JP2004278198A - Effluent oil diffusion preventing method, and buoyancy material for use therein - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an effluent oil diffusion preventing method which can prevent the diffusion of effluent oil, beginning with the settling of the same. <P>SOLUTION: The effluent oil diffusion preventing method is implemented by releasing a number of buoyancy materials 1A, 1B from under water toward the effluent oil L floating on the water W, and imparting buoyancy to the effluent oil L by the buoyancy materials 1A, 1B. The effluent oil L contains a component that can form a mass S and sinks in the water, and the buoyancy material 1A is composed so as to be bonded to the mass S. On the other hand, the buoyancy material 1B is composed so as to engage with each other, and therefore a number of the buoyancy materials 1B engage with each other on the surface of the effluent oil L in the water, to thereby form a wall body 2. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for preventing the diffusion of oil spilled on water, such as oceans, rivers, and lakes, and a buoyancy material used for the method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
First, as a conventional technique, a method of consolidating and consolidating an oil layer floating on water described in Patent Document 1 will be exemplified. In this method, a drifting oil layer is collected and consolidated by dispersing foaming material droplets that foam and grow in water and oil on or in water. The exemplified urethane foam stock solution is generally slightly heavier than the specific gravity of water. For this reason, when sprayed on the drifting oil layer, the oil temporarily sinks into the water through the oil layer. During the sedimentation, the specific gravity decreases to 1 or less as the foaming occurs, so that the water is floated. In order to uniformly spray the drifting oil layer and increase the surface area of the foam material at the boundary between the oil layers, the foaming stock solution is sprayed on the drifting oil layer in the form of droplets of several mm or less.
[0003]
In addition, the floating oil / fat recovery method described in Patent Document 2 recovers oil / fat on water using foamed plastic pieces. The foamed plastic pieces are obtained by pulverizing used styrofoam waste used as a packaging material or a heat insulating container into an appropriate size to obtain a granular, fibrous, or porous body. Then, when the foamed plastic pieces are put on the oils and fats floating on the sea, the foamed plastics pieces contact the oils and fats while floating on the sea. At this time, fats and oils are taken into the countless voids of the foamed plastic pieces, and the fats and oils are absorbed by the foamed plastic pieces.
[0004]
The oil spill diffusion prevention device described in Patent Document 3 is used in common with an oil fence, and has a large number of air diffusion holes, and is laid on the sea floor inside the oil fence so as to surround the oil spill area. It is composed of a diffuser tube and a bubble generator laid on the sea floor inside the diffuser tube to generate fine bubbles. A large number of air bubbles released from the air diffusers form a bubble curtain in the depth direction of the seawater, and this bubble curtain prevents the orimulsion flowing out to the sea surface from flowing out and diffusing out of the bubble curtain section. Have been to be. Also, when fine bubbles emitted from the bubble generator laid inside the air diffuser rise toward the sea surface due to its buoyancy, the oil fine particles are divided into fine particles and the oil particles rise toward the sea surface. It has been like that.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-B-51-47721 [Patent Document 2]
JP 2001-48086 A (Page 3, FIG. 1)
[Patent Document 3]
Japanese Utility Model Registration No. 2568888 (pages 1-2, FIGS. 1-3)
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
By the way, crude oil is composed of various components from low specific gravity components to high specific gravity components.Especially, with the passage of time during drifting over water, high specific gravity and high viscosity components are separated and aggregated. It is necessary to prevent this because it sinks in water. However, the method described in Patent Literature 1 has a problem in that the foaming undiluted solution sprayed on the drifting oil layer penetrates the drifting oil layer, thereby promoting sedimentation of the lump. Further, the foaming undiluted solution exemplified in the document contains a surfactant which easily reacts with water and is easily dissolved in water, and a harmful substance such as isocyanate. In addition, since unevenness is generated on the upper surface of the drifting oil layer by the wave wind, there is also a problem that it is actually very difficult to uniformly spray the drifting oil layer.
[0007]
Further, even in the method described in Patent Document 2, since the foamed plastic pieces are put on the oils and fats floating on the sea, if the high specific gravity component is already settled below the oil layer, the height of the oil is reduced. There is a problem that components having a specific gravity are hardly adsorbed. In addition, similarly to the method described in Patent Document 1, there is a problem that the foamed plastic pieces may promote the sedimentation of the lump composed of the high specific gravity component due to the momentum at the time of introduction.
[0008]
Further, in the device described in Patent Literature 3, it is necessary to continuously release bubbles to the spilled oil. Therefore, when a large amount of oil spills out, it takes a long time until the oil recovery is completed. There is a problem that a large amount of energy is required to supply bubbles, and it is difficult to secure the energy source. Further, when the oil spills over a wide area, there is a problem that it is very difficult to dispose an air diffuser over the wide area. In addition, since it is necessary to lay the air diffuser on the seabed, there is a problem that bubbles are hard to reach the spilled oil sea area on the sea under the influence of water currents such as ocean currents and tidal currents at a deep water depth. In addition, as shown in FIG. 13A, when the oil spill L contains a component that forms a lump S, it is still better that the entire lump S is integrated. However, when the lump S is fragile as shown in FIG. 3B, the lump S is gradually broken by being shaken by waves, and when a portion Sa of the lump S sinks into the seawater W, the bubble B is formed around the lump. However, there is a problem that the sedimentation cannot be effectively prevented because the sediment immediately moves to a high place.
[0009]
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for preventing oil spill diffusion which solves the above-mentioned problems and a buoyancy material used for the method.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, a method for preventing oil spill diffusion according to the present invention releases a large number of buoyancy materials from water toward spilled oil floating on water, and gives buoyancy to the spilled oil by the buoyancy material. ing.
[0011]
As the spilled oil diffusion prevention method, an embodiment is exemplified in which the spilled oil contains a component that settles in water as a lump, and the buoyancy material is configured to be bonded to the lump.
[0012]
In the method for preventing oil spill diffusion, the buoyancy members are configured to engage with each other, and a wall body in which a large number of the buoyancy members engage with each other is formed on a surface of the spilled oil in water. An example will be described below.
[0013]
Further, the buoyancy material of the present invention is configured so that a large number of buoyancy materials are released from the water toward the spilled oil floating on the water to give buoyancy to the spilled oil.
[0014]
As an example of the buoyancy material, the spilled oil contains a component that settles in water as a lump, and is configured to bind to the lump.
[0015]
As the buoyancy member, an example is shown in which a plurality of wall members are formed so as to be engaged with each other, and a large number of mutually engaged wall surfaces can be formed on the surface of the oil spill in water.
[0016]
In the above, the water refers to a place where the spilled oil is floating. For example, when the oil is floating on the sea, it refers to seawater there. The lumps include sludge-like and jelly-like lumps in addition to hardened lumps. It is assumed that the wall includes a net or a grid.
[0017]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
1 to 12 show an oil spill diffusion preventing method according to an embodiment of the present invention and a buoyancy material 1 used for the method. As shown in FIG. 1, in the method for preventing oil spill diffusion according to the present invention, a large number of buoyancy materials 1 are released from underwater by a work boat 20 to spilled oil L floating on water W, and the buoyancy material 1 The spilled oil L is provided with buoyancy. In this example, it is assumed that the spilled oil L is crude oil and contains raw material components such as asphalt, petroleum pitch, and particulate carbon as components that settle in water as lumps S.
[0018]
The buoyancy material 1 is mainly composed of a material having a low specific gravity, a foamed material, a hollow structure, or the like in order to obtain buoyancy that floats in water. When a foamed material is used, it is preferable to use closed cells or to provide a coating or skin on the surface (particularly in the case of open cells) in order to prevent a decrease in buoyancy due to oil entering the bubbles. . The buoyancy material 1 may be appropriately mixed with a tree piece. The size of the buoyancy material 1 is not particularly limited, but when it is formed in a granular form, it is exemplified that the particle size is about 1 to 100 mm.
[0019]
The material constituting the buoyancy material 1 is not particularly limited, but when a resin is used, an olefin-based, polyester-based, urethane-based, epoxy-based, nylon-based resin, or the like can be freely used. However, it is preferable to use a thermoplastic resin in consideration of the shape imparting property after molding and the like.
[0020]
In addition, if a biodegradable material such as a biodegradable resin is used as a material constituting the buoyant material 1, the influence of the buoyant material 1 scattered during use on the environment can be reduced. Examples of biodegradable resins include polylactic acid (trade name “Ecopre”, manufactured by Cargill in the United States, brand name “Lacia”, manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, etc.), and microbial production resin (trade name “Biopol”, UK) ICI), other biodegradable plastics (trade name "Mataby", manufactured by Nippon Gohsei (Developed and manufactured by Novamont, Italy), brand name "Nobon", manufactured by Warner Lambert of the United States, trade name "Eco" Star ", manufactured by St. Lawrence Starch of Canada).
[0021]
The following configuration can be further added to the basic configuration of the buoyant member 1 described above.
[0022]
(A) To be configured to be connected to the mass S. Although there is no particular limitation on the mode in which the buoyant material 1 is joined to the lump S, the whole or a part of the buoyant material 1 is joined by entering the lump S (hereinafter, referred to as an “intruding mode”) or the buoyant material 1. Examples of a mode of bonding by attaching to the lump S (hereinafter, referred to as an “adhering mode”) and the like are exemplified.
[0023]
As the buoyant material 1 in the form of plunging, the shape of the buoyant material 1 itself is spherical, elliptical spherical, streamlined, bullet-shaped, conical, pyramidal, spear-shaped, etc. An example is shown in which one or two or more protrusions that are easily pierced into the lump S are provided on the surface of the material 1. Here, in the case where the shape is such that it is easy to enter, particularly when a directional shape (a shape other than a sphere) is adopted, the side that easily enters (hereinafter, referred to as “entry side”) is the upper side. It is preferable that the entry side is configured to have a relatively lower specific gravity than the anti-entry side, a weight is buried on the opposite side, and a fin or a tail is provided on the opposite side. Further, it is preferable that the surface of the buoyancy material 1 be formed in a smooth shape in the entry direction so as not to hinder the entry. Further, in order to increase the sudden force, a material having a high specific gravity may be buried in a part of the main part, or a movable weight may be built in. When the buoyant material 1 collides with the lump S, the floating weight acts so as to protrude from the inside of the buoyant material 1 at the collision location. Similarly, in order to increase the projecting force, a spiral groove or a ridge may be formed on the surface, and the surface may float while rotating and screw into the mass S.
[0024]
As the buoyant material 1 in the form of attachment, the material is made of a highly lipophilic material such as a resin, or the surface of the buoyant material 1 is formed to have an uneven shape, a fluff shape, or the like so as to be easily attached to the lump S. Is exemplified. The method of forming the irregular shape or the fluff is not particularly limited, but a method in which fine pellets are formed into a spinous shape by attaching powder in the air by melt spraying or the like to the core, and a method in which a spherical core has a low melting point. A method of fusing material powders, etc., by cutting a high melting point fiber with a low melting point resin attached in a sheath shape and fusing it into a specific shape (at the core) May be appropriately adopted.
[0025]
(A) The buoyancy members 1 are configured to engage with each other. As the buoyant material 1 of this type, a shape that is easily engaged with each other, such as a male / female shape (for example, a loop / hook of a hook-and-loop fastener), an uneven shape, a hook shape, a fluff shape, etc., is formed on the surface. An example is shown in which the entire outer shape is formed into a shape such as the male shape, the female shape, or the hook shape so as to be easily engaged with each other. As the method of forming the uneven shape or the fluff shape, the method shown in the above (A) can also be adopted.
[0026]
(C) The above (A) and (A) are appropriately combined. As this type of buoyancy material 1, as shown in the above (A), the buoyant material 1 is configured to float in a directional manner, the intruding side is the above (A), and the anti-intruding side is the above (A). The configuration will be exemplified.
[0027]
As specific examples of these buoyant members 1, the modes shown in FIGS. 2 to 11 are exemplified.
[0028]
FIG. 2 shows a specific example of the buoyancy member 1 having the basic configuration. FIG. 3A shows an example in which a coating 31 is formed on the surface of a substantially spherical foamed resin body 30. The coating 31 is not particularly limited, but a coating obtained by melting the surface of the foamed resin body 30 is exemplified. FIG. 2B shows a hollow body 32 made of a non-foamed resin. Since FIGS. 7A and 7B are made of resin, they can be said to be specific examples of the “attachment mode” in the above (A).
[0029]
FIG. 3 shows a specific example of the buoyant material 1 of (a), and each of the examples has a spherical outer shape. In FIG. 3A, a non-foamed resin body 33 having a high specific gravity is embedded in an open-cell foamed resin body 30. In FIG. The coating 31 having the uneven thickness portion 31a is formed.
[0030]
FIG. 4 also shows a specific example of the buoyancy material 1 of (a), and each example is a spherical hollow body 32 made of a non-foamed resin. Further, in FIG. 3A, a movable weight 35 is built in, and in FIG. 3B, a thick-walled uneven portion 32a is formed. In FIG. 5C, the uneven thickness portion 32a is formed, and a movable weight 35 is built in.
[0031]
FIG. 5 also shows a specific example of the buoyancy material 1 of (a). 4A to 4C respectively correspond to FIGS. 4A to 4C and differ from FIG. 4 only in that the outer shape is formed in an elliptical spherical shape.
[0032]
FIG. 6 also shows a specific example of the buoyancy material 1 of (a). In FIG. 11A, a fin 37 is provided on the anti-entry side, and in FIG. 10B, a spiral groove 38 is formed on the outer surface. In FIG. 10C, a tail is provided on the outer surface of the anti-entry side. 39 is provided, and FIG. 3D shows an outer shape formed in a substantially streamlined shape. The internal structure is not particularly limited, and for example, any of those shown in FIG. 5 can be appropriately employed.
[0033]
FIG. 7 shows a specific example of the buoyancy material 1 of (a). 2A and 2B correspond to FIGS. 2A and 2B, respectively, and differ from FIG. 2 only in that a spinous protrusion 41 is formed on the surface.
[0034]
FIG. 8A shows a specific example of the buoyant material 1 of (A), and one end of the outer shape is formed in a hook shape. FIG. 8 (b) shows a specific example of the configuration (c), in which a hollow portion 43 is provided such that the opposite side of the hook is the entry side.
[0035]
FIG. 9 also shows a specific example of the buoyancy material 1 of (a). The buoyant member 1 shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B is a hollow body 45 formed by sealing both ends of a cylindrical body, and has a male-shaped projection having a cross-sectional arrow shape on its surface. A large number of parts 45a are provided. The buoyancy member 1 shown in FIG. 3C is formed into a ball 46 by rolling a non-woven fabric including the female fiber 46a. Then, the projections 45a of the buoyant material 1 shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B engage with the fibers 46a of the buoyant material 1 shown in FIG. I have.
[0036]
FIG. 10 also shows a specific example of the buoyancy material 1 of (a). FIGS. 9A and 9B correspond to FIGS. 9A and 9B, respectively, and are different from FIGS. 9A and 9B only in that a non-woven fabric 47 including a female fiber 47a is disposed on the surface. Is different. The buoyant members of this embodiment are engaged with each other by the protrusions 45a of one buoyant member 1 and the fibers 47a of the other buoyant member 1 engaging with each other.
[0037]
FIG. 11 also shows a specific example of the buoyant material 1 of (a). The buoyant member 1 shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B is formed as a hollow body 49 by welding the periphery of two resin sheets 48 and filling the space between the two sheets 48 with gas. The welded portion 48a is formed with a convex portion 49a having an arrow shape in plan view as the male shape at the time of welding. This buoyancy material 1 is used, for example, in combination with the buoyancy material 1 in FIG.
[0038]
Note that the specific examples of the buoyancy material 1 shown in FIGS. 7 to 11 have projections, irregularities, fluff, etc. formed on the surface, or are formed of resin. is there.
[0039]
Next, the method for preventing oil spill diffusion according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. First, as shown in FIG. 1, a closed water area 12 is formed around an oil spill L by an oil fence 11. Next, a pipe 21 for discharging buoyancy material is sent from the work boat 20 into the closed water area 12, and the discharge port 21a is positioned below the spilled oil L. At this time, when the water flow such as the ocean current and the tidal current is fast, the influence of the water flow can be reduced by discharging the oil spill L from as close as possible. The influence of the water flow can also be reduced by changing the length of the pipe 21 protruding from the work boat 20 or moving the work boat 20 in accordance with the direction of the water flow. Next, a large number of buoyancy materials 1A having the configuration (A) are discharged from the discharge ports 21a. Then, the large number of buoyancy materials 1A float up in the water as shown in FIG. Then, as shown in FIG. 2B, a part of the large number of buoyancy members 1A penetrates the lump S, but a part of the buoyancy material 1A stays in the lump S or is pierced into the surface of the lump S to be joined. Then, the lumps S are given buoyancy to prevent their settling. Next, a large number of the buoyancy members 1B having the configuration (a) are discharged from the discharge ports 21a. Then, a large number of buoyant members 1B float on the water and are stacked on the surface of the spilled oil L while engaging with each other, as shown in FIG. As a result, the wall 2 mainly composed of the buoyant material 1B is formed on the surface of the spilled oil L in water, and the wall 2 prevents the spilled oil L from diffusing such as settling.
[0040]
In the case of using the buoyant material 1 having the male and female shapes in (a) or (c) formed on the surface, the male and female buoyant materials 1 are mixed before release. Otherwise, the male buoyant members 1 and the female buoyant members 1 are preferably released separately and engaged with each other in the sea. The following is an example of this usage.
(1) The male and female pipes 21 are provided on the work boat 20 respectively, and the male and female buoyant materials 1 are simultaneously discharged from the two pipes 21, and the male or female buoyant material is released. A method of releasing the buoyancy materials 1 one by one or alternately releasing the male or female buoyancy material 1. (2) The work boat 20 is provided with a pipe 21 which is used in common for the male and female buoyancy materials 1 to discharge the male or female buoyancy material 1 one by one, or to provide a male or female buoyancy material. A method of releasing 1 alternately.
[0041]
As described above, according to the spilled oil diffusion prevention method of the present invention and the buoyancy material 1 used therein, buoyancy is given to the spilled oil L from the underwater side, thereby preventing the spilled oil L from spreading and settling. Can be. In particular, since the spilled oil L comes into contact with the spilled oil L from the underwater side, even when the spilled oil L contains a component which settles in water as a lump S, unlike the conventional example, it does not promote the settling of the lump S.
[0042]
Further, unlike the conventional example in which it is necessary to continuously release bubbles to the spilled oil L, once the required amount of the buoyant material 1 has been released to the spilled oil L, there is no need to supply any more. Therefore, the pipe 21 for discharging the buoyant material 1 does not need to be fixedly installed on the seabed below the oil spill L, and the problem of the energy source for discharging does not occur.
[0043]
Further, unlike the conventional example in which an air diffuser for releasing air bubbles is installed on the sea floor, the buoyancy material 1 is released from the pipe 21 protruding from the work boat 20, so that the sea current, tidal current, etc. Depending on the situation at the site, such as the direction and strength of the water flow, the way of discharging the buoyancy material 1 can be changed as appropriate by changing the length of the pipe 21 projecting or moving the work boat 20. For this reason, it is possible to flexibly respond to the situation at the site.
[0044]
In addition, since the buoyant material 1 having the configuration of (A) or (C) is bonded to the lump S, the buoyancy can be given to the lump S, and the sedimentation thereof can be effectively prevented. it can.
[0045]
In addition, the buoyant members 1 having the configuration of (a) or (c) are configured to engage with each other, and a large number of buoyant members 1 are engaged with each other on the surface of the spilled oil L in water. Since the wall body 2 is formed, the spilled oil L can be given buoyancy by the wall body 2 to prevent sedimentation, and the spilled oil L can be surrounded to prevent diffusion.
[0046]
Note that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and may be embodied with appropriate modifications without departing from the spirit of the invention, for example, as described below.
(1) Only the buoyancy material 1 of any of the above-mentioned (A) to (C) is used.
(2) An arbitrary combination of two or more of the above (A) to (C) is simultaneously released to the spilled oil L.
(3) The method of releasing the buoyancy material 1 into water is appropriately changed.
(4) To release bubbles together with the buoyant material 1.
(5) In the case of using the buoyancy material 1 having the configuration of (a) or (c) above and having male and female shapes formed on the surface, as shown by a two-dot chain line in FIG. A member 50 having a male shape and / or a female shape is disposed inside the inside. In the case where both the male and female forms are formed on the member 50, the arrangement method of the male and female forms is not particularly limited, but may be alternately arranged in the vertical direction and / or the length direction of the oil fence. For example. This makes it difficult for the buoyancy member 1 to come out of the oil fence 11 by being coupled to the member 50, and the buoyancy member 1 and the spilled oil L can be easily collected. Further, the member 50 can be arranged outside the oil fence 11, and in this case, the buoyancy material 1 and the spilled oil L that have come out of the oil fence 11 can be collected.
[0047]
【The invention's effect】
As described in detail above, according to the method for preventing oil spill diffusion according to the first aspect of the present invention and the buoyancy material according to the fourth aspect, it is possible to prevent the oil spill from spreading, including sedimentation, which is excellent. It works.
[0048]
Further, according to the oil spill diffusion prevention method according to the second aspect of the invention and the buoyancy material according to the fifth aspect, sedimentation of lumps in the oil spill can be effectively prevented.
[0049]
Furthermore, according to the method for preventing oil spill diffusion according to the third aspect of the invention and the buoyancy material according to the sixth aspect, the spilled oil is provided with buoyancy to prevent sedimentation or surround the spilled oil to prevent diffusion. Or you can.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a side sectional view showing a method for preventing oil spill diffusion and a method of using a buoyancy material used therein according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 6 is a side view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material, in which (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line bb of (a).
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the buoyancy material, in which (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line bb of (a).
FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of the buoyancy material, in which FIG. 11A is a plan view, and FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view taken along line bb of FIG.
FIG. 12 is an enlarged side sectional view showing the operation of the buoyancy material.
FIG. 13 is an enlarged side sectional view showing the operation of the related art.
[Explanation of symbols]
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 buoyant material 2 wall body 30 foamed resin body 31 coating 31a uneven thickness portion 32 hollow body 32a uneven thickness portion 33 non-foamed resin body 35 weight 37 fin 38 groove 39 tail 41 protrusion 43 hollow portion 45 hollow body 45a protrusion 46 ball 46a Fiber 47 Non-woven fabric 47a Fiber L Spilled oil S Lump W Water

Claims (6)

A method for preventing oil spill diffusion, in which a large number of buoyancy materials are discharged from water toward spilled oil floating on water, and the buoyancy material gives buoyancy to the spilled oil. The oil spill contains components that settle in water as a lump,
The method for preventing oil spill diffusion according to claim 1, wherein the buoyancy material is configured to bond to the mass. The buoyancy members are configured to engage with each other,
The method for preventing oil spill diffusion according to claim 1, wherein a wall is formed on the surface of the oil spill in water where a large number of the buoyancy materials are engaged with each other. A buoyancy material that is released in large numbers from water toward spilled oil floating on water and gives buoyancy to the spilled oil. The oil spill contains components that settle in water as a lump,
The buoyancy material of claim 4, wherein the buoyancy material is configured to couple to the mass. Configured to engage each other,
The buoyancy material according to claim 4, wherein a wall body formed by engaging a large number with each other is formed on the surface of the oil spilled in water.

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