JP2005087961A - Method and apparatus for separating charged impurity in fluid - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and apparatus of simple construction for separating charged impurities in a fluid that can separate charged impurities contained in a liquid or gas. <P>SOLUTION: The apparatus is equipped with an electrophoresis vessel 7a where a fluid 1 to be treated containing charged impurities 3, 4, 5 and 6 is introduced and a treated fluid 2 free from the above impurities is generated, while separation fluids 41, 42, 43 and 44 containing the only impurities among the above impurities that have either positive or negative charge polarity and a specified range of at least one of particle size and electrophoretic velocity thereof, are formed. The above electrophoresis vessel is comprised of a treated-fluid chamber 30 where the above fluid to be treated is introduced and the above treated fluid is generated as well as separation-fluid chambers 31, 32, 33 and 34 that are located adjacent to the above treated-fluid chamber with diffusion layers 11, 12, 25 and 26 which is permeable to fluid components of the fluid to be treated to suppress a diffusion of the above impurities positioned between them, equipped with electrodes 8 and 9 to form an electric field acting on the above impurities, and form the above separation fluid. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in a fluid for separating chargeable impurities contained in a liquid or gas.

As the chargeable impurities, many ions exist as ions or colloids in the liquid, and on the other hand, they exist as molecular gas or dust particles in the gas.
In the liquid, first, ion-exchange resin towers are most often used to separate dissolved components such as ions (see Patent Document 1 below). In this method, ion exchange resin particles in which an ion exchange group is added to an organic resin are filled in a water-permeable tube (resin tower) and used. However, the bond between the organic resin and the ion exchange group never has sufficient strength and easily decomposes, which may cause generation of secondary impurities.

  In addition, organic resin is essentially inferior in durability to heat, chemicals and the like. In this way, ion separation is performed using an ion exchange resin, but this can only separate negatively charged impurities from positively charged impurities. It cannot be separated every time.

  A microfiltration method has long been applied to the separation of particle components such as colloids in a liquid (see Patent Document 2). In this method, physical sieving is performed by a filter cloth having pores having a minute pore size capable of capturing colloidal particles. However, this microfiltration separation can only capture the particles and cannot separate the chargeable impurities from the others.

  In order to separate components such as molecular gas in gas, there is a method using a special adsorbent or a special transmission filter (see Patent Document 3). The adsorbent uses a material that exerts an adsorbing force with the molecular gas, but this can only supplement the single molecular gas. On the other hand, the transmission filter performs physical sieving according to the pore size of the filter, but only supplements the molecular gas and cannot separate the chargeable impurities from the others.

For separation of particulate components such as dust in the gas, the microfiltration method (see Patent Document 4) is often applied, as is the case with the separation of colloids in liquids. Recently, however, the discharge separation method (see Patent Document 5) is also used. It is being In the microfiltration method, physical sieving is performed by a filter cloth having fine pores that can capture dust particles, and the chargeable impurities cannot be separated from the others. On the other hand, the discharge separation method applies an electric field in the discharge region between the electrodes of the discharge tank having the cathode and the anode, and separates the negatively charged impurities and the positively charged impurities separately into similar species separately according to the respective charging potentials. It cannot be separated every time.
JP 2003-181303 A JP 2003-145150 A JP 2003-190782 A JP 2003-191404 A JP 2003-190835 A

  An object of the present invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in a fluid that can separate chargeable impurities contained in a liquid or gas with a simple configuration.

  The invention of claim 1 is an apparatus for separating a chargeable impurity in a fluid, wherein a treatment fluid containing a chargeable impurity is introduced to produce a treatment fluid that does not contain the impurity, and positive or negative of the impurities. An electrophoresis tank that generates a separation fluid that includes only impurities having at least one of a charged polarity and a particle size or an electrophoresis speed within a predetermined range; The processing fluid chamber into which the processing fluid is introduced to generate the processing fluid, and the impurities provided in contact with the processing fluid chamber through a diffusion layer that transmits a fluid component of the processing target fluid and suppresses diffusion of the impurities And a separation fluid chamber that generates the separation fluid by including an electrode that forms an electric field that acts on the electric force.

  According to a second aspect of the present invention, a separation fluid obtained from an electrophoresis tank that generates a separation fluid containing only impurities having a particle size within a predetermined range includes only impurities having an electrophoresis speed within a predetermined range. It is set as the process fluid introduced into the electrophoresis tank which produces | generates a separation fluid.

  According to a third aspect of the present invention, a separation fluid obtained from an electrophoresis tank that generates a separation fluid containing only impurities whose electrophoresis speed is within a predetermined range includes only impurities whose particle size is within a predetermined range. It is set as the process fluid introduced into the electrophoresis tank which produces | generates a separation fluid.

  According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, the material of the diffusion layer is a metal material such as stainless steel or titanium, a ceramic material, a polymer material such as polyimide or cellulose, or an organic material such as polypropylene or fluorocarbon. The configuration.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, at least the surface of the electrode is platinum.
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, the material of the electrophoresis tank is a metal material such as stainless steel or titanium, or an organic material such as vinyl chloride or acrylic.

According to a seventh aspect of the invention, the inner surface of the electrophoresis tank is provided with a lining such as fluorocarbon.
According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, the electrophoresis tank has a conical shape having a vertex in the direction of the electrode.

According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, the diffusion layer has a container shape, and the electrode is disposed inside the container.
According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, the fluid is a liquid or a gas, and the impurity is a metal, an organic substance, or an inorganic substance.

An eleventh aspect of the invention is a method for separating a chargeable impurity in a fluid, wherein the processing fluid chamber is filled with a filler.
According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention, an electric field is applied to a fluid to be treated containing a chargeable impurity through a diffusion layer that transmits a fluid component of the fluid to be treated and suppresses diffusion of the impurity, and upstream of the diffusion layer. And a processing fluid that does not contain the impurities, and has a positive or negative charging polarity of the impurities on the downstream side of the diffusion layer, and at least one of a particle size and an electrophoresis speed is predetermined. A method for producing a separation fluid containing only impurities within the range of.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the separation method and apparatus of the charging impurity in the fluid which can isolate | separate the charging impurity contained in the liquid or gas by simple structure can be provided.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a method and an apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in a fluid according to a first embodiment. The apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in the fluid of this embodiment is provided with cathodes and anodes (electrodes) 8 and 9 at both extremes of the electrophoresis tank 7a, and a plurality of diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, 26 are arranged, and the fluid 1 to be processed flows in from one of the processing fluid chambers 30 filled with the filler 12, the processing fluid 2 flows out from the opposite side, and the electrodes 8, 9 and the diffusion layer 10. , 11, the separation fluids 41, 42, 43, and 44 flow out from the separation fluid chambers 31, 32, 33, and 34, respectively.

  Here, the particle diameter of the positively chargeable impurity 3 is larger than the particle diameter of the positively chargeable impurity 4, and the particle diameter of the negatively chargeable impurity 5 is larger than the particle diameter of the negatively chargeable impurity 6. The diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, and 26 are made of a film having a large number of fine communication holes or a fired product. The diameter of the hole of the diffusion layer 10 is larger than the diameter of the hole of the diffusion layer 11, and the diameter of the hole of the diffusion layer 25 is larger than the diameter of the hole of the diffusion layer 26.

  In this electrophoresis tank 7a, the fluid 1 to be treated containing the chargeable impurities 3, 4, 5, 6 is caused to flow into the treatment fluid chamber 30, and an electric field is generated from the positive and negative electrodes 9, 8 installed at both extremes thereof. The physical sieves that cause the chargeable impurities 3, 4, 5, and 6 to be electrophoresed in the potential direction according to the polarity of the charge and that are divided according to the size of the particle size by the arranged diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, and 26. Is performed to filter the charged impurities 3, 4, 5, 6 contained in the fluid 1 to be treated positively or negatively for each species whose particle size is within a predetermined range, and to diffuse the electrodes 8, 9 and diffusion. The separated fluids 41, 42, 43, and 44 flow out from the separated fluid chambers 31, 32, 33, and 34 between the layers 10, 11, 25, and 26, respectively.

  Here, as the fluid 1 to be treated, liquid and gas can be targeted, and as the target impurities 3, 4, 5 and 6, inorganic components, metal components, organic components, etc. contained in these liquids and gases Some liquids exist as dissolved components such as ions or particle components such as colloids. Similarly, some gases exist as components such as molecular gas or particle components such as dust.

  That is, the fluid 1 to be treated includes, as a first example, a charged inorganic impurity in the liquid, and the impurity is a single element such as chloride ion or sodium ion, or ammonium ion or sulfate ion. There are ionic components of multi-element compounds, or colloidal particulate components thereof. Or the to-be-processed fluid 1 may have a chargeable metal impurity in a liquid, and there exist ionic components, such as an iron ion, or colloidal particulate components, such as iron hydroxide, as an impurity. . Alternatively, the impurities may be present as a chargeable organic component in the liquid, and include acetic acid and the like, macromolecular ions such as DNA components or proteins, or particulate components.

  Furthermore, the structure may be such that impurities are present as a chargeable inorganic component in the gas, such as nitric acid compound (NOx) and sulfuric acid compound (SOx). Alternatively, it may be present as a metal component in the gas, such as a volatile metal component. Alternatively, it may be present as a chargeable organic component in the gas, such as a volatile organic component.

Even if the temperature of the fluid 1 to be processed is 100 ° C. or higher, it can be processed without any problem, and this is because the entire apparatus can be composed of a material having high heat resistance, and therefore the maximum applicable temperature. Is the same as the heat-resistant temperature of the constituent material.
In addition, by filling the processing fluid chamber 30 with the filler 12, it is possible to selectively adsorb and separate components that interact with the filler 12 among the impurities contained in the fluid 1 to be processed.

  The filler 12 is insulative to electricity, and a material such as a ceramic material or an organic material can be selectively used according to processing conditions. The structure is preferably a porous structure, but it can be used even if it is non-porous, and the shape is preferably spherical or angular in terms of strength.

  The diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, 26 have a function of delaying the movement of the liquid or gas, and a plurality of porous bodies or perforated cloths of a material selected according to the processing conditions, etc. Consists of.

  Diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, 26 are made of a metal material such as stainless steel or titanium, so they have excellent heat resistance, strength resistance, chemical resistance, etc., and suppress secondary elution from the material. can do. Moreover, by using a ceramic material, it is excellent in heat resistance, strength resistance, and chemical resistance similarly to a metal material, and secondary elution from the material can be suppressed. Alternatively, by using a polymer material such as polyimide or cellulose, a minute pore size at an atomic level can be provided. Alternatively, an inexpensive organic material such as polypropylene or fluorocarbon can be used.

  For example, electrophoresis with a precision membrane (pore diameter 10 μm or more), an ultrafiltration membrane, and a reverse osmosis membrane arranged as a diffusion layer from the processing fluid chamber 30 side, so that the separation fluid is discharged by three lines to the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side. When seawater is treated in the tank, charged impurities of approximately 10 μm to 0.2 μm, approximately 0.2 μm to 0.005 μm, and approximately 0.005 μm or less are discharged as separation fluid from the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side, respectively.

  The material of the electrophoresis tank 7a can be selected according to the use from metal materials such as stainless steel and titanium, organic materials such as vinyl chloride and acrylic. For example, the fluid 1 to be treated is 100 ° C. In this case, a metal material having high heat resistance is selected, or an organic material is selected to make it inexpensive. Alternatively, when it is desired to improve the corrosion resistance and chemical resistance, it is possible to line a material such as fluorocarbon on the inner surface of the electrophoresis tank 7a. Making the shape of the electrophoresis tank 7a conical with the electrode direction as the apex can provide a uniform electric field in the electrophoresis tank 7a, which contributes to improving the separation efficiency.

  The electrodes 8 and 9 can suppress deterioration due to an electric field when platinum is deposited on the surface thereof, and can improve the durability of the electrodes themselves. Alternatively, the electrodes 8 and 9 may be rod-shaped, and the pole faces thereof may be placed toward the diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, 26, as long as there is a sufficient distance between the electrodes, This is because the electric field inside the electrophoresis tank 7a becomes substantially uniform regardless of the area of the electrode.

  In addition, in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, and 26 are formed in a container shape, and even in the electrophoresis tank 7b in which the electrodes 8 and 9 are arranged, the impurities 3, 4, 5, and 6 are removed. Can be separated. In this case, since the surface areas of the diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, 26 with respect to the electrodes 8, 9 are increased, the separation efficiency is improved.

  According to the present embodiment, the processing fluid 1 containing the chargeable impurities 3, 4, 5 and 6 having different charging polarities and particle sizes from the processing fluid 2 containing no impurities, and the impurities having the same charging polarity and particle size. Can be obtained.

Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described.
As shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in the fluid of this embodiment is provided with electrodes 8 and 9 at both extremes of the electrophoresis tank 7c, and a plurality of diffusion layers from the center toward the electrodes 8 and 9. 17a, 17b, 17c, and 17d are disposed, the fluid 1 to be processed flows in from one of the processing fluid chambers 30 filled with the filler 12, the processing fluid 2 flows out from the opposite side, and the diffusion layers 17a, 17b, The separation fluids 46, 47, 48, 49 flow out from the separation fluid chambers 31, 32, 33, 34 between 17c and 17d, respectively.

  Here, the electrophoretic speed of the positively chargeable impurity 14 is higher than the electrophoretic speed of the positively chargeable impurity 13, and the electrophoretic speed of the negatively positively chargeable impurity 16 is higher than the electrophoretic speed of the negatively chargeable impurity 15. And The diffusion layers 17a, 17b, 17c, and 17d have the same configuration, and are made of a film having a large number of fine communication holes or a fired product.

  In the electrophoresis tank 7 c, the fluid 1 to be processed containing the chargeable impurities 13, 14, 15, 16 is caused to flow into the processing fluid 30, and an electric field is applied from the positive and negative electrodes 8, 9 installed at both extremes thereof. The charged impurities 13, 14, 15 and 16 are electrophoresed in the potential direction according to the polarity of the charge, and physical sieving is performed by the arranged diffusion layers 17a, 17b, 17c and 17d. The charged impurities 13, 14, 15, 16 contained in the fluid 1 are filtered for each species having a similar electrophoretic velocity, positive or negative, and between the electrodes 8, 9 and the diffusion layers 17 a, 17 b, 17 c, 17 d. The separated fluid chambers 31, 32, 33, and 34 are discharged as separated fluids 46, 47, 48, and 49, respectively.

  In the second embodiment, the impurities 13, 14, 15, 16 contained in the fluid 1 to be processed move in the direction of the electric field depending on the speed of the electrophoresis. Therefore, the separation of these impurities is controlled by the distance from the processing fluid chamber 30 to the separation fluid chambers 31, 32, 33, and 34 and the magnitude of the applied electric field.

  The type of the fluid 1 to be processed, the types and configurations of the impurities 13, 14, 15 and 16, and the configurations of the electrophoresis tank 7c and the electrodes 8 and 9 are the same as those in the first embodiment.

  In addition, in the second embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the diffusion layers 17a, 17b, 17c and 17d are formed in a container shape, and impurities can be separated even in the electrophoresis tank 7d in which the electrodes 8 and 9 are arranged. it can. In this case, since the surface areas of the diffusion layers 17a, 17b, 17c, and 17d with respect to the electrodes 8 and 9 are increased, the separation efficiency is improved.

  According to the present embodiment, the processing fluid 1 containing the charging impurities 13, 14, 15, and 16 having different charging polarity and electrophoresis speed, the processing fluid 2 containing no impurities, the charging polarity and the electrophoresis speed are aligned. Separation fluids 46, 47, 48, and 49 containing impurities can be obtained.

Next, a third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
The third embodiment is a combination of the first embodiment and the second embodiment. That is, cathodes and anodes (electrodes) 8 and 9 are provided at both extremes, a plurality of diffusion layers 10, 11, 25 and 26 are arranged from the center toward the electrodes 8 and 9, and the fluid 1 to be processed passes through the filler 12. The processing fluid 2 flows in from one side of the filled processing fluid chamber 30 and the processing fluid 2 flows out from the opposite side, and the separation fluids 41 and 42 from the separation fluid chamber between the electrodes 8 and 9 and the diffusion layers 10, 11, 25 and 26, respectively. , 43, and 44, the first-stage electrophoresis tank 7a and the electrodes 8 and 9 are provided at both extremes, and a plurality of diffusion layers 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d is disposed, the separation fluid 42 flowing out from the first-stage electrophoresis tank 7a flows in from one of the processing fluid chambers 30 filled with the filler 12, and the processing fluid 50 flows out from the opposite side, and the diffusion layer 17a, 17 , 17c, respectively separated fluid 51, 52, 53 from the chamber between 17d is provided with an electrophoresis tank 7c of the second stage which is configured to flow out.

  A and B shown in the figure are also provided with an electrophoresis tank 7c, and separation fluids 41, 42, 43, and 44 from the first-stage electrophoresis tank 7a are also introduced into the same second-stage electrophoresis tank 7c, respectively. A fluid 18 or the like and a separation fluid 19, 20, 21, 22 or the like are generated.

  With such a configuration, first, in the first-stage electrophoresis tank 7a, the fluid 1 to be processed containing the chargeable impurities 3, 4, 5, and 6 is introduced into the processing fluid chamber 30 and installed at both extremes thereof. An electric field is applied from the positive and negative electrodes 8 and 9, and the chargeable impurities 3, 4, 5, and 6 are electrophoresed in the potential direction according to the polarity of the charge, respectively, and the diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, and 26 disposed. By performing physical sieving according to the particle size according to the particle size, impurities 3, 4, 5, and 6 contained in the fluid to be treated 1 are filtered for each species having similar particle sizes according to positive and negative charges. , And are allowed to flow out as separation fluids 41, 42, 43, 44 from the chambers between the respective diffusion layers 10, 11, 25, 26.

  Next, in the second-stage electrophoresis tank 7c, the separation fluids 41, 42, 43, 44 exiting from the first-stage electrophoresis tank 7a are caused to flow into the processing fluid chamber 30 and installed at both extremes thereof. An electric field is applied from the positive and negative electrodes 8 and 9, and the impurities 3, 4, 5, and 6 contained in the separation fluids 41, 42, 43, and 44 are moved in accordance with the electrophoretic velocity in the potential direction according to the polarity of the charge. Then, for each species having a similar electrophoretic velocity, positive and negative, the separated fluids 19, 20, 21, 22, 51, 52, 53, 54 are discharged from the chamber between the diffusion layers 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d.

  In the third embodiment, the electrophoresis tank 7c that separates according to the charge polarity of the impurities and the electrophoresis speed is the first stage, and the electrophoresis tank 7c that separates according to the charge polarity and the particle diameter of the impurities is the second stage. Good.

  According to the present embodiment, the impurities 3, 4, 5, and 6 contained in the fluid 1 to be treated are separated for each species having the same particle size and electrophoresis speed, depending on whether they are positive or negative. That is, the treatment fluid 1 containing the chargeable impurities 3, 4, 5, 6 having different charge polarity, particle size, and electrophoresis speed, the treatment fluids 2, 18, 50, etc. containing no impurities, the charge polarity, and the particle size Can be obtained as the separation fluids 19, 20, 21, 22, 51, 52, 53, 54 and the like containing the respective impurities.

The figure which shows the separation apparatus of the chargeable impurity in the fluid of the 1st Example of this invention. The figure which shows the separation apparatus of the chargeable impurity in the fluid of the modification of the 1st Example of this invention. The figure which shows the separation apparatus of the chargeable impurity in the fluid of the 2nd Example of this invention. The figure which shows the separation apparatus of the chargeable impurity in the fluid of the modification of the 2nd Example of this invention. The figure which shows the separation apparatus of the chargeable impurity in the fluid of the 3rd Example of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Fluid to be processed, 2 ... Processing fluid, 3, 4 ... Positively charged impurity, 5, 6 ... Negatively charged impurity, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d ... Electrophoresis tank, 8 ... Cathode, 9 ... Anode, 10 , 11 ... diffusion layer, 12 ... filler, 13, 14 ... positively charged impurity, 15, 16 ... negatively charged impurity, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d ... diffusion layer, 18, 50 ... processing fluid, 25, 26 ... diffusion layer, 30 ... treatment fluid chamber, 31, 32, 33, 34 ... separation fluid chamber, 19, 20, 21, 22, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54: separation fluid.

Claims (12)

  A treatment fluid containing a chargeable impurity is introduced to produce a treatment fluid that does not contain the impurity, and has either a positive or negative charge polarity among the impurities, and has at least either a particle size or an electrophoresis speed. An electrophoresis tank that generates a separation fluid containing only impurities that are within a predetermined range, the electrophoresis tank including a processing fluid chamber in which the processing fluid is introduced and the processing fluid is generated; The separation is provided with an electrode that is provided in contact with the processing fluid chamber through a diffusion layer that transmits a fluid component of the fluid to be processed and suppresses diffusion of the impurity, and that forms an electric field that acts an electric force on the impurity. An apparatus for separating a chargeable impurity in a fluid, comprising: a separation fluid chamber for generating a fluid.   Electrophoresis for generating a separation fluid containing only impurities whose electrophoretic velocity is within a predetermined range from a separation fluid obtained from an electrophoresis tank that generates a separation fluid containing only impurities having a particle size within the predetermined range 2. The apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein the fluid to be treated is introduced into the tank.   Electrophoresis for generating a separation fluid containing only impurities having a particle diameter within a predetermined range from a separation fluid obtained from an electrophoresis tank that generates a separation fluid containing only impurities having an electrophoresis speed within a predetermined range 2. The apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein the fluid to be treated is introduced into the tank.   The material of the diffusion layer is a metal material such as stainless steel or titanium, a ceramic material, a polymer material such as polyimide or cellulose, or an organic material such as polypropylene or fluorocarbon. 2. The apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in fluid according to 1.   2. The apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein at least the surface of the electrode is made of platinum.   2. The apparatus for separating charged impurities in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein the material of the electrophoresis tank is a metal material such as stainless steel or titanium, or an organic material such as vinyl chloride or acrylic.   2. The apparatus for separating a chargeable impurity in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein the inner surface of the electrophoresis tank is lined with fluorocarbon.   2. The apparatus for separating chargeable impurities in fluid according to claim 1, wherein the electrophoresis tank has a conical shape having a vertex in the direction of the electrodes.   2. The apparatus for separating a chargeable impurity in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein the diffusion layer has a container shape, and the electrode is disposed inside the container.   2. The apparatus for separating charged impurities in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein the fluid is a liquid or a gas, and the impurities are a metal, an organic substance, or an inorganic substance.   2. The apparatus for separating charged impurities in a fluid according to claim 1, wherein the processing fluid chamber is filled with a filler. An electric field is applied to a fluid to be treated containing a chargeable impurity through a diffusion layer that transmits a fluid component of the fluid to be treated and suppresses the diffusion of the impurity, and the treatment does not contain the impurity upstream of the diffusion layer. Only an impurity that generates a fluid and has either a positive or negative charge polarity among the impurities on the downstream side of the diffusion layer and at least one of the particle size and the electrophoresis speed is within a predetermined range. A method for separating a chargeable impurity in a fluid, comprising:

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