JP2004292316A - Improving agent for activity of daily living of alzheimer's dementia - Google Patents

Improving agent for activity of daily living of alzheimer's dementia Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004292316A
JP2004292316A JP2000393742A JP2000393742A JP2004292316A JP 2004292316 A JP2004292316 A JP 2004292316A JP 2000393742 A JP2000393742 A JP 2000393742A JP 2000393742 A JP2000393742 A JP 2000393742A JP 2004292316 A JP2004292316 A JP 2004292316A
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alzheimer
dementia
ipidacrine
hydrochloride hydrate
ability
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Inventor
Mitsuo Ozeki
三夫 大関
Kazuhide Shimada
一秀 島田
Ken Uesugi
憲 上杉
Jun Shimizu
旬 清水
Yasuhiro Fujinuki
安啓 藤貫
Satoru Ishizaki
悟 石▲崎▼
Yutaka Ishii
豊 石井
Kenjiro Yamana
研司郎 山名
Takuto Ose
琢人 大瀬
Takahiko Washimi
孝彦 鷲見
Yukio Takamatsu
幸雄 高松
Yuri Umeda
ゆり 梅田
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Nikken Chemicals Co Ltd
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Nikken Chemicals Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2000393742A priority Critical patent/JP2004292316A/en
Priority to PCT/JP2001/011355 priority patent/WO2002051416A1/en
Publication of JP2004292316A publication Critical patent/JP2004292316A/en
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/473Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. acridines, phenanthridines
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
  • Psychiatry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Other In-Based Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an improving agent for activities of daily living in Alzheimer's dementia. <P>SOLUTION: The improving agent for the activities of daily living in the Alzheimer's dementia comprises ipidacrine (9-amino-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinoline) or its hydrate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. The compounds, especially ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has slight adverse effects and is useful as a therapeutic agent for the Alzheimer's dementia, preferably an ameliorating agent or a progression inhibitor of dementia in the slight and medium Alzheimer's dementia, especially the improving agent for the activities of daily living of the patient. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、イピダクリン(9−アミノ−2,3,5,6,7,8−ヘキサハイドロ−1H−シクロペンタ[b]キノリン)若しくはその水和物又はこれらの薬理学的に許容される塩、好ましくは塩酸イピダクリン水和物(9−アミノ−2,3,5,6,7,8−ヘキサハイドロ−1H−シクロペンタ[b]キノリン一塩酸塩一水和物)を有効成分とするアルツハイマー型痴呆における日常生活動作能力の改善剤に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、先進国等の老人の比率が高い国では、アルツハイマー型痴呆になる人も相当数になっている。アルツハイマー型痴呆は、脳の萎縮を伴うものであり、現時点ではこの病気を根本的に治療できる薬剤は存在しない。
【0003】
アルツハイマー型痴呆は、脳のコリン作動性神経伝達の現象に起因すると主張されていることから、治療のためにコリン刺激剤、アセチルコリン前駆体、アセチルコリンエステラーゼ阻害剤を用いる方法等が種々試みられている。
【0004】
現在、アルツハイマー型痴呆を含む老年期痴呆に対する治療薬は大きく二つに分けられている。▲1▼記憶力の低下を抑え痴呆症状の進行を抑制するものと、▲2▼周辺症状(自発性低下、情緒障害、行動異常、意欲減退等)を改善するものとに大別される。前者に、塩酸ドネペジル、塩酸タクリン等に代表されるアセチルコリンエステラーゼ(AChE)阻害剤が数種類存在し、後者として脳代謝賦活薬、抗うつ薬及び抗不安薬等が使用されている。しかし、抗うつ薬及び抗不安薬の多くは抗コリン作用を有し、痴呆症状を呈する患者にはその使用が制限されている。また、脳代謝賦活剤の多くは1998年6月に有効性の面からその販売が中止されている。
【0005】
塩酸タクリン(THA)、塩酸ドネペジルは、最近アルツハイマー型痴呆治療剤として用いられるようになった。しかしながら、塩酸タクリンは副作用として肝臓に少なからぬ悪影響を与えるため、長期の使用には相当の注意を払う必要があり、日本では認可されていない。また、塩酸ドネペジルは、消化器系副作用の発現を抑える目的で、有効量でない1日1回3mgから開始し、1〜2週間後に有効量の5mgに増量し、経口投与する必要があるため、投与に慎重を要する欠点がある。
【0006】
塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、学習促進・記憶増強用薬剤として有用であり、アルツハイマー型老人痴呆の治療剤として有用であることが報告されている(特公平3−54922号公報)。また、この化合物は、アセチルコリンエステラーゼの抑制作用、筋肉及び神経繊維に対する直接作用などによって末梢神経系統における興奮伝導の刺激剤として有用であることも知られている(特公昭63−35611号公報)。
【0007】
更に、塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、ソ連邦保健省により、アミリジンとして認可され、効能・効果は「アミリジンは成人では、末梢神経系疾患(神経炎、多発性神経炎、多発性神経症、多発性神経根神経症)球麻痺および不全麻痺、運動機能障害を伴う中枢神経系器質性障害の回復期、筋無力症と各種筋無力症候群、脱髄性疾患の総合療法、アルツハイマー病およびアルツハイマー型老年痴呆、また産科では人工破水または分娩前羊水流出後の陣痛促進にも用いられている。」とされている。
【0008】
ソ連邦(ロシア)におけるアミリジンの用法・用量は、「アルツハイマー病、およびその他の原因による記憶障害の治療では、0.01〜0.02gを2〜3回に分けて投与する。一日最大用量は0.10〜0.12gである。治療期間は4〜8週間とする。」とされている。
【0009】
この様な知見に基づき、日本において塩酸イピダクリン水和物のアルツハイマー型痴呆に対する有効性を確認すべく、種々臨床試験を行った。しかしながら、今までの臨床試験では塩酸イピダクリン水和物はプラセボに比べて効果が認められるものの、統計的に有意差ありとの結果は得られていない。
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、上記の如き欠点のない、即ち二重盲検による臨床試験においてプラセボと比べて有意差のある薬剤を提供することにある。
【0011】
【発明が解決するための手段】
本発明者等は、塩酸イピダクリン水和物の有用性を確認すべく、臨床試験(第II相用量反応試験)を行った結果、塩酸イピダクリン水和物がアルツハイマー型痴呆における日常生活動作能力を有意に改善できるとの知見を得、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0012】
本発明は、塩酸イピダクリン水和物を有効成分とするアルツハイマー型痴呆における日常生活動作能力、好ましくは在宅のアルツハイマー型痴呆患者を対象とした日常生活動作能力の改善剤である。本発明における、日常生活動作能力の改善とは、在宅のアルツハイマー型痴呆患者を対象とした日常生活動作能力の改善に関するものであり、行為あるいは行動を開始することの障害、つまり自発性の障害、行為・行動の計画と段取りをつけることの障害、及び行為・行動を有効に行うことの障害の3つの要素からなる尺度に基づく改善である。従って、本発明はこれら3要素からなる尺度に基づく日常生活動作能力の改善剤である。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明における日常生活動作能力の改善とは、具体的には、老年精神医学雑誌第7巻第2号、p201−209(1996.2)に記載のDAD(痴呆のための障害評価票)による評価に基づいたものである。この評価票は、衛生、着衣、排泄、摂食、食事の用意、電話をかける、外に出かける、金銭の取り扱いと通信、服用、余暇と家事の各項目に分かれている。一例として、摂食を例にとると、1)「・食べようとする(行動の開始)」、2)「・食べるときに適切な食器と調味料を選ぶ(計画・段取り)」、3)「・普通のペースで適切なマナーで食べる(有効な遂行)」の3つの設問があり、何れの項目も、「過去2週間の間に被験者は手助けをしたり,指示することなしに以下の行為をしましたか」との問いに対し、「はい=1、いいえ=0、該当せず=×」として評価している。
ここに、1)は行為あるいは行動を開始することの障害、つまり自発性の障害の評価であり、2)は行為・行動の計画と段取りをつけることの障害の評価であり、3)は行為・行動を有効に行うことの障害の評価に該当する。
【0014】
尚、日常生活動作能力は、アルツハイマー型痴呆の症状としては、前述の▲2▼周辺症状(自発性低下、情緒障害、行動異常、意欲減退等)に関係が深いものであり、この様な能力の改善は、下記試験例で示す通り塩酸イピダクリン水和物が有する、精神刺激作用、特にモノアミン作動性神経の活性化作用と関連を有するものである。
【0015】
精神刺激剤は、一般的に大脳皮質、辺緑系、視床下部及び脳幹等において、特にドーパミン作動神経の活性化作用を介して、覚醒・意欲の増進、気分高揚及び疲労倦怠感除去等の効果を示すことが知られている。また、モノアミン酸化酵素やモノアミン再取込みの阻害作用を有する抗うつ薬は、精神運動抑制等の意欲障害や不安や焦燥等の感情障害を改善することが広く知られている。現在、このような薬剤が前述した様にアルツハイマー型痴呆の周辺症状の治療に用いられている。一方、アルツハイマー型痴呆での中枢神経において、その基質及び機能的な変化としてアセチルコリン作動性神経の機能低下以外にもドーパミン及びノルアドレナリン等のモノアミン作動性神経の機能低下も多数報告されており、痴呆症状以外にこれら神経の機能低下と周辺症状との関連性も考察されている。従って、ドーパミン又はノルアドレナリン等のモノアミン作動性神経を活性化する薬剤は老年期痴呆の周辺諸症状を改善することが想定される。また、このようなモノアミン作動性神経を活性化する薬剤は本来の作用として、うつ、不安、パーキンソン、精神遅滞、器質性精神病、気分障害、ナルコレプシーを含む過眠症、多動性症候群、知的機能障害のような中枢神経系疾患及び肥満等の病態に対しても有用であると考えられる。しかしながら、一般的に精神刺激剤の多くは口渇、胃腸障害、頭痛及び不眠等の副作用が発現することからその使用には注意が必要である。
【0016】
塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、前述の如く末梢神経系統における興奮伝導の刺激作用を有することが知られている(特公昭63−35611号公報)。しかしながら、塩酸イピダクリン水和物の末梢神経系統での興奮伝導の刺激作用は、実験に用いた材料がラット座骨神経であり、この神経は神経伝達物質をアセチルコリンとするアセチルコリン作動性の運動神経系の一種である。従って、塩酸イピダクリン水和物の脳内中枢神経系、特にモノアミン作動性神経に対する作用の有無は一切検討されていない。また、これまでアルツハイマー型痴呆治療薬として用いられている塩酸ドネペジル及び塩酸タクリン等のAChE阻害剤が脳内モノアミン作動性神経を活性化することも知られていない。
【0017】
本発明者等は、塩酸イピダクリン水和物が脳切片からの電気刺激によるドーパミン遊離を促進すること、メタンフェタミンで誘発するラット常同行動を増強すること及びレセルピン低体温に拮抗することを明らかにした。
一般的に、ドーパミン又はノルエピネフリンの作動薬や再取り込み阻害剤は、メタンフェタミン誘発常同行動に対して増強作用を示し、レセルピン低体温に対しても拮抗作用を有することが報告されている(Psychopharmacologia(1972)43,69−74、J. Pharm. Pharmacol.(1975)27,242−247、臨床精神医学(1981)10,1225−1239))。
【0018】
従って、これら動物及び脳切片を用いた実験結果から、塩酸イピダクリン水和物が脳内において、ドーパミン及びノルアドレナリン作動神経等のモノアミン神経系に対して神経伝達を促進することと結論した。即ち、塩酸イピダクリン水和物はモノアミン作動性神経、特にドーパミン作動性神経及びノルエピネフリン作動性神経を活性化する作用を有する。
【0019】
更に、塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、従来公知のアセチルコリンエステラーゼ抑制作用、筋肉及び神経繊維に対する直接作用などによる末梢神経系統における興奮伝導の刺激作用のみならず、下記試験例で示す通り神経細胞数を増加させる作用、即ち神経栄養因子的作用をも有するためアルツハイマー型痴呆の治療剤として極めて有用である。
【0020】
塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、後記試験例で示すとおり、線維芽細胞(PC12)にNGF(神経成長因子)を添加して神経細胞への分化を誘導する際、同化合物を添加することにより神経細胞数を増加する作用を有する。即ち、塩酸イピダクリンの存在下では10日後の細胞数が無添加の場合よりも多くなった。一方、アルツハイマー型痴呆治療薬として用いられている塩酸ドネペジルにはこの作用は無く、むしろ生存細胞数を減少させた。
【0021】
従って、塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、AChE阻害作用のみならず神経栄養因子的作用を有する化合物であるため、神経変性疾患(例えば、老年期痴呆、アルツハイマー型痴呆、ダウン症、パーキンソン病、クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病、筋萎縮性脊髄側索硬化症、糖尿病性ニューロパチー等)、あるいは脳血管障害、頭部外傷、脊髄損傷等に伴う神経障害の症状の予防及び/又は治療剤として有用である。
【0022】
本発明ではイピダクリンは、好ましくは一塩酸塩一水和物として、即ち、塩酸イピダクリン水和物として使用される。また、イピダクリンは、薬理学的に許容される他の塩として使用することもできる。具体的には、臭化水素酸、硫酸、重亜硫酸、リン酸等の無機酸の塩、及びギ酸、酢酸、シュウ酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、マレイン酸、フマル酸、クエン酸、グルコン酸、乳酸、酒石酸、メタンスルホン酸、トルエンスルホン酸等の有機酸の塩を挙げることができる。更に、本発明ではこれらの塩の水和物も使用することができる。
【0023】
塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、一般的に経口投与される。経口投与製剤としては、散剤、顆粒剤、錠剤、カプセル剤、シロップ剤、乳剤、懸濁剤等に調製することができる。その他の投与経路としては、一般に注射剤(皮下注射剤、静脈内注射剤、筋肉内注射剤、腹腔内注射剤等)、点滴剤、外用剤(経鼻投与製剤、経皮製剤、軟膏剤等)、坐剤等が挙げられる。
【0024】
これらの製剤は、製剤工程において通常一般に用いられる公知の方法により製造することができる。以下に、製剤の具体的な製造方法について詳述する。
【0025】
経口剤は、有効成分に、例えば賦形剤(乳糖、白糖、デンプン、マンニトール、結晶化セルロース等)、崩壊剤(炭酸カルシウム、カルボキシメチルセルロースカルシウム等)、結合剤(α化デンプン、アラビアゴム、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリビニルピロリドン等)、または滑沢剤(タルク、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ポリエチレングリコール6000等)などを添加して圧縮成型し、ついで必要により味のマスキング、腸溶性あるいは持続性のため公知の方法でコーティングすることにより製造される。
【0026】
注射剤は、有効成分を、例えば分散剤(ツイーン80(アトラスパウダー製)、HCO60(日光ケミカルズ製)、ポリエチレングリコール、カルボキシメチルセルロース、アルギン酸ナトリウム等)、保存剤(メチルパラベン、プロピルパラベン、ベンジルアルコール等)、等張化剤(塩化ナトリウム、グリセリン、ソルビトール、ブドウ糖等)、などと共に水性溶剤(蒸留水、生理的食塩水、リンゲル液等)あるいは油性溶剤(オリーブ油、ゴマ油、プロピレングリコール等)などに溶解、懸濁あるいは乳化することにより製造される。
【0027】
外用剤は、有効成分を固状、半固状または液状の組成物とすることにより製造される。例えば上記固状の組成物は、有効成分をそのまま、あるいは賦形剤(ラクトース、マンニトール、デンプン等)、増粘剤(天然ガム類、セルロース誘導体、アクリル酸重合体等)などを添加、混合して粉状とすることにより製造される。上記液状の組成物は、注射剤の場合とほとんど同様にして製造される。半固状の組成物は、水性または油性のゲル剤、あるいは軟膏状の物がよい。これらの組成物は、いずれもpH調整剤、防腐剤などを含んでいてもよい。
【0028】
坐剤は、有効成分を油性または水性の固状、半固状あるいは液状の組成物とすることにより製造される。用いる油性基剤としては、例えば高級脂肪酸のグリセリド、中級脂肪酸、植物油などが挙げられる。水性基剤としては、例えばポリエチレングリコール類、プロピレングリコールなどが挙げられる。また、水性ゲル基剤としては、例えば天然ガム類、セルロース誘導体、ビニール重合体、アクリル酸重合体などが挙げられる。
【0029】
塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、通常、成人一人当たり1日3回、1回当たり15〜50mg、好ましくは25mg〜50mg、特に好ましくは25mgずつ経口投与される。投与量を1日3回、1回当たり15mgずつにした場合にも、アルツハイマー型痴呆の治療剤として効果があることは、本出願人のこれまでの臨床試験により確認されているが、統計的に有意差がでるまでには至っていない。
【0030】
尚、1日3回、1回当たり25mgずつの経口投与量は、公知の投与量からは若干外れた投与量であり、この点でも本発明は新規性を有する。即ち、前記特公平3−54922号公報では、必ずしも一定ではないと断っているが、経口投与又は皮下・筋肉内・静脈内投与の場合では成人1日当たり0.1−20mg、好ましくは0.5−10mgであると記載され(公報第3頁右欄)、また、ソ連邦保健省では、0.01〜0.02gを2〜3回に分けて投与すると記載してある。
【0031】
【実施例】
以下に、実施例(製剤例および試験例)をあげて本発明をさらに具体的に説明するが、本発明の範囲は、これらにより限定されるものではない。
【0032】
製剤例1
(1)塩酸イピダクリン水和物750g、乳糖2973g、ステアリン酸マグネシウム9gを均一に混合し、乾式造粒法により造粒する。造粒後、整粒して14メッシュ以下の顆粒を調製する。次に低置換度ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース150g、含水二酸化ケイ素9gを顆粒と共に混合し、ロータリー式打錠機にて重量130mg、直径7mmの糖衣型錠剤を得た。
(2)塩酸イピダクリン水和物は特有の苦みを有するため、苦みのマスキングを次の工程で行った。あらかじめエチルセルロース52gを精製水1000gに懸濁後、別にヒドロキシプロピルセルロース285gをエタノール2400gに懸濁したものと混合して溶解後、マクロゴールド6000 30gを溶解してコーティング液とした。
(3)(1)で得られた錠剤に(2)で得られたコーティング液を全自動フィルムコーティング装置にてスプレー圧130kg/cm、液流速120mL/minでコーティングし、苦みをマスキングした錠剤(塩酸イピダクリン水和物25mg含有)を得た。
【0033】
製剤例2
塩酸イピダクリン水和物750g、乳糖3600g、結晶セルロース1140g、ステアリン酸マグネシウム60gを均一に混合した後、全自動カプセル充填機(KFM−NI−200、新潟機械)にて3号カプセルに185mg充填し、カプセル剤を得た。
【0034】
試験例1(DAD(痴呆のための障害評価票)によるアルツハイマー型痴呆患者に対する塩酸イピダクリン水和物の効果)
目的:
アルツハイマー型痴呆患者に対する塩酸イピダクリン水和物の有効性並びに用量反応性を並行群間二重盲検法により比較検討する。
対象患者:
▲1▼FAST staging: ステージ4又は5に該当している患者(※1)
▲2▼MMSE: 評価点が10点以上23点以下の患者(※2)
▲3▼外来患者
※1:軽度又は中等度のアルツハイマー型痴呆に該当
Reisberg B,Ferris SH.et al, Functional Staging of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type. Annals New York Academy of Science.435:481−483,1984.参照
※2:軽度又は中等度のアルツハイマー型痴呆に該当
Folstein MF,Folstein SE.,McHugh PR., ”Mini−mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiat. Res., 12(3):189−198,1975.参照
主な除外患者:
抗精神病薬、抗うつ薬、抗てんかん薬、抗パーキンソン薬及び睡眠薬を継続して服用することが必要な患者
例数及び評価時期:
上記の対象患者及び主な対象除外患者を基準に182例(プラセボ群62例、45mg群59例、75mg61例)に薬剤を投与し0、4、8、12週後にDADによる評価を行った。
試験デザイン:
プラセボを対照とした、下記の3群による並行群間二重盲検法
▲1▼塩酸イピダクリン水和物 75mg/日群(25mg錠×3回/日)
▲2▼塩酸イピダクリン水和物 45mg/日群(15mg錠×3回/日)
▲3▼プラセボ群 (プラセボ錠×3回/日)
解析方法:
評価項目40項目について「該当されない」とされた項目数を引き、これを100として合計得点の割合を算出する。
投与直前と最終時点との合計得点の割合変化について平均値の差の検定により群間比較を行うとともに、傾向性検定により用量反応性の検討を行う。
安全性:
概括安全度、有害事象について評価を行った。
【0035】
試験結果
1)DADによる評価結果を図1に示した。
図1より明らかな通り、75mg群は4週、8週、12週と改善を示し、プラセボ群との群間比較による対比較検定で有意差が認められ、また、用量反応性についても傾向性検定で有意差が認められた。投与前と最終時を比較したDADの変化量はプラセボ群−0.11±1.10、45mg群0.21±0.96、75mg群3.54±1.10であった。
尚、75mg群は、評価の対象患者からMMSEが21点以上、または22点以上の極軽度のアルツハイマー型痴呆患者を除いて、有意差検定を行った場合にも群間比較でプラセボとの間に有意差が認められた。
【0036】
2)安全性について
a)概括安全度
安全性に問題なしと評価された割合は、プラセボ群87%、45mg群78%、75mg群92%で、傾向性検定の結果からも用量の増加と安全性との間に有意な差は認められなかった。
b)有害事象
有害事象の発現率(件数/全件数=101)は、プラセボ群31.7%、45mg群37.6%、75mg群30.7%で、副作用の発現率は、プラセボ群6.9%、45mg群11.9%、75mg群6.9%であった。副作用は、プラセボ群では、妄想、頭重感、易怒性、混乱、下痢、食欲低下、食思不振が各1件(1.0%)認められた。45mg群では、易怒、食欲不振が各2件(2.0%)、攻撃性、妄想、せん妄、腹痛(萎縮性胃炎)、嘔気・嘔吐、赤血球数増加、ヘマトクリット増加、薬疹が各1件(1.0%)認められた。75mgでは、食欲不振が3件(3.0%)、下痢、腹痛・下痢、食欲不振・全身けん怠感、嘔吐が各1件(1.0%)認められた。
重篤な有害事象は合計で6件発現し、内訳は45mgでせん妄、急性肺炎、食欲不振が各1件、75mg群で脱水症状、肺炎、性欲亢進が各1件であった。重篤とされた理由はいずれの症例においても「治療のための入院」であり、このうち副作用と認められたのは、せん妄と食欲不振のみであった。なお、この副作用は、重篤性の分類において「死亡・死亡のおそれ」ではなく「その他重篤」に分類された。
【0037】
試験例2
塩酸イピダクリン水和物を健康な成人男子(5人)に50mg単回投与した場合、安全性及び忍容性に加え薬物動態も問題となる挙動は認められなかった。
【0038】
試験例3
塩酸イピダクリン水和物を健康な成人男子(8人)に90mg単回投与した場合、8人中7人に軽度ではあるが胃部不快感、下痢、頭痛、腹痛等の有害事象が認められた。
【0039】
試験例4(ラット脳切片からの電気刺激によるドーパミン遊離促進作用)
電気刺激用チェンバー内(容量:0.17mL)に約10mg湿重量のラット線条体切片(0.4×1.0×1.0mm)を入れ、転倒回転(1回/10秒)し、95%O−5%COで飽和したKrebs−Ringer bicarbonate緩衝液(pH7.4、37℃)を0.2mL/minの流速で灌流した。電気刺激の条件は、定電流電気刺激装置から20mAで持続時間が5msecの方形波を用い、28msecの休止期を置いた双極性に、約15Hz(30pulses/sec)の頻度で、灌流開始50分後より10分間切片を刺激(2秒間の刺激と2秒間の休みの繰り返し)した。塩酸イピダクリン水和物、塩酸ドネペジル及び塩酸タクリンは緩衝液に溶解し、終濃度で1×10−6〜1×10−9Mとなるように灌流開始45分より灌流終了時まで添加した。尚、灌流液は予め0.5N塩酸を含むサンプルチューブに5分毎に採取した。灌流液中のドーパミン濃度は、電気化学検出器付き高速液体クロマトグラフィーを用いて測定した。
その結果、塩酸イピダクリン水和物(1×10−6M、1×10−7M)は添加5分後より15分後まで電気刺激によるドーパミン遊離を促進した(表1)。しかし、塩酸ドネペジル及び塩酸タクリンではその作用が認められなかった(表2)。尚、塩酸イピダクリン水和物はいずれの用量においても電気刺激前のDA遊離には影響しなかった(表1)。
【0040】
【表1】

Figure 2004292316
【0041】
【表2】
Figure 2004292316
【0042】
試験例5(メタンフェタミン誘発常同行動に対する作用)
恒温・恒湿条件で飼育した8〜9週齢のウィスター系雄性ラット(日本エスエルシー)を用いた。ラットにメタンフェタミン6mg/kgを腹腔内投与し、60分後及び90分後に個別ケージ(20×20×30cm)に入れて2分間常同行動(licking)の発現を観察した。塩酸イピダクリン水和物(0.1、0.3、1mg/kg)はメタンフェタミンの投与直後に経口投与し、フィゾスチグミン(0.1、0.3、1mg/kg)は同様に腹腔内投与した。尚、対照群には経口投与では精製水を、腹腔内投与では生理食塩液をそれぞれ用いた。
その結果、精製水を投与した溶媒対照群では60分後に10例中4〜6例、90分後に10例中2〜3例にそれぞれlickingが発現した(表3)。この時、塩酸イピダクリンは用量依存的にlickingの発現を増強した(表3)。一方、フィゾスチグミンでは0.3mg/kg以上の用量でlickingの発現を抑制した(表3)。尚、結果には示していないが塩酸イピダクリン水和物の単独投与では何ら異常行動は認められなかった。
【0043】
【表3】
Figure 2004292316
【0044】
試験例6 レセルピン低体温に対する作用
恒温・恒湿条件で飼育した5〜6週齢のddY系雄性マウス(日本エスエルシー)を用いた。マウスにレセルピン2.5mg/kgを腹腔内投与し、絶食下で個別ケージ(7×19×10cm)内で飼育した。レセルピン投与15時間後、塩酸イピダクリン水和物(1、3、10、30mg/kg)及び塩酸タクリン(0.3、1、3、10mg/kg)は経口投与し、フィゾスチグミン(0.03、0.1、0.3mg/kg)は腹腔内投与した。対照群には経口投与では精製水を、腹腔内投与では生理食塩液をそれぞれ用いた。また、体温測定は被験物質投与3時間後に直腸体温を測定した。尚、レセルピンを投与したマウスは、被験物質投与30分前に30℃未満の低体温であることを確認し試験に用いた。
その結果、レセルピン投与した溶媒対照群ではレセルピン非投与対照群と比較して約6℃体温の低下が見られた(表4)。この時、塩酸イピダクリン水和物は用量依存的に体温の上昇が認められ、30mg/kgの用量において有意であった(表4)。一方、塩酸タクリン及びフィゾスチグミンでは体温への影響は見られなかった(表4)。
【0045】
【表4】
Figure 2004292316
【0046】
試験例7(PC12細胞の分化・成長に及ぼす影響)
RPMI1640培地(日水製薬)[FBS(ウシ胎児血清、Fetal bovine Serum(GIBCO社))5%、Horse serum10%を含む]培地中にPC12細胞を12穴プレートに一穴あたり5×10個ずつまき、翌日にNGF(Nerve Growth Factor 7S(GIBCO社))を20ng/mLの濃度で添加して分化誘導した。その後、2、3日ごとにNGFを添加し10日間細胞を分化・成長させた。細胞分化に対する塩酸イピダクリン水和物および塩酸ドネペジルの作用を調べるために、分化誘導時にそれぞれ10μMの濃度となるよう培養液中に添加して10日後の細胞数をコールターカウンターで測定した。
試験は2回行い、結果は表5に平均値で示した。
分化誘導後10日目の細胞数は、無添加と比較して塩酸イピダクリン水和物を添加した場合125%、塩酸ドネペジルを添加した場合41.7%であった。
【0047】
【表5】
Figure 2004292316
【0048】
【本発明の効果】
塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、アセチルコリンエステラーゼの阻害作用のみならず、モノアミン作動性神経の活性化作用及び神経栄養因子的作用を有す。また、塩酸イピダクリン水和物は、アルツハイマー型痴呆における臨床試験においてDAD(痴呆のための障害評価票)の改善効果に有意差が認められた最初の薬物であるため、アルツハイマー型痴呆の治療剤、好ましくは軽度及び中等度のアルツハイマー型痴呆における痴呆の改善剤または進行抑制剤、特にアルツハイマー型痴呆症における日常生活動作能力の改善剤として極めて有用である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】DADによる評価結果を示した図である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to ipidacrine (9-amino-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta [b] quinoline) or a hydrate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, Alzheimer-type dementia containing preferably ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate (9-amino-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta [b] quinoline monohydrochloride monohydrate) as an active ingredient The present invention relates to an agent for improving the ability to perform daily activities in Japan.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, in countries where the ratio of elderly people is high, such as in developed countries, the number of people with Alzheimer's dementia has also become considerable. Alzheimer's dementia is associated with brain atrophy, and at present, there is no drug that can fundamentally treat this disease.
[0003]
Since Alzheimer's dementia is claimed to be caused by the phenomenon of cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain, various methods using a choline stimulant, an acetylcholine precursor, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for treatment have been tried. .
[0004]
At present, therapeutic drugs for senile dementia including Alzheimer-type dementia are roughly divided into two types. (1) It is broadly divided into those that suppress the deterioration of memory and suppress the progress of dementia symptoms, and (2) those that improve peripheral symptoms (low spontaneity, emotional disorders, behavioral abnormalities, decreased motivation, etc.). In the former, there are several kinds of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors represented by donepezil hydrochloride, tacrine hydrochloride and the like, and as the latter, cerebral metabolic activators, antidepressants, anxiolytics and the like are used. However, many antidepressants and anxiolytics have anticholinergic effects, and their use is restricted to patients with dementia symptoms. Many of the brain metabolic activators have been discontinued in June 1998 due to their effectiveness.
[0005]
Tacrine hydrochloride (THA) and donepezil hydrochloride have recently been used as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer-type dementia. However, since tacrine hydrochloride has a considerable adverse effect on the liver as a side effect, considerable care must be taken for long-term use, and it is not approved in Japan. In addition, donepezil hydrochloride is intended to suppress the occurrence of gastrointestinal side effects, since it is necessary to start with 3 mg once a day, which is not an effective amount, and increase the effective amount to 5 mg after 1-2 weeks, and orally administer it. It has the disadvantage of requiring careful administration.
[0006]
Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has been reported to be useful as a drug for promoting learning and enhancing memory, and as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer-type senile dementia (Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-54922). It is also known that this compound is useful as a stimulant of excitation conduction in the peripheral nervous system due to the inhibitory action of acetylcholinesterase, direct action on muscle and nerve fibers, and the like (Japanese Patent Publication No. 63-35611).
[0007]
Furthermore, ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has been approved by the USSR Ministry of Health as amyridin, and its efficacy and effects are described in "Adults have been tested in adults for peripheral nervous system diseases (neuritis, polyneuritis, polyneurosis, polyneuropathy, polyneuropathy). Root neuropathy) Ball paralysis and paresis, recovery period of central nervous system organic disorder with motor dysfunction, myasthenia and various myasthenic syndromes, comprehensive therapy for demyelinating diseases, Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's senile dementia, It is also used in obstetrics to promote labor after artificial rupture or prepartum amniotic fluid spills. "
[0008]
In the USSR (Russia), the dosage and administration of amylizine is as follows: "For the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other memory disorders, 0.01 to 0.02 g should be administered in two or three divided doses. 0.10 to 0.12 g. The treatment period is 4 to 8 weeks. "
[0009]
Based on such findings, various clinical trials were conducted in Japan to confirm the efficacy of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate against Alzheimer's dementia. However, in the clinical trials so far, although ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate is more effective than placebo, there is no statistically significant result obtained.
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a drug which does not have the above-mentioned drawbacks, that is, has a significant difference from placebo in a double-blind clinical test.
[0011]
Means for Solving the Invention
The present inventors conducted a clinical study (Phase II dose-response test) to confirm the usefulness of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate, and as a result, it was found that ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate significantly improved the ability to perform daily activities in Alzheimer-type dementia. It has been found that the present invention can be improved, and the present invention has been completed.
[0012]
The present invention is an agent for improving daily activity performance in Alzheimer's type dementia, which is preferably used for at-home Alzheimer's type dementia patients, using ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate as an active ingredient. In the present invention, the improvement of the ability to perform daily activities refers to improvement of the ability to perform daily activities for Alzheimer-type dementia patients at home, and impediments to initiating actions or actions, that is, spontaneous disorders, It is an improvement based on a scale composed of three elements: obstacles to planning and setting up actions and actions, and obstacles to performing actions and actions effectively. Therefore, the present invention is an agent for improving the ability to perform daily activities based on a scale composed of these three factors.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The improvement of the ability to perform daily activities in the present invention is specifically based on the DAD (disability evaluation sheet for dementia) described in Geriatric Psychiatry, Vol. 7, No. 2, p201-209 (1996. 2). It is based on the evaluation. This evaluation form is divided into the following items: hygiene, clothing, excretion, eating, preparing meals, making phone calls, going out, handling and communicating money, taking, leisure and housework. For example, taking food as an example, 1) "Try to eat (beginning of action)", 2) "Select the appropriate tableware and seasoning when eating (planning and setup)", 3) There are three questions: "Eat at a normal pace and with proper manners (effective execution)", and all of the items are described as follows. In response to the question "Did you act?", "Yes = 1, No = 0, Not applicable = X" is evaluated.
Here, 1) is an evaluation of disability in starting an act or action, that is, a spontaneous disability, 2) is an evaluation of disability in planning and setting up an action / action, and 3) is an evaluation of a disability.・ This corresponds to the evaluation of obstacles to effective actions.
[0014]
The ability to perform daily activities is closely related to the above-mentioned (2) peripheral symptoms (spontaneity, emotional disorder, abnormal behavior, decreased motivation, etc.) as symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia. The improvement in is related to the psychostimulant effect of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate, particularly the activation of monoaminergic nerves, as shown in the following test examples.
[0015]
Psychostimulants generally have effects on the cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus and brain stem, etc., particularly through the action of activating dopaminergic nerves, increasing arousal / motivation, raising mood, and eliminating fatigue and malaise. It is known that It is widely known that monoamine oxidase and antidepressants having an inhibitory action on monoamine reuptake improve motivation disorders such as psychomotor suppression and emotional disorders such as anxiety and frustration. At present, such drugs are used for treating peripheral symptoms of Alzheimer-type dementia as described above. On the other hand, in the central nervous system of Alzheimer-type dementia, as a substrate and functional changes, in addition to acetylcholinergic nervous system dysfunction, a number of monoaminergic nervous system dysfunctions such as dopamine and noradrenaline have also been reported. In addition, the relationship between these nerve dysfunctions and peripheral symptoms has been discussed. Therefore, drugs that activate monoaminergic nerves, such as dopamine or noradrenaline, are expected to ameliorate various symptoms of senile dementia. In addition, drugs that activate such monoaminergic nerves have as their primary effects the effects of depression, anxiety, Parkinson, mental retardation, organic mental illness, mood disorders, hypersomnia including narcolepsy, hyperactivity syndrome, It is also considered to be useful for central nervous system diseases such as dysfunction and pathologies such as obesity. However, since many psychostimulants generally have side effects such as dry mouth, gastrointestinal disorders, headache and insomnia, care must be taken when using them.
[0016]
It has been known that ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has a stimulating action on excitation conduction in the peripheral nervous system as described above (JP-B-63-35611). However, the stimulation of excitatory conduction in the peripheral nervous system of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate is based on the fact that the material used in the experiment is the rat sciatic nerve, which is an acetylcholinergic motor nervous system that uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is a kind. Therefore, it has not been investigated at all whether or not ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has an effect on the central nervous system in the brain, especially on monoaminergic nerves. Further, it has not been known that AChE inhibitors such as donepezil hydrochloride and tacrine hydrochloride which have been used as a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's dementia activate monoaminergic nerves in the brain.
[0017]
The present inventors have shown that ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate promotes electrical stimulation-induced dopamine release from brain slices, enhances methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats, and antagonizes reserpine hypothermia. .
In general, it has been reported that dopamine or norepinephrine agonists and reuptake inhibitors have an enhancing effect on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior and also have an antagonistic effect on reserpine hypothermia (Psychopharmacologia ( 1972) 43 , 69-74; Pharm. Pharmacol. (1975) 27 , 242-247, Clinical Psychiatry (1981). 10 , 1225-1239)).
[0018]
Therefore, from the results of experiments using these animals and brain slices, it was concluded that ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate promotes neurotransmission to the monoamine nervous system such as dopamine and noradrenergic nerves in the brain. That is, ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has an effect of activating monoaminergic nerves, particularly dopaminergic nerves and norepinephrineergic nerves.
[0019]
Furthermore, ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate not only has a conventionally known inhibitory action on acetylcholinesterase, a stimulating action on excitatory conduction in the peripheral nervous system due to a direct action on muscle and nerve fibers, but also increases the number of nerve cells as shown in the following test examples. It also has a neurotrophic factor effect, and is therefore extremely useful as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer-type dementia.
[0020]
Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate, as shown in the test examples described below, can be used to induce neuronal differentiation by adding NGF (nerve growth factor) to fibroblasts (PC12) to induce differentiation into nerve cells. Has the effect of increasing the number. That is, the number of cells after 10 days was greater in the presence of ipidacrine hydrochloride than in the case without addition. On the other hand, donepezil hydrochloride used as a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's dementia did not have this effect, but rather reduced the number of viable cells.
[0021]
Therefore, since ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate is a compound having not only an AChE inhibitory effect but also a neurotrophic factor effect, neurodegenerative diseases (eg, senile dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, Down's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob) Disease, amyotrophic spinal cord lateral sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, etc.), or neuropathic symptoms associated with cerebrovascular disorder, head trauma, spinal cord injury and the like.
[0022]
In the present invention, ipidacrine is preferably used as the monohydrochloride monohydrate, ie as ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate. Ipidacrine can also be used as other pharmacologically acceptable salts. Specifically, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, bisulfurous acid, salts of inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid, and formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, Salts of organic acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, methanesulfonic acid and toluenesulfonic acid can be mentioned. Furthermore, hydrates of these salts can be used in the present invention.
[0023]
Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate is generally administered orally. Preparations for oral administration can be prepared into powders, granules, tablets, capsules, syrups, emulsions, suspensions and the like. Other administration routes include injections (subcutaneous injections, intravenous injections, intramuscular injections, intraperitoneal injections, etc.), instillations, external preparations (nasal administration preparations, transdermal preparations, ointments, etc.) ), Suppositories and the like.
[0024]
These preparations can be produced by a known method generally used in a preparation process. Hereinafter, a specific production method of the preparation will be described in detail.
[0025]
Oral preparations include, as active ingredients, excipients (lactose, sucrose, starch, mannitol, crystallized cellulose, etc.), disintegrants (calcium carbonate, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, etc.), binders (gelatinized starch, gum arabic, carboxy Methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc.) or lubricants (talc, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol 6000, etc.) are added and compression-molded, and then, if necessary, by a known method for masking taste, entericity or persistence. Manufactured by coating.
[0026]
Injectable preparations include, for example, dispersants (Tween 80 (manufactured by Atlas Powder), HCO60 (manufactured by Nikko Chemicals), polyethylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, etc.), and preservatives (methylparaben, propylparaben, benzyl alcohol, etc.). Dissolved in aqueous solvents (distilled water, physiological saline, Ringer's solution, etc.) or oily solvents (olive oil, sesame oil, propylene glycol, etc.) together with isotonic agents (sodium chloride, glycerin, sorbitol, glucose, etc.) It is manufactured by turbidity or emulsification.
[0027]
An external preparation is produced by preparing a solid, semi-solid or liquid composition of the active ingredient. For example, in the solid composition, the active ingredient is added as it is, or excipients (lactose, mannitol, starch, etc.), thickeners (natural gums, cellulose derivatives, acrylic acid polymers, etc.) are added and mixed. It is manufactured by powdering. The liquid composition is produced in almost the same manner as in the case of injection. The semi-solid composition is preferably an aqueous or oily gel or an ointment. Each of these compositions may contain a pH adjuster, a preservative, and the like.
[0028]
Suppositories are produced by using an active ingredient as an oily or aqueous solid, semi-solid or liquid composition. Examples of the oil base include glycerides of higher fatty acids, intermediate fatty acids, and vegetable oils. Examples of the aqueous base include polyethylene glycols and propylene glycol. Examples of the aqueous gel base include natural gums, cellulose derivatives, vinyl polymers, and acrylic acid polymers.
[0029]
Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate is generally orally administered to an adult three times a day, 15 to 50 mg, preferably 25 mg to 50 mg, particularly preferably 25 mg, each time. It has been confirmed by the applicant's past clinical trials that the dosage of 15 mg per dose three times a day is effective as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's dementia. Has not yet reached a significant difference.
[0030]
Incidentally, the oral dose of 25 mg at a time three times a day is a dose slightly deviating from the known dose, and the present invention also has novelty in this respect. That is, Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-54922 states that the dose is not always constant, but in the case of oral administration or subcutaneous / intramuscular / intravenous administration, it is 0.1-20 mg, preferably 0.5 mg / day for an adult. -10 mg (publication, page 3, right column), and the Ministry of Health of the USSR states that 0.01 to 0.02 g is to be administered in two or three divided doses.
[0031]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to Examples (Formulation Examples and Test Examples), but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0032]
Formulation Example 1
(1) Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate 750 g, lactose 2973 g, and magnesium stearate 9 g are uniformly mixed and granulated by a dry granulation method. After granulation, the granules are sized to prepare granules of 14 mesh or less. Next, 150 g of low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose and 9 g of hydrous silicon dioxide were mixed together with the granules, and a sugar-coated tablet having a weight of 130 mg and a diameter of 7 mm was obtained using a rotary tableting machine.
(2) Since ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has specific bitterness, masking of bitterness was performed in the next step. After suspending 52 g of ethyl cellulose in 1000 g of purified water in advance and mixing and dissolving 285 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose in 2400 g of ethanol, 30 g of Macrogold 6000 was dissolved to prepare a coating solution.
(3) The coating liquid obtained in (2) is sprayed on the tablet obtained in (1) with a fully automatic film coating apparatus at a spray pressure of 130 kg / cm. 2 A tablet coated with a liquid flow rate of 120 mL / min to mask bitterness (containing 25 mg of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate) was obtained.
[0033]
Formulation Example 2
After uniformly mixing 750 g of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate, 3600 g of lactose, 1140 g of crystalline cellulose, and 60 g of magnesium stearate, 185 mg was filled into No. 3 capsule with a fully automatic capsule filling machine (KFM-NI-200, Niigata Kikai), A capsule was obtained.
[0034]
Test Example 1 (Effect of Ipidacrine Hydrochloride Hydrate on Alzheimer's Dementia Patients by DAD (Disability Evaluation Form for Dementia))
Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy and dose-response of ipidacrine hydrochloride in patients with Alzheimer's dementia by a double-blind, parallel-group study.
Target patients:
(1) FAST staging: Patient who corresponds to stage 4 or 5 (* 1)
(2) MMSE: Patients with an evaluation score of 10 or more and 23 or less (* 2)
▲ 3 ▼ Outpatient
* 1: Applicable to mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease
Reisberg B, Ferris SH. et al, Functional Staging of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type. Annals New York Academy of Science. 435 : 481-483, 1984. reference
* 2: Applicable to mild or moderate Alzheimer-type dementia
Folstein MF, Folstein SE. , McHugh PR. , "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiat. Res. , 12 (3): 189-198, 1975. reference
Main excluded patients:
Patients who need to take antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antiparkinson drugs and sleeping pills continuously
Number of cases and evaluation period:
The drug was administered to 182 patients (62 patients in the placebo group, 59 patients in the 45 mg group, 61 patients in the 75 mg group) based on the above-mentioned subject patients and the main excluded patients, and evaluated by DAD 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks later.
Study design:
A double-blind, parallel group study with the following three groups, using placebo as a control:
(1) Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate 75 mg / day group (25 mg tablet x 3 times / day)
(2) Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate 45 mg / day group (15 mg tablet x 3 times / day)
(3) Placebo group (Placebo tablet x 3 times / day)
analysis method:
For the 40 evaluation items, the number of items that are determined to be “not applicable” is subtracted, and this is set to 100 to calculate the ratio of the total score.
The change in the percentage of the total score between the time immediately before administration and the final time point is compared between groups by testing the difference between the mean values, and the dose-response is examined by a trend test.
safety:
The overall safety level and adverse events were evaluated.
[0035]
Test results
1) The evaluation results by DAD are shown in FIG.
As is clear from FIG. 1, the 75 mg group showed improvement at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks, and a significant difference was observed in the paired comparison test by comparison with the placebo group, and there was also a tendency for dose response. The test showed a significant difference. The changes in DAD before and after the administration were 0.11 ± 1.10 in the placebo group, 0.21 ± 0.96 in the 45 mg group, and 3.54 ± 1.10 in the 75 mg group.
In addition, the 75 mg group excludes extremely mild Alzheimer's type dementia patients with MMSE of 21 or more or 22 or more from the subjects to be evaluated, and the difference between the groups was compared with the placebo even when the significance test was performed. Was significantly different.
[0036]
2) Safety
a) Overall safety level
The proportions evaluated as having no problem in safety were 87% in the placebo group, 78% in the 45 mg group, and 92% in the 75 mg group. A significant difference was observed between the dose increase and safety from the results of the trend test. I couldn't.
b) Adverse events
The incidence rate of adverse events (number of cases / total number = 101) was 31.7% in the placebo group, 37.6% in the 45 mg group, 30.7% in the 75 mg group, and the incidence rate of side effects was 6.9% in the placebo group. 11.9% in the 45 mg group and 6.9% in the 75 mg group. In the placebo group, one side effect (1.0%) was observed in the placebo group, including delusion, head heavyness, irritability, confusion, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and anorexia. In the 45 mg group, irritability and anorexia were 2 each (2.0%), aggression, delusion, delirium, abdominal pain (atrophic gastritis), nausea / vomiting, increased red blood cell count, increased hematocrit, and drug eruption were 1 each. (1.0%). At 75 mg, anorexia (3 cases) (3.0%), diarrhea, abdominal pain / diarrhea, anorexia / general malaise, and vomiting were each observed (1.0%).
A total of six serious adverse events occurred, of which 45 mg were delirium, acute pneumonia, and anorexia, one in each case and dehydration, pneumonia, and hypersexuality were one in the 75 mg group. The reason for the seriousness was “hospitalization for treatment” in all cases, of which only side effects were recognized for delirium and anorexia. In addition, this side effect was classified as “other serious” instead of “death or risk of death” in the classification of seriousness.
[0037]
Test example 2
When a single dose of 50 mg of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate was administered to healthy adult males (five), behaviors that would cause problems in pharmacokinetics in addition to safety and tolerability were not observed.
[0038]
Test example 3
When 90 mg of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate was administered to healthy adult boys (8 patients) in a single dose, 7 out of 8 subjects had mild but adverse events such as gastric discomfort, diarrhea, headache, and abdominal pain. .
[0039]
Test Example 4 (Dopamine release promoting action by electrical stimulation from rat brain slice)
A rat striatum section (0.4 × 1.0 × 1.0 mm) having a wet weight of about 10 mg was placed in the chamber for electric stimulation (capacity: 0.17 mL), and it was inverted and rotated (1 time / 10 seconds). 95% O 2 -5% CO 2 A Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer solution (pH 7.4, 37 ° C.) saturated with was perfused at a flow rate of 0.2 mL / min. The conditions of the electrical stimulation were as follows: a square wave of 20 mA and a duration of 5 msec was used from a constant current electrical stimulator, and bipolar was placed at a rest period of 28 msec, at a frequency of about 15 Hz (30 pulses / sec), and at a start of perfusion of 50 min. The sections were stimulated (repetition of stimulation for 2 seconds and rest for 2 seconds) for 10 minutes thereafter. Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate, donepezil hydrochloride and tacrine hydrochloride were dissolved in the buffer solution, and the final concentration was 1 × 10 -6 ~ 1 × 10 -9 M was added from 45 minutes from the start of perfusion to the end of perfusion so as to obtain M. The perfusate was previously collected every 5 minutes in a sample tube containing 0.5N hydrochloric acid. The dopamine concentration in the perfusate was measured using high performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector.
As a result, ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate (1 × 10 -6 M, 1 × 10 -7 M) promoted dopamine release by electrical stimulation from 5 minutes to 15 minutes after addition (Table 1). However, the effect was not observed with donepezil hydrochloride and tacrine hydrochloride (Table 2). In addition, ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate did not affect DA release before electrical stimulation at any dose (Table 1).
[0040]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004292316
[0041]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004292316
[0042]
Test Example 5 (Effect on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior)
Eight- to nine-week-old male Wistar rats (Japan SLC) bred under constant temperature and humidity conditions were used. Rats were intraperitoneally administered 6 mg / kg of methamphetamine, placed in individual cages (20 × 20 × 30 cm) 60 minutes and 90 minutes later, and observed for 2 minutes of stereotypical licking. Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate (0.1, 0.3, 1 mg / kg) was orally administered immediately after administration of methamphetamine, and physostigmine (0.1, 0.3, 1 mg / kg) was similarly administered intraperitoneally. In the control group, purified water was used for oral administration, and physiological saline was used for intraperitoneal administration.
As a result, in the solvent control group to which purified water was administered, licking was developed in 4 to 6 cases out of 10 cases after 60 minutes and in 2 to 3 cases out of 10 cases after 90 minutes (Table 3). At this time, ipidacrine hydrochloride enhanced the expression of licking in a dose-dependent manner (Table 3). On the other hand, physostigmine suppressed the expression of licking at a dose of 0.3 mg / kg or more (Table 3). In addition, although not shown in the results, no abnormal behavior was observed when ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate was administered alone.
[0043]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004292316
[0044]
Test Example 6 Effect on reserpine hypothermia
Male ddY mice (Nippon SLC) of 5-6 weeks of age reared under constant temperature and constant humidity conditions were used. Mice received 2.5 mg / kg of reserpine intraperitoneally and were kept in individual cages (7 × 19 × 10 cm) under fasting conditions. 15 hours after the administration of reserpine, ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate (1, 3, 10, 30 mg / kg) and tacrine hydrochloride (0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg / kg) were orally administered, and physostigmine (0.03, 0 ., 0.3 mg / kg) was administered intraperitoneally. For the control group, purified water was used for oral administration, and physiological saline was used for intraperitoneal administration. The body temperature was measured at 3 hours after administration of the test substance. The mice to which reserpine was administered were confirmed to have a hypothermia of less than 30 ° C. 30 minutes before administration of the test substance, and were used in the test.
As a result, a decrease in body temperature of about 6 ° C. was observed in the vehicle control group to which reserpine was administered as compared to the control group to which reserpine was not administered (Table 4). At this time, the body temperature of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate increased in a dose-dependent manner, and was significant at a dose of 30 mg / kg (Table 4). On the other hand, tacrine hydrochloride and physostigmine had no effect on body temperature (Table 4).
[0045]
[Table 4]
Figure 2004292316
[0046]
Test Example 7 (Effect on Differentiation and Growth of PC12 Cells)
RPMI1640 medium (Nissui Pharmaceutical) [FBS (fetal bovine serum, Fetal bovine Serum (GIBCO)) containing 5%, Horse serum 10%] PC12 cells in a 12-well plate in a medium of 5 × 10 6 per well. 3 The seeds were sown individually, and the next day, NGF (Nerve Growth Factor 7S (GIBCO)) was added at a concentration of 20 ng / mL to induce differentiation. Thereafter, NGF was added every two or three days, and the cells were differentiated and grown for 10 days. In order to examine the effects of ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate and donepezil hydrochloride on cell differentiation, the cells were added to a culture solution at a concentration of 10 μM each at the time of differentiation induction, and the number of cells after 10 days was measured with a Coulter counter.
The test was performed twice, and the results are shown in Table 5 as average values.
The number of cells on the 10th day after the induction of differentiation was 125% in the case where ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate was added and 41.7% in the case where donepezil hydrochloride was added, as compared with the case without addition.
[0047]
[Table 5]
Figure 2004292316
[0048]
[Effects of the present invention]
Ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate has not only an inhibitory action of acetylcholinesterase but also an action of activating monoaminergic nerves and a neurotrophic factor action. In addition, since ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate is the first drug in a clinical test for Alzheimer's dementia to have a significant difference in the improvement effect of DAD (disability evaluation sheet for dementia), a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's dementia, Preferably, it is extremely useful as an agent for improving or suppressing progression of dementia in mild and moderate Alzheimer-type dementia, and particularly as an agent for improving the performance of daily activities in Alzheimer-type dementia.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an evaluation result by DAD.

Claims (7)

イピダクリン(9−アミノ−2,3,5,6,7,8−ヘキサハイドロ−1H−シクロペンタ[b]キノリン)若しくはその水和物又はこれらの薬理学的に許容される塩を有効成分とするアルツハイマー型痴呆における日常生活動作能力の改善剤。Ipidacrine (9-amino-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta [b] quinoline) or a hydrate thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient An agent for improving the performance of daily activities in Alzheimer's disease. 塩酸イピダクリン水和物(9−アミノ−2,3,5,6,7,8−ヘキサハイドロ−1H−シクロペンタ[b]キノリン一塩酸塩一水和物)を有効成分とするアルツハイマー型痴呆における日常生活動作能力の改善剤。Daily use in Alzheimer-type dementia using ipidacrine hydrochloride hydrate (9-amino-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta [b] quinoline monohydrochloride monohydrate) as an active ingredient An agent for improving living performance. 日常生活動作能力が在宅のアルツハイマー型痴呆患者を対象とした日常生活動作能力である請求項1又は請求項2記載の改善剤。The improvement agent according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the daily life performance ability is a daily life performance ability for Alzheimer's dementia patients at home. 日常生活動作能力が在宅のアルツハイマー型痴呆患者を対象とした日常生活動作能力であり、行為あるいは行動を開始することの障害、つまり自発性の障害、行為・行動の計画と段取りをつけることの障害、及び行為・行動を有効に行うことの障害の3つの要素からなるものである請求項3記載の改善剤。The ability to perform daily activities is the ability to perform daily activities for at-home Alzheimer's type dementia patients, and impairment in initiating actions or actions, ie, spontaneous impairment, impairment in planning and setting up actions and actions. 4. The improvement agent according to claim 3, comprising three elements, and an obstacle to effectively performing the action / behavior. 日常生活動作能力がDAD(痴呆のための障害評価票)による評価に基づいたものである請求項3記載の改善剤。The improving agent according to claim 3, wherein the ability to perform daily living is based on the evaluation by DAD (disability evaluation sheet for dementia). 有効成分の服用量が1日3回投与で1回当たり25mg〜50mgである請求項1〜請求項5記載の改善剤。The improving agent according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the dose of the active ingredient is 25 mg to 50 mg per administration when administered three times a day. 有効成分の服用量が1日3回投与で1回当たり25mgである請求項6記載の改善剤。The ameliorating agent according to claim 6, wherein the dose of the active ingredient is 25 mg per administration when administered three times a day.
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JPS6322520A (en) * 1986-07-01 1988-01-30 ナウチノ−イスレドワ−チエルスキ−、インスチツ−ト、ポ、ビオロギチェスキム、イスピタニアム、ヒミチェスキフ、ソエディネヌイ Study-accelerating memory-enhancing drug
JPH10259126A (en) * 1997-01-17 1998-09-29 Takeda Chem Ind Ltd Treating and preventing agent for alzheimer's disease

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JPS6322520A (en) * 1986-07-01 1988-01-30 ナウチノ−イスレドワ−チエルスキ−、インスチツ−ト、ポ、ビオロギチェスキム、イスピタニアム、ヒミチェスキフ、ソエディネヌイ Study-accelerating memory-enhancing drug
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