JP2004207451A - Electrolyte - Google Patents
Electrolyte Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2004207451A JP2004207451A JP2002374075A JP2002374075A JP2004207451A JP 2004207451 A JP2004207451 A JP 2004207451A JP 2002374075 A JP2002374075 A JP 2002374075A JP 2002374075 A JP2002374075 A JP 2002374075A JP 2004207451 A JP2004207451 A JP 2004207451A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- group
- acid
- carbonate
- electrolytic solution
- carbon atoms
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical class [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract 3
- -1 1-substituted imidazole Chemical class 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyoxal Chemical compound O=CC=O LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric aldehyde Natural products CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- IWDFHWZHHOSSGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylimidazole Chemical compound CCN1C=CN=C1 IWDFHWZHHOSSGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- AIJULSRZWUXGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylglyoxal Chemical compound CC(=O)C=O AIJULSRZWUXGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940015043 glyoxal Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1H-imidazole Chemical compound CN1C=CN=C1 MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic aldehyde Chemical compound CCC=O NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical compound CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Diethyl Acetal Natural products CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric aldehyde Natural products CCCCC=O HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GIWQSPITLQVMSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethylimidazole Chemical compound CC1=NC=CN1C GIWQSPITLQVMSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BLHTXORQJNCSII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dimethylimidazole Chemical compound CC1=CN(C)C=N1 BLHTXORQJNCSII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HQNBJNDMPLEUDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-dimethylimidazole Chemical compound CC1=CN=CN1C HQNBJNDMPLEUDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NYYVCPHBKQYINK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2-methylimidazole Chemical compound CCN1C=CN=C1C NYYVCPHBKQYINK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UINDRJHZBAGQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-1-methylimidazole Chemical compound CCC1=NC=CN1C UINDRJHZBAGQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- JHYWRHNQPFBSAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2-propylimidazole Chemical compound CCCC1=NC=CN1CC JHYWRHNQPFBSAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DECWYWSYTFTUAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2-propylimidazole Chemical compound CCCC1=NC=CN1C DECWYWSYTFTUAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MPQGIQFFNCKLIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butyl-1-ethylimidazole Chemical compound CCCCC1=NC=CN1CC MPQGIQFFNCKLIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HGGLDADJQQPKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butyl-1-methylimidazole Chemical compound CCCCC1=NC=CN1C HGGLDADJQQPKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTQMVHJVMUTBCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butyl-1-propylimidazole Chemical compound CCCCC1=NC=CN1CCC RTQMVHJVMUTBCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiolane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound CC1CCCS1(=O)=O PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 6
- 229910017008 AsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910018286 SbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 24
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 54
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 25
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 22
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 12
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- RJTZIWVIEAEYBG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CC[N+]=1C=CN(C)C=1 RJTZIWVIEAEYBG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Natural products OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 6
- LRFZEISWEIJVPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-dimethylimidazol-1-ium;methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 LRFZEISWEIJVPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- MXLZUALXSYVAIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C MXLZUALXSYVAIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RWHQMRRVZJSKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-oxobutanal Chemical compound CCC(=O)C=O RWHQMRRVZJSKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005956 quaternization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- IPTLBQYKTNAHEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-diethylimidazol-1-ium;methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CCN1C=C[N+](CC)=C1 IPTLBQYKTNAHEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- IIJSFQFJZAEKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-dimethylimidazol-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IIJSFQFJZAEKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HVVRUQBMAZRKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dimethylimidazolium Chemical compound CN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 HVVRUQBMAZRKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BMQZYMYBQZGEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 BMQZYMYBQZGEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001431 2-methylbenzaldehyde Substances 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011437 continuous method Methods 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229960003750 ethyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-valerolactone Chemical compound CC1CCC(=O)O1 GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- PHHNJCDHQMZYGC-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl carbonate;1,2,3-trimethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CC=1N(C)C=C[N+]=1C PHHNJCDHQMZYGC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-ethylbenzaldehyde Natural products CCC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SBFXJIZCJIYABX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCC=1N(CC)C=C[N+]=1CC SBFXJIZCJIYABX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KCUGPPHNMASOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trimethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CC=1N(C)C=C[N+]=1C KCUGPPHNMASOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLJSMWDFUFADIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-diethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](CC)=C1 XLJSMWDFUFADIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CIKIMCLALRWQLU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-diethylimidazol-1-ium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCN1C=C[N+](CC)=C1 CIKIMCLALRWQLU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- YSNRFLSZENCKRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-diethylimidazol-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCN1C=C[N+](CC)=C1 YSNRFLSZENCKRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- SKNNBMMWHRMJHX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-dimethylimidazol-1-ium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 SKNNBMMWHRMJHX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ARSMIBSHEYKMJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide Chemical compound [I-].CN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 ARSMIBSHEYKMJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IRGDPGYNHSIIJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C IRGDPGYNHSIIJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAFIVIBGDSQQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium;methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C FAFIVIBGDSQQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FJJYHTVHBVXEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dimethylpropanal Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C=O FJJYHTVHBVXEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQSQRYMTDPLPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 2,3-diethyl-1h-imidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CC[NH+]1C=CN=C1CC OQSQRYMTDPLPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- HIKRJHFHGKZKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C(C=O)C(C)=C1 HIKRJHFHGKZKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OXFHNKYFIVWAAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCC=1N(C)C=C[N+]=1C OXFHNKYFIVWAAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MBDOYVRWFFCFHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hexenal Chemical compound CCCC=CC=O MBDOYVRWFFCFHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001755 resorcinol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SGAWOGXMMPSZPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N safranal Chemical compound CC1=C(C=O)C(C)(C)CC=C1 SGAWOGXMMPSZPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BHRZNVHARXXAHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butylamine Chemical compound CCC(C)N BHRZNVHARXXAHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BATOPAZDIZEVQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sorbic aldehyde Natural products CC=CC=CC=O BATOPAZDIZEVQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- AGGIJOLULBJGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfoacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS(O)(=O)=O AGGIJOLULBJGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003469 sulfuric acid diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylamine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)N YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIWUTVYPWAQOEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradeca-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaenal Chemical compound CC=CC=CC=CC=CC=CC=CC=O NIWUTVYPWAQOEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYOWBHNETUSQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O MYOWBHNETUSQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC[14C](O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019303 thiodipropionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ABVVEAHYODGCLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCN ABVVEAHYODGCLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTSMGKYOGFOSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O GTSMGKYOGFOSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLGLQAWTXXGVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol monomethyl ether Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCO JLGLQAWTXXGVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCN QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMPQYAYAQWNLME-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanal Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=O KMPQYAYAQWNLME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJEYEFOHSMBQIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O SJEYEFOHSMBQIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003739 xylenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/14—Arrangements or processes for adjusting or protecting hybrid or EDL capacitors
- H01G11/20—Reformation or processes for removal of impurities, e.g. scavenging
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/60—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solvent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は電気二重層コンデンサ等の電気化学キャパシタ、電解コンデンサ、電池等の電気化学素子用電解液に関する。さらに詳しくは、耐電圧が高く、エネルギー密度が大きい電気化学素子用電解液に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
1−位置換イミダゾールを4級化、次いでアニオン交換して得られてなるイミダゾリウム塩からなる電解液において、1−位置換イミダゾールの製造方法としてはイミダゾールをハロゲン化アルキルで反応させる方法が知られている。しかしながらこの方法では、反応物が、1−位置換イミダゾールと、1,3−位2置換イミダゾリウムとの混合物となり、収率が悪いという問題がある。この問題を解決するため、KOH等の塩基性物質の存在下に、イミダゾールと、ハロゲン化アルキルを反応させる方法(例えば特許文献1参照)、イミダゾールとハロゲン化アルキルの代わりに炭酸ジエステルを非プロトン性溶媒中で反応させる方法(例えば特許文献2参照)が提案されている。
【0003】
【特許文献1】
特公昭43−12354号公報(第1頁)
【特許文献2】
特許3288644号公報(第2頁)
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、電気化学素子用電解液の電解質として上記の製造方法ではKOH等の塩基性物質がイミダゾールと等モル必要である上、反応の副生物としてKCl等の塩が等モル副生するため、これを除去する工程が余分に必要になり、副生物を完全に取り除くことが困難である。そのため得られた1−位置換イミダゾールを使用した電解液では耐電圧が低く十分ではないという問題点を有していた。さらに、イミダゾールは高価であるため工業的製造方法としてはコスト高になる。本発明はこの問題点を解決するものであり、効率的で安価に1−位置換イミダゾールを得、かつ耐電圧が向上した電気化学素子用電解液を提供することを目的とする。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らはかかる事情に鑑み鋭意検討した結果、本発明に達した。すなわち、本発明はα−ジカルボニル化合物又はそのアセタール類若しくはケタール類(a1)、アンモニア又はその炭酸塩(a2)、アルデヒド類(a3)及び一級アミン類(a4)を反応させて得られてなり一般式(1)で表される1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)をさらに4級化、次いでアニオン交換して得られてなる一般式(2)で表されるイミダゾリウム塩(A)からなることを特徴とする電解液;該電解液を用いてなる電気化学素子及び該電解液の製造方法である。
【化5】
[式中、R1、R3及びR4は水酸基、アミノ基、ニトロ基、シアノ基、カルボキシル基、もしくはホルミル基を一つ以上有していてもよいか、又は、主鎖中にエーテル基を1つ以上有していてもよい同一又は異なる、炭素数1〜10の1価の炭化水素基又は水素原子;R2は炭素数1〜10の1価炭化水素基;X-は対アニオンを表す]
【化6】
[式中、R5は炭素数1〜10の1価炭化水素基;X-は対アニオンを表す]
【0006】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明においてα−ジカルボニル化合物もしくはそれらのアセタール、ケタール類(a1)としては、例えば以下の化合物(1)〜(4)が挙げられる。
(1)ジアルデヒド類
グリオキサール等。
(2)ジケトン類
ビアセチル、アセチルピロプオニル、アセチルブチリル、アセチルイソブチリル、アセチルイソバレリル、アセチルカプロイル、アセチルイソカピロイル、ジプロピオニル、ジブチリル、ジピバロイル、ジカプロイルベンジル、ベンジル等。
(3)ケトアルデヒド類
メチルグリオキサール、エチルグリオキサール、プロピルグリオキサール、ブチルグリオキサール、フェニルグリオキサール、メソオキサールジアルデヒド等。
(4)アセタール、ケタール類
グリオキサール−ビス−ジメチルアセタール、グリオキサール−ビス−ジメエチルアセタール、メチルグリオキサールジエチルアセタール、メチルグリオキサール−ビス−ジエチルアセタール等。
【0007】
これらのうち好ましいのは、(1)ジアルデヒド類、(2)ジケトン類、(3)ケトアルデヒド類であり、さらに好ましいのはグリオキサール、ビアセチル、アセチルプロピオニル、ベンジル、メチルグリオキサール、エチルグリオキサールであり、特に好ましいのはグリオキサール、メチルグリオキサールである。これらのα−ジカルボニル化合物もしくはそれらのアセタール、ケタール類(a1)は二種以上を用いてもよい。
【0008】
本発明においてアンモニアもしくはその炭酸塩(a2)としては、例えば以下の化合物(1)、(2)が挙げられる。
(1)アンモニア。
(2)炭酸アンモニウム塩類
炭酸アンモニウム、炭酸水素アンモニウム等。
これらのうち好ましいのは、アンモニア、炭酸アンモニウムであり、特に好ましいのはアンモニアである。これらのアンモニアもしくはその炭酸塩(a2)は二種以上を用いてもよい。
【0009】
本発明においてアルデヒド類(a3)としては、例えば以下の化合物(1)〜(3)が挙げられる。
(1)炭素数1〜30又はそれ以上のアルキル及び/又はアルケニル基を有する脂肪族アルデヒド類;
ホルムアルデヒド、パラホルムアルデヒド、1,3,5−トリオキサン、アセトアルデヒド、プロピオンアルデヒド、n−ブチルアルデヒド、イソブチルアルデヒド、n−バレルアルデヒド、イソバレルアルデヒド、ピバルアルデヒド、n−ヘキサルアルデヒド、メチル−n−プロピルアルデヒド、イソヘキサルアルデヒド、n−ヘプトアルデヒド、n−オクトアルデヒド、n−ノナアルデヒド、n−デカアルデヒド、n−ウンデカアルデヒド、ラウルアルデヒド、トリデカアルデヒド、ミリストアルデヒド、ペンタデカアルデヒド、パルミトアルデヒド、マルガルアルデヒド、ステアルアルデヒド、アクロレイン、クロトンアルデヒド、ビニルアセトアルデヒド、α−メチルアクロレイン、α−エチルアクロレイン、α−メチルクロトンアルデヒド、β−メチルクウロトンアルデヒド、2−メチル−2−ペンテナール、2−ヘキセナール、2−エチル−2−ヘキセナール、2,4−ヘキサジエナール、2,6−ジメチルオクタジエン−(2,6)−アル−(8)、2,4,6−オクタトリエナール、,6,10−トリメチルドデカントリエン−(1,6,10)−アル−(12)、2,4,6,8−デカテトラエナール、2,4,6,8,10−ドデカペンタエナール、2,4,6,8,10,12−テトラデカヘキサエナール、プロピナール、2−ブチナール、2−ヘプチオナール、2−オクチナール等。
【0010】
(2)炭素数7〜30またはそれ以上の 芳香族アルデヒド類;
ベンズアルデヒド、2−メチルベンズアルデヒド、3−メチルベンズアルデヒド、4−メチルベンズアルデヒド、4−エチルベンズアルデヒド、2,4−ジメチルベンズアルデヒド、2,5−ジメチルベンズアルデヒド、3,4−ジメチルベンズアルデヒド、3,5−ジメチルベンズアルデヒド、4−イソプロピルベンズアルデヒド、2,4,6−トリメチルベンズアルデヒド、2,4,5−トリメチルベンズアルデヒド、3,4,5−トリメチルベンズアルデヒド、4−tert−ブチルベンズアルデヒド、2−メチル−4−イソプロピルベンズアルデヒド、2−メチル−5−イソプロピルベンズアルデヒド、2,3,4,5−テトラメチルベンズアルデヒド、2−メチル−4−tert−ブチルベンズアルデヒド、2,4−ジメチル−6−tert−ブチルベンズアルデヒド、1−ナフトアルデヒド、2−メチル−1−ナフトアルデヒド、4−メチル−1−ナフトアルデヒド、2,3−ジメチル−1−ナフトアルデヒド、2,6−ジメチル−1−ナフトアルデヒド、4,7−ジメチル−1−ナフトアルデヒド、2−ナフトアルデヒド、5,6,7,8−テトラヒドロ−1−ナフトアルデヒド、5,6,7,8,−テトラヒドロ−2−ナフトアルデヒド等。
(3)炭素数4〜30またはそれ以上の脂環式アルデヒド類
シクロプロパンアルデヒド、シクロブチルホルムアルデヒド、シクロペンタンアルデヒド、3−メチルシクロペンタンアルデヒド、1−フェニルシクロペンタンアルデヒド、2−フェニルシクロペンタンアルデヒド、1−シクロペンテンアルデヒド、シクロペンチルアセトアルデヒド、2−シクロペンテニルアセトアルデヒド、シクロヘキサンアルデヒド、1−シクロヘキセンアルデヒド、2,6,6−トリメチル−1,3−シクロヘキサンジエンアルデヒド、シクロヘキシリデンアセトアルデヒド、シクロヘキセニルアセトアルデヒド、シクロヘプタンアルデヒド、2,2,6−トリメチルシクロヘプタンアルデヒド、1−シクロヘプテンアルデヒド、3,3,4−トリメチル−1−シクロヘプテンアルデヒド、4,4−ジメチル−1−シクロヘプテンアルデヒド、1,4,4−トリメチル−2−シクロヘプテンアルデヒド、シクロオクタンアルデヒド等。
【0011】
これらのうち好ましいのは、(1)炭素数1〜30又はそれ以上のアルキル及び/又はアルケニル基を有する脂肪族アルデヒド類、(2)炭素数7〜30またはそれ以上の芳香族アルデヒド類であり、さらに好ましいのは(1)炭素数1〜30又はそれ以上のアルキル及び/又はアルケニル基を有する脂肪族アルデヒド類であり、特に好ましいのはホルムアルデヒド、アセトアルデヒド、プロピオンアルデヒド、ブチルアルデヒドである。これらのアルデヒド類(a3)は二種以上を用いてもよい。
【0012】
本発明において一級アミン類(a4)としては以下の化合物(1)〜(4)が挙げられる。
(1)炭素数1〜30又はそれ以上のアルキル及び/又はアルケニル基を有する脂肪族一級アミン類;
メチルアミン、エチルアミン、n−プロピルアミン、イソプロピルアミン、n−ブチルアミン、sec−ブチルアミン、イソブチルアミン、tert−ブチルアミン、ペンチルアミン、2−アミノペンタン、3−アミノペンタン、1−アミノ−2−メチルブタン、2−アミノ−2−メチルブタン、3−アミノ−2−メチルブタン、4−アミノ−2−メチルブタン、1−アミノ−2,2−ジメチルプロパン、5−アミノ−2−メチルペンタン、ヘプチルアミン、オクチルアミン、ノニルアミン、デシルアミン、ウンデシルアミン、ドデシルアミン、トリデシルアミン、テトラデシルアミン、ペンタデシルアミン、ヘキサデシルアミン、ヘプタデシルアミン、オクタデシルアミン等。
(2)炭素数7〜30またはそれ以上の 芳香族アミン類;
アニリン、O−トルイジン、m−トルイジン、p−トルイジン、エチルアニリン、n−プロピルアニリン、イソプロピルアニリン、o−3−キシリジン、o−4−キシリジン、m−2−キシリジン、m−4−キシリジン、m−5−キシリジン、p−2−キシリジン、2,4,5−トリメチルアニリン、2,4,6−トリメチルアニリン等。
(3)炭素数4〜30またはそれ以上の脂環式アミン類;
シクロプロピルアミン、シクロプロピルメチルアミン、シクロブチルアミン、シクロブチルカルビルアミン、シクロペンチルアミン、1−メチルシクロペンチルアミン、2−メチルシクロペンチルアミン、メチル−2−シクロペンテニルアミン、シクロペンチルメチルアミン、1−シクロペンチルエチルアミン、(2−エチルシクロペンチル)メチルアミン、シクロヘキシルアミン、1−メチルシクロヘキシルアミン、2−メチルシクロヘキシルアミン、シクロヘキシルメチルアミン、シクロヘキシルエチルアミン、シクロヘプチルアミン、2−メチルシクロヘプチルアミン、1−メチルシクロヘプチルアミン、2−シクロヘプテニルアミン、シクロヘプチルメチルアミン、4−フェニル−4−シクロオクテニルアミン、シクロオクチルメチルアミン等。
【0013】
(4)炭素数4〜30またはそれ以上の脂肪芳香族アミン類;
ベンジルアミン等。
【0014】
これらのうち好ましいのは、(1)炭素数1〜30又はそれ以上のアルキル及び/又はアルケニル基を有する脂肪族アミン類、(2)炭素数7〜30またはそれ以上の芳香族アミン類、(4)炭素数4〜30またはそれ以上の脂肪芳香族アミン類であり、さらに好ましいのは(1)炭素数1〜30又はそれ以上のアルキル及び/又はアルケニル基を有する脂肪族アミン類であり、特に好ましいのはメチルアミン、エチルアミン、プロピルアミン、ブチルアミンである。これらのアミン類(a4)は二種以上を用いてもよい。
【0015】
前記4種の出発物質は(a1):(a2):(a3):(a4)のモル比が好ましくは1:0.5〜2.0:0.5〜2.0:0.5〜2.0、さらに好ましくは1:0.8〜1.2:0.8〜1.2:0.8〜1.2、特に好ましくは化学当量すなわち1:1:1:1で用いられる。(a1)に対し(a2)、(a3)及び(a4)のモル比が0.5以上であると反応収率が良好であり、2.0以下であると反応の選択率が良好である。
【0016】
1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)を得る反応は、粘度、濃度等を調整する目的で溶媒の存在下で行うのが好ましい。
溶媒としては、反応に不活性な水、有機溶媒及びそれらの混合物が挙げられる。有機溶媒としては、例えば、ニトリル(アセトニトリル、プロピオノニトリル、ベンゾニトリル等)、ケトン(アセトン、メチルエチルケトン等)、アミド(ホルムアミド、アセトアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド等)、モノアルコール(メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール等)、グリコール(エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール等)、モノエーテル(ジメチルエーテル、メチルセロソルブ、エチルセロソルブ、メチルカルビトール、エチルカルビトール、ブチルカルビトール、トリエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン等)、ジエーテル(エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、1,3−ジオキサン等)、カーボネート(エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等)、エステル(酢酸エチル、マレイン酸ジエチル等)、ラクトン(γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン等)、硫黄含有溶剤(ジメチルスルホキシド、スルホラン等)、ハロゲン化炭化水素(クロロホルム、ジクロロメタン等)、炭化水素(ヘキサン、トルエン等)及びこれらの溶媒の二種以上の混合物が挙げられる。上記のうちで好ましいものは、水、及び水と混和し得る溶媒と水との混合物、すなわち水性媒質である。水性媒質としては水、及び水とモノアルコール、モノエーテル、ニトリル、ケトン、アミド、グリコール、ジエーテル、カーボネート、ラクトン、硫黄含有溶剤との混合溶媒であり、これらのうちで好ましいのは水、及び水とモノアルコール、モノエーテル、ニトリルとの混合溶媒であり、最も好ましいのは水である。
上記水性媒質において、水と混和し得る溶媒と水との混合比率は好ましくは90:10〜0:100であり、さらに好ましくは50:50〜0:100である。
溶媒の使用量は(a1)+(a2)+(a3)+(a4)の重量に対し、好ましくは0.5〜10倍重量であり、さらに好ましくは1〜5倍重量程度である。1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)を得る反応溶液の粘度(25℃)は好ましくは0.1〜10,000mPa・sであり、さらに好ましくは0.1〜500mPa・sである。
【0017】
(A1)を得る反応は不活性な気体(例えば窒素等)雰囲気下で常圧又は加圧下で行うことが好ましく、常圧下で行うことがさらに好ましい。また反応はバッチ法又は連続法で行うことが好ましいが、バッチ法の方が操作性の点でさらに好ましい。反応温度は好ましくは0〜200℃、さらに好ましくは0〜150℃であり、さらに好ましくは20〜100℃である。0℃以上では反応速度が良好であり、200℃以下では反応収率が良好である。反応時間は通常1分〜100時間、好ましくは10分〜50時間、さらに好ましくは30分〜10時間である。
【0018】
(a1)、(a2)、(a3)、(a4)の反応方法としては特に制限はないが、例えば(a1)、(a2)、(a3)、(a4)を一段階で反応させる方法、(a1)と(a3)に(a4)を反応させ、次いで(a2)を反応させる方法、(a1)と(a3)の混合溶液中に(a2)と(a4)の混合溶液を反応させる方法がある。これらのなかで、(a1)、(a2)、(a3)、(a4)を一段階で反応させる方法が好ましい。
反応の終点は液体クロマトグラフィー等の分析により確認することができ、生成物および反応の選択率は液体クロマトグラフィーやNMR等で確認できる。反応の選択率は通常50〜100%、好ましくは70〜100%である。
【0019】
上記の(A1)を得る反応の条件としては、前記(a1)、(a2)、(a3)及び(a4)を水性媒質中で0〜150℃の温度において一段階で反応させて(A1)を得ることが特に好ましい。
【0020】
1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)は上記反応後得られるが、さらに精製しても良い。精製方法としては蒸留による方法、再結晶する方法、溶剤により抽出する方法、シリカゲル、活性炭、活性アルミナ、特殊なモレキュラーシーブ等の吸着剤で吸着処理する方法がある。蒸留による方法、再結晶する方法、抽出する方法、吸着処理する方法はそれぞれ単独で行っても良いし、組み合わせて行っても良い。
本発明において1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)は上記のように一般式(1)で表される。
(A1)としては例えば以下の例が挙げられる。
1−メチルイミダゾール、1−エチルイミダゾール、1−プロピルイミダゾール、1−ブチルイミダゾール、1−エチル−2−メチルイミダゾール、1,2−ジメチルイミダゾール、1−メチル−2−エチルイミダゾール、1,4−ジメチルイミダゾール、1,5−ジメチルイミダゾール、1,2,4−トリメチルイミダゾール、1,4−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾール、1−メチル−2−プロピルイミダゾール、1−エチル−2−プロピルイミダゾール、1−メチル−2−ブチルイミダゾール、1−エチル−2−ブチルイミダゾール、1−プロピル−2−ブチルイミダゾール、1−ブチル−2−プロピルイミダゾール等。これらのうち好ましいのは1−メチルイミダゾール、1−エチルイミダゾール、1−エチル−2−メチルイミダゾール、1,2−ジメチルイミダゾール、1−メチル−2−エチルイミダゾール、1,4−ジメチルイミダゾール、1,5−ジメチルイミダゾールであり、特に好ましくは1−メチルイミダゾール、1−エチルイミダゾールである。
【0021】
イミダゾリウム塩(A)は1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)に4級化剤(c)を反応させてイミダゾリウム塩(A0)を製造したのち(A0)に、酸(d)を反応させて製造することができる。
【0022】
4級化剤(c)としては以下の化合物(1)〜(7)が挙げられる。
(1)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上の炭酸ジエステル
ジメチル炭酸、メチルエチル炭酸、ジエチル炭酸、メチル−i−プロピル炭酸、ジ−n−プロピル炭酸、ジ−i−プロピル炭酸、ジ−n−ブチル炭酸、ジ−i−ブチル炭酸、ジ−t−ブチル炭酸、ジ−sec−ブチル炭酸、ジぺンチル炭酸、ジヘキシル炭酸、ジヘプチル炭酸、ジオクチル炭酸、ジベンジル炭酸、ジノニル炭酸、ジデシル炭酸、ジウンデシル炭酸、ジドデシル炭酸等。
(2)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上のハロゲン化アルキル
塩化メチル、臭化メチル、ヨウ化メチル、塩化エチル、臭化エチル、ヨウ化エチル、塩化n−プロピル、塩化イソプロピル、臭化n−プロピル、臭化イソプロピル、ヨウ化n−プロピル、ヨウ化イソプロピル等。
(3)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上の硫酸ジエステル
硫酸ジメチル、硫酸ジエチル、硫酸ジn−プロピル、硫酸ジイソプロピル等。
(4)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上のカルボン酸エステル
ギ酸メチル、ギ酸エチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、アクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸メチル、乳酸メチル、しゅう酸メチル、安息香酸メチル等。
(5)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上の硝酸エステル
硝酸ジメチル、硝酸ジエチル、硝酸ジn−プロピル、硝酸ジイソプロピル等。
(6)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上のスルホン酸エステル
メタンスルホン酸メチル、メタンスルホン酸エチル、エタンスルホン酸メチル、エタンスルホン酸エチル、ベンゼンスルホン酸メチル、ベンゼンスルホン酸エチル、p−トルエンスルホン酸メチル、p−トルエンスルホン酸エチル等。
(7)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上のホスホン酸エステル
ホスホン酸トリメチル、ホスホン酸トリエチル、ホスホン酸トリプロピル、ホスホン酸トリフェニル等。
【0023】
これらのうち好ましいのは、炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上の炭酸ジエステル、炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上のハロゲン化アルキルであり、さらに好ましいのは炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上の炭酸ジエステルであり、特に好ましいのはジメチル炭酸、メチルエチル炭酸、ジエチル炭酸、ジ−n−プロピル炭酸、ジ−i−プロピル炭酸である。これらの4級化剤は二種以上を用いてもよい。
【0024】
本発明における(A1)と(c)の反応モル比は特に制限はないが、好ましくは1:(0.5〜10)、さらに好ましくは1:(1〜5)、特に好ましくは1:(1〜3)である。(c)が0.5以上であると反応収率が良好であり、(c)が10以下であると反応の選択率が良好である。
【0025】
(A1)と(c)とを反応させる4級化反応では粘度、濃度等を調整する目的で溶媒の存在下で行うのが好ましい。溶媒としては、反応に不活性な水、有機溶媒が好ましい。例えば、(A1)を得る反応に使用したものが挙げられ、さらに好ましくはモノアルコール、モノエーテル、ニトリルである。これらの溶媒を二種以上用いてもよい。溶媒の使用量は(A1)の質量に対し、通常0.5〜5倍重量程度であり、好ましくは1〜3倍重量程度である。(A1)を上記溶媒に溶解させた反応溶液の粘度(25℃)は好ましくは0.1〜10,000mPa・sであり、さらに好ましくは0.1〜500mPa・sである。
【0026】
4級化反応では不活性な気体(例えば窒素等)雰囲気下で常圧又は加圧下で行うこともできる。加圧することにより反応速度が向上する。圧力は通常1×105〜1×107Pa、好ましくは1×105〜7×106Paであり、さらに好ましくは1×105〜5×106Paである。反応はバッチ法でも、連続法でも行うことができるが、バッチ法の方が操作性がよく好ましい。反応温度は通常0〜300℃、好ましくは20〜250℃であり、さらに好ましくは50〜200℃である。0℃以上では反応速度が良好であり、300℃以下では(A0)の反応収率が良好である。反応時間は通常1分〜200時間、好ましくは30分〜100時間、さらに好ましくは1〜80時間である。
【0027】
4級化されたイミダゾリウム塩(A0)はさらに、酸(d)と反応させてイミダゾリウム塩(A)となる。
酸(d)としては以下の化合物(1)〜(2)が挙げられる。
(1)無機酸
HAsO2、H3AsO3、H3AsO4、HAsF6、H3BO3、HBF4、HBr、HBrO、H2CO3、HCN、HOCN、HCl、HClO、HClO2、HClO4、H2CrO4、HF、HI、HIO、HIO3、H2MoO4、HN3、HNO2、HNO3、H2N2O4、HNCS、H2O2、HPH2O2、H2PHO4、H3PO4、H4PO7、H5P3O10、HPF6、H2S、H2SO4、H2S2O3、H2SeO3、H2SeO4、H2SiO2(OH)2、HSbF6、H2TeO3、H2TeO4、H3VO4、H2WO4、HN(RfSO3)2、HC(RfSO3)3、RfCOOH、RfSO3H(Rfは炭素数1〜12のフルオロアルキル基)等。
【0028】
(2)有機酸
(I)カルボン酸
(I−1)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上の飽和および不飽和脂肪族カルボン酸
(I−1−1)1価の脂肪族カルボン酸;ギ酸、酢酸、プロピオン酸、酪酸、イソ酪酸、吉草酸、カプロン酸、エナント酸、カプリル酸、ベラルゴン酸、ラウリル酸、ミリスチン酸、ステアリン酸、ベヘニン酸などの飽和カルボン酸、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、オレイン酸などの不飽和カルボン酸等。
(I−1−2)2価以上の脂肪族カルボン酸;シュウ酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸、ピメリン酸、スベリン酸、アゼライン酸、セバチン酸、プロパン−1,2,3−トリカルボン酸などの飽和カルボン酸、マレイン酸、フマール酸、イタコン酸などの不飽和カルボン酸等。
(I−1−3)オキシ脂肪族カルボン酸;グリコール酸、乳酸、酒石酸など。
(I−1−4)チオ脂肪族カルボン酸;チオジプロピオン酸等。
【0029】
(I−2)炭素数7〜30またはそれ以上の芳香族カルボン酸
(I−2−1)1価の芳香族カルボン酸;安息香酸、ケイ皮酸、ナフトエ酸等。
(I−2−2)2価以上の芳香族カルボン酸;フタル酸、イソフタル酸、テレフタル酸、トリメリット酸、ピロメリット酸等。
(I−2−3)オキシ芳香族カルボン酸;サリチル酸、マンデル酸等。
(I−3)炭素数3〜30またはそれ以上の脂環式カルボン酸
シクロブテン−1,2−ジカルボン酸、シクロペンテン−1,2−ジカルボン酸、フラン−2,3−ジカルボン酸、ビシクロ[2,2,1]ヘプタ−2−エン−2,3−ジカルボン酸、ビシクロ[2,2,1]ヘプタ−2,5−ジエン−2,3−ジカルボン酸等。
【0030】
(II)スルホン酸
(II−1)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上の飽和および不飽和脂肪族スルホン酸(II−1−1)1価の脂肪族スルホン酸;メタンスルホン酸、エタンスルホン酸、プロパンスルホン酸、イソプロピルスルホン酸、ブタンスルホン酸、イソブチルスルホン酸、t−ブチルスルホン酸、ペンタンスルホン酸、イソペンチルスルホン酸、ヘキサンスルホン酸、ノナンスルホン酸、デカンスルホン酸、ウンデカンスルホン酸、ドデカンスルホン酸、トリデカンスルホン酸、テトラデカンスルホン酸、n−オクチルスルホン酸、ドデシルスルホン酸、セチルスルホン酸などの飽和カルボン酸、エチレンスルホン酸、1−プロペン−1−スルホン酸、ベンジルスルホン酸、フェニルエタンスルホン酸等の不飽和スルホン酸等。
(II−1−2)2価以上の脂肪族スルホン酸;メチオン酸、1,1−エタンジスルホン酸、1,2−エタンジスルホン酸、1,1−プロパンジスルホン酸、1,3−プロパンジスルホン酸、ポリビニルスルホン酸等。
(II−1−3)オキシ脂肪族スルホン酸;イセチオン酸、3−オキシ−プロパンスルホン酸等。
(II−1−4)スルホ脂肪族カルボン酸;スルホ酢酸、スルホコハク酸など。
【0031】
(II−2)炭素数6〜30またはそれ以上の芳香族スルホン酸
(II−2−1)1価の芳香族スルホン酸;ベンゼンスルホン酸、p−トルエンスルホン酸、o−トルエンスルホン酸、m−トルエンスルホン酸、o−キシレン−4−スルホン酸、m−キシレン−4−スルホン酸、4−ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸、4−オクチルベンゼンスルホン酸、2-メチル−5−イソプロピルベンゼンスルホン酸、ナフタレンスルホン酸、アルキルナフタレンスルホン酸等。
(II−2−2)2価以上の芳香族スルホン酸;m−ベンゼンジスルホン酸、1,4−ナフタレンスルホン酸、1,5−ナフタレンジスルホン酸、1,6−ナフタレンジスルホン酸、2,6−ナフェタレンジスルホン酸、2,7−ナフタレンジスルホン酸、スルホン化ポリスチレン等。
(II−2−3)オキシ芳香族スルホン酸;フェノール−2−スルホン酸、フェノール−3−スルホン酸、フェノール−4−スルホン酸、アニソール−o−スルホン酸、アニソール−m−スルホン酸、フェネトール−o−スルホン酸、フェネトール−m−スルホン酸、フェノール−2,4−ジスルホン酸、、フェノール−2,4,6−トリスルホン酸、アニソール−2,4−ジスルホン酸、フェネトール−2,5−ジスルホン酸、2−オキシトルエン−4−スルホン酸、ピロカテキン−4−スルホン酸、ベラトール−4−スルホン酸、レゾルシン−4−スルホン酸、2−オキシ−1−メトキシベンゼン−4−スルホン酸、1,2−ジオキシベンゼン−3,5−ジスルホン酸、レゾルシン−4,6−ジスルホン酸、ヒドロキノンスルホン酸、ヒドロキノン−2,5−ジスルホン酸、1,2,3−トリオキシベンゼン−4−スルホン酸等。
【0032】
(II−2−4)スルホ芳香族カルボン酸;o−スルホ安息香酸、m−スルホ安息香酸、p−スルホ安息香酸、2,4−ジスルホ安息香酸、3−スルホフタル酸、3,5−ジスルホフタル酸、4−スルホイソフタル酸、2−スルホテレフタル酸、2−メチル−4−スルホ安息香酸、2−メチル−3,5−ジスルホ安息香酸、4−プロピル−3−スルホ安息香酸、4−イソプロピル−3−スルホ安息香酸、2,4,6−トリメチル−3−スルホ安息香酸、2−メチル−5−スルホテレフタル酸、5−メチル−4−スルホイソフタル酸、5−スルホサリチル酸、3−オキシ−4−スルホ安息香酸等。
(II−2−5)チオ芳香族スルホン酸;チオフェノールスルホン酸、チオアニソール−4−スルホン酸、チオフェネトール−4−スルホン酸など。
(II−2−6)その他官能基を有する芳香族スルホン酸;ベンズアルデヒド−o−スルホン酸、ベンズアルデヒド−2,4−ジスルホン酸、アセトフェノン−o−スルホン酸、アセトフェノン−2,4−ジスルホン酸、ベンゾフェノン−o−スルホン酸、ベンゾフェノン−3,3’−ジスルホン酸、4−アミノフェノール−3−スルホン酸、アントラキノン−1−スルホン酸、アントラキノン−1、5−ジスルホン酸、 アントラキノン−1、8−ジスルホン酸、アントラキノン−2,6−ジスルホン酸、2−メチルアントラキノン−1−スルホン酸等。
【0033】
(I−3)炭素数3〜30またはそれ以上の脂環式カルボン酸
シクロペンタンスルホン酸、シクロヘキサンスルホン酸等。
【0034】
(III)フェノール類
(III−1)炭素数6〜30またはそれ以上の置換または非置換フェノール
(III−1−1)1価のフェノール;フェノール、ナフトール、シクロヘキシルフェノール、クレゾール、キシレノール、エチルフェノール、nおよびイソ−プロピルフェノール、nおよびイソアミルフェノール、イソノニルフェノール、イソドデシルフェノール、オイゲノール、グアヤコールなど。
(III−1−2)2価以上のフェノール;カテコール、レゾルシン、ピロガロールおよびフロログルシン等。
【0035】
(IV)モノもしくはジアルキル燐酸エステル
(IV−1)炭素数1〜30またはそれ以上のモノアルキル燐酸エステル
メチル燐酸エステル、イソプロピル燐酸エステル、ブチル燐酸エステル、2−エチルヘキシル燐酸エステル、イソデシル燐酸エステル等。
(IV−2)炭素数2〜30またはそれ以上のジアルキル燐酸エステル
ジメチル燐酸エステル、ジイソプロピル燐酸エステル、ジブチル燐酸エステル、ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)燐酸エステル、ジイソデシル燐酸エステル等。
【0036】
これらのうち好ましいのは、無機酸であり、さらに好ましくは、HPF6、HBF4、HAsF6、HF、HSbF6、HN(RfSO3)2、HC(RfSO3)3、RfCOOH、RfSO3H(Rfは炭素数1〜12のフルオロアルキル基)、HClO4である。これらの酸は一種または二種以上を用いてもよい。
【0037】
アニオン交換反応におけるイミダゾリウム塩(A0)と(d)の反応モル比は特に制限はないが、4級化反応に用いた1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)に対して好ましくは1:(0.8〜3)、さらに好ましくは1:(1〜1.5)、特に好ましくは1:(1〜1.2)である。(d)が0.8以上であると転化率が良好であり、(d)が3以下であると後処理が容易である。
【0038】
イミダゾリウム塩(A0)と(d)とを反応させるアニオン交換反応において溶媒の存在下で行うことが好ましい。溶媒としては、4級化反応に使用される溶媒を用いることができ、反応に不活性な水、有機溶媒が好ましい。溶媒は二種以上用いてもよい。溶媒の使用量はイミダゾリウム塩(A0)の質量に対し、通常0.05〜5倍重量程度であり、好ましくは0.1〜3倍重量程度である。反応溶媒の粘度(25℃)は好ましくは0.1〜10,000mPa・sであり、さらに好ましくは0.1〜500mPa・sである。
【0039】
アニオン交換反応では不活性な気体(例えば窒素等)雰囲気下で常圧又は加圧下で行うことができるが、常圧下で行うことが好ましい。反応はバッチ法でも、連続法でも行うことができるが、バッチ法の方が操作性がよく好ましい。反応温度は通常−20〜200℃、好ましくは0〜100℃であり、さらに好ましくは10〜40℃である。−20℃以上では反応速度が良好であり、200℃以下では生成物の分解が少ない。反応時間は通常30分〜100時間、好ましくは1時間〜50時間、さらに好ましくは1〜10時間である。
【0040】
イミダゾリウム塩(A0)としては例えば以下の例が挙げられる。
塩化1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩等。これらのうち好ましいのは塩化1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、臭化1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、ヨウ化1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムモノエチル炭酸塩、1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウムモノエチル炭酸塩であり、特に好ましくは塩化1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、塩化1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムモノエチル炭酸塩、1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウムモノエチル炭酸塩、1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩、1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩等である。
【0041】
本発明において(A)は上記一般式(2)で表される。
(A)の対アニオンX-としては、上記酸(d)に対応するアニオンが挙げられる。これらのなかで、PF6 -、BF4 -、F-2.3HF、AsF6 -、SbF6 -、N(RfSO3)2 -、C(RfSO3)3 -およびRfSO3(Rfは炭素数1〜12のフルオロアルキル基)からなる群より選ばれるアニオンが好ましい。
【0042】
本発明で使用されるイミダゾリウム塩(A)のカチオンとしては、例えば以下化合物(1)〜(7)が挙げられる。
(1)1,3−位置換体
1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、1−メチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウム、1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム等。
(2)1,2,3−位置換体
1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウム、1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウム、1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウム等。
(3)1,1,2−位置換体
1,1−ジメチル−2−ヘプチルイミダゾリウム、1,1−ジメチル−2−(−2'ヘプチル)イミダゾリウム、1,1−ジメチル−2−(−3'ヘプチル)イミダゾリウム、1,1−ジメチル−2−(−4'ヘプチル)イミダゾリウム、1,1−ジメチル−2−ドデシルイミダゾリウム、1,1−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、1,1,2−トリメチルイミダゾリウム等。
(4)1,2,3,4−位置換体
1,2,3,4−テトラメチルイミダゾリウム、1,3,4−トリメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジメチル−2,4−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、1,2−ジメチル−3,4−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、1−メチル−2,3,4−トリエチルイミダゾリウム、1,2,3,4−テトラエチルイミダゾリウム等。
(5)1,1,2,4−位置換体
1,1,2,4−テトラメチルイミダゾリウム等。
(6)1,1,2,5−位置換体
1,1,2,5−テトラメチルイミダゾリウム等。
(7)1,1,2,4,5−位置換体
1,1,2,4,5−ペンタメチルイミダゾリウム等。
【0043】
これらのうち好ましいのは 1,3−位置換体、1,2,3−位置換体であり、さらに好ましくは、1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウム、1,2,3−トリメチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジメチル−2−エチルイミダゾリウム、1−エチル−2,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、1,2,3−トリエチルイミダゾリウム、1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウムであり、特に好ましくは1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウム、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウム、1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムである。
【0044】
本発明の電解液は、上記イミダゾリウム塩(A)からなるが、さらに(A)が非水溶媒(B)に溶解されたものであってもよい。
電解液が(A)だけからなる場合、好ましい(A)としては、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムBF4塩、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムF・2.3HF塩、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムN(CF3SO3)2塩、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムN(C2F5SO3)2塩、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムCF3SO3塩、1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムBF4塩、1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムBF6塩、1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムCF3SO3塩、1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウムN(CF3SO3)2塩、1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウムN(C2F5SO3)2塩等が挙げられる。
【0045】
非水溶媒(B)としては公知のものが使用され、電解質の溶解性と電気化学的安定性から通常選択される。具体例としては例えば以下のものが挙げられる。これらのうち2種以上を併用することも可能である。
【0046】
・エーテル類:鎖状エーテル[炭素数2〜6(ジエチルエーテル、メチルイソプロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル);炭素数7〜12(ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等)]、環状エーテル[炭素数2〜4(テトラヒドロフラン、1,3−ジオキソラン、1,4−ジオキサン等);炭素数5〜18(4−ブチルジオキソラン、クラウンエーテル等)]。
・アミド類:N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N−ジメチルアセトアミド、N,N−ジメチルプロピオンアミド、ヘキサメチルホスホリルアミド、N−メチルピロリドン等。
・カルボン酸エステル類:酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸メチル等。
・ラクトン類:γ−ブチロラクトン、α−アセチル−γ−ブチロラクトン、β−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、δ−バレロラクトン等。
・ニトリル類:アセトニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、メトキシアセトニトリル、3−メトキシプロピオニトリル、アクリロニトリル等。
・カーボネート類:エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート等。
スルホキシド類:ジメチルスルホキシド、スルホラン、3−メチルスルホラン、2,4−ジメチルスルホラン等。
・ニトロ化合物:ニトロメタン、ニトロエタン等。
・複素環式溶媒:N−メチル−2−オキサゾリジノン、3,5−ジメチル−2−オキサゾリジノン、1,3−ジメチル−2−イミダゾリジノン、N−メチルピロリジノン等。
【0047】
これらのうち好ましいのはカーボネート類、スルホキシド類及びニトリル類であり、特に好ましくはエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、スルホラン、メチルスルホラン及びアセトニトリルである。
【0048】
(A)が非水溶媒(B)に溶解されている場合は、電解液中に占める(A)の濃度は、電解液の電気伝導度、内部抵抗の観点から0.1モル/リットル以上が好ましく、0.5モル/リットル以上がさらに好ましく、低温時の塩析出の観点から5モル/リットル以下が好ましく、4モル/リットル以下がさらに好ましい。
【0049】
本発明の電解液に含まれる水分は、電気化学的安定性の観点から3000ppm以下が好ましい。さらに好ましくは300ppm以下、特に好ましくは100ppm以下、最も好ましくは50ppm以下である。
【0050】
本発明の電解液は、電気化学キャパシタ、電解コンデンサ、一次電池、二次電池、太陽電池、燃料電池、金属電析浴、電解反応溶媒、反応溶媒、分離操作溶媒等に使用される。
【0051】
本発明の電解液を用いる電気化学キャパシタとしては、電気二重層コンデンサ、レドックスキャパシタが挙げられる。ここで述べる電気二重層コンデンサとは、分極性電極と電解液の間の非ファラデー反応により形成される電気二重層によって発現する容量を利用した電気化学キャパシタであり、レドックスキャパシタとは電気二重層容量に加えて、電極とイオンとの電子の授受を伴う吸着反応やレドックス反応による疑似容量をも利用した電気化学キャパシタである。
【0052】
電気化学キャパシタは、電極、集電体、セパレーターを備えるとともに、電気化学キャパシタに通常用いられるケース、ガスケットなどを任意に備え、電極のうち正極と負極の少なくとも一方は、炭素質物質を主成分とする分極性電極のような物質である。上記電解液は、電極およびセパレーターに含浸される。
【0053】
【実施例】
以下実施例をもって本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではない。以下%は重量%を示す。
実施例1
撹拌装置、温度計、滴下ロート、還流冷却器、及び窒素ガス導入管を取り付けた反応フラスコに、グリオキザール(40%水溶液)18部、ホルマリン(37%水溶液)10部の混合物を仕込み、撹拌しながら均一溶液にし、窒素ガスを僅かに流しながら40℃に昇温した。その後反応温度を35〜45℃に保ちながら滴下ロートからエチルアミン(70%水溶液)64部とアンモニア(28%水溶液)61部の混合液を滴下した。次ぎにエチルアミンとアンモニアの混合液を滴下し始めて35分後に、別の滴下ロートからグリオキザール(40%水溶液)127部とホルマリン(37%水溶液)71部の混合物を4時間かけて滴下した。エチルアミンとアンモニアの混合液は4時間35分かけて滴下し、エチルアミンとアンモニアの混合液の滴下終了と同時にグリオキサールとホルマリンの混合液の滴下を終了させるように滴下開始時間をずらして行った。滴下が終了したのち、40℃でさらに1時間反応させた。次に温度80℃、常圧から徐々に減圧度5.3kPaまで減圧し脱水を行い、粗1−エチルイミダゾール(A1−1’)を得た。続いて(A1−1’)を温度100℃、減圧度0.7kPaの条件で単蒸留により精製し、1−エチルイミダゾール(A1−1)を得た。得られた(A1−1)の純度はNMR分析を行ったところ97.9%であり、収率は82%であった。
次に還流コンデンサ付きステンレス製オートクレーブに、得られた(A1−1)96部、ジメチル炭酸135部、及びメタノール192部を仕込み均一に溶解させた。次いで、130℃まで昇温した。圧力約0.8MPaで70時間反応を行った。反応物のNMR分析を行ったところ1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩が生成していることが分かり、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩への転化率は99.5%であった。
得られた反応混合物423部(塩純分44重量%)をフラスコに取り、撹拌下にホウフッ化水素酸水溶液209部(純分42重量%)を室温下約30分かけて徐々に滴下した。滴下に伴い、炭酸ガスの泡が発生した。滴下終了後、泡の発生がおさまった後、反応液をロータリーエバポレーターに移し、溶媒を全量留去した。フラスコ内に無色透明の液体(A−1)が198部残った。この液をNMR分析した結果、主成分は1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムテトラフルオロボーレートであった。得られた(A−1)198gを全量プロピレンカーボネートに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし本発明の電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは1ppm以下であった。
【0054】
実施例2
本発明の実施例1において、エチルアミンの代わりにメチルアミン(40%水溶液)78部を仕込み実施例1と同様に反応を行った。次に温度80℃、常圧から徐々に減圧度5.3kPaまで減圧し脱水を行い、粗1−メチルイミダゾール(A1−2’)を得た。続いて(A1−2’)を温度100℃、減圧度0.7kPaの条件で精密蒸留により精製し、1−メチルイミダゾール(A1−2)を得た。得られた(A1−2)の純度はNMR分析を行ったところ99.6%であり、収率は84%であった。
次に還流コンデンサ付きステンレス製オートクレーブに、(A1−2)82部、ジメチル炭酸135部、及びメタノール192部を仕込み実施例1と同様に反応を行った。反応物のNMR分析を行ったところ1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩が生成していることが分かり、1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩への転化率は97.5%であった。 得られた反応混合物410部(塩純分42重量%)をフラスコに取り、撹拌下にホウフッ化水素酸水溶液209部(純分42重量%)を室温下約30分かけて徐々に滴下した後、実施例1と同様に処理して無色透明の液体(A−2)が184部残った。この液をNMR分析した結果、主成分は1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムテトラフルオロボーレートであった。得られた1,3−ジメチルイミダゾリウムテトラフルオロボーレート184gを全量プロピレンカーボネートに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし本発明の電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは1ppm以下であった。
【0055】
実施例3
還流コンデンサ付きステンレス製オートクレーブに、実施例1で得られた(A1−1)82部、ジエチル炭酸177部、及びメタノール192部を仕込み実施例1と同様に反応を行った。反応物のNMR分析を行ったところ1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩が生成していることが分かり、1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩への転化率は97.4%であった。
得られた反応混合物410部(塩純分46重量%)をフラスコに取り、撹拌下にホウフッ化水素酸水溶液209部(純分42重量%)を室温下約30分かけて徐々に滴下した後、実施例1と同様に処理して無色透明の液体(A−3)が212部残った。この液をNMR分析した結果、主成分は1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムテトラフルオロボーレートであった。得られた1,3−ジエチルイミダゾリウムテトラフルオロボーレート212gを全量プロピレンカーボネートに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし本発明の電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは1ppm以下であった。
【0056】
実施例4
実施例1で得られた(A−1)198gをアセトニトリルに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは1ppm以下であった。
【0057】
実施例5
実施例1で得られた(A−1)198gをスルホランに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは1ppm以下であった。
【0058】
比較例1
還流コンデンサ付きステンレス製オートクレーブに、テトラヒドロフラン288部、イミダゾール136部、水酸化カリウム112部を仕込み均一に溶解させた。ついで70℃まで昇温し、エチルクロライド71部を徐々に滴下した。反応に伴い温度上昇が見られたので、温度を70±5℃を保つように約2時間かけて滴下し、滴下終了後、約2時間熟成を行った。冷却後、反応により副生した塩化カリウムを濾過した。この濾過した反応物を温度100℃、減圧度0.7kPaの条件で単蒸留を試みたが、溶け残っていた塩化カリウムが固化してしまい蒸留できなかった。そこで、シリカゲルを用いたカラムにより精製した。得られた1−エチルイミダゾール(A1−3)の純度はNMR分析を行ったところ95.5%であり、収率は70%であった。
次に還流コンデンサ付きステンレス製オートクレーブに、得られた(A1−3)96部、ジメチル炭酸135部、及びメタノール192部を仕込み均一に溶解させた。次いで、130℃まで昇温した。圧力約0.8MPaで70時間反応を行った。反応物のNMR分析を行ったところ1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩が生成していることが分かり、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムモノメチル炭酸塩への転化率は99.5%であった。
得られた反応混合物423部(塩純分44重量%)をフラスコに取り、撹拌下にホウフッ化水素酸水溶液209部(純分42重量%)を室温下約30分かけて徐々に滴下した。滴下に伴い、炭酸ガスの泡が発生した。滴下終了後、泡の発生がおさまった後、反応液をロータリーエバポレーターに移し、溶媒を全量留去した。フラスコ内に無色透明の液体(A−3)が198部残った。この液をNMR分析した結果、主成分は1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムテトラフルオロボーレートであった。得られた(A−3)198gを全量プロピレンカーボネートに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし本発明の電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは120ppmであった。
【0059】
比較例2
比較例1で得られた(A−3)198gをアセトニトリルに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは120ppmであった。
【0060】
比較例3
比較例1で得られた(A−3)198gをスルホランに均一に溶解し全体を1リットルとし電解液を調製した。得られた電解液の塩素イオン及びカリウムイオンは120ppmであった。
【0061】
実施例1〜5の電解液におけるその他の不純物含量は全て以下の水準であった。水分は50ppm以下、1−位置換イミダゾール(A1)および1−位置換イミダゾール塩は1mmol/kg以下、BF4 -の加水分解物は100ppm以下、ケイフッ化水素酸およびケイフッ化水素塩は1ppm以下、硫酸および硫酸塩は1ppm以下、フッ化水素およびフッ化物塩は1ppm以下、プロピレングリコールは10ppm以下、クロルヒドリンは10ppm以下、リチウム、ナトリウム、マグネシウム、カルシウム、クロム、マンガン、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、銅、亜鉛、鉛のイオン含量はすべて0.1ppm以下。
【0062】
本発明における電解液の耐電圧の測定法を説明する。電解液を耐電圧測定用セル内に入れ、ポテンショスタット(ソーラトロン社製:1286型)で5mV/secで電位を掃引し、電解液を撹拌しながら25℃で分極測定を行った。電流密度が酸化側、還元側で1.0mA/cm2となる電位をそれぞれ酸化電位、還元電位とし、電流密度が1.0mA/cm2以下である電位範囲、すなわち、還元電位から酸化電位までを電解液の耐電圧とした。通常、電解液の還元電位が低く、かつ酸化電位が高いものは、電気化学的安定性に優れ、電解液の耐電圧が高いとみなされる。電解液の耐電圧測定用セルには、作用極としてグラッシーカーボン電極(BAS社製;電極面積0.008cm2)、対極として白金線、参照極として銀/銀イオン電極を使用した3極式セルを用いた。
【0063】
本発明における電解液を用いた電気二重層コンデンサの自己放電特性、初期静電容量、静電容量変化率、内部抵抗の測定法を説明する。セパレーターをはさんで対向する活性炭電極セルに電解液を加えコイン型電気二重層コンデンサ(サイズ;φ6.8mm×1.4mm)を作製した。このコイン型電気二重層コンデンサに定電圧定電流発生装置(アドバンテスト社製R6741A)を用いて、25℃で2.3Vの直流電圧を6時間印可し、その後回路を遮断して24時間経過後にこのコイン型電気二重層コンデンサの端子間電圧を測定した。この測定値を自己放電後の残存電圧とした。残存電圧が高いほど耐電圧が高く、低いほど耐電圧が低いことになる。
次に、25℃で2.8Vの電圧を印可して充電した後、1mAの定電流で放電して、初期静電容量を求めた。静電容量の算出方法は、Q=i×t=C×Vの関係から、C=i×Δt/ΔVとなり、ここでQは放電電荷量(C)、iは放電電流(A)、tは放電時間(sec)、Cは静電容量(F)、Vは電圧(V)である。また、内部抵抗を周波数1KHzで交流二端子法により測定した。耐久性評価としては、2.8Vの電圧を印可しながら、70℃で1,000時間保持した後、1mAの定電流で放電した後の静電容量を測定し、その値から初期の値を差し引いた値を初期静電容量で除した静電容量変化率を求めた。
【0064】
実施例1〜5及び比較例1〜3の電解液の耐電圧と該電解液を用いた電気二重層コンデンサの初期静電容量、静電容量変化率、内部抵抗、残存電圧の測定結果を表1に示す。
【0065】
【表1】
【0066】
表1から明らかなように、実施例1〜5の電解液は、比較例1〜3の電解液に比べて高い耐電圧を示した。また、該電解液を用いた電気化学キャパシタは比較例に比べて内部抵抗が低く、残存電圧も高く、高い初期静電容量を有し、また静電容量変化率が極めて低かった。
【0067】
なお、上記本発明の実施例1〜5においてはコイン形電気二重層コンデンサについて説明したが、捲回形や積層形など他の構造の電気二重層コンデンサの電解液に適用しても、本発明の実施例1〜5と同様の効果が得られるものである。
【0068】
【発明の効果】
本発明の電解液は、従来の電解液に比べ製造コストが安価で、電気化学的安定性に優れており、耐電圧が高い。また該電解液を用いた電気二重層コンデンサの残存電圧は大きく、容量保持率が優れており、さらに内部抵抗を抑える効果を有する。
上記効果を奏することから、本発明の電解液は、各種電子機器のメモリーバックアップ用途、各種電源のバックアップ電源、太陽電池との組み合わせで使用される蓄電素子等蓄電装置、電気自動車等の大電流を必要とするモーター駆動用電源、電動工具等のパワーツール用電源などに用いられる電気化学キャパシタ、電解コンデンサ、一次電池、二次電池、太陽電池、燃料電池等の電気化学素子用電解液に有用である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical element such as an electrochemical capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor, and a battery. More specifically, the present invention relates to an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical element having a high withstand voltage and a high energy density.
[0002]
[Prior art]
As a method for producing 1-substituted imidazole in an electrolytic solution comprising an imidazolium salt obtained by quaternizing 1-position-substituted imidazole and then performing anion exchange, a method of reacting imidazole with an alkyl halide is known. ing. However, this method has a problem that the reaction product is a mixture of the 1-substituted imidazole and the 1,3-substituted 2-substituted imidazolium, and the yield is poor. In order to solve this problem, a method of reacting an imidazole with an alkyl halide in the presence of a basic substance such as KOH (see, for example, Patent Document 1) is disclosed. A method of reacting in a solvent (for example, see Patent Document 2) has been proposed.
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Publication No. 43-12354 (page 1)
[Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent No. 3288644 (page 2)
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above-described production method, an equimolar amount of a basic substance such as KOH is required as an electrolyte of an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical element, and a salt such as KCl is produced as a by-product of a reaction as a by-product. Requires an extra step of removing the by-products, and it is difficult to completely remove by-products. Therefore, the electrolytic solution using the obtained 1-substituted imidazole has a problem that the withstand voltage is low and not sufficient. In addition, imidazole is expensive, which increases the cost as an industrial production method. The present invention has been made to solve this problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical device in which a 1-position-substituted imidazole is obtained efficiently and inexpensively and the withstand voltage is improved.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have made intensive studies in view of such circumstances, and as a result, have reached the present invention. That is, the present invention is obtained by reacting an α-dicarbonyl compound or its acetal or ketal (a1), ammonia or its carbonate (a2), an aldehyde (a3) and a primary amine (a4). 1-substituted imidazole (A1) represented by the general formula (1) is further quaternized and then anion-exchanged to obtain an imidazolium salt (A) represented by the general formula (2). An electrolytic solution characterized by the following; an electrochemical element using the electrolytic solution, and a method for producing the electrolytic solution.
Embedded image
[Wherein, R1, RThreeAnd RFourMay have at least one hydroxyl group, amino group, nitro group, cyano group, carboxyl group, or formyl group, or may have at least one ether group in the main chain, or A different monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom; RTwoIs a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; X-Represents a counter anion]
Embedded image
[Wherein, RFiveIs a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; X-Represents a counter anion]
[0006]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
In the present invention, examples of the α-dicarbonyl compound or the acetal or ketal (a1) thereof include the following compounds (1) to (4).
(1) Dialdehydes
Glyoxal and the like.
(2) Diketones
Biacetyl, acetylpyropionyl, acetylbutyryl, acetylisobutyryl, acetylisovaleryl, acetylcaproyl, acetylisocaproyl, dipropionyl, dibutyryl, dipivaloyl, dicaproylbenzyl, benzyl and the like.
(3) Ketoaldehydes
Methylglyoxal, ethylglyoxal, propylglyoxal, butylglyoxal, phenylglyoxal, mesooxaldialdehyde and the like.
(4) Acetals and ketals
Glyoxal-bis-dimethylacetal, glyoxal-bis-dimethylethylacetal, methylglyoxal diethylacetal, methylglyoxal-bis-diethylacetal and the like.
[0007]
Of these, preferred are (1) dialdehydes, (2) diketones, and (3) ketoaldehydes, and more preferred are glyoxal, biacetyl, acetylpropionyl, benzyl, methylglyoxal, and ethylglyoxal. Particularly preferred are glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Two or more of these α-dicarbonyl compounds or their acetals and ketals (a1) may be used.
[0008]
In the present invention, examples of the ammonia or its carbonate (a2) include the following compounds (1) and (2).
(1) Ammonia.
(2) ammonium carbonates
Ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and the like.
Of these, ammonia and ammonium carbonate are preferred, and ammonia is particularly preferred. Two or more of these ammonias or carbonates (a2) thereof may be used.
[0009]
In the present invention, examples of the aldehydes (a3) include the following compounds (1) to (3).
(1) aliphatic aldehydes having an alkyl and / or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms;
Formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, 1,3,5-trioxane, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, pivalaldehyde, n-hexalaldehyde, methyl-n-propylaldehyde , Isohexalaldehyde, n-heptaldehyde, n-octaldehyde, n-nonaldehyde, n-decaldehyde, n-undecaldehyde, rauraldehyde, tridecaldehyde, myristaldehyde, pentadecaldehyde, palmitoaldehyde , Margaraldehyde, stearaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, vinylacetaldehyde, α-methylacrolein, α-ethylacrolein, α-methylcrotonal Hyd, β-methyl crotonaldehyde, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, 2-hexenal, 2-ethyl-2-hexenal, 2,4-hexadienal, 2,6-dimethyloctadiene- (2,6) -Al- (8), 2,4,6-octatrienal, 6,6,10-trimethyldodecanetriene- (1,6,10) -al- (12), 2,4,6,8-decatetra Enal, 2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentaenal, 2,4,6,8,10,12-tetradecahexaenal, propinal, 2-butinal, 2-heptional, 2-octynal and the like .
[0010]
(2) aromatic aldehydes having 7 to 30 or more carbon atoms;
Benzaldehyde, 2-methylbenzaldehyde, 3-methylbenzaldehyde, 4-methylbenzaldehyde, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 3,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde, 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde, 3,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde, 4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde, 2-methyl-4-isopropylbenzaldehyde, 2- Methyl-5-isopropylbenzaldehyde, 2,3,4,5-tetramethylbenzaldehyde, 2-methyl-4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-6 tert-butylbenzaldehyde, 1-naphthaldehyde, 2-methyl-1-naphthaldehyde, 4-methyl-1-naphthaldehyde, 2,3-dimethyl-1-naphthaldehyde, 2,6-dimethyl-1-naphthaldehyde, 4,7-dimethyl-1-naphthaldehyde, 2-naphthaldehyde, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthaldehyde, 5,6,7,8, -tetrahydro-2-naphthaldehyde and the like.
(3) Alicyclic aldehydes having 4 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Cyclopropanaldehyde, cyclobutylformaldehyde, cyclopentanaldehyde, 3-methylcyclopentanaldehyde, 1-phenylcyclopentanaldehyde, 2-phenylcyclopentanaldehyde, 1-cyclopentenaldehyde, cyclopentylacetaldehyde, 2-cyclopentenylacetaldehyde, cyclohexanealdehyde, 1-cyclohexenaldehyde, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedienaldehyde, cyclohexylideneacetaldehyde, cyclohexenylacetaldehyde, cycloheptanealdehyde, 2,2,6-trimethylcycloheptanealdehyde, 1-cycloheptene Aldehyde, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cycloheptenaldehyde, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cy B heptene aldehyde, 1,4,4-trimethyl-2-triazabenzocycloheptene aldehyde, cyclooctane aldehydes.
[0011]
Among these, (1) aliphatic aldehydes having an alkyl and / or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms, and (2) aromatic aldehydes having 7 to 30 or more carbon atoms are preferable. More preferred are (1) aliphatic aldehydes having an alkyl and / or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms, and particularly preferred are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde. Two or more of these aldehydes (a3) may be used.
[0012]
In the present invention, examples of the primary amines (a4) include the following compounds (1) to (4).
(1) aliphatic primary amines having an alkyl and / or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms;
Methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, sec-butylamine, isobutylamine, tert-butylamine, pentylamine, 2-aminopentane, 3-aminopentane, 1-amino-2-methylbutane, -Amino-2-methylbutane, 3-amino-2-methylbutane, 4-amino-2-methylbutane, 1-amino-2,2-dimethylpropane, 5-amino-2-methylpentane, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine , Decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tridecylamine, tetradecylamine, pentadecylamine, hexadecylamine, heptadecylamine, octadecylamine and the like.
(2) aromatic amines having 7 to 30 or more carbon atoms;
Aniline, O-toluidine, m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethylaniline, n-propylaniline, isopropylaniline, o-3-xylidine, o-4-xylidine, m-2-xylidine, m-4-xylidine, m -5-xylidine, p-2-xylidine, 2,4,5-trimethylaniline, 2,4,6-trimethylaniline and the like.
(3) alicyclic amines having 4 to 30 or more carbon atoms;
Cyclopropylamine, cyclopropylmethylamine, cyclobutylamine, cyclobutylcarbylamine, cyclopentylamine, 1-methylcyclopentylamine, 2-methylcyclopentylamine, methyl-2-cyclopentenylamine, cyclopentylmethylamine, 1-cyclopentylethylamine, ( 2-ethylcyclopentyl) methylamine, cyclohexylamine, 1-methylcyclohexylamine, 2-methylcyclohexylamine, cyclohexylmethylamine, cyclohexylethylamine, cycloheptylamine, 2-methylcycloheptylamine, 1-methylcycloheptylamine, 2- Cycloheptenylamine, cycloheptylmethylamine, 4-phenyl-4-cyclooctenylamine, cyclooctylmethyl Amine and the like.
[0013]
(4) aliphatic aromatic amines having 4 to 30 or more carbon atoms;
Benzylamine and the like.
[0014]
Among these, (1) aliphatic amines having an alkyl and / or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms, (2) aromatic amines having 7 to 30 or more carbon atoms, 4) aliphatic aromatic amines having 4 to 30 or more carbon atoms, more preferably (1) aliphatic amines having an alkyl and / or alkenyl group having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms, Particularly preferred are methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine and butylamine. Two or more of these amines (a4) may be used.
[0015]
The four starting materials preferably have a molar ratio of (a1) :( a2) :( a3) :( a4) of 1: 0.5 to 2.0: 0.5 to 2.0: 0.5 to. 2.0, more preferably 1: 0.8 to 1.2: 0.8 to 1.2: 0.8 to 1.2, particularly preferably in a chemical equivalent, ie 1: 1: 1: 1. When the molar ratio of (a2), (a3) and (a4) to (a1) is 0.5 or more, the reaction yield is good, and when it is 2.0 or less, the selectivity of the reaction is good. .
[0016]
The reaction for obtaining the 1-substituted imidazole (A1) is preferably performed in the presence of a solvent for the purpose of adjusting viscosity, concentration, and the like.
Solvents include water inert to the reaction, organic solvents and mixtures thereof. Examples of the organic solvent include nitrile (acetonitrile, propiononitrile, benzonitrile, etc.), ketone (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.), amide (formamide, acetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, etc.), monoalcohol (methanol, ethanol, propanol). , Isopropanol, etc.), glycols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, etc.), monoethers (dimethyl ether, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, methyl carbitol, ethyl carbitol, butyl carbitol, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, etc.), diethers (ethylene Glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, 1,3-dioxane, etc.), carbonate Ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, etc.), esters (ethyl acetate, diethyl maleate, etc.), lactones (γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, etc.), sulfur-containing solvents (dimethylsulfoxide, sulfolane, etc.), halogenated hydrocarbons (chloroform, Dichloromethane, etc.), hydrocarbons (hexane, toluene, etc.) and mixtures of two or more of these solvents. Preferred among the above are water and a mixture of water and a water-miscible solvent, ie, an aqueous medium. Examples of the aqueous medium include water and a mixed solvent of water and a monoalcohol, a monoether, a nitrile, a ketone, an amide, a glycol, a diether, a carbonate, a lactone, and a sulfur-containing solvent. Of these, water and water are preferable. And monoalcohols, monoethers, and nitriles, most preferably water.
In the aqueous medium, the mixing ratio of the water-miscible solvent and water is preferably 90:10 to 0: 100, and more preferably 50:50 to 0: 100.
The amount of the solvent used is preferably 0.5 to 10 times the weight, more preferably about 1 to 5 times the weight of (a1) + (a2) + (a3) + (a4). The viscosity (25 ° C.) of the reaction solution for obtaining the 1-position-substituted imidazole (A1) is preferably 0.1 to 10,000 mPa · s, more preferably 0.1 to 500 mPa · s.
[0017]
The reaction for obtaining (A1) is preferably performed under an inert gas (for example, nitrogen) atmosphere under normal pressure or under pressure, and more preferably under normal pressure. The reaction is preferably performed by a batch method or a continuous method, but the batch method is more preferable in terms of operability. The reaction temperature is preferably from 0 to 200C, more preferably from 0 to 150C, and even more preferably from 20 to 100C. The reaction rate is good at 0 ° C or higher, and the reaction yield is good at 200 ° C or lower. The reaction time is generally 1 minute to 100 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 50 hours, more preferably 30 minutes to 10 hours.
[0018]
The reaction method of (a1), (a2), (a3), and (a4) is not particularly limited. For example, a method in which (a1), (a2), (a3), and (a4) are reacted in one step, (A1) and (a3) are reacted with (a4), then (a2) is reacted, and (a1) and (a3) are mixed with (a2) and (a4) mixed solutions. There is. Among these, the method of reacting (a1), (a2), (a3) and (a4) in one step is preferable.
The end point of the reaction can be confirmed by analysis such as liquid chromatography, and the selectivity of the product and the reaction can be confirmed by liquid chromatography or NMR. The selectivity of the reaction is usually 50 to 100%, preferably 70 to 100%.
[0019]
The reaction conditions for obtaining the above (A1) are such that the above (a1), (a2), (a3) and (a4) are reacted in an aqueous medium at a temperature of 0 to 150 ° C. in one step (A1) It is particularly preferred to obtain
[0020]
The 1-substituted imidazole (A1) is obtained after the above reaction, but may be further purified. Examples of the purification method include a method by distillation, a method of recrystallization, a method of extraction with a solvent, and a method of performing adsorption treatment with an adsorbent such as silica gel, activated carbon, activated alumina, and special molecular sieve. The method of distillation, the method of recrystallization, the method of extraction, and the method of adsorption treatment may be performed alone or in combination.
In the present invention, the 1-substituted imidazole (A1) is represented by the general formula (1) as described above.
Examples of (A1) include the following examples.
1-methylimidazole, 1-ethylimidazole, 1-propylimidazole, 1-butylimidazole, 1-ethyl-2-methylimidazole, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 1-methyl-2-ethylimidazole, 1,4-dimethyl Imidazole, 1,5-dimethylimidazole, 1,2,4-trimethylimidazole, 1,4-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazole, 1-methyl-2-propylimidazole, 1-ethyl-2-propylimidazole, 1-methyl -2-butylimidazole, 1-ethyl-2-butylimidazole, 1-propyl-2-butylimidazole, 1-butyl-2-propylimidazole and the like. Of these, preferred are 1-methylimidazole, 1-ethylimidazole, 1-ethyl-2-methylimidazole, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 1-methyl-2-ethylimidazole, 1,4-dimethylimidazole, 1, 5-dimethylimidazole, particularly preferably 1-methylimidazole and 1-ethylimidazole.
[0021]
The imidazolium salt (A) is prepared by reacting a 1-substituted imidazole (A1) with a quaternizing agent (c) to produce an imidazolium salt (A0), and then reacting (A0) with an acid (d). Can be manufactured.
[0022]
Examples of the quaternizing agent (c) include the following compounds (1) to (7).
(1) Carbonic diester having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl-i-propyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate, di-i-propyl carbonate, di-n-butyl carbonate, di-i-butyl carbonate, di-t-butyl carbonate Carbonic acid, di-sec-butyl carbonate, dipentyl carbonate, dihexyl carbonate, diheptyl carbonate, dioctyl carbonate, dibenzyl carbonate, dinonyl carbonate, didecyl carbonate, diundecyl carbonate, didodecyl carbonate and the like.
(2) alkyl halide having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Methyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl iodide, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, ethyl iodide, n-propyl chloride, isopropyl chloride, n-propyl bromide, isopropyl bromide, n-propyl iodide, isopropyl iodide, etc. .
(3) Sulfuric acid diester having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, di-n-propyl sulfate, diisopropyl sulfate and the like.
(4) Carboxylic acid ester having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl lactate, methyl oxalate, methyl benzoate and the like.
(5) nitrates having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Dimethyl nitrate, diethyl nitrate, di-n-propyl nitrate, diisopropyl nitrate and the like.
(6) Sulfonate having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl ethanesulfonate, ethyl ethanesulfonate, methyl benzenesulfonate, ethyl benzenesulfonate, methyl p-toluenesulfonate, ethyl p-toluenesulfonate and the like.
(7) Phosphonic acid ester having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Trimethyl phosphonate, triethyl phosphonate, tripropyl phosphonate, triphenyl phosphonate and the like.
[0023]
Of these, preferred are carbonic acid diesters having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms, and alkyl halides having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms, and more preferred are carbonic acid diesters having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms. Yes, particularly preferred are dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate and di-i-propyl carbonate. Two or more of these quaternizing agents may be used.
[0024]
The reaction molar ratio of (A1) and (c) in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1: (0.5 to 10), more preferably 1: (1 to 5), and particularly preferably 1: (1). 1-3). When (c) is 0.5 or more, the reaction yield is good, and when (c) is 10 or less, the selectivity of the reaction is good.
[0025]
The quaternization reaction for reacting (A1) and (c) is preferably performed in the presence of a solvent for the purpose of adjusting viscosity, concentration, and the like. As the solvent, water or an organic solvent inert to the reaction is preferable. For example, those used in the reaction for obtaining (A1) can be mentioned, and more preferred are monoalcohol, monoether and nitrile. Two or more of these solvents may be used. The amount of the solvent to be used is generally about 0.5 to 5 times, preferably about 1 to 3 times, the weight of (A1). The viscosity (25 ° C.) of the reaction solution obtained by dissolving (A1) in the above solvent is preferably 0.1 to 10,000 mPa · s, more preferably 0.1 to 500 mPa · s.
[0026]
The quaternization reaction can be carried out under an inert gas (eg, nitrogen) atmosphere at normal pressure or under pressure. Pressurization improves the reaction rate. Pressure is usually 1 × 10Five~ 1 × 107Pa, preferably 1 × 10Five~ 7 × 106Pa, more preferably 1 × 10Five~ 5 × 106Pa. The reaction can be carried out by a batch method or a continuous method, but the batch method is preferred because it has better operability. The reaction temperature is generally 0-300 ° C, preferably 20-250 ° C, and more preferably 50-200 ° C. The reaction rate is good at 0 ° C or higher, and the reaction yield of (A0) is good at 300 ° C or lower. The reaction time is generally 1 minute to 200 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 100 hours, more preferably 1 to 80 hours.
[0027]
The quaternized imidazolium salt (A0) is further reacted with an acid (d) to form an imidazolium salt (A).
Examples of the acid (d) include the following compounds (1) and (2).
(1) Inorganic acid
HAsOTwo, HThreeAsOThree, HThreeAsOFour, HAsF6, HThreeBOThree, HBFFour, HBr, HBrO, HTwoCOThree, HCN, HOCN, HCl, HClO, HClOTwo, HClOFour, HTwoCrOFour, HF, HI, HIO, HIOThree, HTwoMoOFour, HNThree, HNOTwo, HNOThree, HTwoNTwoOFour, HNCS, HTwoOTwo, HPHTwoOTwo, HTwoPHOFour, HThreePOFour, HFourPO7, HFivePThreeOTen, HPF6, HTwoS, HTwoSOFour, HTwoS2OThree, HTwoSeOThree, HTwoSeOFour, HTwoSiOTwo(OH)Two, HSbF6, HTwoTeOThree, HTwoTeOFour, HThreeVOFour, HTwoWOFour, HN (RfSOThree)Two, HC (RfSOThree)Three, RfCOOH, RfSOThreeH (Rf is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms) and the like.
[0028]
(2) Organic acids
(I) carboxylic acid
(I-1) Saturated and unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
(I-1-1) Monovalent aliphatic carboxylic acid; formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, berargonic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid And saturated carboxylic acids such as behenic acid and unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and oleic acid.
(I-1-2) Divalent or higher valent aliphatic carboxylic acids; oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, propane-1,2,3 -Saturated carboxylic acids such as tricarboxylic acids, unsaturated carboxylic acids such as maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid.
(I-1-3) Oxyaliphatic carboxylic acids; glycolic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and the like.
(I-1-4) thioaliphatic carboxylic acid; thiodipropionic acid and the like.
[0029]
(I-2) Aromatic carboxylic acid having 7 to 30 or more carbon atoms
(I-2-1) Monovalent aromatic carboxylic acids; benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, naphthoic acid and the like.
(I-2-2) Divalent or higher aromatic carboxylic acids; phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid and the like.
(I-2-3) oxyaromatic carboxylic acids; salicylic acid, mandelic acid and the like.
(I-3) Alicyclic carboxylic acid having 3 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Cyclobutene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, furan-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, bicyclo [2,2,1] hept-2-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, bicyclo [ 2,2,1] hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid and the like.
[0030]
(II) Sulfonic acid
(II-1) saturated and unsaturated aliphatic sulfonic acid having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms (II-1-1) monovalent aliphatic sulfonic acid; methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, propanesulfonic acid, isopropyl Sulfonic acid, butanesulfonic acid, isobutylsulfonic acid, t-butylsulfonic acid, pentanesulfonic acid, isopentylsulfonic acid, hexanesulfonic acid, nonanesulfonic acid, decanesulfonic acid, undecanesulfonic acid, dodecanesulfonic acid, tridecanesulfonic acid Saturated carboxylic acids such as tetradecanesulfonic acid, n-octylsulfonic acid, dodecylsulfonic acid and cetylsulfonic acid, and unsaturated sulfones such as ethylenesulfonic acid, 1-propene-1-sulfonic acid, benzylsulfonic acid and phenylethanesulfonic acid. Acids and the like.
(II-1-2) Divalent or higher aliphatic sulfonic acid; methionic acid, 1,1-ethanedisulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 1,1-propanedisulfonic acid, 1,3-propanedisulfonic acid , Polyvinyl sulfonic acid and the like.
(II-1-3) oxyaliphatic sulfonic acid; isethionic acid, 3-oxy-propanesulfonic acid and the like.
(II-1-4) Sulfoaliphatic carboxylic acid; sulfoacetic acid, sulfosuccinic acid and the like.
[0031]
(II-2) Aromatic sulfonic acids having 6 to 30 or more carbon atoms
(II-2-1) Monovalent aromatic sulfonic acid; benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, o-toluenesulfonic acid, m-toluenesulfonic acid, o-xylene-4-sulfonic acid, m-xylene- 4-sulfonic acid, 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-octylbenzenesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, alkylnaphthalenesulfonic acid and the like.
(II-2-2) Divalent or higher aromatic sulfonic acid; m-benzenedisulfonic acid, 1,4-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 2,6- Naphthane disulfonic acid, 2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, sulfonated polystyrene and the like.
(II-2-3) Oxyaromatic sulfonic acid; phenol-2-sulfonic acid, phenol-3-sulfonic acid, phenol-4-sulfonic acid, anisole-o-sulfonic acid, anisole-m-sulfonic acid, phenetole- o-sulfonic acid, phenetol-m-sulfonic acid, phenol-2,4-disulfonic acid, phenol-2,4,6-trisulfonic acid, anisole-2,4-disulfonic acid, phenetole-2,5-disulfone Acid, 2-oxytoluene-4-sulfonic acid, pyrocatechin-4-sulfonic acid, veratol-4-sulfonic acid, resorcin-4-sulfonic acid, 2-oxy-1-methoxybenzene-4-sulfonic acid, 1, 2-dioxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid, resorcin-4,6-disulfonic acid, hydroquinonesulfonic acid, hydr Quinone-2,5-disulfonic acid, 1,2,3-oxybenzene-4-sulfonic acid.
[0032]
(II-2-4) Sulfoaromatic carboxylic acid; o-sulfobenzoic acid, m-sulfobenzoic acid, p-sulfobenzoic acid, 2,4-disulfobenzoic acid, 3-sulfophthalic acid, 3,5-disulfophthalic acid , 4-sulfoisophthalic acid, 2-sulfoterephthalic acid, 2-methyl-4-sulfobenzoic acid, 2-methyl-3,5-disulfobenzoic acid, 4-propyl-3-sulfobenzoic acid, 4-isopropyl-3 -Sulfobenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trimethyl-3-sulfobenzoic acid, 2-methyl-5-sulfoterephthalic acid, 5-methyl-4-sulfoisophthalic acid, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, 3-oxy-4- Sulfobenzoic acid and the like.
(II-2-5) Thioaromatic sulfonic acid; thiophenolsulfonic acid, thioanisole-4-sulfonic acid, thiophenetol-4-sulfonic acid and the like.
(II-2-6) Other aromatic sulfonic acids having a functional group; benzaldehyde-o-sulfonic acid, benzaldehyde-2,4-disulfonic acid, acetophenone-o-sulfonic acid, acetophenone-2,4-disulfonic acid, benzophenone -O-sulfonic acid, benzophenone-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4-aminophenol-3-sulfonic acid, anthraquinone-1-sulfonic acid, anthraquinone-1,5-disulfonic acid, anthraquinone-1,8-disulfonic acid , Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid, 2-methylanthraquinone-1-sulfonic acid and the like.
[0033]
(I-3) Alicyclic carboxylic acid having 3 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Cyclopentanesulfonic acid, cyclohexanesulfonic acid and the like.
[0034]
(III) Phenols
(III-1) A substituted or unsubstituted phenol having 6 to 30 or more carbon atoms
(III-1-1) Monovalent phenol; phenol, naphthol, cyclohexylphenol, cresol, xylenol, ethylphenol, n and iso-propylphenol, n and isoamylphenol, isononylphenol, isododecylphenol, eugenol, guaiacol and the like.
(III-1-2) Divalent or higher phenol; catechol, resorcin, pyrogallol, phloroglucin and the like.
[0035]
(IV) Mono or dialkyl phosphate
(IV-1) Monoalkyl phosphate having 1 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Methyl phosphate, isopropyl phosphate, butyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl phosphate, isodecyl phosphate, and the like.
(IV-2) Dialkyl phosphate having 2 to 30 or more carbon atoms
Dimethyl phosphate, diisopropyl phosphate, dibutyl phosphate, di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, diisodecyl phosphate, and the like.
[0036]
Preferred among these are inorganic acids, more preferably HPF6, HBFFour, HAsF6, HF, HSbF6, HN (RfSOThree)Two, HC (RfSOThree)Three, RfCOOH, RfSOThreeH (Rf is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms), HClOFourIt is. One or more of these acids may be used.
[0037]
The reaction molar ratio of the imidazolium salt (A0) to (d) in the anion exchange reaction is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1: (0.0 to 1-position-substituted imidazole (A1) used in the quaternization reaction. 8 to 3), more preferably 1: (1 to 1.5), particularly preferably 1: (1 to 1.2). When (d) is 0.8 or more, the conversion is good, and when (d) is 3 or less, post-treatment is easy.
[0038]
The anion exchange reaction for reacting the imidazolium salt (A0) with (d) is preferably performed in the presence of a solvent. As the solvent, a solvent used for the quaternization reaction can be used, and water and an organic solvent inert to the reaction are preferable. Two or more solvents may be used. The amount of the solvent to be used is generally about 0.05 to 5 times, preferably about 0.1 to 3 times, the weight of the imidazolium salt (A0). The viscosity (25 ° C.) of the reaction solvent is preferably from 0.1 to 10,000 mPa · s, and more preferably from 0.1 to 500 mPa · s.
[0039]
The anion exchange reaction can be carried out under an inert gas (eg, nitrogen) atmosphere at normal pressure or under pressure, but is preferably carried out under normal pressure. The reaction can be carried out by a batch method or a continuous method, but the batch method is preferred because it has better operability. The reaction temperature is usually -20 to 200C, preferably 0 to 100C, and more preferably 10 to 40C. At -20 ° C or higher, the reaction rate is good, and at 200 ° C or lower, the decomposition of the product is small. The reaction time is usually 30 minutes to 100 hours, preferably 1 hour to 50 hours, more preferably 1 to 10 hours.
[0040]
Examples of the imidazolium salt (A0) include the following examples.
1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-diethylimidazolium chloride, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ethyl chloride Imidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, odor 1,3-diethylimidazolium bromide, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium bromide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide, odor 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium iodide, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide 1,3-diethylimidazolium iodide, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium iodide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium iodide, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1,3-diethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1, 2,3-trimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium Monomethyl carbonate and the like. Of these, preferred are 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-diethylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide, and 1-ethyl bromide. -3-methylimidazolium, 1,3-diethylimidazolium bromide, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 1,3-diethylimidazolium iodide, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1,3-diethylimidazolium monoethyl carbonate, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1, 3-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyli Dazolium monomethyl carbonate and 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium monoethyl carbonate, particularly preferably 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-chloride Diethyl imidazolium, 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1,3-diethyl imidazolium monoethyl carbonate, 1,2,3-trimethyl imidazolium monomethyl Carbonate, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium monoethyl carbonate, 1-butyl -3-methylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethyl 3-propyl imidazolium monomethyl carbonate or the like.
[0041]
In the present invention, (A) is represented by the general formula (2).
Counter anion X of (A)-Examples include an anion corresponding to the acid (d). Among these, PF6 -, BFFour -, F-2.3HF, AsF6 -, SbF6 -, N (RfSOThree)Two -, C (RfSOThree)Three -And RfSOThreeAn anion selected from the group consisting of (Rf is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms) is preferable.
[0042]
Examples of the cation of the imidazolium salt (A) used in the present invention include the following compounds (1) to (7).
(1) 1,3-substituted product
1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1,3-diethylimidazolium, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium and the like.
(2) 1,2,3-position substituted product
1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethyl- 3-propylimidazolium and the like.
(3) 1,1,2-substituted product
1,1-dimethyl-2-heptylimidazolium, 1,1-dimethyl-2-(-2′heptyl) imidazolium, 1,1-dimethyl-2-(-3′heptyl) imidazolium, 1,1- Dimethyl-2-(-4'heptyl) imidazolium, 1,1-dimethyl-2-dodecylimidazolium, 1,1-dimethylimidazolium, 1,1,2-trimethylimidazolium and the like.
(4) 1,2,3,4-position substituted product
1,2,3,4-tetramethylimidazolium, 1,3,4-trimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium, 1,3-dimethyl-2,4-diethylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethyl-3,4 -Diethylimidazolium, 1-methyl-2,3,4-triethylimidazolium, 1,2,3,4-tetraethylimidazolium and the like.
(5) 1,1,2,4-position substituted product
1,1,2,4-tetramethylimidazolium and the like.
(6) 1,1,2,5-position substituted product
1,1,2,5-tetramethylimidazolium and the like.
(7) 1,1,2,4,5-position substituted product
1,1,2,4,5-pentamethylimidazolium and the like.
[0043]
Of these, preferred are 1,3-substituted and 1,2,3-substituted, and more preferred are 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, Diethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-triethylimidazolium, 1- Butyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium, particularly preferably 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, and 1,3-diethylimidazolium It is.
[0044]
The electrolytic solution of the present invention comprises the above imidazolium salt (A), but may further comprise (A) dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent (B).
When the electrolyte comprises only (A), preferred (A) is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium BFFourSalt, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium F · 2.3HF salt, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium N (CFThreeSOThree)TwoSalt, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium N (CTwoFFiveSOThree)TwoSalt, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium CFThreeSOThreeSalt, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium BFFourSalt, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium BF6Salt, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium CFThreeSOThreeSalt, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium N (CFThreeSOThree)TwoSalt, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium N (CTwoFFiveSOThree)TwoAnd the like.
[0045]
As the non-aqueous solvent (B), a known solvent is used and is usually selected from the solubility and electrochemical stability of the electrolyte. Specific examples include the following. Two or more of these can be used in combination.
[0046]
Ethers: chain ethers [2 to 6 carbon atoms (diethyl ether, methyl isopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether); 7 to 12 carbon atoms (diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, etc.)], cyclic ethers [ C2-4 (tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolan, 1,4-dioxane, etc.); C5-C18 (4-butyldioxolan, crown ether, etc.)].
Amides: N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylpropionamide, hexamethylphosphorylamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like.
-Carboxylic esters: methyl acetate, methyl propionate, and the like.
Lactones: γ-butyrolactone, α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone, β-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, δ-valerolactone and the like.
Nitriles: acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, acrylonitrile and the like.
-Carbonates: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and the like.
Sulfoxides: dimethylsulfoxide, sulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, 2,4-dimethylsulfolane and the like.
-Nitro compounds: nitromethane, nitroethane, etc.
-Heterocyclic solvents: N-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidinone and the like.
[0047]
Of these, preferred are carbonates, sulfoxides and nitriles, and particularly preferred are ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, sulfolane, methylsulfolane and acetonitrile.
[0048]
When (A) is dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent (B), the concentration of (A) in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.1 mol / L or more from the viewpoint of the electric conductivity and the internal resistance of the electrolytic solution. Preferably, it is 0.5 mol / L or more, more preferably 5 mol / L or less, and even more preferably 4 mol / L or less, from the viewpoint of salt precipitation at low temperatures.
[0049]
The water content in the electrolytic solution of the present invention is preferably 3000 ppm or less from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability. It is more preferably at most 300 ppm, particularly preferably at most 100 ppm, most preferably at most 50 ppm.
[0050]
The electrolytic solution of the present invention is used for electrochemical capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, primary batteries, secondary batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, metal deposition baths, electrolytic reaction solvents, reaction solvents, separation operation solvents, and the like.
[0051]
Examples of the electrochemical capacitor using the electrolytic solution of the present invention include an electric double layer capacitor and a redox capacitor. The electric double-layer capacitor described here is an electrochemical capacitor that utilizes a capacity developed by an electric double layer formed by a non-Faraday reaction between a polarizable electrode and an electrolytic solution, and a redox capacitor is an electric double-layer capacitor. In addition, the electrochemical capacitor utilizes a pseudo capacitance caused by an adsorption reaction or a redox reaction involving the transfer of electrons between an electrode and an ion.
[0052]
The electrochemical capacitor includes an electrode, a current collector, and a separator, and optionally includes a case generally used for the electrochemical capacitor, a gasket, and the like.At least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrode mainly includes a carbonaceous material. It is a material such as a polarizable electrode. The electrolyte is impregnated into the electrode and the separator.
[0053]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples. Hereinafter,% indicates% by weight.
Example 1
A mixture of 18 parts of glyoxal (40% aqueous solution) and 10 parts of formalin (37% aqueous solution) was charged into a reaction flask equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, a dropping funnel, a reflux condenser, and a nitrogen gas inlet tube, and stirred. The solution was made homogeneous, and the temperature was raised to 40 ° C. while slightly flowing nitrogen gas. Thereafter, a mixture of 64 parts of ethylamine (70% aqueous solution) and 61 parts of ammonia (28% aqueous solution) was added dropwise from the dropping funnel while maintaining the reaction temperature at 35 to 45 ° C. Next, 35 minutes after the dropping of the mixed solution of ethylamine and ammonia was started, a mixture of 127 parts of glyoxal (40% aqueous solution) and 71 parts of formalin (37% aqueous solution) was dropped from another dropping funnel over 4 hours. The mixed solution of ethylamine and ammonia was added dropwise over 4 hours and 35 minutes, and the dropping start time was shifted so that the addition of the mixed solution of glyoxal and formalin was completed simultaneously with the completion of the addition of the mixed solution of ethylamine and ammonia. After the completion of the dropping, the reaction was further performed at 40 ° C. for 1 hour. Next, the pressure was gradually reduced from a normal pressure to a pressure of 5.3 kPa at a temperature of 80 ° C., and dehydration was performed to obtain crude 1-ethylimidazole (A1-1 ′). Subsequently, (A1-1 ′) was purified by simple distillation under the conditions of a temperature of 100 ° C. and a reduced pressure of 0.7 kPa to obtain 1-ethylimidazole (A1-1). The purity of the obtained (A1-1) was 97.9% by NMR analysis, and the yield was 82%.
Next, 96 parts of the obtained (A1-1), 135 parts of dimethyl carbonate and 192 parts of methanol were charged into a stainless steel autoclave equipped with a reflux condenser and uniformly dissolved. Next, the temperature was raised to 130 ° C. The reaction was performed at a pressure of about 0.8 MPa for 70 hours. NMR analysis of the reaction product revealed that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was formed, and the conversion to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was 99.5. %Met.
423 parts (44% by weight of a pure salt) of the obtained reaction mixture were placed in a flask, and 209 parts of an aqueous borofluoric acid solution (42% by weight of a pure content) were gradually added dropwise at room temperature over about 30 minutes with stirring. With the dropping, bubbles of carbon dioxide gas were generated. After the completion of the dropwise addition, after the generation of bubbles had subsided, the reaction solution was transferred to a rotary evaporator, and the solvent was completely distilled off. 198 parts of a colorless and transparent liquid (A-1) remained in the flask. As a result of NMR analysis of this liquid, the main component was 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. 198 g of the obtained (A-1) was uniformly dissolved in propylene carbonate in a total amount of 1 liter to prepare an electrolytic solution of the present invention. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 1 ppm or less.
[0054]
Example 2
In Example 1 of the present invention, 78 parts of methylamine (40% aqueous solution) was charged instead of ethylamine, and the reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. Next, the pressure was gradually reduced from the normal pressure to a pressure of 5.3 kPa at a temperature of 80 ° C., and dehydration was performed to obtain crude 1-methylimidazole (A1-2 ′). Subsequently, (A1-2 ′) was purified by precision distillation at a temperature of 100 ° C. and a reduced pressure of 0.7 kPa to obtain 1-methylimidazole (A1-2). The purity of the obtained (A1-2) was 99.6% by NMR analysis, and the yield was 84%.
Next, 82 parts of (A1-2), 135 parts of dimethyl carbonate and 192 parts of methanol were charged into a stainless steel autoclave with a reflux condenser, and the reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. NMR analysis of the reaction product revealed that 1,3-dimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was formed, and the conversion to 1,3-dimethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was 97.5%. . 410 parts of the obtained reaction mixture (pure content of salt: 42% by weight) is placed in a flask, and 209 parts of borofluoric acid aqueous solution (pure content: 42% by weight) is gradually added dropwise at room temperature for about 30 minutes with stirring. By the same treatment as in Example 1, 184 parts of a colorless and transparent liquid (A-2) remained. As a result of NMR analysis of this liquid, the main component was 1,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. 184 g of the obtained 1,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was uniformly dissolved in propylene carbonate in a total amount of 1 liter to prepare an electrolyte solution of the present invention. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 1 ppm or less.
[0055]
Example 3
A stainless steel autoclave equipped with a reflux condenser was charged with 82 parts of (A1-1) obtained in Example 1, 177 parts of diethyl carbonate and 192 parts of methanol, and reacted in the same manner as in Example 1. NMR analysis of the reaction product revealed that 1,3-diethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was formed, and the conversion to 1,3-diethylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was 97.4%. .
After 410 parts of the obtained reaction mixture (46% by weight of pure salt) was placed in a flask, 209 parts of a borofluoric acid aqueous solution (42% by weight of pure part) was gradually added dropwise at room temperature over about 30 minutes with stirring. In the same manner as in Example 1, 212 parts of a colorless and transparent liquid (A-3) remained. As a result of NMR analysis of this liquid, the main component was 1,3-diethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. 212 g of the obtained 1,3-diethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was uniformly dissolved in propylene carbonate in a total amount of 1 g to prepare an electrolyte solution of the present invention. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 1 ppm or less.
[0056]
Example 4
198 g of (A-1) obtained in Example 1 was uniformly dissolved in acetonitrile to make the whole 1 liter to prepare an electrolytic solution. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 1 ppm or less.
[0057]
Example 5
198 g of (A-1) obtained in Example 1 was uniformly dissolved in sulfolane to make the whole 1 liter, thereby preparing an electrolytic solution. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 1 ppm or less.
[0058]
Comparative Example 1
In a stainless steel autoclave equipped with a reflux condenser, 288 parts of tetrahydrofuran, 136 parts of imidazole and 112 parts of potassium hydroxide were charged and uniformly dissolved. Then, the temperature was raised to 70 ° C., and 71 parts of ethyl chloride was gradually dropped. Since the temperature increased with the reaction, the solution was dropped over about 2 hours so as to maintain the temperature at 70 ± 5 ° C., and after the dropping was completed, aging was performed for about 2 hours. After cooling, potassium chloride by-produced by the reaction was filtered. The filtered reaction product was subjected to simple distillation under the conditions of a temperature of 100 ° C. and a degree of reduced pressure of 0.7 kPa, but potassium chloride remaining undissolved was solidified and could not be distilled. Therefore, purification was performed using a column using silica gel. The purity of the obtained 1-ethylimidazole (A1-3) was 95.5% by NMR analysis, and the yield was 70%.
Next, 96 parts of the obtained (A1-3), 135 parts of dimethyl carbonate and 192 parts of methanol were charged into a stainless steel autoclave equipped with a reflux condenser and uniformly dissolved. Next, the temperature was raised to 130 ° C. The reaction was performed at a pressure of about 0.8 MPa for 70 hours. NMR analysis of the reaction product revealed that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was formed, and the conversion to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium monomethyl carbonate was 99.5. %Met.
423 parts (44% by weight of a pure salt) of the obtained reaction mixture were placed in a flask, and 209 parts of an aqueous borofluoric acid solution (42% by weight of a pure content) were gradually added dropwise at room temperature over about 30 minutes with stirring. With the dropping, bubbles of carbon dioxide gas were generated. After the completion of the dropwise addition, after the generation of bubbles had subsided, the reaction solution was transferred to a rotary evaporator, and the solvent was completely distilled off. 198 parts of a colorless and transparent liquid (A-3) remained in the flask. As a result of NMR analysis of this liquid, the main component was 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. A total of 198 g of the obtained (A-3) was uniformly dissolved in propylene carbonate to make the whole 1 liter, thereby preparing an electrolyte solution of the present invention. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 120 ppm.
[0059]
Comparative Example 2
198 g of (A-3) obtained in Comparative Example 1 was uniformly dissolved in acetonitrile to make the whole 1 liter to prepare an electrolytic solution. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 120 ppm.
[0060]
Comparative Example 3
198 g of (A-3) obtained in Comparative Example 1 was uniformly dissolved in sulfolane to make the whole 1 liter to prepare an electrolytic solution. The obtained electrolyte solution had a chlorine ion and a potassium ion of 120 ppm.
[0061]
All other impurity contents in the electrolyte solutions of Examples 1 to 5 were at the following levels. Water content is 50 ppm or less, 1-substituted imidazole (A1) and 1-substituted imidazole salt are 1 mmol / kg or less, BFFour -Is 100 ppm or less, hydrofluorosilicic acid and hydrogen silicofluoride are 1 ppm or less, sulfuric acid and sulfate are 1 ppm or less, hydrogen fluoride and fluoride salt are 1 ppm or less, propylene glycol is 10 ppm or less, and chlorohydrin is 10 ppm or less. The ion content of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead are all less than 0.1 ppm.
[0062]
The method for measuring the withstand voltage of the electrolytic solution in the present invention will be described. The electrolytic solution was placed in a cell for withstanding voltage measurement, the potential was swept at 5 mV / sec with a potentiostat (manufactured by Solartron, Inc .: Model 1286), and the polarization was measured at 25 ° C. while stirring the electrolytic solution. Current density is 1.0 mA / cm on oxidation side and reduction sideTwoAre the oxidation potential and the reduction potential, respectively, and the current density is 1.0 mA / cm.TwoThe following potential range, that is, from the reduction potential to the oxidation potential, was defined as the withstand voltage of the electrolytic solution. In general, an electrolyte having a low reduction potential and a high oxidation potential is considered to have excellent electrochemical stability and a high withstand voltage of the electrolyte. In the cell for measuring the withstand voltage of the electrolyte, a glassy carbon electrode (manufactured by BAS; electrode area 0.008 cm) was used as a working electrode.Two), A three-electrode cell using a platinum wire as a counter electrode and a silver / silver ion electrode as a reference electrode was used.
[0063]
A method for measuring the self-discharge characteristics, initial capacitance, capacitance change rate, and internal resistance of an electric double layer capacitor using an electrolytic solution according to the present invention will be described. An electrolytic solution was added to the activated carbon electrode cells opposed to each other with the separator interposed therebetween to produce a coin-type electric double layer capacitor (size: 6.8 mm × 1.4 mm). A DC voltage of 2.3 V was applied to the coin-type electric double-layer capacitor at 25 ° C. for 6 hours at 25 ° C. using a constant voltage / constant current generator (R6741A manufactured by Advantest). The voltage between terminals of the coin-type electric double layer capacitor was measured. This measured value was defined as the residual voltage after self-discharge. The higher the residual voltage, the higher the withstand voltage, and the lower the residual voltage, the lower the withstand voltage.
Next, after charging by applying a voltage of 2.8 V at 25 ° C., the battery was discharged at a constant current of 1 mA to obtain an initial capacitance. The method of calculating the capacitance is C = i × Δt / ΔV from the relationship of Q = i × t = C × V, where Q is the discharge charge (C), i is the discharge current (A), and t is Is a discharge time (sec), C is a capacitance (F), and V is a voltage (V). The internal resistance was measured at a frequency of 1 KHz by an AC two-terminal method. The durability was evaluated by holding the capacitor at 70 ° C. for 1,000 hours while applying a voltage of 2.8 V, measuring the capacitance after discharging at a constant current of 1 mA, and calculating the initial value from the value. The capacitance change rate was obtained by dividing the subtracted value by the initial capacitance.
[0064]
Table 1 shows the withstand voltage of the electrolytes of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and the measurement results of the initial capacitance, the rate of change in capacitance, the internal resistance, and the residual voltage of the electric double layer capacitor using the electrolytes. 1 is shown.
[0065]
[Table 1]
[0066]
As is clear from Table 1, the electrolyte solutions of Examples 1 to 5 exhibited higher withstand voltage than the electrolyte solutions of Comparative Examples 1 to 3. Further, the electrochemical capacitor using the electrolytic solution had a lower internal resistance, a higher residual voltage, a higher initial capacitance, and an extremely low capacitance change rate as compared with the comparative example.
[0067]
In the first to fifth embodiments of the present invention, a coin-type electric double-layer capacitor has been described. However, the present invention may be applied to an electrolytic solution of an electric double-layer capacitor having another structure such as a wound type or a laminated type. The same effects as those of Examples 1 to 5 can be obtained.
[0068]
【The invention's effect】
The electrolytic solution of the present invention is less expensive to manufacture than conventional electrolytic solutions, has excellent electrochemical stability, and has a high withstand voltage. Further, the electric double layer capacitor using the electrolytic solution has a large residual voltage, is excellent in capacity retention, and has an effect of suppressing internal resistance.
Due to the above effects, the electrolytic solution of the present invention can be used for memory backup applications of various electronic devices, backup power sources of various power sources, power storage devices such as power storage elements used in combination with solar cells, and large currents of electric vehicles and the like. It is useful as an electrolytic solution for electrochemical elements such as electrochemical capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, primary batteries, secondary batteries, solar cells, and fuel cells, which are used for required power supplies for motor drives and power tools such as electric tools. is there.
Claims (12)
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CN114591245A (en) * | 2022-03-17 | 2022-06-07 | 浙江肯特催化材料科技有限公司 | Method for efficiently preparing high-content 1, 3-dialkyl imidazole ionic liquid |
CN114591245B (en) * | 2022-03-17 | 2024-04-05 | 浙江肯特催化材料科技有限公司 | Method for preparing 1, 3-dialkyl imidazole ionic liquid |
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