JP2005073598A - Method for determining time for replenishing fodder for animal, system for determining replenishing time, and computer software - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for determining the time for replenishing fodder for an animal by which the replenishing time is optimized when raising the animal having a ruminant stomach by feeding the fodder; and to provide a system for determining the replenishing time. <P>SOLUTION: The method for determining the replenishing time comprises a procedure for estimating a decomposition rate of an energy and nitrogen of the fodder in the ruminant stomach, estimating the passage time of the fodder in the ruminant stomach, and estimating the decomposed amount and outflow, a procedure for grasping dietary intake of a basal diet per time, a procedure for estimating the daily fluctuation of burst sizes per time when only the basis diet is used, a procedure for estimating the burst sizes per time based on candidates of two or more times or combinations of times, and calculating a burst size-synchronizing index for evaluating the efficiency of the synthesis of microbial cells in the ruminant stomach, and a procedure for determining the time or the combination of the times at which excellent value is obtained in the calculated indexes as the replenishing time. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to an animal body feed replenishment time determination method and a replenishment time determination system, and more particularly to a method and system for optimizing the replenishment time when an animal body having a rumen is fed by feeding.

  The biggest characteristic of ruminant livestock is that many microorganisms are inhabited in the rumen, and fiber that cannot be used in monogastric animals is changed to volatile fatty acid (VFA) etc. by the action of the fibrinolytic enzyme of microorganisms, and this is directly Alternatively, it can be converted into bacterial protein and used as an energy source for the animal body, and even if the protein (amino acid) is not contained in the feed, if it is properly supplied with nitrogen, it will increase the growth of microorganisms in the rumen. At the same time, it is synthesized into microbial amino acids to become a high-quality protein source of the animal body, and is used and accumulated in the animal body. For this reason, in the event of a global food shortage that is anticipated in the future, improving the productivity of milk, meat, etc. that takes advantage of these characteristics of ruminant livestock that do not compete with humans has become a global issue.

  In addition, if the timing of the energy released from the feed and nitrogen in the rumen does not match, not only will the bacterial protein synthesis efficiency decrease, but excess energy and nitrogen will be released into the environment as methane gas and urine. It has been pointed out that it causes global warming and pollution of rivers. From these viewpoints, synchronization of energy and nitrogen is an important issue.

Ryozo Oura and Fadel El-Seed, A. M.M. A. Is a rice straw (AS) treated with ammonia and a rice straw (CS) treated with urea + calcium hydroxide as a basic feed, and cottonseed meal (CSM) as a nitrogen supplemented feed. 10:00 and 17:00 each) and the most inappropriate replenishment time (150 g at 8:00) were determined, and based on this, a breeding experiment using an animal body (sheep) was carried out to verify the actual effect . As a result, the amount of ammonia nitrogen and VFA in the rumen is increased by optimizing the replenishment time of cottonseed meal, increasing the amount of cells in the rumen and extending the residence time of the feed in the rumen. It was suggested. As a result, the dry matter and fiber digestibility of the feed increased by 20% respectively, the amount accumulated in the animal body increased by 60% of the total nitrogen in the feed, and conversely 40% of the nitrogen excreted as urine. Reduced. The results of this breeding experiment demonstrated that the replenishment time determination system of the present invention increases the availability of poor fiber feed and thus reduces nitrogen emissions from livestock leading to environmental contamination. In addition, a detailed report of this breeding experiment is scheduled for September 53 this year at the 53rd Kansai Livestock Society Conference.
Special Table 2002-509704 gazette

  The present invention solves the conventional problems, and provides an animal body feed replenishment time determination method and a replenishment time determination system that optimizes the replenishment time when an animal having a rumen is fed by feeding. For the purpose.

  The present invention is a method for determining the supplementary feed replenishment time when breeding an animal body having a rumen by giving a basic feed and a supplementary feed, and (i) rumination of energy and nitrogen of the basic feed and supplementary feed. Estimating the gastric degradation rate, (b) estimating the passage rate from the rumen, estimating the amount of degradation and outflow after ingestion, and (c) determining the time intake of basic feed (D) Estimating the daily release amount of the amount of time released from the basic feed, and (e) Estimating the amount of time released from the total ingested feed for multiple times or combinations of times that are candidates for supplementary time, (F) Optimal procedure for calculating the release synchronization index for assessing the efficiency of cell synthesis in the rumen, and (g) Optimizing the time or combination of times for which excellent values were obtained from the calculated index An animal having a procedure for determining as a replenishment time A feed supply time determination method.

  Moreover, this invention is the animal body feed replenishment time determination method which has the procedure which determines the kind, quantity, and the frequency | count of a feed of the basic feed and auxiliary feed to be used.

  The present invention is a system that includes a computer and determines the replenishment time of the feed of the animal body having the rumen by giving the basic feed and the supplementary feed, the computer providing the dried food of the basic feed and the supplementary feed respectively. Or basic data storage means for storing each data of organic matter (dry matter excluding ash) and nitrogen content, rumen degradation rate, rumen passage rate and basic feed time intake, and basic feed Means for calculating the daily fluctuation amount and the release synchronization index (daily synchronization dry matter amount) of the time release amount from, a means for inputting data of a plurality of times or time combinations that are candidates for the supply time, and the input supply A means for calculating the release tuning index (using data stored in the basic data storage means), a calculation result storage means for storing the calculation results, and a calculation for time or a combination of times; Sequentially reading out the results, a replenishing time determination system having means for displaying and means for determining the superior time or a combination of time corresponding to the value of the emission tune index replenishment time and among them, the determined supply time.

  Furthermore, the present invention is a replenishment time determination system in which the computer has means for inputting data on the type, amount, and number of salaries of supplementary feed to be used.

  The present invention also provides software for use in a computer of a system for determining the replenishment time of an animal body having a rumen by giving a basic feed and a supplementary feed, and each dried food of the basic feed and supplementary feed to be fed Or basic data storage function to store data on organic matter and nitrogen content, rumen disintegration rate, rumen passage rate, and basic feed time intake, and daily fluctuations in the amount of time released from basic feed And a function for calculating the release synchronization index, a function for inputting data of a plurality of times or time combinations that are candidates for replenishment times, and data stored by the basic data storage function for the inputted replenishment times or time combinations. The function to calculate the release tuning index using the, the calculation result storage function to store the calculation results, the readout of the calculation results sequentially, from among them the excellent release tuning index A function of determining time or a combination of time replenishment time corresponding to the value, a computer software comprising a function for displaying the determined replenishing time from the program to be implemented in a computer.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the animal body feed replenishment time determination method and replenishment time determination system which optimize the replenishment time at the time of breeding the animal body which feeds a feed and has a rumen can be obtained.

The best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described.
In the breeding of ruminant livestock, raising only basic feed (fiber feed) is rare, and concentrated feed is used to replenish the lack of energy and nitrogen. The present inventor pays attention to the feeding time of the supplementary feed, finds a method for determining the feeding time of the supplemental feed that is optimal for cell protein synthesis, and supplements time optimization programming estimated by computer simulation (supplementing time optimization programming: STOP) system developed.

An overview of the method and system will be described. The method and system includes the following items 1. ~ 6. Is provided.
1. Estimate the energy (dry matter, etc.) of all feeds that may be used and the rumen degradation rate of nitrogen, and store this data in a computer.
2. The rumen passage speed of the feed piece is estimated, this data is stored in a computer, and when each feed is put into the unit weight rumen only once, the outflow amount and rumination of the input feed after 0 to 240 hours after the feeding. The remaining amount in the stomach is estimated, and the amount of dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen decomposed from the remaining feed per unit time is calculated from this system.
3. In an actual animal breeding site, the time intake when a basic feed is fed to an animal body having a ruminant stomach is grasped by continuous weighing of the tank with an electronic balance, and this data is stored in a computer.
4). Assuming that the time intake pattern of the basal feed is constant every day, the daily fluctuation amount of dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen (hRDM and hRN, respectively) released from the basal feed in the rumen every hour is calculated by this system.
5). The type of supplementary feed to be given to the animal body and the daily salary amount are determined based on the Japanese breeding standard, etc., and each salary amount is input to the computer as salary twice a day.
6). The daily tuned dry matter amount (dSDM: the amount obtained by accumulating the lower value of hourly dry matter release amount and hourly nitrogen release amount × 40 for 24 hours a day, g / day) as the release synchronization index 24 × 24), and the optimum salary time combination is adopted.

  The theory and practice of this method and system are described. Hereinafter, it explains according to items. First, item 1. (Estimation of the rate of rumen decomposition of dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen) will be explained. First, the first step is to estimate the dry matter content and nitrogen content of basic feed and basic feed and supplementary feed that may be used by analysis, etc., and then stop program (simulation program of this system) Is to enter. Furthermore, as feed data that needs to be input, there are rumen decomposition rate constants of dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen in each feed.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a rumen degradation mode of dry matter or organic matter of a basic feed. In this example, rice straw (CS) treated with urea + calcium hydroxide is placed in a nylon cloth bag and cultured in the rumen. When feed is cultured in the rumen, it is difficult to disappear at a constant reaction rate (decomposition rate: kd, 0.027) and easily digestible fraction (A fraction, 0.142) that disappears immediately after cultivation. It is divided into a digested fraction (B fraction, 0.507) and an undigested fraction (C fraction, 0.351) that remains until the end. It is believed to follow (Equation 1) (Orskov & McDonald, 1979).
R (t) = C + B · e ^{−kd · t} (Formula 1)

  Usually, in order to grasp such degradation characteristics of feed, a ruminant animal equipped with a rumen cannula is prepared, and the feed is packed in a bag made of nylon cloth having a certain opening (around 45 μm), and the rumen is packed. The dried dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen are quantified after being suspended and suspended (Orskov & McDonald, 1979). So far, various tests have been carried out to measure the degradation rate of various feeds in various parts of the world, and a lot of data has been accumulated, and the UK's Agricultural Research Council will play a central role in collecting these data. There is also a movement to do.

  In the operation of this system, it is necessary to input the decomposition characteristics of dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen for each feed to be used, and the standard feed data already reported may be used as is, but it can be referred to When there is no data, it is necessary to measure using the nylon bag method each time.

  Item 2. (Estimation of passage speed amount and estimation of dynamics of ingested feed degradation and runoff) will be described. The rumen is a huge fermenter where a large number of microorganisms live, and the ingested feed once stays in it and is decomposed by microorganisms. In addition, since the content feed is discharged to the third stomach at a constant speed (passing speed: kp, / h) in parallel with the decomposition, the estimated value of the passing speed kp is also used for rumen simulation in the STOP program. Input to estimate how much the ingested feed (particularly the B fraction) flows into the third stomach without being degraded (see FIG. 2). In FIG. 2 (a), all the A fractions that are easily digestible of CS are degraded in the rumen, and in FIG. 2 (b), all the C fractions that are indigestible are passed through (here, kp = 0.0). 03 / h) and flows out to the third stomach. However, in FIGS. 2 (a) and 2 (b), the indigestible B fraction is affected by both the degradation speed kd and the passage speed kp, and the fraction decomposed by the rumen in FIG. 2 (a) It is considered that it is divided into a part flowing out into the third stomach in FIG. In this system, when estimating the amount of time released, the influence of the passage speed kp is taken into consideration, and the relationship between the time after ingestion and the amount of rumen digestion for each unit of feed intake as shown in FIG. presume.

  Item 3. (Understanding the time intake of basic feed) will be explained. Usually, livestock farmers often feed a large amount of fiber feed such as pasture as a basic feed so that the livestock can be freely ingested at any time. In recent years, dairy cattle have been fed a total mixed feed called TMR (total mixed ratio) that contains all fiber feed and concentrated feed. In this system, this TMR can also be regarded as a form of basic feed. it can. In this system, it is necessary to survey the intake of basic feed per hour (hour intake: hDMI) for 24 hours a day for livestock kept by each farmer and input it to a computer. In the example of FIG. 3, the result measured by the method which arrange | positions an electronic balance under a tank and records the amount of leftovers continuously is shown. FIG. 3 shows the average value of time intake (hDMI, g) when CS was fed at 8:30 and 15:30 as a basic feed to 4 female sheep at a free feeding level. However, since it is difficult for ordinary farmers to measure this, the feeding behavior of livestock is investigated using a video camera, and the amount of feeding is estimated from the feeding time.

  Item 4. (Estimation of daily fluctuations in the amount of time released from basic feed) will be described. In the STOP program, the daily fluctuation amount of the time release amount from the basic feed is estimated from the result of FIG. 2a and the result of FIG. 3 (see FIG. 4). FIG. 4 shows the estimated amounts of dry matter (hRDM, g) and nitrogen (hRN, g) released from the content feed pieces to the rumen each time in sheep that freely feed CS. When this is a 40: 1 ratio, both components are efficiently utilized for microbial growth in the rumen, and are considered ideal for bacterial protein synthesis (Czerkawaski, 1986). For this reason, in FIG. 4, hRN is set to a value 40 times that of hRDM and compared with hRDM. When the heights of both are the same, the comparison is appropriate, and it is considered that energy and nitrogen are synchronized. On the other hand, when either one is high, there is a high possibility that the extra component is not used in the animal body and is wasted.

  Item 5. (Determination of the type, amount, and number of salaries of supplementary feed) will be described. In general farmers, when determining the type and amount of feed to be fed to livestock, the required nutrients are estimated based on the expected production (such as daily milking and daily weight gain), and are satisfied. Necessary feed composition and salary are calculated from Japanese breeding standards (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Council Secretariat), etc., and are determined taking into account factors such as price. Also in this system, the total of basic feed and supplementary feed to be fed to livestock is determined to satisfy the nutrients necessary for the expected production. The term “supplementary feed” used in this system usually means “feed that supplements nutrients that are not sufficient only with basic feed”, but here “fermentation in rumen and release of energy and nitrogen” It can be rephrased as “fermentation control feed”. For this reason, when using this system for farmers who use TMR (total mixed feed), part of the feed contained in TMR is removed from the blend and fed separately as fermentation control feed. Then, the rumen is controlled by adjusting the salary time.

  Currently, the feed standards of Japan, UK (Agricultural Research Council) and USA (National Research Council), which are used to determine feed composition, treat the digestibility and metabolic rate of each feed as constants. And Fadel El-Seed, A. M. A. M.A.A. Abstract), if the digestion rate is expected to improve significantly by optimizing the supplementary time, the digestibility of the feed will be fixed. It is necessary to treat it as a variable quantity, not as a constant. At the present stage, such fluctuations are not incorporated in the determination of feed formulation, but in the future, the system will be formulated so that the digestibility can be determined by taking into account the optimal replenishment effect, so that the feed formulation can be determined without waste. Is desired.

  Item 6. (Estimation of daily synchronized dry matter and determination of optimum time for all combinations of replenishment times) will be described. In the current STOP program, the type and amount of supplementary feed to be used are input, and the optimum time is estimated by setting the number of supplements to twice a day. Therefore, the result of the simulation is shown in three dimensions of two replenishment times (x-axis and y-axis) and release tuning index (z-axis) as shown in FIG. Currently, this system uses the daily synchronized dry matter amount (dSDM) as an index: the amount obtained by integrating the lower value of hRDM and hRN × 40 shown in FIG. 4 for one day, g). In FIG. 5, cottonseed meal (CSM) is fed twice a day (each 75 g) as a nitrogen supplement to sheep that have been freely fed rice straw (CS) treated with urea + calcium hydroxide as a basic feed. The fluctuation of the dSDM estimator for all the replenishment time combinations is shown. In this case, the combination (2:00 and 17:00) in which dSDM has the highest value (227 g) is the optimum replenishment time, but it seems that various error factors are included in the estimated value of this system. It is not appropriate to limit to this combination alone.

  Fig. 6 shows that sheep are fed with ammonia-treated rice straw (AS) or urea + calcium hydroxide-treated rice straw (CS) as a basic feed, and cottonseed straw (CSM) is fed twice (75 g each) as a nitrogen-supplemented feed. Estimate daily synchronized dry matter (dSDM) when fed separately at various times (24 x 24), and for AS (Fig. 6a) and CS (Fig. 6b), the maximum value is 100% and the minimum value Is set to 0%, the combination of each replenishment time is optimum (■: 95-100%), suitable (▲: 90-95%), unsuitable (△: 5-10%), most unsuitable (□: 0-5% ) And others ([blank]: 10 to 90%). By performing such a classification, the breeding manager can arbitrarily determine the salary time in consideration of the allowable range of the estimated value and the actual state of the site. In other words, when the administrator estimates the allowable range of the estimated value to be within 5%, it is possible to select a combination that matches the manager's working hours as much as possible from the optimum candidate time (■) shown in FIG. As shown in the actual example (Summary of the presentation at the conference of Oura and Fadel El-Seed, A.M.A.), if there is more than one type of basic feed, combinations that are within the allowable range in any basic feed (See FIGS. 6a and b).

  In the example of this system, based on FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (b), “salary in half at two times of 1:00 and 17:00” is selected as the optimal time process, and the most inappropriate time process is selected. The experiment was conducted with the actual breeding of sheep as “all salary at 8:00”. Since it was difficult for the administrator to implement the 1:00 salary, an automatic feeding device using a vacuum cleaner and a timer was created and used. As a result, as shown in FIG. 7, in the optimal time treatment, the pH, ammonia nitrogen amount and VFA amount in the rumen increased, and the suspended sediment that the cells seem to occupy increased by 30%. The dry matter and fiber digestibility increased by 20%, the nitrogen accumulation rate improved by 60%, and the nitrogen urinary excretion rate decreased by 40%. Looking at this result, in the case of “half salary for two times of 1:00 and 17:00” (optimal time processing), it is more than in the case of “full salary for one time of 8:00” (improper time processing). It is considered that the amount of microbial cells synthesized in the rumen increased, the fiber resolution increased, and the energy and nitrogen released from the feed were effectively utilized. In other words, it is found that “half salary for two times of 10:00 and 17:00” is the optimum salary time, indicating that the optimum salary time selected in this system was correct.

  As described above, the animal body feed optimum feeding time determination system according to the present invention has the following items. (Estimation of rate of rumen degradation of dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen), item 2. (Estimation of passage speed and estimation of disintegration and runoff dynamics of ingested feed), item 3. (Understanding the time intake of basic feed), item 4. (Estimation of daily fluctuations in the amount of time released from basic feed), item 5. (Determination of the type, amount and number of times of supplementary feed) and item 6. (Estimated daily dry matter amount in all combinations of replenishment time and determination of optimum time), and uses a program that causes a computer to realize these items.

  In other words, the computer of this system is responsible for the dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen content, rumen disintegration rate, rumen transit rate, basic feed intake, time intake from basic feed, and time from basic feed. Basic data storage means for storing data of daily fluctuation amount of release amount and release synchronization index (daily synchronization dry matter amount), means for calculating daily fluctuation amount of release amount from basic feed and release synchronization index, and supplementation Means for inputting data of a plurality of times and time combinations that are candidates for time; means for calculating a release tuning index using the data stored in the basic data storage means for the inputted time or time combination; A calculation result storage means for storing the calculation result, and sequentially reading out the calculation result, from which time or a combination of times corresponding to an excellent value of the release tuning index is a replenishment time A means for a constant, and means for displaying the determined replenishing time. Moreover, the computer of this system has a means for inputting data on the type, amount, and number of salaries of supplementary feed to be used. The operation of this system is as described above.

  By using this system, it is possible to obtain an optimum feed time by selecting from a plurality of replenishment times as a replenishment time for the animal body having a rumen by giving a basic feed and an auxiliary feed.

Explanatory drawing which shows the relationship between the rumen culture time of a certain feed (urea + calcium hydroxide processing rice straw: CS) and the residual amount in a bag. Explanatory drawing which shows the relationship between the time after ingestion, the decomposition amount (a), and the outflow amount (b) of one unit of ingested feed (CS). Explanatory drawing of the data which show the amount of daily fluctuations of a time intake when a certain basic feed (CS) is fed to livestock. Explanatory drawing of the data which show the amount of daily fluctuations of the amount of time release when a certain basic feed (CS) is fed to livestock. Explanatory drawing of the data which show the fluctuation | variation of a daily synchronized dry matter amount (dSDM) at the time of feeding a certain supplementary feed (cotton seed meal: CSM) twice a day by the combination of various time (24x24). Explanatory drawing of the data which shows classification | category of the suitability of replenishment time, etc. at the time of paying with various combinations (24x24) of time. When a certain basic feed (CS) is fed to the sheep and supplementary feed (CSB) is not fed (unsupplemented control), when 150 g is fed in an inappropriate time (8:00) (unsuitable) and the optimal time (10:00) 17:00) A chart of a data list showing metabolic results when 75 g of each is fed (optimal).

Claims (5)

A method for determining supplementary feed supplementation time when raising an animal body having a rumen with a basic feed and a supplementary feed,
Estimate the rumen degradation rate of energy and nitrogen of the basic feed and supplementary feed, estimate the passage rate from the rumen, estimate the amount of degradation and runoff after ingestion, and the time of basic feed intake The amount of time released from the basic feed, the amount of time released from the basic feed, and the amount of time released from the total ingested feed for multiple times or combinations of times that are candidates for supplementation. A procedure for calculating the release synchronization index for assessing the efficiency of bacterial cell synthesis in the stomach, and a procedure for determining the time or combination of times at which excellent values were obtained from the calculated index as the optimal supplementary time; An animal body feed replenishment time determination method characterized by comprising: In the animal body feed supply time determination method according to claim 1,
A method for determining animal body feed replenishment time, comprising a procedure for determining the type, amount, and number of times of feeding of basic feed and supplementary feed to be used. A system comprising a computer, for providing a basic feed and a supplementary feed and determining a feed time for an animal body having a rumen,
The computer stores basic data storage means for storing each data of dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen content, rumen disintegration rate amount, rumen passage rate amount, and basic feed time intake amount of each of the basic feed and supplementary feed to be given. Means for calculating the daily fluctuation amount and release synchronization index of the time release amount for the input basic feed, means for inputting data of a plurality of times or time combinations that are candidates for the supply time, and the input supply With respect to time or a combination of times, means for calculating the release tuning index using data stored in the basic data storage means, calculation result storage means for storing the calculation results, and reading the calculation results in order, from among them, the release tuning index Means for determining a time or a combination of times corresponding to an excellent value of the replenishment time, and means for displaying the determined replenishment time. Replenishment time determination system. In the replenishment time determination system according to claim 3,
The computer has a means for inputting data on the type, amount, and number of salary of supplementary feed to be used. Software used in a computer of a system for providing a basic feed and a supplementary feed and determining a feed time for an animal body having a rumen,
Basic data storage function to store dry matter or organic matter and nitrogen content, rumen disintegration rate, rumen transit rate, and basic feed time intake data for each basic feed and supplementary feed to be fed A function for calculating the daily fluctuation amount and the release synchronization index of the basic feed, a function for inputting data of a plurality of times or time combinations which are candidates for the supplementary time, and an input supplementary time or time For the combination, a function for calculating the release tuning index using the data stored by the basic data storage function, a calculation result storing function for storing the calculation result, and sequentially reading the calculation result, and an excellent value of the release tuning index from among them A program that causes a computer to implement a function for determining a time or a combination of times corresponding to a replenishment time and a function for displaying the determined replenishment time Consisting of computer software.

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