JP2005043508A - Image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image forming apparatus by which normal image forming is performed by suppressing the rising of the temperature of the image forming apparatus by cooling a driving means. <P>SOLUTION: The image forming apparatus 1 comprises a plurality of image forming parts 4 which are provided with a photoreceptor 41 and a developing device 42 on the front side of a back panel 9 and where a photoreceptor driving means 43 to drive the photoreceptor and a developing device driving means 44 to drive the developing device are installed on the back side of the back panel, and is provided with flywheels 45 respectively at the back sides of the photoreceptor driving means in the plurality of the image forming parts. The image forming apparatus 1 possesses interstices K between the photoreceptor driving means and the flywheels and is provided with an air sending means for cooling a driving means to make air flow through the interstices. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus, and more particularly to an image forming apparatus that forms an image using an electrophotographic system.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in an image forming apparatus that forms an image using an electrophotographic method such as an electrophotographic copying machine, the inside of the apparatus is cooled against the heat generated during image formation. (For example, refer to patent document 1).
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-10-161491 [0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
By the way, when there are a plurality of image forming units for forming an image, such as a color image forming apparatus, a so-called tandem type in which photoreceptors and developing devices are arranged in a substantially straight line may be adopted. In this case, the respective photosensitive member driving motors for driving the photosensitive members are also provided so as to be aligned in a substantially straight line, and the respective developing device driving motors for driving the developing device are also provided so as to be aligned in a substantially straight line in the vicinity thereof. Will be. The photosensitive member driving motor and the developing device driving motor are provided on the opposite sides of the rear panel with respect to the photosensitive member and the developing device.
Further, the photoconductor drive motor is often provided with a flywheel for stabilizing the rotation. If the photoconductor drive motors are provided so as to be substantially aligned, the flywheels also overlap each other. It will line up in a substantially straight line.
[0005]
With the configuration as described above, a plurality of drive motors (drive means) are provided in a narrow space between the flywheel and the back panel arranged so as to overlap each other. At this time, the heat generated by the driving of each of the drive motors rises to such a degree that it cannot be cooled by the conventional cooling method, and the heat is transmitted to the developing device and the like, and the toner is fixed, granulated, or externally added. This may cause problems such as deterioration of the material.
As a result, image quality degradation such as image blurring or whiteout occurs, which may be a serious problem in image formation.
[0006]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus that can suppress the temperature rise of the image forming apparatus by cooling the driving unit and can perform normal image formation.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The invention described in claim 1
An image forming unit provided with a photoconductor and a developing device on the front surface side of the back panel, and a photoconductor driving means for driving the photoconductor and a developing device drive means for driving the developing device on the back surface of the back panel. Have multiple
An image forming apparatus provided with a flywheel on the back side of each of the photosensitive member driving means in the plurality of image forming units,
Having a gap between the photoreceptor driving means and the flywheel,
It is characterized by comprising a driving means cooling air blowing means for flowing air to the gap.
[0008]
According to the first aspect of the present invention, since there is a gap between the photosensitive member driving means and the flywheel and the driving means cooling air blowing means for flowing air through the gap, the photosensitive member driving means and the developing device are provided. Drive means such as device drive means can be cooled. As a result, the temperature rise of the image forming apparatus can be suppressed and normal image formation can be performed.
Furthermore, since the temperature of the image forming apparatus does not cause a problem that the gears in the driving means are deformed or an excessive force is applied to the electric parts such as the motor and the base, the durability of the parts is improved. be able to.
[0009]
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to the first aspect,
The driving means cooling air blowing means includes an intake port for taking in external air to one end side of the gap and an exhaust port for discharging air to the outside from the other end side of the gap.
[0010]
According to the second aspect of the present invention, the driving means cooling air blowing means includes the intake port for taking in external air to one end side of the gap and the exhaust port for discharging air to the outside from the other end side of the gap. The wind can be efficiently passed through the gap. As a result, the effect of the invention described in claim 1 can be obtained more reliably.
[0011]
According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to the first or second aspect,
The driving means cooling air blowing means is at least one of an intake device that forcibly takes in external air to one end of the gap and an exhaust device that forcibly exhausts air from the other end of the gap to the outside. It is characterized by having.
[0012]
According to the third aspect of the present invention, the driving means cooling air blowing means forcibly takes in external air to one end side of the gap, and forcibly discharges air from the other end side of the gap to the outside. Since at least one of the exhaust devices is provided, air can be forced to flow through the gap, and as a result, the effect of the invention of claim 1 can be more reliably achieved.
[0013]
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to any one of the first to third aspects,
The flywheels provided in the photosensitive member driving means in the plurality of image forming units are arranged substantially in a straight line so as to partially overlap each other.
[0014]
According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, since the flywheels provided in the photosensitive member driving means in the plurality of image forming units are arranged substantially in a straight line so as to partially overlap each other, And has the effect of assisting the wind to flow in a certain direction together with the rear panel. Thereby, a wind can be effectively flowed in a clearance gap.
[0015]
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to any one of the first to fourth aspects,
A main body cooling air blowing means for cooling a member on the front surface side of the back panel is provided.
[0016]
According to the invention described in claim 5, since the main body cooling air blowing means for cooling the surface side member of the back panel is provided, the main body cooling air blowing means performs cooling of the main body member on the front surface side of the back panel. In other words, the cooling means for driving means cooling can be used only for cooling the driving means on the back surface of the back panel that generates a large amount of heat. Thus, more effective cooling can be performed as the entire image forming apparatus.
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of an image forming apparatus according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. However, the scope of the invention is not limited to the illustrated examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the front side of the back panel 9 in the image forming apparatus 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a state where the flywheel 45 is removed from the configuration of the back surface of the back panel 9 in the image forming apparatus 1 of FIG. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a state in which the flywheel 45 is attached to the configuration of the image forming apparatus 1 of FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing how air is blown by the driving means cooling air blowing means.
[0018]
The image forming apparatus 1 is a color image forming apparatus. As shown in FIG. 1, an image on which an original is optically scanned to read the original image and form image data is formed on the upper portion of the image forming apparatus 1. A reading unit 2 is provided.
Further, below the inside of the image forming apparatus 1, three storage trays 3 for stacking and storing a plurality of recording papers P are provided so as to overlap each other. A take-out device 31 for taking out recording sheets P on which images are to be recorded one by one from the storage tray 3 is provided above one end of each storage tray 3.
[0019]
A plurality of image forming units 4 for forming toner images are provided above the storage tray 3. In this embodiment, four image forming units 4 for forming toner images of four colors of yellow, cyan, magenta, and black. Two image forming units 4 are provided in a so-called tandem type that overlaps vertically. Each image forming unit 4 is provided with a photoreceptor 41 on which a toner image is formed, and yellow, cyan, magenta, and black toner images are formed on the peripheral surface thereof. They are arranged in a substantially straight line along the vertical direction so that yellow, magenta, cyan, and black are sequentially arranged. Each image forming unit 4 is provided with a developing device 42 for forming a toner image of each color on the photoconductor 41 based on the image data formed by the image reading unit 2 for each photoconductor 41. It has been.
[0020]
The photoconductor 41 in each image forming unit 4 is driven by a photoconductor drive motor 43 as a photoconductor drive means installed on the back surface of the back panel 9 as shown in FIG.
Further, the developing device 42 in each image forming unit 4 is driven by a developing device driving motor 44 as a developing device driving means installed on the back surface of the back panel 9 as shown in FIG.
[0021]
A primary transfer portion 5 that primarily transfers a toner image formed on the photoconductor 41 is provided on the side of each photoconductor 41 opposite to the developing device 42. The primary transfer unit 5 includes an annular intermediate transfer belt 51 that contacts a photoconductor 41 and a toner image is transferred onto the surface thereof, and a plurality of tension members that rotate the intermediate transfer belt 51 while making contact with each photoconductor 41. A roller 52 is provided.
[0022]
The tension roller 52 in the primary transfer unit 5 is driven by a belt drive motor 53 as belt drive means installed on the back surface of the back panel 9 as shown in FIG.
[0023]
Below the primary transfer unit 5, a secondary transfer unit 6 that secondarily transfers the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 51 onto the recording paper P is provided. The secondary transfer unit 6 includes a transfer roller 61 that presses the recording paper P against the intermediate transfer belt 51 and transfers the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 51 to the recording paper P. It is provided so as to face one tension roller 52 arranged below.
[0024]
A fixing unit 7 for fixing the toner image transferred onto the recording paper P is provided on the side of the secondary transfer unit 6. The fixing unit 7 is provided with a pair of fixing rollers 71 that nipping and transporting the recording paper P conveyed from the secondary transfer unit 6 while heating and pressurizing. The toner image on the recording paper P is fixed by the pressure. Of the pair of fixing rollers 71, one fixing roller 71 is a heating roller that heats the recording paper P, and the other fixing roller 71 presses the recording paper P against the one fixing roller 71 and pressurizes it. It is.
Further, a discharge port 8 through which the recording paper P on which the toner image is fixed is discharged is provided on the side of the image forming apparatus 1.
[0025]
Next, the configuration of the back surface of the back panel 9 in the image forming apparatus 1 will be described in more detail with reference to FIGS.
[0026]
As shown in FIG. 2, as described above, on the back surface of the back panel 9, the photoconductor drive motor 43 that drives the photoconductor 41 is installed on a substantially straight line in the vertical direction.
Further, a developing device driving motor 44 for driving the developing device 42 is disposed in the vicinity of the photosensitive member driving motor 43 on a substantially straight line in the same vertical direction.
Further, a belt drive motor 53 for driving the tension roller 52 in the primary transfer unit 5 is installed in the vicinity.
[0027]
Further, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, each of the photosensitive member driving motors 43 is provided with a flywheel 45 for rotational stabilization. The flywheel 45 is provided on the back side of the photoconductor drive motor 43, that is, in a direction away from the back panel 9, and a predetermined gap K for blowing air is provided between the photoconductor drive motor 43 and the flywheel 45. have. Further, since the photoconductor drive motors 43 are arranged in a substantially straight line at a position close to each other, the plurality of flywheels 45 are arranged in a substantially straight line so as to partially overlap each other.
[0028]
In addition, a driving unit cooling air blowing unit is provided for flowing air to the gap K between the photoconductor driving motor 43 and the flywheel 45.
In the present embodiment, the driving means cooling air blowing means includes an intake port 11 and an exhaust port 12. The intake port 11 is provided with two intake fans 13 as an intake device. Two exhaust fans 14 are provided as exhaust devices.
[0029]
The intake port 11 and the intake fan 13 are provided in the back cover B portion below the drive means such as the photosensitive member drive motor 43, the developing device drive motor 44, the belt drive motor 53, and the like. External air is forcibly taken into the lower side.
The exhaust port 12 and the exhaust fan 14 are provided in the back cover B portion above the driving means such as the photosensitive member driving motor 43, and air is forced to the outside through the upper side which is the other end side of the gap K. To be discharged.
[0030]
Further, in the present embodiment, each from the intake port 11 to the lower side of the gap K (including the installation portion of the drive means) and from the upper side of the gap K (including the installation portion of the drive means) to the exhaust port 12 is performed. Covering ducts 15 and 16 are provided. The guide ducts 15 and 16 assist the flow of air from the intake port 11 to the gap K and the flow of air from the gap K to the exhaust port 12. It is designed to be done efficiently.
The exhaust amount generated by the intake fan or the exhaust fan of the driving means cooling air blowing means is preferably 0.5 to 2.5 m ³ / min.
[0031]
Further, in the present embodiment, for example, as shown in FIG. 2, a main body cooling fan 90 is provided as one or a plurality of main body cooling fans 90 for cooling a member on the front surface side of the back panel 9. The members of the main body such as the photosensitive member 41 and the developing device 42 located on the surface side of the panel are cooled.
Note that a filter for preventing the intake and discharge of dust and the like may be provided at the air intake port 11, the exhaust port 12, and the air intake and discharge ports of the main body cooling fan 90.
[0032]
Further, as the driving means cooling air blowing means, for example, an intake fan 13 may be provided at the intake port 11 and an exhaust fan 14 may not be provided at the exhaust port 12. Further, the exhaust fan 14 may be provided in the exhaust port 12 and the intake fan 13 may not be provided in the intake port 11. However, if the driving means cooling air blowing means has both the intake fan 13 forcibly taking in air and the exhaust fan 14 forcibly exhausting as in the present embodiment, the air is blown more strongly. There is an advantage that can be done.
[0033]
An image forming operation by the operation of the image forming apparatus 1 as described above will be described.
For example, when all four developing devices 42 are operated to form a color image, the image reading unit 2 reads an image of a document and obtains image data. Based on the image data, four developing devices are obtained. By performing exposure in each of the devices 42, toner images of different colors are obtained on the surfaces of the four photoconductors 41, respectively. Then, each toner image formed on the surface of the photoconductor 41 is transferred to the surface of the intermediate transfer belt 51 that circulates and moves in the primary transfer unit 5, so that the primary transfer toner image is superimposed.
[0034]
On the other hand, out of the plurality of storage trays 3, the recording paper P is taken out by the take-out device 31 from the storage tray 3 in which the recording paper P having the optimum size for image formation to be performed is stored. The recording paper P is conveyed to the secondary transfer unit 6 while being sequentially held by conveyance rollers (not shown).
[0035]
When the recording paper P reaches the secondary transfer unit 6, the secondary transfer unit 6 drives the transfer roller 61 to press the recording paper P against the intermediate transfer belt 51, and the primary transfer toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 51. The recording paper P is conveyed to the fixing unit 7 while being secondarily transferred to the recording paper P. The fixing unit 7 holds the recording paper P onto which the secondary transfer toner image has been transferred by the fixing roller 71 and fixes the image on the recording paper P while being heated and pressurized.
Thereafter, the recording paper P on which the image is formed is discharged from the discharge port 8.
[0036]
In this embodiment, during such an image forming operation, the intake fan 13 and the exhaust fan 14 of the driving unit cooling air blowing unit are always operated to operate the photosensitive member driving motor 43, the developing device driving motor 44, and the belt. Air is blown to the drive means such as the drive motor 53, so that the temperature of the drive means can be suppressed. As a result, the internal temperature of the image forming apparatus 1 can be suppressed.
Further, in the present embodiment, the main body cooling air blowing fan 90 is also always operated during the image forming operation, whereby the main body such as the above-described photoconductor 41 and developing device 42 located on the surface side of the rear panel. The temperature of the member of the part can be suppressed, and the internal temperature of the image forming apparatus 1 can be further suppressed.
It should be noted that in accordance with the change in the image forming operation, control is performed to increase or decrease the air flow rate of the driving unit cooling air blowing unit or the main body cooling air blowing fan 90, or the driving unit cooling air blowing unit for a certain time after the image forming operation ends. Alternatively, control may be performed such that the main body cooling fan 90 is operated.
[0037]
Next, referring to the table of FIG. 5 and the graph of FIG. 6, the experimental results of measuring the saturation temperature of a predetermined portion of the image forming apparatus according to the configuration of the driving unit cooling air blowing unit and the exhaust amount during continuous printing. explain.
[0038]
In this experiment, in the image forming apparatus 1, when the configuration and the exhaust amount of the driving unit cooling air blowing unit are neither the intake fan nor the exhaust fan and the exhaust amount is not present (denoted as “no drive unit FAN”). When two □ 60 propeller fans are provided as exhaust fans and the displacement is 0.5 m ³ / min (“exhaust only (□ 60 propeller FAN2)”), □ 80 propeller fans are used as intake and exhaust fans. 1 each, and when the displacement is 1.5 m ³ / min (indicated as “intake + exhaust (1 each for □ 80 propeller FAN)”), 2 □ 80 propeller fans each for intake and exhaust fans If the case of the exhaust volume 2.1 m ³ / min with each number of each (referred to as "two respective propellers FAN inhalation + exhaust (□ 80)"), 30 ° C. Continuous printing with border under performed 2 hours and 30 minutes to measure the saturation temperature of the predetermined portion in the image forming apparatus at that time.
[0039]
In the table of FIG. 5 and the graph of FIG. 6, Y represents yellow, K represents black, and are arranged in order from the top, yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K). The colors in the plurality of image forming units are shown. For example, the drum motor / Y indicates a yellow drum motor arranged at the top of a plurality of arranged drum motors, and the drum motor / K is arranged at the bottom of the plurality of arranged drum motors. A black drum motor is shown.
[0040]
As a result, as shown in the table of FIG. 5 and the graph of FIG. 6, when there is an intake fan and an exhaust fan at all the measured positions, compared to a case where there is neither an intake fan nor an exhaust fan. It was found that the saturation temperature was lowered. In particular, the developer temperature of the developing device is preferably 47 ° C. or lower in order to perform normal image formation. However, when there is an intake fan or an exhaust fan, the temperature is lowered to 47 ° C. or lower. It can be said that normal image formation can be performed. Also, when the exhaust amount is between 0 and 2.1 m ³ / min, the saturation temperature is lower when the exhaust amount is increased by providing both the intake fan and the exhaust fan than when the exhaust amount is smaller. I found out that
Thus, it has been proved that the temperature rise of the image forming apparatus can be suppressed by providing the driving means cooling air blowing means according to the present invention.
[0041]
As described above, according to the image forming apparatus of the present embodiment, since there is a gap between the photosensitive member driving means and the flywheel, and the driving means cooling air blowing means for flowing air to the gap is provided, Driving means such as a photosensitive member driving means and a developing device driving means can be cooled. As a result, the temperature rise of the image forming apparatus can be suppressed and normal image formation can be performed.
Furthermore, since the temperature of the image forming apparatus does not cause a problem that the gears in the driving means are deformed or an excessive force is applied to the electric parts such as the motor and the base, the durability of the parts is improved. be able to.
[0042]
Further, in the present embodiment, the driving means cooling air blowing means includes an intake port for taking in external air on one end side of the gap and an exhaust port for discharging air to the outside from the other end side of the gap. On the other hand, the wind can flow efficiently. As a result, the effects described above can be achieved more reliably.
[0043]
Further, in the present embodiment, the driving means cooling air blowing means forcibly takes in external air to one end side of the gap, and an exhaust apparatus for forcibly exhausting air from the other end side of the gap to the outside. Since at least one of them is provided, air can be forced to flow through the gap, and as a result, the above-described effects can be achieved more reliably.
[0044]
Furthermore, in this embodiment, since the flywheels provided in the photosensitive member driving means in the plurality of image forming units are arranged in a substantially straight line so as to partially overlap each other, the flywheel is like a wall. It has the effect of assisting the wind to flow in a certain direction together with the rear panel. Thereby, a wind can be effectively flowed in a clearance gap.
[0045]
Further, in the present embodiment, since the main body cooling air supply means for cooling the surface side member of the back panel is provided, the main body cooling air supply means performs cooling of the main body member on the front surface side of the back panel, The cooling means for driving means cooling can be used only for cooling the driving means on the back surface of the back panel that generates a large amount of heat. Thus, more effective cooling can be performed as the entire image forming apparatus.
[0046]
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various improvements and design changes may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
[0047]
【The invention's effect】
According to the first aspect of the present invention, since there is a gap between the photosensitive member driving means and the flywheel and the driving means cooling air blowing means for flowing air through the gap, the photosensitive member driving means and the developing device are provided. Drive means such as device drive means can be cooled. As a result, the temperature rise of the image forming apparatus can be suppressed and normal image formation can be performed.
Furthermore, since the temperature of the image forming apparatus does not cause a problem that the gears in the driving means are deformed or an excessive force is applied to the electric parts such as the motor and the base, the durability of the parts is improved. be able to.
[0048]
According to the second aspect of the present invention, the driving means cooling air blowing means includes the intake port for taking in external air to one end side of the gap and the exhaust port for discharging air to the outside from the other end side of the gap. The wind can be efficiently passed through the gap. As a result, the effect of the invention described in claim 1 can be obtained more reliably.
[0049]
According to the third aspect of the present invention, the driving means cooling air blowing means forcibly takes in external air to one end side of the gap, and forcibly discharges air from the other end side of the gap to the outside. Since at least one of the exhaust devices is provided, air can be forced to flow through the gap, and as a result, the effect of the invention of claim 1 can be more reliably achieved.
[0050]
According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, since the flywheels provided in the photosensitive member driving means in the plurality of image forming units are arranged substantially in a straight line so as to partially overlap each other, And has the effect of assisting the wind to flow in a certain direction together with the rear panel. Thereby, a wind can be effectively flowed in a clearance gap.
[0051]
According to the invention described in claim 5, since the main body cooling air blowing means for cooling the surface side member of the back panel is provided, the main body cooling air blowing means performs cooling of the main body member on the front surface side of the back panel. In other words, the cooling means for driving means cooling can be used only for cooling the driving means on the back surface of the back panel that generates a large amount of heat. Thus, more effective cooling can be performed as the entire image forming apparatus.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a front surface side of a back panel in an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2 is a schematic view showing a state where a flywheel is removed from the configuration of the back surface of the back panel in the image forming apparatus of FIG. 1. FIG.
3 is a schematic view showing a state in which a flywheel is attached to the configuration of the image forming apparatus in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing how air is blown by driving means cooling air blowing means.
FIG. 5 is a table showing a result of an experiment in which a saturation temperature of a predetermined portion of the image forming apparatus is measured according to the configuration of the driving unit cooling air blowing unit and the exhaust amount during continuous printing.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing a result of an experiment in which a saturation temperature at a predetermined portion of the image forming apparatus is measured according to the configuration of the driving unit cooling air blowing unit and the exhaust amount during continuous printing.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Image forming apparatus 4 Image forming part 9 Back panel 11 Intake port 12 Exhaust port 13 Intake fan (intake device)
14 Exhaust fan (exhaust device)
15, 16 Guide duct 41 Photoconductor 42 Developing device 43 Photoconductor drive motor (photoconductor drive means)
44 Developing device driving motor (Developing device driving means)
45 Flywheel 53 Belt drive motor (belt drive means)
90 Body cooling fan (body cooling fan)
K gap

Claims (5)

An image forming unit provided with a photoconductor and a developing device on the front surface side of the back panel and having a photoconductor driving means for driving the photoconductor and a developing device drive means for driving the developing device on the back surface of the back panel. Have multiple
An image forming apparatus provided with a flywheel on the back side of each of the photosensitive member driving means in the plurality of image forming units,
Having a gap between the photoreceptor driving means and the flywheel,
An image forming apparatus comprising: a driving unit that cools air through the gap; and a cooling unit that blows air. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1.
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the driving unit cooling air blowing unit includes an intake port for taking in external air to one end side of the gap and an exhaust port for discharging air to the outside from the other end side of the gap. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
The driving means cooling air blowing means is at least one of an intake device that forcibly takes in external air to one end of the gap and an exhaust device that forcibly exhausts air from the other end of the gap to the outside. An image forming apparatus comprising: The image forming apparatus according to claim 1,
An image forming apparatus, wherein flywheels provided in a photosensitive member driving unit in the plurality of image forming units are arranged in a substantially straight line so as to partially overlap each other. In the image forming apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
An image forming apparatus comprising a main body cooling air blowing means for cooling a member on the front surface side of the rear panel.

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