is provided on the cathode 10 side of the power generation unit 100, and a plurality of oxygen supply holes for supplying oxygen from the outside to the cathode 10 are provided.

4 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line II of the fuel storage unit 210 shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 4, the anode 30 is disposed on one surface of the fuel storage unit 210 so that the liquid fuel of the fuel supply pipe 212 is directly supplied, and the gas permeable membrane 220 is disposed on the opposite surface. Is arranged. At this time, pressure is applied to the liquid fuel in the fuel supply pipe 212 by the pressure application unit 300, and the gas permeable membrane 220 is formed of a non-porous membrane, so that pressure is applied to the fuel storage unit 210. Even under such circumstances, the produced gas produced at the anode 30 can be permeated to the outside without causing the liquid fuel to leak outside the fuel storage unit 210. Further, when an aqueous methanol solution is used as the liquid fuel, as shown in FIG. 4, the carbon dioxide generated at the anode 30 permeates the gas permeable membrane 220 and is released to the outside.

  Next, a method for setting the film thickness and transmission area in the gas permeable membrane 220 will be described. Here, the permeation area of the gas permeable membrane 220 is an area of a portion of the fuel storage unit 210 facing the liquid fuel. In the following, in order to make the setting method of the film thickness and the permeation area of the gas permeable membrane 220 easier to understand, description will be given with reference to actually performed experimental data.

First, the following fuel cells were prepared.
A platinum-ruthenium alloy-supported catalyst on the anode electrode layer 31, a platinum-supported catalyst on the cathode electrode layer 13, carbon paper on the gas diffusion layers 12 and 32, SUS with gold plating applied to the cathode current collector layer 11 and the anode current collector layer, The power generation unit 10 was created using a polyperfluorosulfonic acid resin, specifically, the product name Nafion 117 manufactured by DuPont, for the solid electrolyte layer 20. Moreover, about 9.0 cc of 20 vol% methanol aqueous solution was used as the liquid fuel, and a silicone membrane was used as the gas permeable membrane.

When a methanol aqueous solution is used as the liquid fuel, carbon dioxide is generated at the anode 30. The reaction formula of the cathode 10 and the anode 30 is shown below.
Cathode: O ₂ + 4H ⁺ + 4e ⁻ → 2H ₂ O
Anode: CH ₃ OH + H ₂ O → CO ₂ + 6H ⁺ + 6e ⁻

According to the reaction formula in the anode 30 described above, 1 mol of carbon dioxide and 6 mol of electrons are generated per 1 mol of methanol. The charge amount of the electrons for 6 moles is 57.9 × 10 ⁴ (C) according to the Faraday constant (9.648 × 10 ⁴ C / mol), and 57.9 × 10 ⁴ (A) per second. Current value. In the standard state of 0 ° C. and 1 atm, the gas occupies a volume of 22.4 (l) per mole.

As described above, when the amount of carbon dioxide generated per current value of 1 mA is obtained, as shown in FIG. 5A, 3.86874 × 10 ⁻⁵ (cc) per second and 2.321244 × 10 ⁻³ (per second). cc) of carbon dioxide.

FIG. 5B is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the current value per unit area (mA / cm ² ) and the amount of carbon dioxide generated per minute.
FIG. 5B is calculated based on the relationship of FIG. 5A. For example, when the current value is 10 (mA / cm ² ), carbon dioxide is 2.321244 × 10 ⁻² (cm ³ ) per minute, and the current value is When carbon dioxide is 50 (mA / cm ² ), carbon dioxide is generated at 0.116062 (cm ³ ) per minute, and when the current value is 100 (mA / cm ² ), carbon dioxide is generated at 0.232124 (cm ³ ) per minute. become.

In the fuel cell described above, for example, when an energization test is performed with an electrode area of 10 cm ² and a current density of 50 (mA / cm ² ), the amount of carbon dioxide generated is about 1.16 (cm ³⁾ from FIG. 5B. )appear.

Here, FIG. 6A is a diagram showing a carbon dioxide permeation coefficient and a carbon dioxide permeation amount at a differential pressure of 0.1 MPa in each gas permeable membrane material.
As mentioned above, the permeability coefficient of gas is
"Transmission coefficient = transmission amount (volume) x film thickness / (pressure difference x transmission area x time)"
It is calculated by the relationship.

When a silicone membrane is used as the gas permeable membrane 220, as shown in FIG. 6A, the silicone has a permeability coefficient of 3240 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ (cm ³ · cm / cm ² · s · cmHg). In the case where the pressure difference from the atmosphere is 0.1 Mpa (about 1 atm) due to the application of pressure by the unit 300, the amount of carbon dioxide that permeates the silicone film is 1.458076 × 10 ⁻² (cm ³ · cm / cm ² ).

FIG. 6B is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the film thickness of the silicone film and the amount of carbon dioxide per unit area permeating the silicone film.
6B is calculated based on the relationship shown in FIG. 6A. For example, when the film thickness is 10 μm, carbon dioxide is 1.458076 (cm ³ / cm ² · min) per minute, and when the film thickness is 50 μm, 1 minute. Per carbon dioxide of 0.291615 (cm ³ / cm ² · min), a film thickness of 100 μm per minute for carbon dioxide of 0.145808 (cm ³ / cm ² · min), and a film thickness of 150 μm per minute When carbon is 0.097205 (cm ³ / cm ² · min) and the film thickness is 200 μm, carbon dioxide permeates through 0.072904 (cm ³ / cm ² · min) per minute.

Therefore, as described above, in the fuel cell, carbon dioxide (about 1.16 (cm ³ )) generated through the silicone film is generated by generating electricity with an electrode area of 10 cm ² and a current density of 50 (mA / cm ² ). If the pressure applied by the pressure application unit 300 is 0.1 Mpa (about 1 atm), for example, when the thickness of the silicone film is 50 μm, the transmission area of the silicone film Is set to 4.0 cm ² or more. For example, when the film thickness of the silicone film is 100 μm, the transmission area of the silicone film may be set to 8.0 cm ² or more.

Next, the relationship between the pressure applied to the fuel storage unit 210 by the pressure application unit 300 and the power generation efficiency will be described.
FIG. 7 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the pressure applied by the pressure application unit 300 and the power generation efficiency in the fuel cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.

  Reference numeral 700 shown in FIG. 7 denotes a current value supplied to the fuel cell. In this experiment, the current value is increased on the steps of 0 mA, 100 mA, 200 mA,..., 600 mA, and this is supplied as one cycle to the fuel cell in units of 10 minutes. Here, as shown in FIG. 5B, as the current value supplied to the fuel cell is increased, the amount of the generated gas generated at the anode 30 is proportionally increased.

  701 shown in FIG. 7 is a voltage characteristic when the pressure is applied by 0.1 Mpa (about 1 atm) by the pressure application unit 300, and 702 shown in FIG. 7 does not apply pressure by the pressure application unit 300. In the case of voltage characteristics.

  When the current value supplied to the fuel cell is small (100 mA or the like), there is not much difference between the voltage characteristic 701 when pressure is applied and the voltage characteristic 702 when no pressure is applied, but it is supplied to the fuel cell. When the current value is increased (600 mA or the like), the voltage drop of the voltage characteristic 702 when no pressure is applied becomes more significant than the voltage characteristic 701 when the pressure is applied. As described above, the generated gas generated at the anode 30 increases as the current value to be supplied increases, and the pressure is not applied by the pressure application unit 300, so that the gas is transmitted through the gas permeable membrane 220. This is considered to be because the amount of generated gas is small, and the generated gas that has not been discharged from the gas permeable membrane 220 stagnates in the fuel storage unit 210, and the fuel is not efficiently supplied to the anode 30.

  Thus, by applying pressure to the fuel storage unit 210, it was proved that dissolution and diffusion of fuel into the gas permeable membrane 220 is promoted, and the generated gas can be efficiently discharged by the gas permeable membrane 220. .

  In the embodiment of the present invention, an example in which a silicone membrane is applied as the material of the gas permeable membrane 220 has been shown. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a uniform and homogeneous non-porous material having no pores. For example, a material mainly composed of polyimide, poly (1- (trimethylsilyl) -1-propyne, or the like can be used.

  Further, in the embodiment of the present invention, an example in which the gas permeable membrane 220 is applied as a non-porous membrane that discharges the generated gas generated in the anode 30 to the outside of the fuel storage unit 210 has been shown. It is not necessarily limited to this, For example, you may form in fiber form.

  According to the embodiment of the present invention, the non-porous gas permeable membrane 220 mainly composed of silicone or polyimide is provided in the fuel storage unit 210. A pressure can be applied to the fuel so that the anode is always immersed in the fuel, and the generated gas generated in the anode 30 is discharged to the outside of the fuel storage unit 210 and the fuel in the fuel storage unit 210 is discharged. Leakage to the outside can be prevented. This makes it possible to realize efficient fuel cell operation.

  In addition, since the thickness and the permeation area of the gas permeable membrane 220 are set using parameters such as a permeation coefficient for the generated gas generated in the anode 30 and a pressure applied by the pressure application unit 300, the anode 30 The generated product gas can be optimally discharged.

  In addition, since the gas permeable membrane 220 is disposed over the entire surface facing the cathode 30 of the fuel storage unit 210, the permeation area of the gas permeable membrane 220 can be increased.

  Hereinafter, various aspects of the present invention will be collectively described as supplementary notes.

(Appendix 1)
A power generation unit configured to include a cathode for reducing oxygen, an anode for oxidizing fuel, and an electrolyte layer provided between the cathode and the anode;
A fuel storage unit for storing the fuel;
A pressure application unit that applies pressure to the fuel stored in the fuel storage unit,
The fuel storage unit is provided with a non-porous membrane that is non-porous and that transmits only the generated gas generated in the anode in a state where pressure is applied by the pressure application unit. A fuel cell.

(Appendix 2)
The fuel cell according to appendix 1, wherein the non-porous membrane is made of silicone or polyimide as a main material.

(Appendix 3)
The thickness of the non-porous membrane and the surface area of the surface in contact with the fuel are set using at least the permeability coefficient of the non-porous membrane for the generated gas and the pressure applied by the pressure application unit as parameters. 3. The fuel cell according to appendix 1 or 2, wherein

(Appendix 4)
The fuel storage is disposed in contact with the anode;
The fuel cell according to any one of appendices 1 to 3, wherein the non-porous membrane is disposed on a surface of the fuel storage unit that is opposed to a surface in contact with the anode.

(Appendix 5)
The fuel cell according to any one of appendices 1 to 4, wherein the fuel stored in the fuel storage unit is a liquid fuel.

(Appendix 6)
The fuel cell according to appendix 5, wherein the liquid fuel is an aqueous methanol solution.

(Appendix 7)
The fuel cell according to any one of appendices 1 to 6, wherein the non-porous membrane is formed in a fiber shape.

(Appendix 8)
The fuel cell according to any one of appendices 1 to 7, wherein the generated gas is a gas containing carbon dioxide.

It is the schematic of the fuel cell for demonstrating the basic substance of this invention. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is sectional drawing which shows schematic structure of an electric power generation part. It is a schematic sectional drawing in II of the fuel storage part shown in FIG. It is the figure which showed the quantity of the carbon dioxide which generate | occur | produces in the electric current value per unit area. It is the characteristic view which showed the relationship between the electric current value per unit area, and the quantity of the carbon dioxide generated per minute. It is the figure which showed the permeation | transmission coefficient of the carbon dioxide in each gas permeable membrane material, and the permeation | transmission amount of the carbon dioxide in the differential pressure of 0.1 MPa. It is the characteristic view which showed the relationship between the film thickness of a silicone film, and the quantity of the carbon dioxide per unit area which permeate | transmits a silicone film. In the fuel cell according to the embodiment of the present invention, it is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the pressure applied by the pressure application unit 300 and the power generation efficiency.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Cathode 11 Cathode collector layer 12 Gas diffusion layer 13 Cathode electrode layer 20 Solid electrolyte layer 30 Anode 31 Anode electrode layer 32 Gas diffusion layer 33 Anode collector layer 100 Power generation part (MEA)
200 Anode-side casing 210 Fuel storage section 211 Fuel supply port 212 Fuel supply pipe 220 Gas permeable membrane 300 Pressure application section 310 Pipe 400 Cathode-side casing 410 Oxygen supply hole

Claims (5)

A power generation unit configured to include a cathode for reducing oxygen, an anode for oxidizing fuel, and an electrolyte layer provided between the cathode and the anode;
A fuel storage unit for storing the fuel;
A pressure application unit that applies pressure to the fuel stored in the fuel storage unit,
The fuel storage unit is provided with a non-porous membrane that is non-porous and that transmits only the generated gas generated in the anode in a state where pressure is applied by the pressure application unit. A fuel cell.   The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the non-porous membrane is made of a material mainly composed of silicone or polyimide.   The thickness of the non-porous membrane and the surface area of the surface in contact with the fuel are set using at least the permeability coefficient of the non-porous membrane for the generated gas and the pressure applied by the pressure application unit as parameters. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the fuel cell is a fuel cell. The fuel storage is disposed in contact with the anode;
The fuel cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the non-porous membrane is disposed on a surface facing the surface of the fuel storage unit that is in contact with the anode.   The fuel cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fuel stored in the fuel storage unit is a liquid fuel.

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