JP2005531798A - Predictive analysis system and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of instructing a sports team or individual participants at the time of a sports event generates quantitative data (11) related to the performance at the previous sports event, generates quantitative data (12) related to the performance at the sports event, and Qualitative data (13, 14) relating to sporting events and participants is generated, and in the computer control system, the generated quantitative data and qualitative data are analyzed according to a program (20) including a risk management methodology (21), and the future of the sports event Generate an output (30) for the predicted strategic significance of the action.

Description

  The present invention relates to a predictive analysis system and method.

  The present invention has a special and versatile application to such systems and methods when applied to sports coaching, particularly sports team or individual coaching.

  In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, real-time performance and prediction reports, risk assessments and recommendations are obtained regarding the performance of sports teams in actual sporting events. They are provided by analytical, statistical and predictive systems that record and analyze data and information about sporting events based on scientific risk management.

  It is known that teams or individuals statistically analyze sporting events and performance. Quantitative statistical systems are known and are continuously developing.

  The present invention aims to provide an alternative to known methods and systems of the type described above.

The present invention, in one aspect, broadly belongs to a method for teaching a sports team or individual participants during a sports event,
Generate quantitative data on the performance of the previous sporting event,
Generate quantitative data on the performance at the time of the sporting event,
Generating qualitative data about the sporting event and participants,
In a computer control system, the generated quantitative and qualitative data is analyzed according to a program that includes a risk management methodology, and an output is generated about the predicted strategic significance in the future behavior of the sporting event .

  As used herein, the expression “quantitative data related to achievements in sports events” has a broad meaning and includes data relating to measurable parameters of individual and team achievements.

  As used herein, the expression “qualitative data on performance at sports events” has a broad meaning and includes data on intangible aspects of sports events and their participants before and during the event. Both for teams and individual competitors. Examples of these intangible aspects include cultural characteristics, spiritual aspects, environmental factors and psychological impacts and insights.

  The quantitative data preferably includes a regression analysis technique.

  The output of the predicted strategic significance can include a prediction of a breakpoint at a sporting event.

  As used herein, the expression “breakpoint at a sporting event” refers to a stage in a sporting event, and if a sporting activity continues in an existing pattern, one team or individual may This is the stage where the chances of winning the component part of are increased. The expression “individual component” of the event refers to a component such as a game or set in a tennis game, a quota or half in a football game, or an inning in a baseball game.

  Another output of the predicted strategic significance can be an indicator of the dominance of one team or individual over the opponent at a sporting event. The measure of dominance preferably includes a time-based graphical display that progresses above and below the median line, where the position above and below the dominance of one team or individual at the sporting event relative to the opponent Is preferably displayed.

  Other outputs of the predicted strategic significance can include evaluation reports on the past and future performance of teams and / or individuals at sporting events.

  Other outputs of the predicted strategic significance can include adaptive control indicators. The adaptive control indicator preferably includes remedy suggestions, and / or opportunity advice, and / or aggressive and / or defensive strategy.

In another aspect, the present invention broadly belongs to a system for instructing a sports team at a sports event,
A data generation means for generating quantitative data on the results of the previous sporting event,
Data generating means for generating quantitative data relating to the performance at the time of the sports event;
Data generating means for generating qualitative data relating to the sporting event;
And a computer including program means for analyzing the generated quantitative and qualitative data by a risk management methodology to generate an output about the predicted strategic significance of the future behavior of the sporting event.

  For a better understanding of the present invention and to exert actual effects, reference is made to the accompanying drawings showing preferred embodiments of the present invention.

  FIG. 1 illustrates a method for teaching a sports team or individual participants during a sporting event, where a series of data inputs 10 are generated. Quantitative data 11 related to the performance at the previous sport event is generated, quantitative data 12 related to the performance at the sport event is generated, and qualitative data 13 and 14 regarding the sport event and the participants there are generated. The generated quantitative data 11, 12 and qualitative data 13, 14 are analyzed in a computer control system according to a program 20 including a risk management methodology 21 and predicted strategic behavior in the future behavior of a sporting event. An output 30 about significance is generated.

  The qualitative data may be data 13 regarding past sporting events or participants therein, or may be data 14 regarding current sporting events or participants there.

  The quantitative data 11 and 12 are subjected to the statistical analysis 23, and both the qualitative data and the qualitative data are subjected to the regression analysis 22.

  From another point of view, both qualitative and quantitative pre-match data can be considered historical and relate to past performance. As can be seen from the preferred embodiment described in more detail below, this history or pre-competition data has a relationship value established from the game history between any two clubs that will compete at a sporting event. Can be considered.

  Similarly, what is referred to as qualitative and quantitative real-time data is current and relates to the real-time performance at sports events and the immediate ones that lead to sports events. And, as will be seen from the preferred embodiment described in more detail below, this real-time data is established during the consecutive games played by the team during the competition, “lead-in to the game”. Can be regarded as having a value. This “game introduction” value is based on team comparisons and forms that take into account mental, physical and environmental factors.

  A number of outputs 30 are provided about the predicted strategic significance of future sports events. These include an index 31 for a break point at a sporting event. A breakpoint refers to a time or a stage during a sporting event, and if a sporting activity continues with an existing pattern, a team or individual can play in the individual components of the event or event, for example in tennis competitions. The stage where the chances of winning a game or set, a quota or half in a football game, or an inning in a baseball game will increase.

  Another output of the predicted strategic significance is a measure 32 of the superiority of the opponent for one team or individual at the sporting event. This is shown in detail in FIG. 2, where the indicators are traced above and below the median line and displayed as a time-based line that progresses, with the position above and below the line for one team or individual. Displays the relative relative dominance of the opponent's opponent.

  Other outputs of predicted strategic significance include assessment reports 33,34 about the past and future performance of teams and / or individuals at sporting events.

  Another output of the predicted strategic significance is an adaptive control indicator 35, which may be, for example, suggestions for remedy actions and / or advice on opportunities, and / or aggressive and / or defensive. Movement strategies, can include.

  Other outputs of the predicted strategic significance can be categorized as important performance strategies and telling factors.

  Intangible and qualitative components and reports, and recommendations based on them, will be augmented and real-time competition statistics will be incorporated into system operation to make it more useful.

  In the following description of the general operation of the system, reference will be made to sport events of the Australian football game as an example.

  Intangible pre-competition parameters or indicators are psychological, leading to sporting events, physical and environmental factors, shocking news and events, M-factors (motivational issues), switch-on, what matters Or who played. Along with pre-competition statistics, these pre-competition events will override and supersede past competition statistics.

  Intangible and qualitative components are converted into mathematical formulas and incorporated into the IT software system. This software is used in conjunction with the previous competition statistics, which are provided live to the system, in two forms: historical statistics stored on the hard disk prior to the start of the game, and second. This is a form of progressive game statistics data.

  Input may be by conventional keyboard means, for example, by a voice activated control system, or by automatic location real-time analysis of GPS or other gameplay. Voice activated input is particularly suitable for inputting intangible parameters in real time.

  A report is triggered when the competition reaches a predetermined breakpoint that can be at any time during the competition. The evaluation report can be used in a quarter, half or full game, and is based on a combination of qualitative analysis, quantitative data and a so-called game “Controlometer” which will be described later.

  These reports are useful for alerting coaches that a breakpoint has come and that if a change does not occur, the team will lose quotas, halves, matches, etc., based on current patterns and play trends. It becomes. Conversely, they warn that if a change does not occur, the opposing team will win quotas and the like. Reports on the opponent's breakpoints can also be generated, which makes it easy to harmonize with the “control meter”.

  The control meter displays the game and records who is controlling the game agenda. As shown in Figure 2, the pointer and trajectory move up and down the line for any team,

A signal is generated when one team reaches a certain point (for example, sustained scoring pressure in a danger zone, weakness in certain events such as turnovers or missed scoring opportunities, etc.).

  The control meter displays the game and has the ability to measure performance responses to changes in tactics, game strategy movements, player rotation, and the like. The output from this display constitutes the mathematical input to the system as a “progression” factor. The visual assistance to the coach is then used as a control meter to show the progression from one team to the other.

  The system and method of the present invention implements even the best coach's intuition by providing an improved analysis that makes these breakpoints predictable in advance so that the coach can send early instructions to the players. Clearly, predictive breakpoints can enhance team luck.

  The most available current game statistics are entered into the software system in real time during the game, along with historical data that provides the coach with useful planning information and a system guide for interpreting patterns in the current game. The These inputs include known statistics such as the number of kicks, attacks on the 50 meter zone, and the following information:

* Ratio between scoring opportunities and scoring.
* Individual player achievements-Number of players who have won their position-Weighted by player rating.
* Play placement and duration of points in the field-weighted numerically.
* Play patterns-direct and indirect.
* Change, weighted.
* Scoring source-turnover, ball-up, throw-in, free kick, etc.
* Weighting across the first quarter of the disparity between teams.
* Performance statistics-who caught the ball, how long the dominance time was weighted by forward distance, followed by dominance-weighted by forward distance, score success / failure ratio, number of dominances per goal (number The higher it is, the higher the risk of failure), the number of players who have scored, the flooding indicator, the launch of the score-defense or midfield, 50 meter entry / score ratio.
* Quota score difference-For example, the third quarter score is equal to the enemy's second quarter score.

This statistical quantitative real-time performance data is combined with intangible qualitative components.
During the game, certain events occur that can have a psychological impact on the team and individual players, and can affect certain quotas and overall game outcomes. These events can be countered by the game flow and are recorded statistically, and these analyzes add statistical factors to which are added distinct discrete numbers.

These factors include, but are not exhaustive to:
* Game domination.
* Scores against the flow of play.
* The number of teams and players who are running enthusiastically.
* Events and scores that reduce morale.
* Tactical changes-players and game plans.
* Injuries that lead to important players and team imbalances.
* A pattern of turnover under pressure that gives a score.
* Player reports.
* Players or teams that have lost control-eg 50 meter penalty and discipline
* Behinds goal failure patterns and out of bounds.
* Star players enter the bench.
* Poor performance of important players.
* Consistency of ball pass (handball) between quarters.
* Performance patterns of the top six, middle six, and bottom six.

  The main output from the system (apart from the control meter observations and the mental intuition from the information entered) is the display of so-called “breakpoints” for each quota or competition as a whole. A warning is generated at a time when the team is at risk of losing a quota or game if things remain constant. This display is cumulative and is determined from a combined analysis of tangible and intangible data loaded before and during the game.

  These breakpoint warnings are added to the professional intuition of coaches, and are likened to having a “super coach” overlooking their shoulders.

  One performance measure is a breakpoint that indicates that another coach (not visible to that coach) is working on a coach's game plan that utilizes the present invention.

  When an alert is generated, the system displays important aspects of tangible and intangible indicators that trigger the alert. This will help coaches translate their “inkling” —what happens without any intuitive interpretation of theory into an analysis of areas where teams and game plans are collapsing. The system generates advice for coaches who need attention and change. Obviously, it is the coach's freedom to accept or reject this advice or warning.

  These warnings can be used to predict which enemy coaches will be (or will begin to be) attached to, or where will be (or will start to be) advantageous for acting, players, and competitive play areas. Provide advice to coaches.

  Incorporating risk management scenario planning technology into the software facilitates real-time input of enemy movements and player changes, and makes it easier to predict impact.

  In the context of a preferred embodiment for a particular game of Australian football between two teams, in more detail of the present invention, the key areas of the system and their interrelationships are as follows:

    1 Relationship Value. This is an input established from the game history between any two clubs.

(A) Quantitative component
(I) Statistical probability of warning based on analysis of historical competition data

(B) Qualitative component
(I) Domination Factor = measured from the history of all two clubs-Results for the last 10 years and the last 3 years (weighted)
(Ii) Special Match Factor = measured from the history of a specific game or a specific game between two clubs-eg event / day, place, comparative team composition and game style

  A generic algorithm that represents this aspect of the method and system of the present invention is as follows.

      RV = f [SP: DF: SMF]

  Here, RV is a relational value, SP is a statistical probability, DF is a dominant factor, and SPM is a special competition factor.

  In other words, the relationship value is a function of statistical probability, dominant factor, and special competition factor.

    2 Lead-in to the game value. This is an input that is established between games during the week, based on team comparisons and forms, taking into account mental, physical and environmental factors.

(A) Quantitative component
(I) Team value factor—the following weighting combination:
Access to the preferred or best team available
・ Proximity to teams played in the last two weeks
・ Best 6 available
・ Second best 6 available
・ Change bench value
・ Discounts for players who are injured or returning from long-term holidays
・ Predicted wins and losses in all matches

(B) Qualitative component
(I) A mindset value factor—the following weighting combination:

Factors taken from the last game-for example, positive and increased pressure
Factors brought into the game-the expected relationship at the first bounce
• Vulnerability factors-risk of climax prevention or emotional relief / collapse
Switch factor-closure, when and how effective
Team concentration factor-look forward or next game
Significant individual concentration factors-eg goals, motivation
Media factors-eg last game, switch, special match value, distract
Team pressure value-eg position, 8 points, position of the first 8 people (berth)
・ Individual game pressure spot maintenance, dangerous opponent
・ Confidence factor-atmosphere, intangibles
・ Countermeasure factors-player recovery limit
・ Strength factor-Absence / Presence-Active or passive
Athlete emotion factors-mean and normal
Game plan credit factor-understanding and achievement
・ Risk assessment of game plans-prospects and results
-Motivation factor-motivation required by the team
・ Weekly internal shock, crisis, distraction factor
・ Risk of bringing shock, crisis and distraction into the competition
Form evaluation factor-evaluation of the form to bring into the game
・ Effects of mental warm-up before regular matches

(Ii) Body value factor—the following weighting combination:
-Significant player presence / absence-related to timing effects
・ Injured players
・ Competitive eligibility for important players
・ Existence of leadership
・ Climate factors-rain, wind
・ Venue factor-physical and mental
・ Ground condition-style, whether the team is suitable / adjusted
Expected body warm-up value

(Iii) Environmental factors—the following weighting combinations:
・ Advantages of home ground
・ Climate advantage
・ Advantages of play time
・ Advantages of home audience
• Travel effects-normal coping factors / degrees for recent trips
・ Relevant factors-significant individual risks-carry-in factors
・ Individual crisis factors-significant individual risks-carry-in factors
・ Public issues and risk factors-Team / individual-Bring in factors

  A generic algorithm that represents this aspect of the method and system of the present invention is as follows.

      LGV = f [TVF: MVF: PVF: EF]

  Here, LGV is a game introduction value, TVF is a team value factor, MVF is a thinking attitude value factor, PVF is a body value factor, and EF is an environmental factor.

  In other words, the game introduction value is a function of a team value factor, a thinking attitude value factor, a body value factor, and an environmental factor.

    3. Game progress (agenda)-"control meter". This output is established by plotting the game progress flow and generating alerts and triggers at key points.

(A) Quantitative component
(I) Progression control factor is measured from the following.
・ Ball possession, 50m approach, score recording
・ Ignore small ball control abnormalities
・ Maximum points reached when team finishes
• Important alerts are generated in the following situations:
* When the ball dominates the scoring opportunity (offensive)
* When the ball control within 50m does not give a goal or a score after x seconds (defence)
* When turnover leads to successful processing (alternate)
* When turnover leads to goal / score (vulnerability)

(B) Qualitative component
(I) Validation factor. This allows coaches to reconcile game plans against performance and measurement variations through diagnosis.
・ Changes in game control
・ Compared ball control
Progress control and conversion rate
・ The attack and defense cost of the turnover effect on the midfield control and progress control

  A generic algorithm that represents this aspect of the method and system of the present invention is as follows.

      GA (C) = f [ACF: VF]

  Here, GA (C) is a game progress- “control meter”, ACF is a progress control factor, and VF is a confirmation factor.

  In other words, the game progress— “control meter” is a function of the progress control factor and the confirmation factor.

    4 Important performance measurements. These are measured by the team performance output derived from the competition activity.

(A) Quantitative component
(I) Team performance factor. This is a function of [Thinking Attitude / Strength / Adaptability and Ability / Game Plan / Winning Ball Domination / 50m Zone Entry / Scoring]. It is measured from the analysis of competition statistics to the following performance criteria.
・ Quite control index (quotient)
・ Effective processing index
・ Top 6 players index to win
・ The second top 6 players index to win
・ The third leading player index to win
・ Reserve from stoppage
・ Continuous bench index
-Overall winning position index-(18 positions in total)
・ Goal from entrance to the 50m zone
・ Player domination by team-Top 12 players by effectiveness
・ Play patterns that create goals
・ The first quarter barometer showing the effectiveness compared
Cause of the goal-attack, midfielder, defender, bench
・ Ball contending for victory
・ Comparison time of ball domination
・ Comparison of goal processing
・ Average time required to advance 50m
・ Percentage of players who do not control / treat the ball for the last 10 minutes
・ 50m zone / Time to goal score

(B) Qualitative component
(I) The effectiveness of the game plan. This is measured, for example, by an assessment that it achieves its overall goal, such as shutting out the enemy scoring ability, and includes in particular:
・ Start of game related validation
・ Teams switched on to play
・ Enemy game plan forecast
・ Effectiveness of game plan changes
・ Maintaining team strength
・ Pressure to the enemy side
・ Effectiveness of adjustment-game interruption, turnover, switch, etc.
・ Applicable pattern predictability
Expected audience impact
・ Related referee factors
Spinal and central controls
Mode reaction time-attack, defense or conflict
・ Game plan goal kicker conformity pattern
・ Effectiveness of battle
・ Effects of progressive thinking attitudes, physical and environmental factors
・ Ease of scoring (compared)
・ Ease of entering the scoring zone
・ Number of times of entry into scoring zone
・ Goal from mark
・ Goals from play
・ Processing per goal

  A generic algorithm that represents this aspect of the method and system of the present invention is as follows.

      KPM = f [TPF: GPE]

  Here, KPM is an important performance measurement, TPF is a team performance factor, and GPE is the effectiveness of a game plan.

  In other words, the important performance measure is a function of the team performance factor and the effectiveness of the game plan.

    5 Telling factor. These are significant or critical factors that can affect the outcome.

(A) Quantitative component
(I) Predicting results of ongoing team performance factors (projection)
(Ii) Scoring pattern against the flow of ball domination
(Iii) Maintaining player control at predetermined time intervals
(Iv) Repetitive turnover that results in a goal
(V) Comparing score rate – 50m approach / goal
(Vi) Prediction of effective processing pattern
(Vii) Weighting results compared by the top six players

(B) Qualitative component
(I) Progress control meter prediction
(Ii) Discipline loss-changing behavior
(Iii) Events that reduce morale
(Iv) Loss of strength
(V) Encouraging leadership
(Vi) Heroic events
(Vii) Injury loss of important players
(Viii) An important player on the bench for a poor form
(Ix) Report
(X) Game plan changes forced by the enemy
(Xi) Competitive changes forced by the enemy
(Xii) Significant thinking attitude value taken from quota

    6 Breakpoint. These are the points when the system predicts quota / game win / loss if the game continues.

(A) Quantitative component
(I) Control meter prediction for quota / game
(Ii) The total team performance factor exceeds 60%, for example.
(Iii) Control meter warning from ongoing startup, ie
・ Compared scoring zone and conversion (conversion)
・ Compared score zone entry and no score
・ Turnover that brings points
・ Domination of midfield
-The controlling factor exceeds 60%.
・ Compared ball control
・ Scoring patterns against the flow
・ Significant increase in non-conflicting ball control

(B) Qualitative component
(I) Progress control rate reaches 60%.
(J) refuses to follow the enemy
(K) Second and third effort indices
(L) 1% index
(M) Scoring difficulty
(N) Observable kinematics and proxemics

    7 Change indicator

It will be appreciated that the system produces the following output and result:
* Control meter = Pattern, activation and warning: Confirmation points to be instructed * Aggregate team performance factor = Determined while proceeding during the game.
* Result output = Derived from real-time analysis of competition statistics.
* Breakpoint area = Identified from control meter and performance analysis.
* Ability to program information on demand = Play / player analysis * Ability of scenario proposal-Attached risk assessment * Ability to anticipate possible enemy plans / movements

  Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a block diagram schematically illustrating the system of the present invention for guiding a sports team during a sports event. The system includes data generating means 40a, 40b, 40c,..., 40n for generating data related to the results of the previous sport event, and data generating means 50a, 50b for generating data related to the results of the sport event. , 50c,..., 50n. The computer 60 including the program means 70 analyzes the generated quantitative data and qualitative data by a risk management methodology, and thereby outputs 80a, 80b, 80c,... About the predicted strategic significance in the future behavior of the sporting event. 80n is generated.

  Data relating to the previous sport performance generated by the data generating means 40a, 40b, 40c,..., 40n and data relating to the performance at the time of the sport event generated by the data generating means 50a, 50b, 50c,. The data may be either quantitative data as described above or qualitative data as described above.

  Therefore, the data generating means 40a, 40b, 40c,..., 40n access the history data statistical database, access further information such as a keyboard and palm pilot, and send further information to the computer 60. It is possible to provide various types of input devices for inputting data.

  Similarly, the data generation means 50a, 50b, 50c,..., 50n are a manual input device for inputting information relating to game progress to the computer 60, such as a keyboard, palm pilot, voice / response actuator, or GPS. Various devices such as a remote / automatic input device for inputting position information related to the game to the computer 60, such as a base device, can be provided.

  The program 70 controls the computer 60 as described above to generate a series of outputs 80a, 80b, 80c,... 80n about the predicted strategic significance in the future behavior of the sporting event. These outputs can include various outputs such as those described above, and appropriate peripheral devices such as an acoustic alarm or warning such as a palm pilot, a computer screen, a printed output, and an artificial voice system can be provided.

  It will be appreciated that the present invention has numerous advantages over existing methods and systems for coaching a sports team or individual during a sports event.

  Whereas existing systems are based on tangible events and events and are simply measured in quantitative terms based on statistics (eg, competition details), analysis, and probability calculations, the present invention relates to games. Intangible aspects—which are measured by a combination of quantitative and qualitative assessments before or during the competition—and are based on risk management methodologies.

  The present invention also incorporates, in a preferred embodiment, in particular forward-predicted quantitative regression analysis techniques to identify expected “breakpoints”. This can reproduce the memory and intelligence of the “super coach”, deriving an absolute competition analysis at a level that probably exceeds the coach's mental ability, and doing this as it occurs rather than after the competition.

  The result reports generated during the game according to the present invention attempt to recreate what a virtual super coach can theoretically identify, analyze and predict.

  Theoretically, most likely, the top coach will have an “anxiety” implied by the breakpoints in the game, but even the best coach loses the game, and if there is a special strategy at a certain point And if you have adopted gameplay, you're just going back and understanding that you could have protected the competition. The present invention provides such regression analysis to coaches in real time.

  The system can be used to predict competition as well as individual games, and is also suitable for use in sports events and competition betting.

  Of course, the foregoing has been described by way of example in the description of the invention, and all such and other modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and fall within the broad scope and area of the invention. Will.

1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the method of the present invention. A graphic display of a so-called control meter is shown. It is a schematic block diagram which shows the system of this invention.

Claims (9)

A method of teaching sports teams or individual participants during a sporting event,
Generate quantitative data on the performance of the previous sporting event,
Generate quantitative data on the performance at the time of the sporting event,
Generating qualitative data about the sporting event and participants,
In a computer control system, a method comprising analyzing generated quantitative data and qualitative data according to a program including a risk management methodology and generating an output of predicted strategic significance in future behavior of a sporting event.   The instruction method according to claim 1, wherein the analysis of the quantitative data includes a regression analysis method.   The instruction method according to claim 1, wherein the output of the predicted strategic significance includes prediction of a breakpoint at a sporting event.   The guidance method according to claim 3, wherein the output of the predicted strategic significance includes an index of the superiority of one team or individual with respect to the opponent in the sporting event.   The dominance indicator includes a time-based graphic display that progresses above and below the central line, and the vertical position from the line displays the dominance of one team or individual against the opponent at a sporting event. The instruction method according to claim 4.   The teaching method according to claim 1, wherein the output of the predicted strategic significance includes an evaluation report on past and future performance of a team and / or an individual at a sporting event.   The instruction method according to claim 1, wherein the output of the predicted strategic significance includes an adaptive control indicator.   The teaching method according to claim 7, wherein the adaptive control indicator includes a suggestion of remedy action and / or advice on opportunities and / or a strategy of aggressive and / or defensive movement. A system for instructing sports teams or individual participants during sports events,
A data generation means for generating quantitative data on the results of the previous sporting event,
Data generating means for generating quantitative data relating to the performance at the time of the sports event;
Data generating means for generating qualitative data relating to the sporting event;
A computer comprising program means for analyzing the generated quantitative and qualitative data by a risk management methodology to generate an output about the predicted strategic significance of future behavior of the sporting event.

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