JP2005028378A - Friction stir welding method for lap joint - Google Patents

Friction stir welding method for lap joint Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2005028378A
JP2005028378A JP2003193994A JP2003193994A JP2005028378A JP 2005028378 A JP2005028378 A JP 2005028378A JP 2003193994 A JP2003193994 A JP 2003193994A JP 2003193994 A JP2003193994 A JP 2003193994A JP 2005028378 A JP2005028378 A JP 2005028378A
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Prior art keywords
friction stir
lap joint
tool
stir welding
welding method
Prior art date
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Pending
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JP2003193994A
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Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Kinya Aota
欣也 青田
Masatoshi Inagaki
正寿 稲垣
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve a conventional problem in which satisfactory welding is difficult due to difference in deformation resistance of metals, in the case where metals of different melting points are welded to each other in the friction stir welding of lap joints. <P>SOLUTION: In this method, welding is performed such that a plurality of members are superposed, with members on the front side pressed by a revolving welding tool 6 from above the superposed part, that the vicinity of the surface of the pressed member is stirred through frictional heat, with the temperature of the superposed face raised by the frictional heat, and that the welding is carried out by the diffused reaction of the oppositely facing members with the superposed face held in-between. According to this method, the upper face of the upper plate 1 is pressed by the welding tool 6, with a friction stir layer 5 formed. This pressing makes the joining boundary faces 3 stuck together, thereby causing diffused reaction between the metals of the upper and lower plates 1, 2 through the frictional heat and enabling a reaction layer 4 to be formed. Thus, the upper and lower plates 1, 2 can be metallically welded to each other. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、接合ツールを用いる摩擦攪拌接合方法により、重ね継手を接合する方法に関する。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
摩擦攪拌接合技術によって重ね継手を接合する従来技術としては、先端面が平面状もしくは先端面に凹部を有する接合ツールを用い、その接合ツールを一方の部材側に圧入して摩擦攪拌させ、かつ、他の部材も摩擦攪拌することにより両者を接合する方法がある（例えば特許文献１参照）。
【０００３】
【特許文献１】
特開２００１−３１４９８１号公報（特許請求の範囲）
【０００４】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
融点が異なる金属は、それぞれの金属の変形抵抗が異なるために、両方の部材を摩擦攪拌させて重ね接合することは困難である。例えばアルミニウムとニッケルを重ね接合する場合には、アルミニウムの融点は６６０℃、ニッケルの融点は１４５５℃である。そのため、上板がアルミニウムの場合に、下板であるニッケルが高融点で変形抵抗も大きいため塑性流動せず、接合できない問題がある。また、接合ツールを圧入する部材の板厚が厚い場合には、摩擦攪拌する深さには限界があるため接合できない問題がある。
【０００５】
本発明の目的は、融点が異なる金属の摩擦攪拌接合による重ね接合を可能にすることにある。
【０００６】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、複数の部材の重ね接合において、上板側にのみ接合ツールを押圧し、上板の表面近傍のみを摩擦熱により攪拌させ、その摩擦熱により重ね合わせ面の温度を上昇させ、対向する部材同士の拡散反応により接合することにある。
【０００７】
摩擦攪拌接合による重ね継手において、接合ツールを上板と下板の両方に圧入した場合には、接合部に下板まで達する大きな穴があくという外観上からも好ましくない問題が生じる。このため、本発明では、上板側にのみ接合ツールを圧入する。
【０００８】
一方の部材側にのみ接合ツールを圧入して重ね接合する方法においては、摩擦攪拌により重ね面に押圧力が作用して、重ね面が密着される。さらに、摩擦熱により、重ね面において上板の金属と下板の金属とが拡散反応により反応層が形成される。これにより上板と下板とが接合される。この方法によれば、異種金属の接合も可能になる。また、同種材の接合では、接合面に反応層は形成されず、部材間の相互拡散により接合が行われる。
【０００９】
本発明で用いる接合ツールは、円柱状をしており、先端には小径のピンがついていないものが望ましい。また、接合される部材に圧入されるツール先端の外周面には、丸みがついていることが望ましい。
【００１０】
本発明では、接合ツールを上板側の部材の内部深くまで押し込む必要はない。むしろ、それは避けて、表面のみを押圧する程度に留めるべきである。
【００１１】
接合部材の重ね面に軟質金属をめっきしておくと、重ね面をより密着しやすくすることができる。このため、反応層が形成されやすくなる。軟質金属としては、ニッケル，亜鉛，銅，錫などが特に有効である。
【００１２】
また、一方の部材の重ね面に溝部を設け、もう一方の部材の重ね面に突起部を設けて、前記溝に他方の突起部を嵌合し、その状態で接合するようにすれば、接合ツールと重ね面の距離を短くすることができる。この方法は、より厚板を接合する場合に適する。
【００１３】
また、本発明は、接合ツールを押圧し、一定時間押圧したまま保持したのち引上げて、いわゆるスポット接合を行うのにも適用できる。
【００１４】
また、本発明は、接合ツールを押圧したままで接合方向に移動することにより、連続的に接合する連続接合にも適用できる。この場合、接合ツールの回転軸を接合方向と反対側に傾斜させておき、その状態で移動させることが望ましい。
【００１５】
【発明の実施の形態】
実施例１
第１の実施例を図１及び図２により説明する。図１は接合後の断面図を示し、図２は接合中の断面図を示す。本実施例において、上板１と下板２の接合界面３には最大厚さ約０．２μｍ の反応層４が形成されており、金属的に上板１と下板２とが接合されている。また、上板１の上面側には摩擦攪拌層５が最大０．１ｍｍ の厚さで形成されている。以下、接合プロセスを詳細に示す。
【００１６】
上板１の材質はＪＩＳ規格Ｃ１０２０−１／２Ｈの無酸素銅であり、下板２はＪＩＳ規格ＳＰＣＣの冷間圧延鋼板である。板厚はいずれも１ｍｍである。これらの試験片を治具９の上に配置した。接合ツール６の材質はサイアロンセラミックであり、直径は１０ｍｍである。さらに、接合ツール６の先端外周面８には曲率半径１ｍｍの丸みを設けた。この接合ツール６を５，０００ｒｐｍで回転させながら、降下速度１０ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ で上板１を押圧する。この押圧により接合界面３で上板１と下板２とが密着する。その後、押圧した状態で１秒間保持した後、上昇速度１０ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ で接合ツール６を引上げて接合は完了する。また、この接合ツール保持により、接合ツール６と上板１との接触面７において発生した摩擦熱が接合界面３の温度を上昇させる。そのため、上板１と下板２とのあいだの金属が拡散反応して反応層を形成して両者を金属的に接合することができる。反応層４の厚さは最大で０．２μｍ である。この反応層の厚さは接合ツール６の回転数が大きいほど厚くなり、接合ツール６の保持時間が長いほど厚くなる。しかしながら、この反応層は脆い金属間化合物であるため厚すぎると疲労強度が低下するので、できるだけ薄い方が望ましいが、まったくないと接合されないため、厚さを最小限にする接合条件を選定することが望ましい。
【００１７】
上板１および下板２の材質であるが、本実施例では、異種金属を用いているが、同種の金属の接合にも適用できる。
【００１８】
また、融点が異なる金属の接合の場合には低融点の金属を上板１にした方がよい。なぜならば、接触面７で発生する摩擦熱は上板１の融点に比例するため、接合界面３での温度を低くできるからである。これにより、反応層４の厚さを最小限にすることができる。そのため、本実施例では上板１に無酸素銅、下板２に冷間圧延鋼板を選定した。ただし、上板１の板厚が厚くて、接合界面３の温度が低すぎる場合には高融点金属を上板１に用いた方がよい。
【００１９】
また、下板２がステンレス鋼の場合には、その表面にクロム酸化皮膜が生成しており、この皮膜は熱力学的に安定で、他の金属と反応層を形成しにくい性質がある。そのため、ステンレス鋼にニッケルめっきを施すことが有効である。ニッケルは無酸素銅と反応しやすいため、ステンレス鋼と無酸素銅の接合に有効である。このように、めっき層を適切に選定することにより反応層の形成を制御することが可能である。
【００２０】
表１は、接合部のせん断破断荷重を示したものである。いずれの試験片も板厚１ｍｍの重ね接合であり、試験片の幅は２０ｍｍとした。無酸素銅／ニッケルめっきステンレス鋼，無酸素銅／冷間圧延鋼板，無酸素銅／無酸素銅の重ね接合において、ともに破断位置は無酸素銅側であり、摩擦攪拌層５と熱影響部との境界で破断しており、良好な接合が可能である。
【００２１】
【表１】

Figure 2005028378
【００２２】
実施例２
図３は、第２の実施例における接合前の断面図を示す。また、図４は、接合後の断面図を示す。実施例１と異なる点は、上板１に溝部２０を設け、下板２に突起部２１を設けて、溝部に突起部を嵌合させたことである。これにより、上板１の厚さよりも接合部の厚さを薄くできるため、より厚い板厚まで接合することができる。
【００２３】
実施例３
図５は、第３の実施例における接合中の斜視図を示す。本実施例では接合ツール６を回転させながら接合方向に移動することにより連続的に上板１と下板２とを接合する例である。連続接合に対しても本発明は適用可能である。図６に接合中の断面図を示す。連続接合の場合には接合ツール６の回転軸を接合方向とは反対側、すなわち後進角側に傾斜させることが望ましい。本実施例では傾斜角を２°とし、接合ツール６の移動速度を１２０ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ で接合して、接合可能であることを確認できた。
【００２４】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、同種金属または異種金属を摩擦攪拌接合技術により重ね接合することが可能である。また、厚板の接合が可能である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】第１の実施例における接合後の断面図。
【図２】第１の実施例における接合中の断面図。
【図３】第２の実施例における接合前の断面図。
【図４】第２の実施例における接合後の断面図。
【図５】第３の実施例における接合中の斜視図。
【図６】第３の実施例における接合中の断面図。
【符号の説明】
１…上板、２…下板、３…接合界面、４…反応層、５…摩擦攪拌層、６…接合ツール、７…接触面、８…先端外周面、９…治具、２０…溝部、２１…突起部。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for joining lap joints by a friction stir welding method using a joining tool.
[0002]
[Prior art]
As a conventional technique for joining lap joints by friction stir welding technology, a joining tool having a flat tip surface or a concave portion on the tip surface is used, and the joining tool is press-fitted into one member side to cause friction stirring, and There is a method of joining other members by friction stirring (for example, see Patent Document 1).
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 2001-314981 A (Claims)
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Since metals having different melting points have different deformation resistances of the respective metals, it is difficult to lap and join both members by friction stirring. For example, when aluminum and nickel are lap bonded, the melting point of aluminum is 660 ° C., and the melting point of nickel is 1455 ° C. Therefore, when the upper plate is made of aluminum, the lower plate nickel has a high melting point and a large deformation resistance. In addition, when the thickness of the member into which the welding tool is press-fitted is thick, there is a problem that the depth of friction stirring cannot be joined because there is a limit.
[0005]
An object of the present invention is to enable lap joining by friction stir welding of metals having different melting points.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the lap joining of a plurality of members, the present invention presses a joining tool only on the upper plate side, stirs only the vicinity of the surface of the upper plate with frictional heat, raises the temperature of the overlapping surface by the frictional heat, and opposes It is in joining by the diffusion reaction of the members to do.
[0007]
In the lap joint by friction stir welding, when the welding tool is press-fitted into both the upper plate and the lower plate, an undesired problem arises from the appearance that a large hole reaching the lower plate is formed in the joint portion. For this reason, in the present invention, the joining tool is press-fitted only on the upper plate side.
[0008]
In the method in which the joining tool is press-fitted only on one member side to perform lap joining, a pressing force acts on the lap surface by friction stirring, and the lap surface is brought into close contact. Further, due to frictional heat, a reaction layer is formed by diffusion reaction between the metal of the upper plate and the metal of the lower plate on the overlapping surface. Thereby, an upper board and a lower board are joined. According to this method, it is possible to join dissimilar metals. Moreover, in the joining of the same kind of material, a reaction layer is not formed on the joining surface, and joining is performed by mutual diffusion between members.
[0009]
The joining tool used in the present invention has a cylindrical shape, and it is desirable that the tip does not have a small-diameter pin. Moreover, it is desirable that the outer peripheral surface of the tool tip press-fitted into the member to be joined is rounded.
[0010]
In the present invention, it is not necessary to push the joining tool deep inside the upper plate side member. Rather, it should be avoided and only pressed to the surface.
[0011]
If a soft metal is plated on the overlapping surface of the joining member, the overlapping surface can be more easily adhered. For this reason, the reaction layer is easily formed. As the soft metal, nickel, zinc, copper, tin and the like are particularly effective.
[0012]
Also, if a groove is provided on the overlapping surface of one member, a protrusion is provided on the overlapping surface of the other member, the other protrusion is fitted into the groove, and the bonding is performed in that state. The distance between the tool and the overlapping surface can be shortened. This method is suitable for joining thicker plates.
[0013]
The present invention can also be applied to so-called spot welding by pressing a welding tool, holding it while pressing for a certain time, and then pulling it up.
[0014]
Moreover, this invention is applicable also to the continuous joining which joins continuously by moving to a joining direction, pressing the joining tool. In this case, it is desirable to incline the rotation axis of the welding tool in the direction opposite to the welding direction and move in that state.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Example 1
A first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 shows a sectional view after joining, and FIG. 2 shows a sectional view during joining. In this embodiment, a reaction layer 4 having a maximum thickness of about 0.2 μm is formed at the bonding interface 3 between the upper plate 1 and the lower plate 2, and the upper plate 1 and the lower plate 2 are bonded metallically. Yes. Further, a friction stir layer 5 is formed on the upper surface side of the upper plate 1 with a maximum thickness of 0.1 mm. Hereinafter, the joining process will be described in detail.
[0016]
The material of the upper plate 1 is oxygen-free copper of JIS standard C1020-1 / 2H, and the lower plate 2 is a cold-rolled steel plate of JIS standard SPCC. The plate thickness is 1 mm in all cases. These test pieces were placed on the jig 9. The material of the joining tool 6 is sialon ceramic, and the diameter is 10 mm. Furthermore, the outer peripheral surface 8 of the tip of the welding tool 6 was provided with a roundness having a curvature radius of 1 mm. While rotating the joining tool 6 at 5,000 rpm, the upper plate 1 is pressed at a descending speed of 10 mm / min. By this pressing, the upper plate 1 and the lower plate 2 are brought into close contact with each other at the bonding interface 3. Then, after holding for 1 second in the pressed state, the joining tool 6 is pulled up at a rising speed of 10 mm / min to complete the joining. Further, by this holding of the welding tool, the frictional heat generated at the contact surface 7 between the welding tool 6 and the upper plate 1 raises the temperature of the bonding interface 3. Therefore, the metal between the upper plate 1 and the lower plate 2 can diffuse and react to form a reaction layer, and both can be joined metallically. The thickness of the reaction layer 4 is 0.2 μm at the maximum. The thickness of the reaction layer increases as the number of rotations of the welding tool 6 increases, and increases as the holding time of the welding tool 6 increases. However, since this reaction layer is a brittle intermetallic compound, fatigue strength will decrease if it is too thick, so it is desirable to be as thin as possible, but it will not be joined if it is not at all, so select a joining condition that minimizes the thickness. Is desirable.
[0017]
Although it is a material of the upper plate 1 and the lower plate 2, in this embodiment, a dissimilar metal is used, but it can also be applied to the joining of the same kind of metal.
[0018]
In the case of joining metals having different melting points, it is better to use a metal having a low melting point as the upper plate 1. This is because the frictional heat generated at the contact surface 7 is proportional to the melting point of the upper plate 1, so that the temperature at the bonding interface 3 can be lowered. Thereby, the thickness of the reaction layer 4 can be minimized. Therefore, in this example, oxygen free copper was selected for the upper plate 1 and cold rolled steel plate was selected for the lower plate 2. However, when the plate thickness of the upper plate 1 is thick and the temperature of the bonding interface 3 is too low, it is better to use a refractory metal for the upper plate 1.
[0019]
Further, when the lower plate 2 is made of stainless steel, a chromium oxide film is formed on the surface thereof, and this film is thermodynamically stable and has a property that it is difficult to form a reaction layer with other metals. Therefore, it is effective to apply nickel plating to stainless steel. Since nickel easily reacts with oxygen-free copper, it is effective for joining stainless steel and oxygen-free copper. Thus, the formation of the reaction layer can be controlled by appropriately selecting the plating layer.
[0020]
Table 1 shows the shear breaking load of the joint. All the test pieces were lap-joined with a plate thickness of 1 mm, and the width of the test piece was 20 mm. In the lap joint of oxygen-free copper / nickel-plated stainless steel, oxygen-free copper / cold rolled steel plate, oxygen-free copper / oxygen-free copper, the fracture position is on the oxygen-free copper side, and the friction stir layer 5 and the heat affected zone It is ruptured at the boundary, and good bonding is possible.
[0021]
[Table 1]
Figure 2005028378
[0022]
Example 2
FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view before joining in the second embodiment. Moreover, FIG. 4 shows sectional drawing after joining. The difference from the first embodiment is that the groove portion 20 is provided on the upper plate 1, the protrusion portion 21 is provided on the lower plate 2, and the protrusion portion is fitted into the groove portion. Thereby, since the thickness of a junction part can be made thinner than the thickness of the upper board 1, it can join to a thicker board thickness.
[0023]
Example 3
FIG. 5 shows a perspective view during joining in the third embodiment. In this embodiment, the upper plate 1 and the lower plate 2 are continuously joined by moving in the joining direction while rotating the joining tool 6. The present invention can also be applied to continuous joining. FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view during bonding. In the case of continuous joining, it is desirable to incline the rotation axis of the joining tool 6 to the side opposite to the joining direction, that is, the reverse angle side. In this example, the inclination angle was set to 2 °, and the moving speed of the bonding tool 6 was bonded at 120 mm / min. It was confirmed that bonding was possible.
[0024]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, the same kind of metal or different kinds of metals can be lap-joined by the friction stir welding technique. Also, thick plates can be joined.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view after joining in a first embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view during bonding in the first embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view before joining in a second embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view after joining in the second embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view during joining in the third embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view during bonding in the third embodiment.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Upper plate, 2 ... Lower plate, 3 ... Joining interface, 4 ... Reaction layer, 5 ... Friction stirring layer, 6 ... Joining tool, 7 ... Contact surface, 8 ... Outer peripheral surface, 9 ... Jig, 20 ... Groove , 21 ... protrusions.

Claims (9)

複数の部材を重ね合わせ、回転している接合ツールで上側の部材を押圧し、摩擦攪拌により接合する重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法において、前記接合ツールで押圧する部材の表面近傍を摩擦熱により攪拌させ、その摩擦熱により重ね合わせ面の温度を上昇させ、対向する部材同士の拡散反応により接合することを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。In a friction stir welding method for a lap joint in which a plurality of members are overlapped and the upper member is pressed by a rotating welding tool and bonded by friction stirring, the vicinity of the surface of the member pressed by the welding tool is stirred by frictional heat. And a friction stir welding method for a lap joint, characterized in that the temperature of the overlapping surface is increased by the frictional heat, and bonding is performed by a diffusion reaction between opposing members. 請求項１において、前記対向する部材同士の拡散反応により、接合界面に金属の反応層を形成させることを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。2. The friction stir welding method for a lap joint according to claim 1, wherein a metal reaction layer is formed at a bonding interface by a diffusion reaction between the facing members. 請求項１または２において、前記接合ツールとして円柱状の形をし、且つ先端外周面に丸みがあるツールを用いることを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。The friction stir welding method for a lap joint according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a tool having a cylindrical shape and a round outer peripheral surface is used as the welding tool. 請求項１または２において、前記部材の重ね面に軟質金属をめっきしたことを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。3. The friction stir welding method for a lap joint according to claim 1, wherein a soft metal is plated on the overlapping surface of the member. 請求項４において、前記軟質金属はニッケル，亜鉛，銅，錫のいずれかであることを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。The friction stir welding method for a lap joint according to claim 4, wherein the soft metal is any one of nickel, zinc, copper, and tin. 請求項１〜５のいずれかにおいて、重ね合わせ面を挟んで対向する２つの部材の一方には重ね面に溝を設け、他方の部材には重ね面に前記溝に嵌合される突起部を設け、前記溝に前記突起部を嵌合して接合することを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。In any one of Claims 1-5, the groove | channel is provided in the overlapping surface in one of the two members which oppose on both sides of an overlapping surface, and the protrusion part fitted by the said groove | channel is formed in the other member in the other member. A friction stir welding method for a lap joint, wherein the protrusion is fitted and joined to the groove. 請求項１〜６のいずれかにおいて、前記接合ツールの押圧と引き上げを繰り返して、スポット接合を行うことを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。The friction stir welding method for a lap joint according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein spot welding is performed by repeatedly pressing and pulling up the welding tool. 請求項１〜６のいずれかにおいて、前記接合ツールで押圧したまま該ツールを接合方向に移動させて連続的に接合することを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。The friction stir welding method for a lap joint according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the tool is moved continuously in the joining direction while being pressed by the joining tool. 請求項８において、前記接合ツールの回転軸を接合方向と反対側に傾斜させながら移動することを特徴とする重ね継手の摩擦攪拌接合方法。9. The friction stir welding method for a lap joint according to claim 8, wherein the rotation axis of the welding tool is moved while being inclined to the side opposite to the welding direction.
JP2003193994A 2003-07-09 2003-07-09 Friction stir welding method for lap joint Pending JP2005028378A (en)

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Cited By (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7508682B2 (en) 2005-09-19 2009-03-24 Hitachi, Ltd. Housing for an electronic circuit
JP2009082977A (en) * 2007-10-03 2009-04-23 Mazda Motor Corp Friction point welding method
JP2010017720A (en) * 2008-07-08 2010-01-28 Fuji Electric Fa Components & Systems Co Ltd Method of manufacturing electric contactor
JP2010120056A (en) * 2008-11-20 2010-06-03 Kobe Steel Ltd Spot friction stir welding method of dissimilar metals
US7896933B2 (en) * 2005-04-15 2011-03-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Hydrogen supplying apparatus and method of manufacturing hydrogen supplying apparatus
JP2011115846A (en) * 2009-12-03 2011-06-16 Kofukin Seimitsu Kogyo (Shenzhen) Yugenkoshi Friction stir welding method
JP2013542076A (en) * 2010-09-23 2013-11-21 テクナラ エフエスダブリュ カンパニー， エルエルシー How to hold a high speed friction spot welding tool
WO2018030164A1 (en) 2016-08-10 2018-02-15 株式会社 東芝 Dissimilar-metal bonding structure, bonding method therefor, and electrical-product production method
WO2018030165A1 (en) 2016-08-10 2018-02-15 株式会社 東芝 Semiconductor module and method for manufacturing same

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7896933B2 (en) * 2005-04-15 2011-03-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Hydrogen supplying apparatus and method of manufacturing hydrogen supplying apparatus
US7508682B2 (en) 2005-09-19 2009-03-24 Hitachi, Ltd. Housing for an electronic circuit
JP2009082977A (en) * 2007-10-03 2009-04-23 Mazda Motor Corp Friction point welding method
JP2010017720A (en) * 2008-07-08 2010-01-28 Fuji Electric Fa Components & Systems Co Ltd Method of manufacturing electric contactor
JP2010120056A (en) * 2008-11-20 2010-06-03 Kobe Steel Ltd Spot friction stir welding method of dissimilar metals
JP2011115846A (en) * 2009-12-03 2011-06-16 Kofukin Seimitsu Kogyo (Shenzhen) Yugenkoshi Friction stir welding method
JP2013542076A (en) * 2010-09-23 2013-11-21 テクナラ エフエスダブリュ カンパニー， エルエルシー How to hold a high speed friction spot welding tool
WO2018030164A1 (en) 2016-08-10 2018-02-15 株式会社 東芝 Dissimilar-metal bonding structure, bonding method therefor, and electrical-product production method
WO2018030165A1 (en) 2016-08-10 2018-02-15 株式会社 東芝 Semiconductor module and method for manufacturing same

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