JP2005245437A - 精神障害に対する感受性の診断または予測方法 - Google Patents
精神障害に対する感受性の診断または予測方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】個体からの細胞におけるDISC1の分子的多様性および/または細胞内分布を確認することを含む、個体における精神障害、例えば双極性障害、に対する脆弱性を診断または予測する方法を提供する。さらに、新規なDISC1の精神障害に対するリスクハプロタイプも提供する。
【効果】本発明は精神障害の治療用医薬のスクリーニングに利用できる。
【選択図】なし
Description
が広く用いられている。精神障害の生物学的および生化学的評価を開発するためにかなりの研究努力が行われてきたにも拘わらず、その診断基準において客観的マーカーはほとんど利用されていない。
本明細書および特許請求の範囲において「精神障害」には、これらに限定されないが、統合失調症、気分障害、例えば、双極性障害、物質乱用が含まれる。
本発明者はDISC1タンパク質が自己会合しうることを見いだした。かかる自己会合(self-association)はwtDISC1とwtDISC1の間、mutDISC1とmutDISC1の間、そしてwtDISC1とmutDISC1の間で起こる。
材料および方法
試薬および抗体
すべての試薬は特に断りのない限り、Sigma、Invitrogenから得た。タンパク質濃度はBCAタンパク質アッセイ試薬(PIERCE Biotechnology)を用いて測定した。DISC1に対する抗体の調製は以前に記載されている(Ozeki et al.、2003)。アフィニティー精製したGFP(Molecular Probe)に対するウサギ抗血清を用いて神経突起伸長アッセイにおいてGFP-をトランスフェクトしたPC12細胞の形態を可視化した。shRNA用のベクター系を用いて内在性DISC1タンパク質発現を抑制した(Brummelkamp et al.、2002; Yu et al.、2002)。
RNAi#1(強い抑制)、5'-GGCAAACACTGTGAAGTGC-3';
RNAi#2(穏やかな抑制)、5'-CGGCTGAGCCAAGAGTTGG-3'。
siRNAのための対応するDISC1配列の合成用の小さいオリゴヌクレオチドはDharmacon RNA Technologiesから得た。
PC12細胞を、10% 胎児ウシ血清 (FBS)および5% ウマ血清 (HS)を含むダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM))中で維持した。分化は、50 ng/mlの神経成長因子(NGF)の添加、そして1% FBSおよび1 % HSを含むDMEMに培地を変えることによって開始させた。NGFは分化後毎日追加した。COS-7およびHeLa細胞を10% FBS を含むDMEMで維持した。発現コンストラクトまたはRNAiコンストラクトによるトランスフェクションはPC12細胞およびCOS-7細胞については、Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen)、HeLa細胞についてはPolyfect Transfection Reagent (Qiagen)を用いて行った。細胞染色は以前に記載されているようにして行った(Sawa et al.、1999)。簡単に説明すると、細胞をPBS中3.7% パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、0.1% Triton X-100で透過処理した。いつらかの染色については、-20℃の氷冷メタノールを固定液として用いた。
細胞抽出: 細胞は、氷冷溶解バッファー (0.32 M スクロース、50 mM HEPES、pH 7.4、5 mM MgCl2、5 mM 1,4-ジチオトレイトール (DTT)、1 mM フェニルメタンスルホニルフルオリド(PMSF)、1 mM EDTA、1% Triton X-100、およびプロテアーゼ阻害剤混合物 (Roche))中でホモゲナイズまたは可溶化した。
HA-タグ付加したwtDISC1および/またはmyc-タグ付加したmutDISC1を含む細胞をバッファー (20 mM HEPES、pH 7.4、1% Triton X-100、1 mM EDTA、150 mM NaCl、1 mM DTT、およびプロテアーゼ阻害剤混合物)中で溶解し、3,000×gで10分間遠心分離した。上清画分を4 mlの10-25% 連続グリセロール勾配の上にローディングし、20,000 x gで24時間遠心分離した。各画分を抗-HAまたはmyc 抗体によるウェスタンブロッティングによって分析した。中心体単離は以前に記載されているようにして行った(Mohammed and Michel、1998)。
DISC1タンパク質の細胞分布:mut DISC1タンパク質の存在下でのwtDISC1タンパク質の再分布およびmutDISC1のドミナントネガティブ機能
mutDISC1の効果を調べるために、wtおよびmutDISC1を別々にまたは共にCOS-7細胞で発現させた。wtDISC1は核周囲の領域において選択的にみられたのに対し、mutDISC1はより広く細胞質に分散して分布しており、本発明者および他者によって以前に示されたとおりであった(Morris et al.、2003; Ozeki et al.、2003)。wtDISC1の細胞内分布の有意な変化はmutDISC1との共発現の際に観察された:wtDISC1は細胞質により分散して分布するようになった(図1A)。一方、mutDISC1の分布はwtDISC1との共発現後も変化しなかった。この結果はmutDISC1がwtDISC1の正常な細胞内局在を乱すことを示唆する;即ち、それはwtDISC1の正常かつ重要な機能に干渉する。この観察は、グリセロール勾配方法(図1B)および細胞成分分画(データ示さず)によって確認された。
「神経突起伸長アッセイ」を用いることによるDISC1の機能変化の確認
本発明者はすでにPC12細胞における突然変異体DISC1の一過性過剰発現により神経突起伸長が低下することを報告している。本発明において、本発明者はPC12細胞における内在性DISC1タンパク質の発現レベルの調節のために、RNA干渉(RNAi)技術を導入したところ、その発現を低下させることに成功した。DISC1の様々な部分に対する低分子ヘアピン(short hairpin)RNA(shRNA)をコードするプラスミドを試験し、2つの代表的なプラスミドを以下の機能研究のために選択した:強力なサプレッサー(RNAi#1)および軽度のサプレッサー(RNAi#2)。それらの能力をまずラットDISC1の発現コンストラクトと内在性ヒトDISC1には干渉しないDISC1 RNAi プラスミドを共トランスフェクションしたHeLa細胞におけるウェスタンブロッティングによって試験した。RNAi#1およびRNAi#2はそれぞれ関連のない配列を含む一連のコントロール RNAi プラスミドと比較してラットDISC1に対して90および40%の抑制を示した(図3A)。RNAi#1による内在性DISC1の顕著な抑制が分化したPC12細胞において、免疫蛍光細胞染色(図3B)およびウェスタンブロッティング(データ示さず)によって確認された。RNAi#1および#2に対応するDISC1配列を有する低分子干渉RNA (siRNA)の合成オリゴヌクレオチドによっても類似の結果が得られた(データ示さず)。本発明者は強力なサプレッサー、RNAi#1による、分化中のPC12細胞における劇的な神経突起伸長の阻害を観察した(図3C、D)。神経突起伸長の阻害は細胞死と関連しておらず、アポトーシスの核の徴候はRNAi細胞では観察されなかった(データ示さず)。RNAiの効果はDISC1抑制のレベルと相関しており、RNAi#1はRNAi#2より顕著な神経突起伸長の阻害を示した。wtDISC1の発現コンストラクトの共-トランスフェクションはRNAi#1による神経突起伸長の阻害を正常化したことから、DISC1 RNAiの効果はDISC1の直接の抑制に起因するようである(図2D)。DISC1の抑制またはmutDISC1の過剰発現はともに神経突起伸長を阻害し、これはmutDISC1機能がドミナントネガティブであるという考えと一致する(図2D)。
核に豊富であるDISC1の形態は統合失調症の脳において変化した細胞内分布を有する
材料および方法
脳:正常コントロールおよび統合失調症、双極性障害(BP)、および大うつ病(MD)患者かのヒト死後眼窩皮質をthe Stanley Foundation Brain Collectionから得た。各群は15の対象であった。元のセットの対象の詳細情報は以前に記載されている(Torrey et al 2000)。
3.1 ヒトの解剖脳におけるDISC1タンパク質
ヒトの解剖脳におけるDISC1のタンパク質発現をウェスタンブロッティングによって分析し、HeLaおよびSH-SY5Y細胞のヒト細胞株における発現と比較した(図4a)。DISC1はヒト脳において95-100 kDaと70-85 kDaの2つの分かれたバンドにて発現しており、これは本発明者らが以前に報告したげっ歯類の脳におけるプロファイルと似ている(Miyoshi et al 2003、Ozeki et al 2003、Brandon et al 2004)。げっ歯類の脳と同様に、70-85 kDaのシグナルは95-100 kDaよりもかなり強かった。95-100 kDaのシグナルはDISC1に対する複数の抗体によって検出されたことから、DISC1オープンリーディングフレームから推定される854または832アミノ酸の予測タンパク質サイズを有する真正の全長DISC1を表すと考えられる(Miyoshi et al 2003、Ozeki et al 2003、James 2004)。一方、70-85 kDa シグナルの分子は未だ同定されていない。
以前の報告により、DISC1は複数の細胞内プールを有することが示唆されている(Miyoshi et al 2003、Ozeki et al 2003、Morris et al 2003、James et al 2004)。DISC1はオープンリーディングフレームにおいて進化の過程でよく保存された核局在化シグナルを含み(Ma et al 2002)、核におけるその潜在的役割が示唆される。したがって、本発明者は細胞成分分画を行い、その可能性のある核プールに特に注目した。
ヒト脳、特に精神病患者の脳からのDISC1の性質を分析するため、本発明者はStanley Foundation Brtain Collection (Torrey et al 2000)からのよく特徴づけられた脳のセットを用いた。該脳のセットは15名の正常対象、15名のSZ患者、15名の双極性障害(BP)患者、および15名の大うつ病(MD)患者からの4群の脳を含むものであった。
さらに、DISC1のこのP:S比は物質乱用の経歴と有意に関連している(p=0.0005) (表1)。SZおよびMD群における比の上昇が物質乱用の経歴によって影響を受けるかを調べるために、4群すべてについてTukey事後試験を行った。SZにおける比の上昇は、この物質乱用と関連していないが、BPにおける比の上昇は物質乱用と関係している(p<0.05)。
双極性障害におけるDISC1の異なる発現:性別の効果の証拠
対象
本研究の研究対象は、大規模に行われているBPの連鎖研究(McInnis et al 2003)から得た。簡単に説明すると、これらの多様な系統(Hopkins/Dana 系統)を、2名の疾患である一等親血縁者を伴う治療されたBPI発端者の存在、疾患段階、例えば、BPI、BPII、再発性大うつ病、および分裂情動性障害、躁病型について確認した。最近のこれら系統のゲノム全体のスキャンにより、1q41に感受性座位が同定され、ピークマーカー、D1S549 は12 Mb DISC1遺伝子からセントロメア側であったが、重要な領域は広く、DISC1遺伝子を含んでいた。同様に、Macgregor et al (Macgregor et al 2004)によって同定された1q42ピークもDISC1からセントロメア側であった。
10名の双極性の対象からのDNAを選択してDISC1遺伝子における多型を同定した。彼らはGENEHUNTERからの結果に基づき染色体1q42に対する連鎖の強い証拠を示す系統から選択した。50 bpのイントロンが隣接するDISC1の各コードエキソンを表3Aに記載のプライマーを用いて増幅した。エキソン2は1回のPCR反応では増幅できないほど大きく、引き続いて3回の反応にて配列決定した。ほとんどのPCR条件は以下の通り: 80 ngのゲノムDNA、0.4 μMの各プライマー、400μM dNTPs、1.5 mM MgCl2、1ユニットのTaqDNAポリメラーゼ(invitrogen)、2.5μlのPCR バッファー(200 mM Tris-HCl、500 mM KCl)および25μlの滅菌水。最初の変性工程94℃7分、次いで40サイクルの94℃45秒、55℃30秒および72℃30秒。増幅についての詳細情報は所望により提供する。その結果得られたPCR産物をスピンカラム(QIAGEN)で精製し、BigDye Terminatorサイクルシークエンシングキット(Applied Biosystems)を使用して行った。精製産物をABI PRISM 370 DNAシークエンサー(Applied Biosystems)で配列決定した。配列をSequencher (Gene Codes Corporation)を用いてアラインさせた。
すべてのサンプルを5' エキソヌクレアーゼアッセイ(TaqMan)およびABI 7900HT 配列検出システム(Applied Biosystems)を用いて遺伝子型同定した。6つの一塩基多型(SNPs)(rs1538975、rs1954175、rs1407598、rs1000731、rs821653、rs3524)について、本発明者はAssays-on-Demandキットを用い、残りの6つのSNPsについて本発明者は特別のAssays-by-Designキットを注文した。このアッセイにおけるプライマーとプローブの配列情報を表3Bに記載する。アッセイ(25μl)を約10 ngのゲノムDNAについて製造業者の指示に従って行った。PCR反応は GeneAmp PCR system 9700で行い、蛍光シグナルはABI 7900HTで検出した。
マーカー間(Inter-marker)LDおよびハプロタイプブロック構造をプログラムHaploviewを用いて調べた。関連試験を次いでコンピュータプログラム FBAT (Family Based Assosiation Test) (Horvath et al 2001)を用いて行った。FBATを選んだのは、それが様々な構造の家族から複数の疾患を有する兄弟を用いた場合であっても連鎖の存在下での関連の有効な試験を提供するからである。個々のマーカーについての関連の試験を行うだけでなく、FBAT により不明瞭相のハプロタイプの関連の試験も可能となる。
患者からのリンパ芽球をエプスタインバーウイルス(Sawa et al 1999)の感染により確立した。細胞を10 % 胎児ウシ血清を含有するRPMI1640培地で維持し、2週間以内に発現分析に使用した(細胞分裂の4周期)。
統計ソフトウェア、STATAを用いて、疾患の対象の臨床的特徴とDISC1発現データを分析した。広い疾患状態モデル(BPI、BPII、再発性大うつ病、および分裂情動性障害躁病型を含む)を用いて疾患を定義した。直線回帰を用いて疾患の対象の様々な臨床的特徴に対する従属変数としてDISC1発現レベルをモデリングした。
4.1 家族に基づく関連研究
ほとんど連鎖の証拠を有する10名の発端者からの系統からのエキソンを配列決定したところ、1つの新規なSNPが同定された(図10A、B)。このSNPを58のBP系統のサブセットにおいてタイピングした。Haploview に装備されているGabriel et al (Gabriel et al 2002)のアルゴリズムを用いたところ、およそ200 kbにわたって広がっているこの遺伝子における3つのハプロタイプブロックがあった。個々のマーカーの分析によっては、BP 障害との有意な関連は同定されなかった。FBATおよびすべての12のマーカーを用いるハプロタイプ分析により、頻度0.11 (H1)および0.10 (H2)の2つのハプロタイプが同定された。本発明者は可能性のあるハプロタイプについて、いくつかの個々のSNPsおよび様々なSNPsの組み合わせを試験したところ、すべての12のマーカーのハプロタイプからのみ有意性を得た。H1は疾患である対象に多く伝達され(overtransmitted)(p=0.01)、H2はあまり伝達されない(undertransmitted)。疾患対象を性別によりみた場合、多く伝達されたのは疾患を有する女性であり(p=0.004)(表4)、H1が疾患を有する男性へ多く伝達されるとする証拠は無かった。
まず、本発明者はヒトリンパ芽球におけるDISC1の発現を調べた。DISC1 mRNAは逆転写酵素を組み合わせたPCR (RT-PCR)によって評価した。2セットのプライマー対をDISC1遺伝子のエキソン4と5およびエキソン8と9から選択した(表3C)。2つの異なるエキソンからプライマーを選択することによってゲノムDNAからの汚染シグナルを排除できる。両方の増幅において、HeLa細胞およびヒトリンパ芽球から特異的シグナルが得られ、リンパ芽球からは常に低い強度のシグナルが得られた(図11A)。DISC1タンパク質を異なるエピトープに対するよく特徴づけられた抗-DISC1抗体を用いてウェスタンブロッティングにて分析した(Ozeki et al 2003)。本発明者はおよそ70-80 kDaのメジャーシグナル、より弱い90-95 kDaのシグナルを得(図11B)、発現パターンはラットおよびヒト成人脳と類似していた(Brandon et al 2004; Miyoshi et al 2003; Ozeki et al 2003)。
すべての臨床的特徴のなかで、躁病発症数がもっともDISC1発現レベルの低下とよく相関していた(相関係数、-0.41; p=0.008) (表5)。最初の躁病発症がより若年であることもまたより低いDISC1発現と相関していた。さらに、初めての入院年齢もその他の因子を同じにした場合DISC1発現と負の相関にあるようであった。その他の特徴、例えば、精神病は、その他の全ての因子を同じにした場合有意な相関を示さなかった。
以下の文献を引用により本出願に含める。
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3.Andrews, N. C. & Faller, D. V. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res 19, 2499.
4.Austin CP, Ky B, Ma L, Morris JA, Shughrue PJ (2004): Expression of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1, a schizophrenia-associated gene, is prominent in the mouse hippocampus throughout brain development. Neuroscience 124:3-10.
5.Austin CP, Ma L, Ky B, Morris JA, Shughrue PJ (2003): DISC1 (Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1) is expressed in limbic regions of the primate brain. Neuroreport 14:951-954.
6.Bechara, A., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (2000) Cereb Cortex 10, 295-307.
7.Berrettini WH (2000a): Are schizophrenic and bipolar disorders related? A review of family and molecular studies. Biol Psychiatry 48:531-538.
8.Berrettini WH (2000b): Susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder: overlap with inherited vulnerability to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 47:245-251.
9.Blackwood DH, Fordyce A, Walker MT, St Clair DM, Porteous DJ, Muir WJ (2001): Schizophrenia and affective disorders--cosegregation with a translocation at chromosome 1q42 that directly disrupts brain-expressed genes: clinical and P300 findings in a family. Am J Hum Genet 69:428-433.
10.Blackwood, D. H., Fordyce, A., Walker, M. T., St Clair, D. M., Porteous, D. J. & Muir, W. J. (2001) Am J Hum Genet 69, 428-433.
11.Brandon NJ, Handford EJ, Schurov I, Rain JC, Pelling M, Duran-Jimeniz B, et al (2004): Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 and Nudel form a neurodevelopmentally regulated protein complex: implications for schizophrenia and other major neurological disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 25:42-55.
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13.Cheung VG, Conlin LK, Weber TM, Arcaro M, Jen KY, Morley M, et al (2003): Natural variation in human gene expression assessed in lymphoblastoid cells. Nat Genet 33:422-425.
14.Coyle JT, Duman RS (2003): Finding the intracellular signaling pathways affected by mood disorder treatments. Neuron 38:157-160.
15.Curtis D, Kalsi G, Brynjolfsson J, McInnis M, O'Neill J, Smyth C, et al (2003): Genome scan of pedigrees multiply affected with bipolar disorder provides further support for the presence of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 12q23-q24, and suggests the presence of additional loci on 1p and 1q. Psychiatr Genet 13:77-84.
16.Detera-Wadleigh SD, Badner JA, Berrettini WH, Yoshikawa T, Goldin LR, Turner G, et al (1999): A high-density genome scan detects evidence for a bipolar-disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32 and other potential loci on 1q32 and 18p11.2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:5604-5609.
17.Ekelund J, Hennah W, Hiekkalinna T, Parker A, Meyer J, Lonnqvist J, et al (2004): Replication of 1q42 linkage in Finnish schizophrenia pedigrees. Mol Psychiatry.
18.Ekelund J, Hovatta I, Parker A, Paunio T, Varilo T, Martin R, et al (2001): Chromosome 1 loci in Finnish schizophrenia families. Hum Mol Genet 10:1611-1617.
19.Emamian, E. S., Hall, D., Birnbaum, M. J., Karayiorgou, M. & Gogos, J. A. (2004) Nat Genet 36, 131-137.
20.Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, Moore JM, Roy J, Blumenstiel B, et al (2002): The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 296:2225-2229.
21.Gu, Y., Misonou, H., Sato, T., Dohmae, N., Takio, K. & Ihara, Y. (2001) J Biol Chem 276, 35235-35238.
22.Harrison, P. J. & Weinberger, D. R. (2004) Mol Psychiatry.
23.Hennah W, Varilo T, Kestila M, Paunio T, Arajarvi R, Haukka J, et al (2003): Haplotype transmission analysis provides evidence of association for DISC1 to schizophrenia and suggests sex-dependent effects. Hum Mol Genet 12:3151-3159.
24.Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Jaeger J, Persaud S, Kane JM, Lipsky RH, et al (2004): Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1): Association with Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. Am J Hum Genet 75:862-872.
25.Horvath S, Xu X, Laird NM (2001): The family based association test method: strategies for studying general genotype--phenotype associations. Eur J Hum Genet 9:301-306.
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27.Hwu HG, Liu CM, Fann CS, Ou-Yang WC, Lee SF (2003): Linkage of schizophrenia with chromosome 1q loci in Taiwanese families. Mol Psychiatry 8:445-452.
28.James, R., Adams, R. R., Christie, S., Buchanan, S. R., Porteous, D. J. & Millar, J. K. (2004) Mol Cell Neurosci 26, 112-122.
29.Knable, M. B. (1999) Schizophr Res 39, 149-152; discussion 163.
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31.Koh, P. O., Undie, A. S., Kabbani, N., Levenson, R., Goldman-Rakic, P. S. & Lidow, M. S. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, 313-317.
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Claims (19)
- 個体からの細胞におけるDISC1の分子的多様性および/または細胞内分布を確認することを含む、個体における精神障害に対する脆弱性を診断または予測する方法。
- 個体からの細胞におけるDISC1またはそのアイソフォームの細胞内分布を確認する、請求項1の方法。
- 個体からの細胞におけるDISC1またはそのアイソフォームの細胞内分布を、DISC1タンパク質に対する抗体によって確認する、請求項2の方法。
- 個体からの細胞におけるDISC1またはそのアイソフォームの細胞内分布を、該タンパク質またはそのアイソフォームの核対細胞質比によって確認する、請求項2の方法。
- DISC1の分子的多様性を、細胞におけるDISC1の発現レベルを測定することにより確認する、請求項1の方法。
- DISC1の発現レベルを、細胞におけるDISC1 mRNAレベルによって確認する、請求項5の方法。
- DISC1の発現レベルを、細胞におけるDISC1タンパク質レベルによって確認する、請求項5の方法。
- DISC1の発現レベルを、抗- DISC1抗体を用いて確認する、請求項5の方法。
- 精神障害が、統合失調症、気分障害、物質乱用および双極性障害からなる群から選択される、請求項1の方法。
- 精神障害が統合失調症または物質乱用である、請求項2の方法。
- 細胞が、線維芽細胞、嗅上皮細胞およびリンパ芽球からなる群から選択される、請求項1の方法。
- 細胞がリンパ芽球である、請求項11の方法。
- 精神障害が双極性障害である、請求項12の方法。
- 個体が女性である、請求項13の方法。
- 精神障害が双極性障害である、請求項15のDISC1のリスクハプロタイプ。
- 個体における請求項15のハプロタイプの存在または非存在を判定することを含む、個体における精神障害に対する感受性を診断または予測する方法。
- 個体が女性である、請求項17の方法。
- 精神障害が双極性障害である、請求項17の方法。
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