JP2005210651A - Full surround photographing apparatus and lens complex - Google Patents

Full surround photographing apparatus and lens complex Download PDF

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JP2005210651A
JP2005210651A JP2004017711A JP2004017711A JP2005210651A JP 2005210651 A JP2005210651 A JP 2005210651A JP 2004017711 A JP2004017711 A JP 2004017711A JP 2004017711 A JP2004017711 A JP 2004017711A JP 2005210651 A JP2005210651 A JP 2005210651A
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Kazuo Iwane
和郎 岩根
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a full surround photographing apparatus and lens complex in which there is no parallax even when a plurality of imaging units are used, and further, an image of the full surround of 360° can be acquired without missing any field of view. <P>SOLUTION: Spherical shell structure is formed by tightly contacting a plurality of wide-angle lenses 2A, 2A with each other at their edges, an internal space 5 wherein an imaging units can be installed, is defined in the spherical shell structure, and thus a lens complex 2 is configured. A plurality of imaging units 3, 3 are installed in the internal space 5, and a full-surround photographing apparatus 1 is thereby configured. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

本発明は、３６０°全周囲を撮影することができる全周囲撮影装置及びそれを構成するレンズ複合体に関する。   The present invention relates to an omnidirectional photographing apparatus capable of photographing the entire 360 ° circumference and a lens complex constituting the omnidirectional photographing apparatus.

従来、１個のレンズによって３６０°全周囲を撮影することは、レンズの特性からして不可能とされてきた。
静止画の場合には、経時的変化を考慮する必要がないために、光学中心に設置した一台のカメラを３６０°回転させ、撮影された複数の画像を視差が生じないように結合することによって、３６０°全周囲の画像を取得することができる。
又、魚眼レンズにより形成された画像をイメージローテータにより回転させ、１次元ＣＣＤにより読み取ることによって、３６０°全周囲の画像を取得することもできる（特許文献１参照。）。 Conventionally, it has been impossible to photograph all around 360 ° with one lens because of the characteristics of the lens.
In the case of still images, since it is not necessary to consider changes over time, one camera installed at the optical center is rotated 360 °, and a plurality of captured images are combined so that no parallax occurs. Thus, an image around the entire 360 ° can be acquired.
Further, an image formed by a fisheye lens can be rotated by an image rotator and read by a one-dimensional CCD, whereby an image around 360 ° can be obtained (see Patent Document 1).

特開平１１−６９２１８号公報JP-A-11-69218

一方、動画の場合には、経時的変化を考慮する必要があるために、一時に３６０°全周囲を撮影することが必要となるから、複数台のカメラを設置し、撮影された複数の画像を結合することによって、３６０°全周囲の画像を取得することが考えられる。   On the other hand, in the case of a moving image, since it is necessary to take into account changes over time, it is necessary to photograph all around 360 ° at a time. Therefore, a plurality of cameras are installed and a plurality of images taken. It is conceivable to obtain an image of the entire 360.degree.

しかし、複数台のカメラの光学中心を合致させ、しかも、複数台のカメラを互いのカメラの視野外に配置することは困難であるため、視差がない３６０°全周囲の動画像は未だ得られていない。   However, since it is difficult to match the optical centers of a plurality of cameras and to dispose the plurality of cameras outside the field of view of each other, a moving image around 360 ° without parallax is still obtained. Not.

本発明は、かかる従来の問題点に鑑みて為されたものであって、複数台の撮像装置を使用しても、視差がなく、しかも、視野抜けがない３６０°全周囲の画像を、特には、動画像を取得することができる全周囲撮影装置を提供することを目的とする。   The present invention has been made in view of such a conventional problem. Even when a plurality of imaging devices are used, an image of the entire 360 ° circumference having no parallax and no loss of field of view is particularly obtained. An object of the present invention is to provide an all-around photographing apparatus capable of acquiring a moving image.

本発明は、又、かかる全周囲撮影装置を構成するレンズ複合体を提供することを目的とする。   Another object of the present invention is to provide a lens complex constituting such an all-around photographing apparatus.

上記目的を達成するため、本発明は、複数の広角レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、その球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置することができる内部空間を画成し、その内部空間に複数の撮像装置を設置して、全周囲撮影装置を構成したことを特徴とする。   In order to achieve the above object, the present invention forms a spherical shell structure by closely contacting a plurality of wide-angle lenses at the peripheral end, and defines an internal space in which an imaging device can be installed in the spherical shell structure. The omnidirectional imaging apparatus is configured by installing a plurality of imaging apparatuses in the internal space.

特に、前記広角レンズとして少なくとも１８０°の視野を有する魚眼レンズを使用し、この２枚の魚眼レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、前記内部空間に２台の撮像装置を設置するのが好ましい。   In particular, a fish-eye lens having a field of view of at least 180 ° is used as the wide-angle lens, the two fish-eye lenses are brought into close contact with each other at the peripheral end to form a spherical shell structure, and two imaging devices are installed in the internal space. Is preferred.

前記内部空間にミラー又はプリズムを設置し、前記広角レンズを透過した光線を前記ミラー又はプリズムによって反射又は屈折させ、その光路を変更させた後に前記撮像装置で受光するようにしてもよい。   A mirror or prism may be installed in the internal space, and the light beam transmitted through the wide-angle lens may be reflected or refracted by the mirror or prism, and the optical path may be changed, and then received by the imaging device.

全周囲撮影装置は、使用する際には、上端部にワイヤーの下端部を固着して吊下してもよく、下端部に杆状部材の上端部を固定して載置してもよい。   When the omnidirectional photographing apparatus is used, the lower end portion of the wire may be fixed to the upper end portion and hung, or the upper end portion of the bowl-shaped member may be fixed and placed on the lower end portion.

前記内部空間に、前記撮像装置を作動させる電力を受信する作動電力受信部と、前記撮像装置に各種動作を実行させる制御信号受信部と、前記撮像装置によって撮影された画像を送信する画像信号送信部を設置し、作動電力、制御信号及び画像信号を無線によって送受信するようにしてもよい。   In the internal space, an operating power receiving unit that receives power for operating the imaging device, a control signal receiving unit that causes the imaging device to perform various operations, and an image signal transmission that transmits an image captured by the imaging device A unit may be installed to transmit and receive operating power, control signals, and image signals wirelessly.

又、前記広角レンズの適宜個所に小孔を穿設し、電線をその小孔から引き出し、作動電力、制御信号及び画像信号を有線によって送受信するようにしてもよい。   Further, a small hole may be formed at an appropriate portion of the wide-angle lens, and the electric wire may be drawn out from the small hole, and the operating power, the control signal, and the image signal may be transmitted and received by wire.

本発明は、又、複数の広角レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、その球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置することができる内部空間を画成して、レンズ複合体を構成したことを特徴とする。   The present invention also forms a spherical shell structure by closely contacting a plurality of wide-angle lenses at the peripheral end, and defines an internal space in which an imaging device can be installed in the spherical shell structure. It is characterized by comprising.

特に、前記広角レンズとして少なくとも１８０°の視野を有する魚眼レンズを使用し、この２枚の魚眼レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するのが好ましい。   In particular, it is preferable that a fisheye lens having a field of view of at least 180 ° is used as the wide-angle lens, and the two fisheye lenses are brought into close contact with each other at the peripheral end to form a spherical shell structure.

以下、本発明の全周囲撮影装置及びそれを構成するレンズ複合体の好適な実施形態について、図面を参照して具体的に説明する。   DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of an omnidirectional imaging device and a lens complex constituting the same will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

本発明の全周囲撮影装置は、複数の広角レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、その球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置することができる内部空間を画成し、
その内部空間に複数の撮像装置を設置したことを特徴とするものである。 The omnidirectional imaging device of the present invention forms a spherical shell structure by closely contacting a plurality of wide-angle lenses at the peripheral end, and defines an internal space in which the imaging device can be installed in the spherical shell structure,
A plurality of imaging devices are installed in the internal space.

又、本発明のレンズ複合体は、複数の広角レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、その球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置することができる内部空間を画成したことを特徴とするものである。   In addition, the lens composite of the present invention forms a spherical shell structure by closely contacting a plurality of wide-angle lenses at the peripheral end, and defines an internal space in which the imaging device can be installed in the spherical shell structure. It is characterized by.

図１に示す全周囲撮影装置１は、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａを透過した光線を撮像装置３，３のレンズ系４，４に直接受光する形態としたものである。
全周囲撮影装置１は、内部空間５に撮像装置３，３を配設しただけであるから、装置構成は極めて簡単である。 The omnidirectional photographing apparatus 1 shown in FIG. 1 is configured to directly receive light beams transmitted through the wide-angle lenses 2A and 2A to the lens systems 4 and 4 of the imaging apparatuses 3 and 3.
Since the omnidirectional photographing apparatus 1 is simply provided with the imaging apparatuses 3 and 3 in the internal space 5, the apparatus configuration is very simple.

全周囲撮影装置１においては、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａとして、少なくとも１８０°の視野を有する魚眼レンズを採用してある。
１８０°の視野を有する２枚の魚眼レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成すれば、原理的には３６０°全周囲の画像を取得することができることになるが、接合部において確実に視野を確保するため、１８０°以上の視野を有する魚眼レンズを採用することが好ましい。 In the all-around photographing apparatus 1, fish-eye lenses having a field of view of at least 180 ° are employed as the wide-angle lenses 2A and 2A.
If two fisheye lenses having a 180 ° field of view are brought into close contact with each other at the peripheral edge to form a spherical shell structure, in principle, an image of the entire 360 ° circumference can be acquired, In order to secure a field of view, it is preferable to employ a fisheye lens having a field of view of 180 ° or more.

ここで、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、その球殻構造内に撮像装置３，３を設置することができる内部空間５を画成したものが、レンズ複合体２である。   Here, the wide-angle lenses 2A and 2A are in close contact with each other at the peripheral end to form a spherical shell structure, and the internal space 5 in which the imaging devices 3 and 3 can be installed in the spherical shell structure is defined. This is the lens composite 2.

撮像装置３，３としては、小型のカメラ又はＣＣＤセンサを採用することができる。
全周囲撮影装置１においては、撮像装置３，３のレンズ系４，４は、その光軸を合致させるとともに、互いに外方に向けてある。 As the imaging devices 3 and 3, a small camera or a CCD sensor can be adopted.
In the omnidirectional photographing apparatus 1, the lens systems 4 and 4 of the imaging apparatuses 3 and 3 have their optical axes aligned and are directed outward.

図２に示す全周囲撮影装置１１は、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａを透過した光線をミラー又はプリズム６を介して撮像装置３，３のレンズ系４，４に受光する形態としたものである。
全周囲撮影装置１１は、ミラー又はプリズム６を設置し、光路を９０°変更させることによって、内部空間５を有効に利用することができるから、結果的に、小さな内部空間に撮像装置３，３を配設することができ、装置全体を小型化することができる。 The omnidirectional photographing apparatus 11 shown in FIG. 2 is configured to receive light beams transmitted through the wide-angle lenses 2 </ b> A and 2 </ b> A to the lens systems 4 and 4 of the imaging apparatuses 3 and 3 through a mirror or prism 6.
The omnidirectional imaging device 11 can effectively use the internal space 5 by installing a mirror or prism 6 and changing the optical path by 90 °. As a result, the imaging devices 3 and 3 can be used in a small internal space. The entire apparatus can be reduced in size.

全周囲撮影装置１１においては、撮像装置３，３のレンズ系４，４は、その光軸を合致させるとともに、ミラー又はプリズム６を介在させて、互いに内方に向けてある。   In the omnidirectional photographing device 11, the lens systems 4 and 4 of the imaging devices 3 and 3 have their optical axes aligned, and are directed inward from each other with a mirror or prism 6 interposed therebetween.

尚、図３に示すように、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａ内にレンズ系４，４及びＣＣＤセンサ７を配設した全周囲撮影装置２１を構成してもよく、図４に示すように、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａ内にＣＣＤカメラ８を配設した全周囲撮影装置３１を構成してもよい。   As shown in FIG. 3, an omnidirectional photographing device 21 in which the lens systems 4 and 4 and the CCD sensor 7 are arranged in the wide-angle lenses 2A and 2A may be configured. As shown in FIG. You may comprise the omnidirectional imaging | photography apparatus 31 which arrange | positioned CCD camera 8 in 2A, 2A.

又、上述した実施例においては、２枚の広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａを密接させて球殻構造を形成し、レンズ複合体２を構成したが、３枚又はそれ以上の広角レンズを密接させて球殻構造を形成し、レンズ複合体を構成してもよい。   In the embodiment described above, the two wide-angle lenses 2A and 2A are brought into close contact with each other to form a spherical shell structure to form the lens composite 2. However, three or more wide-angle lenses are brought into close contact with each other to form a sphere. A lens structure may be formed by forming a shell structure.

本発明の全周囲撮影装置では、複数の広角レンズによって形成した球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置することによって、３６０°全周囲の画像を取得することができるが、全周囲撮影装置を空間に浮遊させておくことはできない。
そこで、実際に使用する際には、図５に示すように、全周囲撮影装置の上端部にワイヤー８の下端部を固着して吊下したり、図６に示すように、全周囲撮影装置の下端部に杆状部材９の上端部を固定して載置する。 In the omnidirectional imaging device of the present invention, an image of the 360 ° omnidirectional image can be obtained by installing the imaging device in a spherical shell structure formed by a plurality of wide-angle lenses. It cannot be left floating.
Therefore, in actual use, as shown in FIG. 5, the lower end portion of the wire 8 is fixedly suspended from the upper end portion of the omnidirectional photographing apparatus, or as shown in FIG. The upper end portion of the bowl-shaped member 9 is fixed and placed on the lower end portion.

又、本発明の全周囲撮影装置では、複数の広角レンズによって形成した球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置してあるから、撮像装置を作動する電力を無線で供給し、撮像装置を無線で制御し、又、撮影した画像を無線で取得しなければならない。
そこで、図７に示すように、全周囲撮影装置内に作動電力受信部１２、制御信号受信部１３及び画像信号送信部１４を付設してある。一方、全周囲撮影装置外に作動電力送信装置１５、制御信号送信装置１６及び画像信号受信装置１７を配設してある。 In the omnidirectional imaging device of the present invention, since the imaging device is installed in a spherical shell structure formed by a plurality of wide-angle lenses, power for operating the imaging device is supplied wirelessly, and the imaging device is controlled wirelessly. In addition, captured images must be acquired wirelessly.
Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7, an operating power receiving unit 12, a control signal receiving unit 13, and an image signal transmitting unit 14 are provided in the omnidirectional photographing apparatus. On the other hand, an operating power transmission device 15, a control signal transmission device 16, and an image signal reception device 17 are disposed outside the omnidirectional imaging device.

作動電力受信部１２は、作動電力送信装置１５から送信されてきた電磁波電力を受信するとともに、貯蓄するものである。
この貯蓄された電力によって、ＣＣＤカメラ等の撮像装置３，３、作動電力受信部１２、制御信号受信部１３及び画像信号送信部１４等を作動させる。 The operating power receiver 12 receives and saves electromagnetic wave power transmitted from the operating power transmitter 15.
With this stored power, the imaging devices 3 and 3 such as a CCD camera, the operating power receiving unit 12, the control signal receiving unit 13, the image signal transmitting unit 14 and the like are operated.

制御信号受信部１３は、制御信号送信装置１６から送信されてきた制御信号を受信し、ＣＣＤカメラ等の撮像装置３，３に各種動作、例えば、レンズ系４，４による焦点調整、拡大縮小動作、ＣＣＤセンサ８による画像信号生成等を実行すること、又、画像信号送信部１４に画像信号を送信すること等を指令するものである。   The control signal receiving unit 13 receives the control signal transmitted from the control signal transmitting device 16 and performs various operations on the imaging devices 3 and 3 such as a CCD camera, for example, focus adjustment and enlargement / reduction operation by the lens systems 4 and 4. Instructing the execution of the image signal generation by the CCD sensor 8 and the transmission of the image signal to the image signal transmission unit 14.

画像信号送信部１４は、ＣＣＤカメラ等の撮像装置３，３によって撮影された画像を画像信号受信装置１７に送信するものである。   The image signal transmission unit 14 transmits an image photographed by the imaging devices 3 and 3 such as a CCD camera to the image signal reception device 17.

上述した実施例においては、撮像装置を作動する電力を無線で供給し、撮像装置を無線で制御し、又、撮影した画像を無線で取得するようにしたが、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａの適宜個所に小孔を穿設し、作動電力受信部１２、制御信号受信部１３及び画像信号送信部１４に接続した電線をその小孔から引き出し、有線によって電力を供給し、撮像装置を制御し、又、撮影した画像を取得するようにしてもよい。   In the above-described embodiments, power for operating the imaging device is supplied wirelessly, the imaging device is controlled wirelessly, and captured images are acquired wirelessly. However, appropriate positions of the wide-angle lenses 2A and 2A are used. A small hole is formed in the wire, and the electric wire connected to the operating power receiving unit 12, the control signal receiving unit 13, and the image signal transmitting unit 14 is pulled out from the small hole, and power is supplied by wire to control the imaging device. The captured image may be acquired.

尚、広角レンズ２Ａ，２Ａに小孔を穿設し、電線を引き出すことによって、その小孔部分で視野が欠けることとなり、電線が撮影されてしまうことになるが、小孔を極力小径とすれば、実質的には問題なく３６０°全周囲の画像を取得することができる。   In addition, by making a small hole in the wide-angle lenses 2A and 2A and pulling out the electric wire, the visual field is lost at the small hole portion, and the electric wire is photographed, but the small hole is made as small as possible. For example, it is possible to acquire an image around the entire 360 ° without any problem.

広角レンズを透過した光線を撮像装置に直接受光する形態とした全周囲撮影装置の概念図である。It is a conceptual diagram of the omnidirectional photographing apparatus configured to directly receive the light beam transmitted through the wide-angle lens in the imaging apparatus. 広角レンズを透過した光線をミラー又はプリズムを介して撮像装置に受光する形態とした全周囲撮影装置の概念図である。It is a conceptual diagram of the omnidirectional imaging apparatus which made it the form which light-receives the light which permeate | transmitted the wide angle lens received in an imaging device via a mirror or a prism. 広角レンズ内にレンズ系及びＣＣＤセンサを配設した全周囲撮影装置の概略断面図である。It is a schematic sectional drawing of the omnidirectional imaging | photography apparatus which has arrange | positioned the lens system and CCD sensor in a wide angle lens. 広角レンズ内にＣＣＤカメラを配設した全周囲撮影装置の概略断面図である。It is a schematic sectional drawing of the omnidirectional imaging | photography apparatus which has arrange | positioned the CCD camera in the wide angle lens. 全周囲撮影装置をワイヤーによって吊下した状態を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows the state which suspended the all-around imaging device with the wire. 全周囲撮影装置を杆状部材によって載置した状態を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows the state which mounted the omnidirectional imaging | photography apparatus with the hook-shaped member. 無線によって全周囲撮影装置に電力を供給し、撮像装置を制御し、又、撮影した画像を取得する場合の装置構成図である。It is an apparatus configuration diagram in the case where power is supplied to an omnidirectional imaging apparatus wirelessly, the imaging apparatus is controlled, and a captured image is acquired.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１ 全周囲撮影装置
２ レンズ複合体
２Ａ 広角レンズ
３ 撮像装置
５ 内部空間
６ ミラー又はプリズム
８ ワイヤー
９ 杆状部材
１２ 作動電力受信部
１３ 制御信号受信部
１４ 画像信号送信部 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 All-around imaging device 2 Lens complex 2A Wide angle lens 3 Imaging device 5 Internal space 6 Mirror or prism 8 Wire 9 Gutter-shaped member 12 Operating power receiving part 13 Control signal receiving part 14 Image signal transmitting part

Claims (9)

複数の広角レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、その球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置することができる内部空間を画成し、その内部空間に複数の撮像装置を設置したことを特徴とする全周囲撮影装置。   A plurality of wide-angle lenses are brought into close contact with each other at the peripheral end to form a spherical shell structure, and an internal space in which an imaging device can be installed is defined in the spherical shell structure, and a plurality of imaging devices are installed in the internal space. An all-around photographing device characterized by that. 前記広角レンズとして少なくとも１８０°の視野を有する魚眼レンズを使用し、この２枚の魚眼レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、前記内部空間に２台の撮像装置を設置したことを特徴とする請求項１に記載の全周囲撮影装置。   A fish-eye lens having a field of view of at least 180 ° is used as the wide-angle lens, the two fish-eye lenses are brought into close contact with each other at the peripheral end to form a spherical shell structure, and two imaging devices are installed in the internal space. The all-around photographing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that: 前記内部空間にミラー又はプリズムを設置し、前記広角レンズを透過した光線を前記ミラー又はプリズムによって反射又は屈折させ、その光路を変更させた後に前記撮像装置で受光するようにしたことを特徴とする請求項１又は２に記載の全周囲撮影装置。   A mirror or prism is installed in the internal space, the light beam transmitted through the wide-angle lens is reflected or refracted by the mirror or prism, and the optical path is changed and then received by the imaging device. The all-around photographing apparatus according to claim 1 or 2. 上端部にワイヤーの下端部を固着して吊下することを特徴とする請求項１乃至３に記載の全周囲撮影装置。   The all-around photographing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lower end portion of the wire is fixed to and suspended from the upper end portion. 下端部に杆状部材の上端部を固定して載置することを特徴とする請求項１乃至３に記載の全周囲撮影装置。   4. The all-around photographing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the upper end portion of the bowl-shaped member is fixed and placed on the lower end portion. 前記内部空間に、前記撮像装置を作動させる電力を受信する作動電力受信部と、前記撮像装置に各種動作を実行させる制御信号受信部と、前記撮像装置によって撮影された画像を送信する画像信号送信部を設置し、作動電力、制御信号及び画像信号を無線によって送受信することを特徴とする請求項１乃至５に記載の全周囲撮影装置。   In the internal space, an operating power receiving unit that receives power for operating the imaging device, a control signal receiving unit that causes the imaging device to perform various operations, and an image signal transmission that transmits an image captured by the imaging device 6. The omnidirectional imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the omnidirectional imaging apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a wireless communication unit configured to transmit and receive operating power, a control signal, and an image signal wirelessly. 前記広角レンズの適宜個所に小孔を穿設し、電線をその小孔から引き出し、作動電力、制御信号及び画像信号を有線によって送受信することを特徴とする請求項１乃至５に記載の全周囲撮影装置。   6. The entire periphery according to claim 1, wherein a small hole is formed at an appropriate portion of the wide-angle lens, an electric wire is drawn out from the small hole, and operating power, a control signal, and an image signal are transmitted and received by wire. Shooting device. 複数の広角レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成するとともに、その球殻構造内に撮像装置を設置することができる内部空間を画成したことを特徴とするレンズ複合体。   A lens complex characterized in that a plurality of wide-angle lenses are brought into close contact with each other at a peripheral end to form a spherical shell structure, and an internal space in which an imaging device can be installed in the spherical shell structure. 前記広角レンズとして少なくとも１８０°の視野を有する魚眼レンズを使用し、この２枚の魚眼レンズを周端において密接させて球殻構造を形成したことを特徴とする請求項８に記載のレンズ複合体。   9. The lens composite according to claim 8, wherein a fish-eye lens having a field of view of at least 180 ° is used as the wide-angle lens, and the two fish-eye lenses are brought into close contact with each other at a peripheral end to form a spherical shell structure.
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