JP2004315393A - Method for activating cellular immunity - Google Patents

Method for activating cellular immunity Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004315393A
JP2004315393A JP2003109250A JP2003109250A JP2004315393A JP 2004315393 A JP2004315393 A JP 2004315393A JP 2003109250 A JP2003109250 A JP 2003109250A JP 2003109250 A JP2003109250 A JP 2003109250A JP 2004315393 A JP2004315393 A JP 2004315393A
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
pneumonia
group
bcg
immunity
elderly
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JP2003109250A
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Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Takashi Orui
孝 大類
Katsutoshi Nakayama
勝敏 中山
Hidetada Sasaki
英忠 佐々木
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Tohoku University NUC
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Tohoku University NUC
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Priority to JP2003109250A priority Critical patent/JP2004315393A/en
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a new method for preventing crisis of pneumonia in a bedridden elderly person having reduced immunecompetence by increasing the immunecompetence. <P>SOLUTION: The method for activating cellular immunity in an organism comprises inoculating a BCG vaccine into the organism having reduced immunecompetence. The method is effective for preventing crisis of pneumonia in an elderly person and serves for health control of an elderly person. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、免疫能が低下した生体にBCGワクチンを接種することにより、該生体において細胞性免疫を賦活化させる方法に関する。本発明の方法は、高齢者において肺炎の発生を予防するのに有用である。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年の高齢化社会の到来と共に、寝たきり高齢者の数は増加しており、そのために、合併症として起こる難治性、再発性肺炎が大きな問題となっている。これまでの検討により、寝たきり高齢者では細胞性免疫能が低下しており、これが重症肺炎の引き金となっている事が明らかにされてきた(Nakayama K. et al., “Tuberculin responses and risk of pneumonia in immobile elderly patients”Thorax, 2000; 55: 867−869:非特許文献1)。肺炎の発症に対しては、抗生物質による治療などが広範に行われており一定の成果が上がっている。しかし、抗生物質による治療も対症療法であり、寝たきり高齢者の免疫能を根本的に高める方法というものは存在していなかった。
【0003】
【非特許文献1】
Nakayama K. et al., “Tuberculin responses and risk of pneumonia in immobile elderly patients”, Thorax, 2000; 55: 867−869
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで本発明の課題は、免疫能が低下した寝たきり高齢者において、その免疫能を高めることにより、肺炎の発症を予防することができる新たな方法を提供することである。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
従来、乳児期、小学校1年生、中学校1年生でツベルクリン検査が行われている。そして、ツベルクリン反応の陰性者を対象として、結核の予防薬としてBCGワクチンの接種が行われている。本発明者はこのBCGワクチンに注目し、該BCGワクチンを接種することにより、免疫能が低下した寝たきり高齢者において、免疫能を賦活化することができるのではないかと考えた。そのように考えて鋭意検討を行ったところ、BCGワクチンを接種することにより高齢者の細胞性免疫が増強され、高齢者肺炎の発生を予防できることが見出された。そこで本発明は、免疫能が低下した高齢者にBCGワクチンを接種することにより、細胞性免疫を高めて、高齢者肺炎の発生を予防する方法を提供するものである。
【0006】
【発明の実施の形態】
下記の実施例において示すように、BCGワクチンの接種が、寝たきり老人における肺炎の発症を予防する効果を検討した。高齢者介護施設に入所中の高齢者を対象として、ツベルクリン検査を施行した。その結果により、ツベルクリン反応陽性(PT)群と陰性群に分け、更に陰性群を無作為にBCG接種群と非接種(NT)群に振り分けをした。BCGを接種して4週間後に再びツベルクリン検査を施行し、陽転者をCT群とした。その結果、CT群においては、NT群と比して、肺炎の発症率が有意に抑制されることが観察された。この結果より、BCG接種は細胞性免疫の低下した寝たきり高齢者において、肺炎発症の予防効果を有することが明らかにされた。
【0007】
よって本発明の方法は、高齢者の生命予後に深く関与している肺炎を予防する新たな方法を提供するものであって、高齢者の健康管理に大いに役立つものと考えられる。本発明の方法が普及すれば、高齢者の結核の予防のみならず、通常の肺炎発症も予防され、入院率の低下および生命予後の改善も得られ、ひいては、老人医療費の増加を抑制することにも貢献するものと考えられる。
【0008】
本発明において「免疫能が低下した」とは、免疫能を完全に失った訳ではないが、正常の状態と比較して明らかに免疫能が低下していることを意味する。よって本発明は、例えば免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)に感染することにより、免疫機能の大部分が破壊されたような状態を改善することを意図している訳ではない。免疫能の低下が認められる寝たきりの状態の高齢者において、本発明の方法は特に有効である。しかし、本発明の対象はそれのみに限定されるものではない。また本発明において「高齢者」とは好ましくは65歳以上を、より好ましくは70歳以上を意味する。しかし、本発明は高齢者以外の肺炎の予防にも有効であると考えられ、その範囲の年齢に限定されるものではない。
【0009】
また、本発明において「細胞性免疫」とは、本技術分野における通常の意味に解されるものであって、細胞性免疫は体液性免疫と共に生体の免疫系を担っているシステムである。細胞性免疫の反応は主としてTリンパ球(T細胞)によって伝達され、その効果の発現において、CD4陽性細胞から放出されるリンホカインによって起こる細胞・組織の反応と、CD8陽性細胞による細胞障害が主要な役割を果たす。よって、CD4陽性細胞やCD8陽性細胞の数は、細胞性免疫の指標となる。なお下記の実施例において述べるように、BCGワクチンの接種によって、CD4陽性細胞の数が実際に増加していた。
【0010】
また、本発明において使用されるBCGワクチンとして、結核の発症を防ぐ目的で通常に使用されているものを使用することができる。即ち、例えばBCGのTokyo−172株などの無毒化された結核菌の菌株を凍結乾燥して製品化されたワクチンなどを、本発明の目的で使用することが可能である。また、BCGワクチンを接種する回数も特に制限されるものではない。なお、一回のBCGワクチン接種により、目的とする効果を十分に得ることが可能であるが、複数回の接種を行うことも当然に可能である。
なお、下記の実施例により本発明を更に詳しく解説するが、本発明の範囲を何ら制限するものではない。
【0011】
【実施例】
ツベルクリン反応が陰性でワクチン接種を受けていない高齢者、BCGワクチン接種により陽性に転換した高齢者、及びツベルクリン反応が当初から陽性の高齢者を被験者として、肺炎の発生率を評価した。なお、活性状態の悪性疾患を有する患者、血液透析患者、コルチコステロイドによる治療を受けている患者、HIV感染などの免疫不全を有する高齢者は、被験者から除外した。全ての被験者は過去においてツベルクリン反応が陽性であったが、この調査の間に結核に罹患するということはなかった。被験者は毎年インフルエンザワクチンの接種を受けていたが、肺炎球菌の予防接種を受けている者はいなかった。
【0012】
この調査を行う前に、全ての被験者について、胸部X線検査とツベルクリン皮膚試験を行った。1999年4月に164人の患者を登録し、全ての患者について2年間の追跡調査を行った。肺炎の診断は、この調査に関与していない二人の放射線医師によって行われた。
【0013】
追跡調査の間に9人の被験者は肺炎以外の理由によって死亡したため、解析から除外した。残った155人の被験者の中で、67人はツベルクリン反応が陽性であった(PT群)。他の88人の被験者をBCG接種群と非接種群(NT群)とに分けた。ワクチンを接種して4週間後、BCG接種を受けた44人の中の41人(93%)が、ツベルクリン反応が陰性から陽性に転換した。なおこの陽転者をCT群とした。
【0014】
追跡調査において、NT群では44名中19名(42%)に、CT群では41名中6名(15%)に、PT群では67名中9名(13%)に新たな肺炎の発症が確認され、CT群ではNT群に比して肺炎の発症率が有意(p=0.03)に抑制された。コックスの回帰モデルにおいて、ワクチンを接種してツベルクリン反応が陽転した群に対する、非接種群における肺炎に罹患する危険率は3.22であった(95%CI 1.03−9.96)。ツベルクリン反応が陽転した群とツベルクリン陽性群において、肺炎に罹患する危険性に差はなかった。
【0015】
図1に、肺炎を発症していない被験者の割合の経時変化を示す。図1において、●はNT群、○はCT群、□はPT群を示す。なお、PT群については、NT群との比較において有意差は認められなかった(p=0.7)。図1において、+のマークは有意差があることを、*のマークは有意差がないことを示す。
【0016】
更に、BCGの免疫賦活化効果を評価するために、末梢血中のCD4陽性リンパ球数を測定した。BCG接種の前後において比較を行ったところ、BCGの接種前においてCD4陽性リンパ球数は平均526個/μl であったが、接種後においては平均604個/μlに増加していた。またCD4陽性リンパ球のうち、細胞性免疫の指標であるTh1リンパ球数についても、BCGの接種前においては平均144個/μl であったが、接種後においては平均180個/μlに増加していた。これらのデータは、BCGの接種により細胞性免疫を担う細胞数が増加し、免疫が賦活化されていることを示している。
【0017】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、免疫能が低下した生体にBCGワクチンを接種することにより、該生体において細胞性免疫を賦活化させる方法が提供された。本発明の方法は、高齢者において肺炎の発生を予防するのに有用であり、高齢者の健康管理に役立つものであると考えられる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】図1は、肺炎を発症していない被験者の割合の経時変化を示すグラフである。
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for activating cell-mediated immunity in a living body having reduced immunity by inoculating the living body with a reduced immunity with a BCG vaccine. The method of the present invention is useful for preventing the occurrence of pneumonia in the elderly.
[0002]
[Prior art]
With the advent of the aging society in recent years, the number of bedridden elderly people has increased, and as a result, intractable and recurrent pneumonia occurring as a complication has become a major problem. Previous studies have shown that cell-mediated immunity is impaired in bedridden elderly people, which triggers severe pneumonia (Nakayama K. et al., “Tuberculin responses and risk of risk”. pneumonia in immobileelderly patents "Thorax, 2000; 55: 867-869: Non-Patent Document 1). For the development of pneumonia, treatment with antibiotics and the like has been widely performed, and certain results have been achieved. However, treatment with antibiotics is also a symptomatic treatment, and there is no method to fundamentally enhance the immune ability of bedridden elderly people.
[0003]
[Non-patent document 1]
Nakayama K. et al. et al. 55: 867-869, "Tuberculin responses and risk of pneumonia in immobileelderly patents", Thorax, 2000;
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a new method capable of preventing the onset of pneumonia by improving the immune ability of a bedridden elderly with reduced immune ability.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Conventionally, tuberculin tests have been performed in infants, first graders in elementary schools, and first graders in junior high schools. In addition, BCG vaccination has been performed as a preventive drug against tuberculosis for individuals with a negative tuberculin reaction. The present inventor paid attention to this BCG vaccine, and thought that inoculation of the BCG vaccine could activate immune ability in bedridden elderly people with reduced immune ability. As a result of intensive studies based on such considerations, it was found that vaccination with the BCG vaccine enhanced the cellular immunity of the elderly and prevented the development of pneumonia in the elderly. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for preventing the occurrence of pneumonia in the elderly by increasing cell-mediated immunity by inoculating the BCG vaccine to the elderly with reduced immunity.
[0006]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
As shown in the Examples below, the effect of inoculation of the BCG vaccine on the onset of pneumonia in bedridden elderly persons was examined. A tuberculin test was performed on elderly patients who were in nursing homes. Based on the results, the tuberculin reaction positive (PT) group and the negative group were divided, and the negative group was randomly divided into a BCG inoculated group and a non-inoculated (NT) group. Four weeks after the inoculation of BCG, tuberculin test was performed again, and the succulents were assigned to the CT group. As a result, it was observed that the incidence of pneumonia was significantly suppressed in the CT group as compared with the NT group. From these results, it was revealed that BCG inoculation has a preventive effect on the development of pneumonia in bedridden elderly people with reduced cellular immunity.
[0007]
Therefore, the method of the present invention provides a new method for preventing pneumonia, which is deeply involved in the prognosis of the life of the elderly, and is considered to be greatly useful for the health management of the elderly. If the method of the present invention spreads, not only prevention of tuberculosis in the elderly, but also prevention of the development of normal pneumonia, a reduction in hospitalization rate and improvement in life prognosis can be obtained, and thus, an increase in medical expenses for the elderly can be suppressed. It is thought to contribute to this.
[0008]
In the present invention, “reduced immunity” does not mean that immunity is completely lost, but means that immunity is clearly reduced as compared with a normal state. Thus, the invention is not intended to ameliorate a condition in which the majority of immune function has been destroyed, for example, by infection with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The method of the present invention is particularly effective for elderly people who are bedridden and have a reduced immune capacity. However, the subject of the present invention is not limited thereto. In the present invention, the term "elderly person" means preferably 65 years or older, and more preferably 70 years or older. However, it is considered that the present invention is also effective for prevention of pneumonia in non-elderly people, and the present invention is not limited to the age in that range.
[0009]
In the present invention, “cellular immunity” is to be understood in the ordinary sense in the technical field, and cellular immunity is a system that plays a role in the immune system of a living body together with humoral immunity. The response of cell-mediated immunity is mainly transmitted by T lymphocytes (T cells), and in the expression of its effects, cell-tissue reactions caused by lymphokines released from CD4-positive cells and cytotoxicity by CD8-positive cells are major. Play a role. Therefore, the number of CD4-positive cells and CD8-positive cells is an indicator of cellular immunity. As described in the examples below, the number of CD4-positive cells was actually increased by the inoculation of the BCG vaccine.
[0010]
In addition, as the BCG vaccine used in the present invention, those commonly used for preventing tuberculosis from developing can be used. That is, for example, a vaccine produced by freeze-drying a detoxified Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain such as the BCG Tokyo-172 strain can be used for the purpose of the present invention. Further, the number of times of inoculating the BCG vaccine is not particularly limited. It should be noted that a single BCG vaccination can sufficiently achieve the intended effect, but it is of course possible to perform multiple vaccinations.
The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the present invention.
[0011]
【Example】
The incidence of pneumonia was evaluated for elderly patients who had a negative tuberculin response and had not been vaccinated, elderly people who turned positive by BCG vaccination, and elderly people who had a positive tuberculin reaction from the beginning. Patients with active malignancies, patients on hemodialysis, patients treated with corticosteroids, and elderly with immunodeficiency such as HIV infection were excluded from the subjects. All subjects had a positive tuberculin response in the past, but did not develop tuberculosis during the study. Subjects were vaccinated annually with the influenza vaccine, but none were vaccinated against pneumococci.
[0012]
Prior to conducting this survey, all subjects underwent a chest radiograph and a tuberculin skin test. In April 1999, 164 patients were enrolled and all patients were followed up for 2 years. The diagnosis of pneumonia was made by two radiologists who were not involved in the study.
[0013]
During follow-up, nine subjects died for reasons other than pneumonia and were excluded from the analysis. Of the remaining 155 subjects, 67 had a positive tuberculin reaction (PT group). Another 88 subjects were divided into a BCG inoculated group and a non-inoculated group (NT group). Four weeks after vaccination, 41 out of 44 (93%) BCG vaccinations converted from negative to positive tuberculin response. In addition, this person who turned around was designated as CT group.
[0014]
At follow-up, new pneumonia developed in 19 of 44 (42%) in the NT group, 6 of 41 (15%) in the CT group, and 9 of 13 (13%) in the PT group. Was confirmed, and the incidence of pneumonia was significantly (p = 0.03) suppressed in the CT group as compared with the NT group. In the Cox regression model, the risk of developing pneumonia in the non-vaccinated group was 3.22 (95% CI 1.03-9.96) relative to the group vaccinated and the tuberculin response was reversed. There was no difference in the risk of developing pneumonia between the tuberculin-reversed group and the tuberculin-positive group.
[0015]
FIG. 1 shows the change over time in the proportion of subjects who have not developed pneumonia. In FIG. 1, ● represents the NT group, ○ represents the CT group, and □ represents the PT group. Note that no significant difference was observed in the PT group as compared with the NT group (p = 0.7). In FIG. 1, a mark + indicates that there is a significant difference, and a mark * indicates that there is no significant difference.
[0016]
Furthermore, in order to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect of BCG, the number of CD4-positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood was measured. A comparison was made before and after BCG inoculation. As a result, the number of CD4 positive lymphocytes before BCG inoculation was 526 cells / μl on average, but increased to 604 cells / μl after inoculation. Also, among CD4-positive lymphocytes, the number of Th1 lymphocytes, an indicator of cellular immunity, averaged 144 cells / μl before BCG inoculation, but increased to 180 cells / μl after inoculation. I was These data indicate that inoculation of BCG increased the number of cells bearing cell-mediated immunity and activated the immunity.
[0017]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, there has been provided a method for activating cellular immunity in a living body having a reduced immunity by inoculating the living body with a BCG vaccine. The method of the present invention is useful for preventing the occurrence of pneumonia in the elderly and is considered to be useful for the health management of the elderly.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the change over time in the proportion of subjects who have not developed pneumonia.

Claims (3)

免疫能が低下した生体にBCGワクチンを接種することにより、該生体において細胞性免疫を賦活化させる方法。A method of activating cell-mediated immunity in a living body having reduced immunity by inoculating a BCG vaccine to the living body. 免疫能が低下した高齢者にBCGワクチンを接種することにより、該高齢者において細胞性免疫を賦活化させる方法。A method of activating cell-mediated immunity in an elderly person having reduced immunity by inoculating a BCG vaccine to the elderly person. 免疫能が低下した高齢者にBCGワクチンを接種することにより、該高齢者において肺炎の発生を予防する方法。A method for preventing the occurrence of pneumonia in an elderly person having reduced immunity by inoculating the elderly person with a BCG vaccine.
JP2003109250A 2003-04-14 2003-04-14 Method for activating cellular immunity Pending JP2004315393A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022066926A1 (en) * 2020-09-23 2022-03-31 The General Hospital Corporation Bcg vaccinations for prevention of covid-19 and other infectious diseases

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022066926A1 (en) * 2020-09-23 2022-03-31 The General Hospital Corporation Bcg vaccinations for prevention of covid-19 and other infectious diseases

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