JP2004230117A - Method for discriminating wrinkle by replica image - Google Patents
Method for discriminating wrinkle by replica image Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、皮膚より採取したレプリカ標本上に皮膚の凹凸によって生じた、凹凸の程度の鑑別法及び該鑑別法により鑑別された凹凸の程度を指標とする、シワの鑑別法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
化粧料を使用するにあたって、重要なことは、使用する人にとって適した化粧料を的確に選び出し、使用することであり、使用者の肌に適していない化粧料を使用することは、効果が得られないばかりか、好ましくない事象を出現することもあり、適さない化粧料を選択してしまう誤りはなんとしても避けなければならないことである。「化粧料があわない」と言う苦情は比較的に多く聞くことであるが、このような現象も、適切な化粧料が選択されていない、更に言い換えれば、不適切な化粧料を選択してしまった誤りによることが少なくない。この様な観点から、化粧料選択のための種々の技術が開発され、化粧料販売において応用されている。しかしながら、これまで知られている化粧料選択のための技術において大きな課題となっていることは、シワ或いはその予兆の鑑別である。現在まで知られている、確実性の高いシワ或いはその予兆の鑑別としては、皮膚よりレプリカを採取し、レプリカに於ける溝の深さと方向性とを指標にして、シワ乃至はその予兆を鑑別する方法が例示できる。この方法では、基準はあるものの、レプリカを顕微鏡下肉眼で観察し、観察者が主観で判定するものであり、客観性の維持が課題となっている。その為に、方向性と皮溝と皮丘の深度について、直交した2軸上に、レベル別に数点プロットした箱形基準モデルを作成し、客観性を高めてはいるが、判定において、判定者の技量に委ねる部分が少なくないことは否定できない。即ち、数値などの形に算出できる、シワ或いはその予兆の鑑別法が望まれていた。
【0003】
一方、レプリカ標本に対し、90°の位置に顕微鏡のレンズを配し、レプリカ標本に対して、10〜40度の入射角で光を照射し、入射光によって生じるレプリカ標本の表面の凹凸の陰影像を顕微鏡を通して画像として取り込み、該画像上に同一の点を通過する少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)を設定し、該直線ごとに、同一直線上に存在する画素の輝度の代表値と少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)の特性とを指標とし、レプリカ上に転写された皮膚の凹凸を鑑別し、この凹凸を以て、皮膚に於けるシワ又はその予兆を鑑別するような技術は全く知られていない。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、この様な状況下為されたものであり、数値などの形に算出できる、シワ或いはその予兆の鑑別法を提供することを課題とする。
【0005】
【課題の解決手段】
本発明者らは、この様な状況に鑑みて、数値などの形に算出できる、シワ或いはその予兆の鑑別法を求めて、鋭意研究を重ねた結果、レプリカ標本に対し、90°の位置に顕微鏡のレンズを配し、レプリカ標本に対して、10〜40度の入射角で光を照射し、入射光によって生じるレプリカ標本の表面の凹凸の陰影像を顕微鏡を通して画像として取り込み、該画像上に同一の点を通過する少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)を設定し、該直線ごとに、同一直線上に存在する画素の輝度の代表値と少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)の特性とを指標とし、レプリカ上に転写された皮膚の凹凸を鑑別し、これを指標とすることにより、皮膚に於けるシワ又はその予兆が鑑別できることを見出し、発明を完成させるに至った。即ち、本発明は、以下に示す技術に関する。
(1)皮膚より採取したレプリカ標本の鑑別法であって、レプリカ標本に対し、90°の位置に顕微鏡のレンズを配し、レプリカ標本に対して、10〜40度の入射角で光を照射し、入射光によって生じるレプリカ標本の表面の凹凸の陰影像を顕微鏡を通して画像として取り込み、該画像上に同一の点を通過する少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)を設定し、該直線ごとに、同一直線上に存在する画素の輝度の代表値と少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)の特性とを指標とすることを特徴とする、レプリカ標本上に皮膚の凹凸によって生じた、凹凸の程度の鑑別法。
(2)設定する少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)が、隣同士の交差角がそれぞれ45度である、4本の直線であることを特徴とする、(1)に記載のレプリカ標本上に皮膚の凹凸によって生じた、凹凸の程度の鑑別法。
(3)画素の輝度の代表値が、設定された直線(走査線)と画素を交点として直交する直線上の前記画素の近傍の画素群の輝度の平均値を求め、走査線上の該輝度の平均値の分散であることを特徴とする、(1)又は(2)に記載のレプリカ標本上に皮膚の凹凸によって生じた、凹凸の程度の鑑別法。
(4)少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)の特性が、該少なくとも2本の直線の相対的な交差角度であることを特徴とする、(1)〜(3)何れか1項に記載のレプリカ標本上に皮膚の凹凸によって生じた、凹凸の程度の鑑別法。
(5)(1)〜(4)に記載の鑑別法によって鑑別される、凹凸の程度を指標とすることを特徴とする、シワの鑑別法。
以下、本発明について更に詳細に説明を加える。
【0006】
(1)本発明のレプリカ上の凹凸の鑑別法
本発明のレプリカ標本上に皮膚の凹凸によって生じた、凹凸の程度の鑑別法は、皮膚より採取したレプリカ標本の鑑別法であって、レプリカ標本に対し、90°の位置に顕微鏡のレンズを配し、レプリカ標本に対して、10〜40度の入射角で光を照射し、入射光によって生じるレプリカ標本の表面の凹凸の陰影像を顕微鏡を通して画像として取り込み、該画像上に同一の点を通過する少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)を設定し、該直線ごとに、同一直線上に存在する画素の輝度の代表値と少なくとも2本の直線(走査線)の特性とを指標とすることを特徴とする。ここで、レプリカ標本とは、溶剤軟化性の透明なプラスチック板に、軟化のための溶剤を塗工し、軟化させた後、該軟化部分を皮膚上に押し当て、皮膚上の凹凸を軟化部分に転写し、この凹凸を観察することにより、皮膚上の凹凸を間接的に観察する技術のことであって、代表的な技術としては「河合法」が知られている。この技術では、皮膚の凹凸が忠実に転写され、且つ、その凹凸の保存性も優れるため、香粧品科学の分野では古くより汎用されている。この様なレプリカ標本を作製するキットは既に市販されているものがあり、それを利用することができる。かかるレプリカ標本は、目尻部ないし目尻下方部1.5cm×1.5cmより採取されることが好ましい。一般的な方法では、この様なレプリカ標本はレプリカ面に対して垂直な下面から光を照射し、透過光を観察するのが一般的である。即ち、転写した凹凸によって照射した光が散乱され、透過光量が少なくなるのを利用して、凹凸を像として観察するのである。本発明の鑑別法においては、該レプリカの観察は、次のように行う。即ち、レプリカの凹凸のある面を採像方向に向け、この面に対して、仰角で10〜40度、更に好ましくは20〜30度の角度で光を照射しこの反射光からなる像を採像(画像として取り込む)する。この様な形態を取ることにより、レプリカ面に転写された凹凸がより明確に光度差として現れるためである。即ち、入射角がこれより大きくとも、小さくとも凹凸の明瞭さは損なわれる場合がある。以下に、同一サンプルを入射角を変えて、観察したときの明瞭さの評価を示す。評価基準は、○:明瞭、△:やや不明瞭、×:不明瞭である。
【0007】
【表1】
【0008】
かくして、採像されたレプリカ標本の凹凸を表す像は、画像として取り込み、「フォトショップ」(アドビ株式会社製)等の画像処理ソフトを用いて、次のような手順で解析される。
1.レプリカに仰角25°でシワ(皮溝の方向性)が強調される方向からハロゲンランプを光源とした光照射装置により落射照明を実施し、CCDカメラを装着した実体顕微鏡を用い、レプリカ□mm×□mm の範囲を640画素×480画素のR,G,Bデジタル画像としてコンピュータに取り込む。取りこまれたR,G,B画像をチャンネル分解し256階調グレイレベルのGチャンネル画像を得る。この時、Rチャンネル画像、Bチャンネル画像或いは白黒のみのグレイ画像を使用することもできるが、相関係数の点では、Gチャンネル画像を使用することが好ましい。
2.画像の中心を通る400画素のライン(走査線)を設定しノイズの軽減を行うためにライン上の画素それぞれの輝度を直交する、画素をはさんで150画素ずつ、計300画素を選択し、これらの画素の輝度の平均値で置き換える。
3.次にライン上400画素の輝度の分散値を求める。
4.画像の中心を軸としてラインを少しずつ、好ましくは5ずつ回転させ、複数の本数の走査線、5度ずつの回転であれば、36本の走査線のラインについて同様に分散値を求める。
5.最も分散値の大きなライン(走査線)を中心とし、5度ずつの回転であれば、最も大きな分散値のラインをLINE0とし、回転方向へ順にLINE2、LINE3・・・・LINE35とした。
6.これらのライン(走査線)の内、幾つかを、パラメータとする。5度ずつの回転であれば、ライン0にLINE9、LINE18、LINE27を加えた45度ずつ交わる4本のライン(走査線)をパラメータに用いることが好ましい。勿論、これより多くのライン(走査線)を用いることもできる。
7.この様な分析をシワの程度の異なるパネラーに施し、シワの目視評価値、上記の様に算出したパラメータを求め、シワの目視評価値を目的変数、上記のパラメータを説明変数として重回帰分析を行う。(重回帰式を求める。)この時、シワの目視評価値としては、通常知られているものを適用することができるが、好ましくは、Gチャネル画像を輝度レベル100を閾値として2値化処理し、2値化後の画像について皮溝の方向性が認められない場合を評価1、方向性が認められる場合を評価2、強い方向性が認められる場合を評価3とし、これをシワ目視評価値とすることが好ましい。この作業は、レプリカ標本の凹凸を鑑別し、それによりシワ乃至はシワの予兆を鑑別することになる。シワの予兆については、重回帰式を求めることにより、目視上はシワと認められなくてもシワになりつつある状態を鑑別できるため、この様な状況を予兆の鑑別と称する。
8.被験者よりレプリカ標本を採取し、上記の手順に従って被験者のパラメータを算出し、7で求めた重回帰式にパラメータを代入し、シワの目視評価値を鑑別する。
これらの手順を、図示したものが図1、2である。
【0009】
【実施例】
以下に、実施例を挙げ、本発明について更に詳細に説明を加えるが、本発明がかかる実施例にのみ限定されないことは言うまでもない。
【0010】
<実施例1>
上記手順に従って、270名のパネラーからレプリカ標本を採集し、レプリカに仰角25°でシワ(皮溝の方向性)が強調される方向からハロゲンランプを光源とした光照射装置により落射照明を実施し、CCDカメラを装着した実体顕微鏡を用い、レプリカ□mm×□mm の範囲を640画素×480画素のR,G,Bデジタル画像としてコンピュータに取り込む。取りこまれたR,G,B画像をチャンネル分解し256階調グレイレベルのGチャンネル画像を得た。このGチャネル画像を輝度レベル100を閾値として2値化処理し、2値化後の画像について皮溝の方向性が認められない場合を評価1、方向性が認められる場合を評価2、強い方向性が認められる場合を評価3とし、判定し、このなかより、シワ目視評価値2のサンプルを10例、シワ目視評価値3のサンプル10例を選択した。これらのレプリカ標本について、画像の中心を通る400画素のライン(走査線)を設定しノイズの軽減を行うためにライン上の画素それぞれの輝度を直交する、画素をはさんで150画素ずつ、計300画素を選択し、これらの画素の輝度の平均値で置き換え、これらの平均値の分散を求めた。この走査線を1点を中心に、5ずつ回転させ、36本の走査線のラインについて同様に分散値を求めた。縦軸を分散、横軸をラインの回転角度とし、パネラーごとにこれらの数値をプロットした。これらのプロットを図3に示す。これより、シワの程度によって数値プロットが大きく変わることがわかる。
【0011】
<実施例2>
実施例1の270例のレプリカについて、実施例1で特にシワによる挙動差が大きかったライン0、LINE9、LINE18、LINE27の45度ずつの交角の4本の走査線を選択し、シワの目視評価値を目的変数、上記のパラメータを説明変数として重回帰分析を行った。その結果、重相関係数r=0.8097で次の重回帰式に回帰した。これより、この回帰式と、パラメータ値(ライン0、9、18、27の分散)からシワ又はその予兆を鑑別できることがわかる。
シワ評価値=7.47×10−6LINE0(分散)−1.1×10−5LINE9(分散)+4.71×10−6LINE18(分散)−2.9×10−6LINE27(分散)+1.0717
【0012】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、シワ評価値という数値の形に算出できる、シワ或いはその予兆の鑑別法を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】レプリカ標本の評価手順を示す図である。
【図2】レプリカ標本の評価手順を示す図である。
【図3】実施例1の結果を示す図である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for identifying the degree of unevenness caused by unevenness of the skin on a replica sample collected from the skin, and a method for identifying wrinkles using the degree of unevenness identified by the identification method as an index.
[0002]
[Prior art]
When using cosmetics, it is important to properly select and use cosmetics that are suitable for the user.Using cosmetics that are not suitable for the user's skin is not effective. Not only is it not possible, but it can also cause undesired events, and the mistake of choosing the wrong cosmetic must be avoided at all costs. The complaint that “cosmetics do not go” is heard relatively frequently, but this phenomenon also occurs when an appropriate cosmetic is not selected, in other words, when an inappropriate cosmetic is selected. Often, it is due to mistakes made. From this point of view, various techniques for selecting cosmetics have been developed and applied in cosmetics sales. However, one of the major issues in hitherto known techniques for selecting cosmetics is the identification of wrinkles or signs thereof. As a method of discriminating wrinkles with high certainty or signs that are known to date, replicas are collected from the skin, and wrinkles or signs thereof are discriminated by using the depth and direction of the groove in the replica as indices. An example of the method is as follows. In this method, although there is a standard, the replica is observed with the naked eye under a microscope, and the observer makes a subjective judgment, and maintaining objectivity is an issue. For this purpose, a box-shaped reference model was created by plotting several points at different levels on the two axes orthogonal to the directionality and the depth of the crevices and crevices to improve the objectivity. It cannot be denied that there is not much that is left to the skill of the elderly. That is, there has been a demand for a method of identifying wrinkles or signs thereof, which can be calculated in the form of numerical values or the like.
[0003]
On the other hand, a microscope lens is arranged at a position of 90 ° with respect to the replica sample, and the replica sample is irradiated with light at an incident angle of 10 to 40 degrees, thereby shading the unevenness of the surface of the replica sample caused by the incident light. The shadow image is captured as an image through a microscope, at least two straight lines (scanning lines) passing through the same point are set on the image, and the representative value of the luminance of the pixels existing on the same straight line is determined for each of the straight lines. There is no known technique that uses the characteristics of two straight lines (scanning lines) as an index to discriminate the unevenness of the skin transferred on the replica, and to discriminate wrinkles or signs of the skin using the unevenness. Not.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made under such circumstances, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of identifying wrinkles or signs thereof, which can be calculated in the form of numerical values or the like.
[0005]
[Means for solving the problem]
In view of such a situation, the present inventors sought a method of identifying wrinkles or their signs, which can be calculated in the form of numerical values or the like. A microscope lens is arranged, the replica specimen is irradiated with light at an incident angle of 10 to 40 degrees, and a shadow image of the unevenness of the surface of the replica specimen caused by the incident light is captured as an image through a microscope, and is placed on the image. At least two straight lines (scanning lines) passing through the same point are set, and for each of the straight lines, the representative value of the luminance of the pixels existing on the same straight line and the characteristics of at least two straight lines (scanning lines) are determined. As an index, the unevenness of the skin transferred on the replica was discriminated, and by using this as an index, it was found that wrinkles in the skin or signs thereof could be discriminated, and the invention was completed. That is, the present invention relates to the following technology.
(1) A method for distinguishing a replica specimen collected from the skin, in which a microscope lens is arranged at a position of 90 ° with respect to the replica specimen, and the replica specimen is irradiated with light at an incident angle of 10 to 40 degrees. Then, a shadow image of the irregularities on the surface of the replica specimen generated by the incident light is captured as an image through a microscope, and at least two straight lines (scanning lines) passing through the same point are set on the image, and for each of the straight lines, The degree of the unevenness caused by the unevenness of the skin on the replica specimen is characterized by using the representative value of the luminance of the pixels present on the same straight line and the characteristics of at least two straight lines (scanning lines) as indices. Differentiation method.
(2) The replica sample according to (1), wherein at least two straight lines (scan lines) to be set are four straight lines each having an intersection angle of 45 degrees between adjacent lines. A method of distinguishing the degree of unevenness caused by unevenness of the skin.
(3) The representative value of the luminance of the pixel is obtained by calculating the average value of the luminance of the pixel group near the pixel on a straight line orthogonal to the set line (scanning line) with the pixel as an intersection. A method for distinguishing the degree of unevenness caused by unevenness of skin on a replica specimen according to (1) or (2), which is a variance of an average value.
(4) The characteristic of at least two straight lines (scanning lines) is a relative intersection angle of the at least two straight lines (1) to (3). A method for differentiating the degree of unevenness caused by skin unevenness on a replica specimen.
(5) A wrinkle discrimination method characterized by using the degree of unevenness as an index, which is discriminated by the discrimination method according to (1) to (4).
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
[0006]
(1) Method of Differentiating Irregularities on Replicas of the Present Invention The method for identifying the degree of irregularities caused by skin irregularities on a replica specimen of the present invention is a method of identifying a replica specimen collected from skin, and In contrast, a microscope lens is arranged at a position of 90 °, and the replica sample is irradiated with light at an incident angle of 10 to 40 degrees, and a shadow image of unevenness on the surface of the replica sample caused by the incident light is passed through the microscope. At least two straight lines (scanning lines) passing through the same point are set on the image, and a representative value of the luminance of the pixels existing on the same straight line and at least two straight lines are set for each of the straight lines. (Scan line) characteristics are used as indices. Here, the replica specimen is a solvent-softening transparent plastic plate, which is coated with a solvent for softening and then softened, and then the softened portion is pressed against the skin to remove irregularities on the skin. This is a technique for indirectly observing the unevenness on the skin by transferring the image onto the skin and observing the unevenness. As a typical technique, the “Kawai method” is known. In this technique, since the unevenness of the skin is faithfully transferred and the preservability of the unevenness is excellent, it has been widely used in the field of cosmetics science since ancient times. A kit for preparing such a replica specimen is already commercially available and can be used. Such a replica sample is preferably collected from the outer or outer corner of the eye at 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm. In a general method, such a replica specimen is generally irradiated with light from the lower surface perpendicular to the replica surface, and the transmitted light is observed. That is, by utilizing the fact that the irradiated light is scattered by the transferred irregularities and the amount of transmitted light is reduced, the irregularities are observed as an image. In the identification method of the present invention, the observation of the replica is performed as follows. That is, the surface of the replica having irregularities is oriented in the imaging direction, the surface is irradiated with light at an elevation angle of 10 to 40 degrees, more preferably 20 to 30 degrees, and an image composed of the reflected light is acquired. Image (capture as image). By adopting such a form, the unevenness transferred to the replica surface appears more clearly as a difference in light intensity. That is, even if the incident angle is larger or smaller, the clarity of the unevenness may be impaired. The evaluation of clarity when the same sample is observed at different incident angles will be described below. The evaluation criteria are :: clear, Δ: slightly unclear, ×: unclear.
[0007]
[Table 1]
[0008]
Thus, the image representing the irregularities of the replica sample is captured as an image and analyzed by the following procedure using image processing software such as "Photoshop" (manufactured by Adobe).
1. Epi-illumination is performed on the replica by a light irradiation device using a halogen lamp as a light source from a direction in which wrinkles (directionality of the skin groove) are emphasized at an elevation angle of 25 °, and a replica □ mm × The range of □ mm is taken into a computer as an R, G, B digital image of 640 pixels × 480 pixels. The captured R, G, and B images are channel-decomposed to obtain a G channel image having 256 gray levels. At this time, an R channel image, a B channel image, or a gray image of only black and white can be used, but from the viewpoint of a correlation coefficient, it is preferable to use a G channel image.
2. In order to set a 400 pixel line (scanning line) passing through the center of the image and to reduce the noise, the luminance of each pixel on the line is orthogonal, and 150 pixels across each pixel are selected, for a total of 300 pixels, Replace with the average value of the luminance of these pixels.
3. Next, a variance value of the luminance of 400 pixels on the line is obtained.
4. The lines are rotated little by little, preferably by five, about the center of the image, and if a plurality of scanning lines are rotated by 5 degrees, a variance value is similarly obtained for 36 scanning lines.
5. .. LINE35, the line having the largest variance value is set to LINE0, and LINE2, LINE3,.
6. Some of these lines (scan lines) are used as parameters. In the case of rotation by 5 degrees, it is preferable to use, as parameters, four lines (scanning lines) that intersect
7. Performing such an analysis on panelists with different wrinkle levels, obtaining the wrinkle visual evaluation value, the parameters calculated as described above, and performing multiple regression analysis using the wrinkle visual evaluation value as the objective variable and the above parameters as explanatory variables Do. (A multiple regression equation is obtained.) At this time, as a visual evaluation value of wrinkles, a commonly known value can be applied, but preferably, the G channel image is subjected to a binarization process using a luminance level of 100 as a threshold. In the image after binarization, the case where the direction of the skin sulcus is not recognized is evaluated as 1, the case where the direction is recognized is evaluated as 2, and the case where strong direction is recognized is evaluated as 3, and this is wrinkle visual evaluation. It is preferable to use a value. This operation discriminates the unevenness of the replica specimen, thereby discriminating wrinkles or signs of wrinkles. Regarding the sign of wrinkles, by obtaining a multiple regression equation, it is possible to discriminate a wrinkling state even if it is not visually recognized as a wrinkle. Such a situation is referred to as sign discrimination.
8. A replica sample is collected from the subject, the parameters of the subject are calculated according to the above procedure, and the parameters are substituted into the multiple regression equation obtained in step 7, and the visual evaluation value of wrinkles is identified.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate these procedures.
[0009]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples, but it is needless to say that the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
[0010]
<Example 1>
According to the above procedure, a replica specimen was collected from 270 panelists, and the replica was subjected to epi-illumination with a light illuminator using a halogen lamp as a light source in a direction in which wrinkles (directionality of skin groove) were emphasized at an elevation angle of 25 °. Using a stereoscopic microscope equipped with a CCD camera, a replica □ mm × □ mm range is taken into a computer as R, G, B digital images of 640 × 480 pixels. The captured R, G, and B images were channel-decomposed to obtain a G-channel image having 256 gray levels. This G-channel image is binarized using a luminance level of 100 as a threshold, and the image after binarization is evaluated when the direction of the skin sulcus is not recognized. Evaluation 1 is performed when the direction is recognized. In the case where the property was observed, the sample was evaluated as evaluation 3, and 10 samples with wrinkle visual evaluation value 2 and 10 samples with wrinkle visual evaluation value 3 were selected. For these replica samples, a 400 pixel line (scanning line) passing through the center of the image is set, and the luminance of each pixel on the line is orthogonalized to reduce noise. 300 pixels were selected and replaced with the average value of the luminance of these pixels, and the variance of these average values was determined. This scanning line was rotated by 5 around one point, and the variance value was similarly obtained for 36 scanning lines. The ordinate is the dispersion and the abscissa is the rotation angle of the line, and these values are plotted for each panelist. These plots are shown in FIG. This shows that the numerical plot changes greatly depending on the degree of wrinkles.
[0011]
<Example 2>
With respect to the 270 replicas of the first embodiment, four scanning lines having 45 ° intersecting angles of
Wrinkle evaluation value = 7.47 × 10 −6 LINE0 (dispersion) −1.1 × 10 −5 LINE9 (dispersion) + 4.71 × 10 −6 LINE18 (dispersion) −2.9 × 10 −6 LINE27 (dispersion) +1.0717
[0012]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method for identifying wrinkles or signs thereof, which can be calculated in the form of a wrinkle evaluation value.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a procedure for evaluating a replica sample.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a procedure for evaluating a replica sample.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the results of Example 1.
Claims (5)
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