JP2002156768A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an organic electrophotographic photoreceptor which is superior in durability than conventional ones, because it has an inorganic surface protecting layer less liable to cause cracking and peeling in a practical service environment and due to long-term storage and superior physical stability. SOLUTION: The electrophotographic photoreceptor is obtained by stacking an organic photosensitive layer and an inorganic surface protecting layer in this order, and at least the top part of the organic photosensitive layer brought into contact with the surface protecting layer contains a phenanthrylenediamine derivative of formula (1) [where R1-R5 are the same or different and each H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or aralkyl; (a) to (d) are the same or different and each an integer of 1-5; and (e) is an integer of 1-8].

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art As an electrophotographic photoreceptor used in an image forming apparatus such as an electrostatic copying machine, a laser printer, a plain paper facsimile machine, etc., a so-called organic photoreceptor formed by combining the following components is widely used. are doing. A charge generating agent that generates charges (holes and electrons) by light irradiation;・ Charge transport agent that transports generated charges (Charge transport agent is
A hole transporting agent that transports holes among charges and an electron transporting agent that transports electrons). -A binder resin having film forming properties.

An organic photoreceptor has an advantage that it can be easily manufactured at a low cost as compared with an inorganic photoreceptor using an inorganic semiconductor material.

Further, the organic photoreceptor has an advantage that the material selection such as the above-mentioned charge generating agent, charge transporting agent, and binder resin is diversified, and the degree of freedom in functional design is large.

The above-mentioned organic photoreceptor is constituted by forming a single-layer type or a laminated type photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate.

Among them, the single-layer type photosensitive layer contains a charge generating agent,
It is formed by dispersing in a binder resin together with a charge transport agent (a hole transport agent and / or an electron transport agent).

[0007] The laminated type photosensitive layer is formed by laminating a charge generating layer containing a charge generating agent and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transporting agent (a hole transporting agent or an electron transporting agent).

[0008]

Although the organic photoreceptor has various advantages as described above, the photoreceptor layer is liable to be scraped or scratched in an actual use environment, and has a higher durability than an inorganic photoreceptor. There is a problem that the nature is not enough.

In order to solve this problem and improve the durability of the organic photoreceptor, it has been studied to laminate a surface protective layer on the outermost layer.

[0010] Examples of the surface protective layer, which is widely and generally employed, include, for example, a layer formed in consideration of the adhesion to the organic photosensitive layer, the affinity, the integrity in the laminated state, the consistency of the film forming operation, and the like. An organic layer such as a layer of a binder resin having a film property, or a layer in which conductive fine particles such as a metal oxide are dispersed in the binder resin, may be used.

However, an electrophotographic photoreceptor using this organic layer as a surface protective layer has large fluctuations in sensitivity characteristics due to changes in environment (temperature, humidity, etc.) due to a rise in residual potential and a decrease in chargeability upon repeated use. There is a problem.

Therefore, recently, an inorganic layer made of an inorganic material, such as a metal element or carbon, or an inorganic compound containing these elements, having high hardness and excellent abrasion resistance is used as a surface protective layer. For example, sputtering method, plasma CVD
It has been studied to stack and form a film on the organic photosensitive layer by a vapor deposition method such as a photo-assisted CVD method.

The surface protective layer protects the organic photosensitive layer,
This is used to solve the above problem.
In other words, the photoreceptor provided with an inorganic surface protective layer on the organic photosensitive layer, the organic photosensitive layer is responsible for the generation and transport of charge, and the surface protective layer is responsible for the durability and environmental resistance of the photoreceptor, respectively. Has a function corresponding to the characteristics of the layer.

However, it is difficult to obtain sufficient adhesion between the inorganic surface protective layer and the organic photosensitive layer as compared with the organic layer. However, even if the adhesion of the photosensitive member can be ensured, there is a problem that cracks are easily formed or peeled off due to various stresses applied to the photoreceptor in an actual use environment or during long-term storage.

That is, the organic photosensitive layer and the inorganic surface protective layer, which are made of materials different from each other, do not have close adhesion, affinity, and unity like organic layers or inorganic layers. Often, they are only joined together with very weak binding forces.

Therefore, the photoreceptor is subjected to mechanical stress due to, for example, pressure contact of a cleaning blade of the image forming apparatus, or thermal stress due to repeated heating and cooling during operation of the apparatus, or temperature change during storage and the like. Due to the fact that the hardness, flexibility, expansion / shrinkage characteristics, etc. of each other are greatly different, the inorganic surface protective layer is cracked or the surface protective layer is peeled off from the organic photosensitive layer as described above. Or do it.

Therefore, the conventional inorganic surface protective layer has not yet been sufficiently effective in improving the durability of the organic photosensitive layer.
At present, it has not been put to practical use.

An object of the present invention is to provide an inorganic surface protective layer which is hardly cracked or peeled off in an actual use environment or for a long period of storage and has excellent physical stability, and has a more durable state than before. It is to provide an excellent organic electrophotographic photoreceptor.

[0019]

Means for Solving the Problems and Effects of the Invention In order to solve the above problems, the present inventors have analyzed and studied the process of forming an inorganic surface protective layer.

As a result, it has been found that the initial state of the formation of the surface protective layer on the outermost surface of the organic photosensitive layer greatly affects the subsequent physical stability of the surface protective layer.

That is, at the initial stage of film formation, the inorganic material constituting the surface protective layer and a part of the material exposed on the outermost surface of the organic photosensitive layer are combined in some way to form a nucleus for film growth. A film of an inorganic material grows around the nucleus to form a surface protective layer, and in the formed surface protective layer, the nucleus portion functions as a bonding point with the organic photosensitive layer to form a layer between the two layers. Works to ensure adhesion.

Therefore, the strength of the bonding between the organic photosensitive layer and the inorganic material at each bonding point and the number of bonding points per unit area, ie, the density, at the interface between the organic photosensitive layer and the surface protective layer Of the surface protective layer greatly affects the adhesion of the surface protective layer to the organic photosensitive layer, and furthermore, the physical stability of the surface protective layer.

More specifically, the stronger the bonding strength between the organic photosensitive layer and the inorganic material at each bonding point, and the higher the density of the bonding points at the interface between both layers, the more the organic protective layer of the surface protective layer The adhesion to the layer is improved and its physical stability is improved.

The ordinary organic photosensitive layer has a structure in which a low-molecular functional material such as a charge generating agent and a charge transporting agent is dispersed in a binder resin constituting the layer, as described above.

For this reason, in view of the above knowledge about the bonding point, the binder resin constituting the layer itself and occupying most of the layer binds to the inorganic material constituting the surface protective layer as a core for film growth. Is considered ideal.

However, in practice, of the low molecular weight materials dispersed in the layer, such as a charge generating agent and a charge transporting agent, of the organic photosensitive layer, due to the stability and reactivity of the molecule itself or the relationship of the reaction site. The part exposed at the outermost surface functions as a nucleus for film growth, and the formation of the surface protective layer often proceeds.

Therefore, the reactivity of the low molecular material with the inorganic material, the magnitude of the binding force, the compatibility with the binder resin constituting the organic photosensitive layer, the strength of the affinity, or the material itself The size (including molecular and spatial extent as well as molecular weight) of the surface protective layer
It greatly affects the adhesion to the organic photosensitive layer and the physical stability.

That is, the lower the molecular weight of the material, the better the reactivity with the inorganic material and the larger the bonding force, the more the surface protective layer
Adhesion with the organic photosensitive layer and physical stability are improved.

The lower the molecular weight of the material, the better the compatibility and affinity with the binder resin constituting the organic photosensitive layer, and the larger the size of the material itself, the more the so-called anchor effect (anchoring effect) results. The adhesion of the protective layer to the organic photosensitive layer and the physical stability are improved.

The bonding form between the low-molecular material and the inorganic material is most preferably a molecular bond in consideration of the strength of the bonding force. However, as a result of the change in the molecular structure due to this bond, charge traps are generated. When something like that happens,
There is a possibility that the sensitivity of the photoconductor is reduced.

Therefore, it is also important that a low-molecular material does not shift to a molecular state in which electrical properties are lowered by a reaction.

As described above, it has been found that a photoreceptor capable of forming a good image cannot be easily produced simply by laminating a material having high hardness on a conventional photosensitive layer. Further, the photoreceptor manufactured under the above-described conditions can improve the durability and environmental resistance of the surface protective layer while maintaining the electrical characteristics of the organic photosensitive layer.

The present inventors have studied various materials constituting the organic photosensitive layer in consideration of these findings, and as a result, the following formula (1) used as a hole transport agent:

[0034]

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[Wherein R ^{1 to} R ⁵ are the same or different and are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group,
Represents an aryl group or an aralkyl group, ad is the same or different and represents an integer of 1 to 5, and e represents an integer of 1 to 8. The phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by the formula (1) was found to be a suitable material satisfying these requirements, and the present invention was completed.

That is, the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprises an organic photosensitive layer and an inorganic surface protective layer laminated in this order on a conductive substrate. Is characterized by containing the phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by the formula (1) above.

In the phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by the above formula (1), a π-electron conjugated system is spread over the whole molecule, and in the early stage of film formation, particularly, among the inorganic materials constituting the surface protective layer, It has a function of attracting metal elements, carbon, etc., and has high reactivity with inorganic materials.

Further, since the phenanthrylenediamine derivative exposed on the outermost surface of the organic photosensitive layer has a high rate of bonding with the inorganic material and serving as a nucleus for film growth by the above-mentioned function, the bonding point at the interface between the two layers is high. High density.

Further, since the speed of film growth is high, damage to the organic photosensitive layer when the surface protective layer is formed by a vapor phase growth method or the like can be reduced as much as possible.

The phenanthrylenediamine derivative is
Of the double bonds in the molecule, the π bond is broken, and the metal element and carbon are strongly bonded by molecular bonds,
The bonding strength between the organic photosensitive layer and the inorganic material is also large.

Moreover, the phenanthrylenediamine derivative has a relatively large molecular weight among the hole transporting agents, and has a molecular structure in which seven benzene rings are spread in a plane, so that the molecular and spatial Since it has a large spread, and is excellent in compatibility and affinity with the binder resin, it exhibits a good anchoring effect on the binder resin.

Therefore, the bonding strength between the organic photosensitive layer and the inorganic material is large.

Therefore, according to the present invention, the adhesion of the inorganic surface protective layer to the organic photosensitive layer can be improved, and the physical stability of the surface protective layer can be improved. It is possible to prevent the occurrence of cracks and peeling due to the above-mentioned factors, and to obtain an electrophotographic photosensitive member having more excellent durability than before.

The phenanthrylenediamine derivative is
In addition to its own high hole transport ability, even in the state where the molecular structure has changed by molecular bonding with a metal element or carbon as described above,
No deep charge trap is generated, and the above bond is generated only by a small portion of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative exposed on the outermost surface of the organic photosensitive layer. Rangeamine derivatives are
Since the original state excellent in the hole transporting ability is maintained, there is no possibility that the sensitivity of the photoconductor is reduced.

For this reason, the phenanthrylenediamine derivative is excellent in compatibility with the binder resin as described above, and is uniformly formed in the organic photosensitive layer without causing agglomeration or the like.
In addition to the fact that the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention can be dispersed in a large amount, the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention also has excellent sensitivity characteristics.

[0046]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described below. <Phenanthrylenediamine derivative> In the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, the phenanthrylenediamine derivative contained in at least the outermost surface of the organic photosensitive layer in contact with the surface protective layer is represented by the formula (1):

[0047]

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Wherein R ^{1 to} R ⁵ are the same or different and are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group,
Represents an aryl group or an aralkyl group, ad is the same or different and represents an integer of 1 to 5, and e represents an integer of 1 to 8. ].

The alkyl group corresponding to the groups R ^{1 to} R ⁵ in the formula includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl
1 carbon atoms such as tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, etc.
To 6 alkyl groups.

The alkoxy groups corresponding to the groups R ^{1 to} R ⁵ include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy,
Isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec
And alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as -butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy.

Examples of the aryl group include aryl groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety, such as phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, biphenylyl, o-terphenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, and phenanthryl.

As the aralkyl group, for example, benzyl,
And aralkyl groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety, such as benzhydryl, trityl and phenethyl.

The alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl group and aralkyl group corresponding to the groups R ^{1 to} R ⁵ may have a substituent, and specific examples thereof include a hydroxyalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group and a monoalkylaminoalkyl Group, dialkylaminoalkyl group, halogen-substituted alkyl group, alkoxycarbonylalkyl group, carboxyalkyl group,
Having an alkanoyloxyalkyl group, an aminoalkyl group, a halogen atom, an amino group, a hydroxy group, a carboxyl group which may be esterified, a cyano group, etc. And an alkoxy group which may have a substituent having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. In addition, the substitution positions of these substituents are not particularly limited.

Further, examples of the halogen atoms corresponding to the groups R ^{1 to} R ⁵ include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Specific examples of such a phenanthrylenediamine derivative include, but are not limited to, compounds represented by the following formulas (1-1) to (1-26).

[0056]

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[0057]

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[0058]

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[0059]

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[0060]

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[0061]

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[0062]

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The above phenanthrylenediamine derivative is
Each of these may be used alone or in combination with two or more. <Organic photosensitive layer> As described above, the organic photosensitive layer includes a single-layer photosensitive layer and a laminated photosensitive layer, and any of them can be applied to the present invention.

The single-layer type photosensitive layer comprises a phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by the above formula (1) as a hole transporting agent and a charge generating agent in a suitable organic solvent together with a binder resin. It is formed by applying a dissolved or dispersed coating liquid on a conductive substrate by means such as coating and drying.

The single-layer type photosensitive layer described above has a simple layer structure and is excellent in productivity.

The single-layer type photosensitive layer may further contain an electron transporting agent. The photosensitive layer using a bipolar charge transporting agent has the advantage of being able to cope with both positive and negative charges by a single structure. There is.

On the other hand, in the laminated photosensitive layer, first, a charge generating layer containing a charge generating agent is formed on a conductive substrate by means of coating or vapor deposition, and then a charge transporting agent is formed on the charge generating layer. And a coating liquid containing a binder resin, is applied by means such as coating, and dried to form a charge transport layer, or, conversely, to form a charge transport layer on a conductive substrate, It is constituted by forming a charge generation layer thereon.

The charge generating layer may contain a charge transporting agent having a polarity opposite to that of the charge transporting layer.

Various combinations of the layered photosensitive layer can be considered depending on the formation order of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer, and the polarity of the charge transport agent contained in both layers. Formula (1) wherein the upper layer located on the outermost surface in contact with the protective layer functions as a hole transporting agent.
Must be contained.

Accordingly, specific examples of the laminated photosensitive layer include (a) a charge generating layer containing a charge generating agent and, if necessary, an electron transporting agent formed on a conductive substrate; A negatively-charged laminated photosensitive layer in which a charge transport layer containing a phenanthrylenediamine derivative of the formula (1) as a hole transport agent is laminated; (b) a charge containing an electron transport agent on a conductive substrate; A negative charge type laminated photosensitive layer in which a transport layer is formed, and a charge generation layer containing a charge generator and a phenanthrylenediamine derivative of the formula (1) as a hole transport agent is laminated thereon; There are two types.

However, since the charge generation layer is much thinner than the charge transport layer, in order to protect the charge generation layer, a charge generation layer was formed on a conductive substrate, and a charge transport layer was formed thereon. The above configuration (a) is more preferable.

Examples of the charge generating agent used in the single-layer or multilayer photosensitive layer include powders of inorganic photoconductive materials such as selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-arsenic, cadmium sulfide, and α-silicon; CG-1):

[0073]

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A metal-free phthalocyanine represented by the formula (C)
G-2):

[0075]

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Of phthalocyanine compounds such as titanyl phthalocyanine represented by the formula: phthalocyanine pigments composed of crystals having various crystal forms, azo pigments, bisazo pigments, perylene pigments, anthanthrone pigments, indigo pigments, Various conventionally known pigments such as a phenylmethane pigment, a threne pigment, a toluidine pigment, a pyrazoline pigment, a quinacridone pigment, and a dithioketopyrrolopyrrole pigment are exemplified.

The charge generators can be used alone or in combination of two or more so that the photosensitive layer has sensitivity in a desired wavelength range.

In particular, an image forming apparatus of a digital optical system such as a laser beam printer or a plain paper facsimile apparatus utilizing infrared light such as a semiconductor laser requires a photosensitive member having a sensitivity in a wavelength region of 700 nm or more. For,
As the charge generator, a phthalocyanine-based pigment among the above examples is preferably used.

As the electron transporting agent, any of various conventionally known electron transporting compounds can be used.

In particular, benzoquinone-based compounds and diphenoquinone-based compounds [for example, of the formula (ET-1):

[0081]

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2,6-dimethyl-2 ', 6'
-T-butylbenzoquinone], a naphthoquinone-based compound, malononitrile, a thiopyran-based compound, tetracyanoethylene, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone,
Fluorenone compounds (eg, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone etc.), dinitrobenzene, dinitroanthracene, dinitroacridine, nitroanthraquinone, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, dibromomaleic anhydride, 2,4,7- Trinitrofluorenone imine compound, ethylated nitrofluorenone imine compound, trypto anthrin compound, trypto anthrin imine compound, azafluorenone compound, dinitropyridoquinazoline compound, thioxanthene compound,
2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone-based compound, 2-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone-based compound, 5,12-naphthacenequinone-based compound, α-cyanostilbene-based compound, 4′-nitrostilbene-based compound, and benzoquinone An electron-withdrawing compound such as a salt of an anion radical and a cation of a system compound is preferably used.

These are used alone or in addition to
More than one species may be used in combination.

In the present invention, together with the phenanthrylenediamine derivative of the above formula (1) which is a hole transporting agent,
Other hole transporting agents may be used in combination.

As the other hole transporting agent, any of various conventionally known hole transporting compounds can be used.

In particular, stilbene compounds, benzidine compounds, phenylenediamine compounds, naphthylenediamine compounds, phenanthrylenediamine compounds, oxadiazole compounds [for example, 2,5-di (4-methylaminophenyl)- 1,3,4-oxadiazole, etc.), styryl-based compounds [eg, 9- (4-diethylaminostyryl) anthracene, etc.], carbazole-based compounds [eg, formula (HT-1):

[0087]

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Poly-N having a repeating unit represented by
-Vinyl carbazole etc.], Formula (HT-2):

[0089]

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[Wherein R ^a and R ^b are the same or different,
It represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group. An organic polysilane compound having a repeating unit represented by the formula (I), a pyrazoline-based compound (eg, 1-phenyl-3- (p-dimethylaminophenyl) pyrazolin, etc.), a hydrazone-based compound (eg, a compound represented by the formula (HT-
3):

[0091]

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Such as diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone), triphenylamine compounds, indole compounds, oxazole compounds,
Isoxazole compounds, thiazole compounds, thiadiazole compounds, imidazole compounds, pyrazole compounds, triazole compounds, butadiene compounds, pyrene-hydrazone compounds, acrolein compounds, carbazole-hydrazone compounds, quinoline-hydrazone compounds , A stilbene-hydrazone compound,
And diphenylenediamine compounds are preferably used.

These can be used alone or in addition to
More than one species may be used in combination.

Examples of the binder resin include a styrene polymer, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a styrene-maleic acid copolymer,
Acrylic polymer, styrene-acrylic copolymer, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyester, alkyd resin, polyamide, polyurethane , Polycarbonate,
Thermoplastic resins such as polyarylate, polysulfone, diallyl phthalate resin, ketone resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyether resin, and silicone resin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, and other cross-linkable thermosetting resins, Photo-curable resins such as epoxy-acrylate and urethane-acrylate are exemplified.

These can be used alone, respectively.
Two or more can be used in combination.

Further, among the hole transporting agents exemplified above, poly-
When a polymeric hole transporting agent such as N-vinyl carbazole or an organic polysilane compound is used in combination with the phenanthrylenediamine derivative of the formula (1), the compound functions also as a binder resin, Ordinary binder resin may be omitted.

In addition to the above components, various additives such as a fluorene compound, an ultraviolet absorber, a plasticizer, a surfactant and a leveling agent can be added to the photosensitive layer. In order to improve the sensitivity of the photoreceptor, a sensitizer such as terphenyl, halonaphthoquinones, and acenaphthylene may be added.

In the single-layer type photosensitive layer, the binder resin 100
0.1 to 50 parts by weight, particularly 0.5 to 30 parts by weight, of the charge generating agent and 5 to 5 parts by weight of the hole transporting agent.
It is preferable to contain each in an amount of 500 parts by weight, particularly 25 to 200 parts by weight.

When the phenanthrylenediamine derivative of the formula (1) is used alone, the content of the hole transporting agent is the content of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative. When the hole transporting agent is used in combination, the content ratio is the total content of both.

When the phenanthrylenediamine derivative is used in combination with another hole transporting agent, the other hole transporting agent may be contained in a small amount as long as the effect of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative is not hindered. Is preferred. Specifically, it is preferable to mix another hole transporting agent in an amount of 30 parts by weight or less based on 100 parts by weight of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative.

When the electron transporting agent is used in combination, the electron transporting agent is used in an amount of 5 to 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
It is preferable that the content be contained in a ratio of 10 parts by weight, particularly 10 to 80 parts by weight. In this case, the total amount of the hole transporting agent and the electron transporting agent is preferably 20 to 500 parts by weight, particularly preferably 30 to 200 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

The thickness of the single-layer type photosensitive layer is preferably 5 to 100 μm, particularly preferably about 10 to 50 μm.

The charge generating layer of the laminated photosensitive layer is formed of the charge generating agent alone, and the charge generating agent and the electron transporting agent are dispersed in the binder resin as necessary. In the latter configuration, the charge generating agent is used in an amount of 5 to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
It is preferable to contain 1000 parts by weight, particularly 30 to 500 parts by weight, and the electron transporting agent at 1 to 200 parts by weight, particularly 5 to 100 parts by weight.

In the charge transport layer, the binder resin 10
0 part by weight, 10 to 500 parts by weight of the hole transport agent,
In particular, it is preferable to contain 25 to 200 parts by weight.

When the phenanthrylenediamine derivative of the formula (1) is used alone as in the case of the single-layer type photosensitive layer, the content ratio of the hole transporting agent is the same as that of the single-layer type photosensitive layer. The content ratio, when using a phenanthrylenediamine derivative and another hole transport agent in combination,
It is the total content ratio of both.

When a phenanthrylenediamine derivative is used in combination with another hole transporting agent, the other hole transporting agent is contained in a small amount as long as the effect of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative is not hindered. Is preferred. Specifically, it is preferable to mix another hole transporting agent in an amount of 30 parts by weight or less based on 100 parts by weight of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative.

The thickness of the laminate type photosensitive layer is set at 0.1 for the charge generation layer.
The thickness is preferably from 01 to 5 µm, particularly about 0.1 to 3 µm, and the charge transport layer is preferably from 2 to 100 µm, especially about 5 to 50 µm.

The properties of the photoreceptor are between the single-layer or laminated organic photosensitive layer and the conductive substrate, or between the charge generating layer and the charge transport layer constituting the laminated photosensitive layer. An intermediate layer and a barrier layer may be formed as long as they do not interfere.

When each layer constituting the photoreceptor is formed by a coating method, the charge generating agent, the charge transporting agent, the binder resin and the like described above may be used together with the above-mentioned organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran in a known method. For example, a coating solution may be prepared by dispersing and mixing using a roll mill, a ball mill, an attritor, a paint shaker, an ultrasonic disperser, or the like, and the coating solution may be applied and dried by known means.

Examples of the organic solvent for preparing the coating liquid include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and butanol, n-hexane, octane, and the like.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, halogenated hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, Ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone;
Ester such as ethyl acetate and methyl acetate, and one or more of dimethylformaldehyde, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and the like.

Further, in order to improve the dispersibility of the charge transporting agent and the charge generating agent and the smoothness of the surface of the photosensitive layer, a surfactant, a leveling agent and the like may be added to the coating solution. <Surface protective layer> As an inorganic surface protective layer laminated and formed on the organic photosensitive layer, a metal element [on the left side of a line connecting boron (B) and astatine (At) in the long period type periodic table] is used. A certain element], at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon, or an inorganic compound containing these elements.

This surface protective layer is formed, for example, by plasma CVD.
It can be formed by conventionally known various vapor phase growth methods such as a chemical vapor deposition method such as a photo-CVD method, a physical vapor deposition method such as a sputtering method, a vacuum vapor deposition method, and an ion plating method.

Among them, in the chemical vapor deposition method such as the plasma CVD method, (1) a film made of carbon (C) and / or silicon (Si) among Group 14 elements, that is, a film of carbon (C) and a film of silicon (Si) Film or silicon-carbon (Si
C) a composite film, (2) the carbon (C) and / or silicon (Si), boron (B) and aluminum (Al) among the group 13 elements, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P ), Oxygen (O), sulfur (S),
A film made of a compound with at least one element selected from the group consisting of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and bromine (Br) among group 17 elements, for example, silicon-nitrogen (Si
N) composite film, silicon-oxygen (SiO) composite film, carbon-fluorine (CF) composite film, carbon-nitrogen (CN) composite film, carbon-boron (CB) composite film, carbon-oxygen (CO) composite film, etc. , (3) boron (B) and / or aluminum (Al) among the group 13 elements and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl) and a film made of a compound with at least one element selected from the group consisting of bromine (Br), for example, a boron-nitrogen (BN) composite film, an aluminum-nitrogen (A
1N) a composite film or the like is formed.

These films may contain a small amount of hydrogen (H) in order to improve the electrical characteristics of the surface protective layer.

In the chemical vapor deposition method, the source gas that can be used to introduce the constituent elements of the surface protective layer includes, for example, molecules, oxides, hydrides, nitrides, and halides of the constituent elements at room temperature and normal pressure. Compounds that are gaseous or can be easily gasified under film-forming conditions are mentioned. If necessary, these compounds may be diluted with a gas such as hydrogen gas (H ₂ ), helium gas, argon gas, or neon gas.

Examples of the raw material gas include, for example, silane gas (SiH ₄ ) and disilane gas (S
i ₂ H _6), methane as a carbon introducing (CH _4), ethane (C ₂ H _6), propane gas (C ₃ H _8), ethylene gas (C ₂ H _4), fluorine gas (F for the introduction of fluorine
₂ ), bromine monofluoride gas (BrF), chlorine difluoride gas (ClF ₂ ), carbon tetrafluoride gas (CF ₄ ), silicon tetrafluoride gas (SiF ₄ ), and nitrogen gas (N ₂ ), ammonia gas (NH ₃ ), nitrogen oxide gas (NO _x ), borohydride gas for introducing boron [diborane gas (B ₂ H ₆ ), tetraborane gas (B ₄ H ₁₀ )]
Etc.].

The same applies to other constituent elements, and examples thereof include compounds which exhibit a gaseous state at normal temperature and normal pressure or which can be easily gasified under film forming conditions.

In the physical vapor deposition method, in particular, the sputtering method and the ion plating method, in addition to the above-mentioned films, for example, gallium (Ga), indium (I
n) and the like, germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb) for group 14; arsenic (As) for group 15;
Selenium (Se) for group 16 such as antimony (Sb)
A film composed of one or more of various metal elements including the above or a film composed of an inorganic compound containing the above metal element can be formed.

Among these, a film suitable as an inorganic surface protective layer is, for example, a carbon (C) film or a silicon-carbon (Si) film.
C) a composite membrane and the like.

The thickness of the inorganic surface protective layer is from 0.01 to 30.
μm, particularly preferably about 0.1 to 10 μm.

The inorganic film forming the surface protective layer is amorphous,
The film may be in any form of microcrystal or crystal, and may be a film in which amorphous and crystal are mixed. <Conductive Substrate> Various conductive materials can be used as the conductive substrate on which the above layers are formed. For example, iron, aluminum, copper, tin, platinum, silver, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, cadmium, titanium,
Conductive substrates made of metals such as nickel, palladium, indium, stainless steel, brass, etc., substrates made of plastic materials on which the above metals are deposited or laminated, or coated with aluminum iodide, tin oxide, indium oxide, etc. And the like.

In short, it is only necessary that the base itself has conductivity or the surface of the base has conductivity. Also,
The conductive substrate preferably has a sufficient mechanical strength when used.

The shape of the conductive substrate may be any of a sheet shape, a drum shape and the like according to the structure of the image forming apparatus to be used.

[0124]

The present invention will be described below based on examples and comparative examples. Example 1 <Formation of Single-Layer Photosensitive Layer> 5 parts by weight of an X-type metal-free phthalocyanine crystal represented by the formula (CG-1) as a charge generating agent and the above-mentioned as a hole transporting agent Equation (11-1)
The phenanthrylenediamine derivative 100 represented by 2)
Parts by weight, 80 parts by weight of 2,6-dimethyl-2 ', 6'-t-butylbenzoquinone represented by the formula (ET-1) as an electron transporting agent, and Z-type polycarbonate as a binder resin 100 parts by weight (weight average molecular weight: 20,000) and 800 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran were mixed and dispersed for 50 hours using a ball mill to prepare a coating liquid for a single-layer type photosensitive layer.

Next, this coating liquid was applied to the conductive substrate φ
The resultant was coated on a 60-piece aluminum tube by a dip coating method and dried with hot air at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a 25 μm-thick single-layer photosensitive layer. <Formation of Surface Protective Layer> After the aluminum tube on which the single-layer type photosensitive layer was formed as described above was set in a chamber of a plasma CVD apparatus, the vacuum was evacuated to an ultimate degree of vacuum of 0.67 Pa. The temperature of the raw tube was adjusted to 50 ° C. using a heater.

Next, methane gas (C
H ₄ ), silane gas (SiH ₄ ) and hydrogen gas (H ₂ )
Are supplied at the following flow rates, and the degree of vacuum is 0.47 h.
It was adjusted to Pa.

Methane gas: 208 SCCM Silane gas: 2.5 SCCM Hydrogen gas: 300 SCCM Next, in this state, a frequency of 13.56 MH was introduced into the chamber.
A high-frequency electric field having an output of 133 W is applied to generate a glow discharge, and amorphous silicon-carbon is formed on the surface of the single-layer photosensitive layer at a film forming rate of 0.2 μm / hr by a plasma CVD method. A 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of a (SiC) composite film was formed to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor of Example 1. [Examples 2 to 3] Example 2 was repeated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 80 parts by weight of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative having the formula number shown in Table 1 was used as the hole transporting agent.
To 3 were manufactured. [Comparative Example 1] The above-described formula, wherein both a hole transport agent and a binder resin are used instead of 80 parts by weight of a phenanthrylenediamine derivative as a hole transport agent and 100 parts by weight of a Z-type polycarbonate as a binder resin. Polyvinylcarbazole having a repeating unit represented by (HT-1) (number average molecular weight M
n = 9500) An electrophotographic photosensitive member of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 100 parts by weight was used. Comparative Example 2 The electrophotographic method of Comparative Example 2 was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 80 parts by weight of diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone represented by the above formula (HT-3) was used as the hole transporting agent. Body manufactured. <Sensitivity Characteristics Test (1)> With respect to the electrophotographic photoreceptors of the above Examples and Comparative Examples, a voltage applied to the surface of each photoreceptor was applied using a drum sensitivity tester manufactured by GENTEC, and a grid voltage was applied. Adjust the surface to + 800 ±
After charging to 20 V, the surface potential V ₀ (V) was measured.

Next, the white light of the halogen lamp, which is the exposure light source of the tester, was used to obtain a wavelength of 7 using a band-pass filter.
Light intensity 10 μW monochromatized to 80 nm and half-width 20 nm
When the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is irradiated with monochromatic light of 1 cm / cm ² for 1 second, the time required for the surface potential V ₀ (V) to become １ ／ is measured, and half-exposure is performed. Quantity E _1/2 (μ
J / cm ² ). Further, the surface potential at the time when 0.5 seconds had elapsed from the start of exposure was measured as a residual potential Vr (V). <Durability Test (1)> The electrophotographic photoreceptor of each of Examples and Comparative Examples was replaced with an electrostatic copying machine [Crea manufactured by Kyocera Mita Co., Ltd.
ge 7350] and make 100,000 continuous copies.
The surface protective layer was visually observed after 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 copies, and after 100,000 copies, and the durability of the electrophotographic photosensitive member was evaluated according to the following criteria. .

：: No crack or peeling was observed in the surface protective layer, and the durability of the photoreceptor was good.

Δ: The surface protective layer was not peeled off,
The entire surface was cracked, and the durability of the photoreceptor was slightly poor.

X: The surface protective layer was peeled off, and the durability of the photoreceptor was poor.

Table 1 shows the above results.

[0133]

[Table 1]

From the table, the photoreceptor of Comparative Example 1 using polyvinyl carbazole in place of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative was subjected to continuous copying after 30,000 copies, and the photoreceptor of Comparative Example 2 using diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone was used continuously. After 10,000 copies, it was confirmed that the surface protective layer was peeled off, which indicated that these compounds did not provide an effect of improving the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer. .

The photosensitive members of both comparative examples have a high residual potential after exposure and a large half-reduction exposure amount.
It was also found that the sensitivity was greatly reduced when the surface protective layer was formed.

On the other hand, none of the photoreceptors of Examples 1 to 3 showed any crack or peeling on the surface protective layer even after continuous copying of 100,000 sheets. From this, it was confirmed that by using the phenanthrylenediamine derivative, the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer could be improved and the durability of the photoreceptor could be improved more than before.

In each of the photoreceptors of the above Examples, the residual potential after exposure was low, and the half-reduction exposure amount was small. Therefore, when the surface protective layer was formed, the sensitivity did not decrease significantly, and good sensitivity was obtained. It was also confirmed that it had. [Examples 4 to 6 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4] Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film on the surface of the single-layer type photosensitive layer, the thickness of amorphous carbon (C) was set to 0. Examples 1-3, Comparative Example 1, except that a 5 μm surface protective layer was formed.
2 and Examples 4 to 6 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4, respectively.
Was manufactured. <Formation of surface protective layer> After the aluminum tube on which the single-layer type photosensitive layer was formed was set in the chamber of the plasma CVD apparatus, the vacuum was evacuated to an ultimate vacuum of 0.67 Pa, and the heater of the apparatus was used. The temperature of the raw tube was adjusted to 50 ° C.

Next, methane gas (C
H ₄ ) and hydrogen gas (H ₂ ) were supplied at the following flow rates to adjust the degree of vacuum to 0.47 hPa.

Methane gas: 300 SCCM Hydrogen gas: 300 SCCM Next, in this state, a frequency of 13.56 MH was introduced into the chamber.
z, a high-frequency electric field of output 200 W is applied to generate glow discharge, and amorphous carbon (C) is formed on the surface of the single-layer photosensitive layer at a deposition rate of 0.15 μm / hr by plasma CVD. ), And a surface protective layer having the above thickness was formed.

With respect to the electrophotographic photosensitive members of each of the above Examples and Comparative Examples, the same sensitivity characteristic test (1) and durability test (1) were performed as described above, and the characteristics were evaluated. Table 2 shows the results
Shown in

[0141]

[Table 2]

From the table, it was confirmed that the same results as described above were obtained based on the structure of the single-layer type photosensitive layer as the base, even if the type of the surface protective layer was changed.

That is, the photoreceptor of Comparative Example 3 using polyvinyl carbazole in place of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative and the photoreceptor of Comparative Example 4 using diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone both have already been copied after continuous copying of 20,000 sheets. Cracks were formed in the entire surface protective layer, and it was confirmed that the surface protective layer was peeled off after copying 30,000 sheets continuously. From this, it was found that these compounds did not provide the effect of improving the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer.

In each of the photosensitive members of Comparative Examples, the residual potential after exposure was high and the half-exposure amount was large.
It was also found that the sensitivity was greatly reduced when the surface protective layer was formed.

On the other hand, in all of the photoreceptors of Examples 4 to 6, no crack or peeling was observed on the surface protective layer even after continuous copying of 100,000 sheets. From this, it was confirmed that by using the phenanthrylenediamine derivative, the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer could be improved and the durability of the photoreceptor could be improved more than before.

In each of the photoreceptors of the above Examples, the residual potential after exposure was low, and the half-reduction exposure amount was small. Therefore, when the surface protective layer was formed, the sensitivity did not decrease significantly, and good sensitivity was obtained. It was also confirmed that it had. [Examples 7, 8 and Comparative Example 5] The thickness of an amorphous silicon-nitrogen (SiN) composite film formed on the surface of a single-layer type photosensitive layer by the following process instead of the silicon-carbon composite film. 0.
Example 1, except that a 5 μm surface protection layer was formed.
3. In the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, the electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 7, 8 and Comparative Example 5 were produced, respectively. <Formation of surface protective layer> After the aluminum tube on which the single-layer type photosensitive layer was formed was set in the chamber of the plasma CVD apparatus, the vacuum was evacuated to an ultimate vacuum of 0.67 Pa, and the heater of the apparatus was used. The temperature of the raw tube was adjusted to 50 ° C.

Next, a silane gas (SiH
₄ ) A nitrogen gas (N ₂ ) and a hydrogen gas (H ₂ ) were supplied at the following flow rates to adjust the degree of vacuum to 0.47 hPa.

Silane gas: 15 SCCM Nitrogen gas: 150 SCCM Hydrogen gas: 75 SCCM Next, in this state, a frequency of 13.56 MH was introduced into the chamber.
z, a glow discharge is generated by applying a high-frequency electric field having an output of 150 W, and a silicon-nitrogen (SiN) composite is formed on the surface of the single-layer photosensitive layer at a deposition rate of 0.75 μm / hr by a plasma CVD method. A surface protective layer composed of a film and having the above thickness was formed. [Examples 9, 10 and Comparative Example 6] On the surface of the single-layer type photosensitive layer,
Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film, by the following steps,
0.5 thickness of amorphous carbon-nitrogen (CN) composite film
Examples 1 and 3, except that a μm surface protective layer was formed.
In the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, the electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 9 and 10 and Comparative Example 6 were manufactured, respectively. <Formation of surface protective layer> After the aluminum tube on which the single-layer type photosensitive layer was formed was set in the chamber of the plasma CVD apparatus, the vacuum was evacuated to an ultimate vacuum of 0.67 Pa, and the heater of the apparatus was used. The temperature of the raw tube was adjusted to 50 ° C.

Next, methane gas (C
H ₄ ), nitrogen gas (N ₂ ) and hydrogen gas (H ₂ ) were supplied at the following flow rates to adjust the degree of vacuum to 0.47 hPa.

Methane gas: 100 SCCM Nitrogen gas: 150 SCCM Hydrogen gas: 100 SCCM Next, in this state, a frequency of 13.56 MH was introduced into the chamber.
A glow discharge is generated by applying a high-frequency electric field having an output of 150 watts and a carbon-nitrogen (CN) composite is formed on the surface of the single-layer type photosensitive layer at a deposition rate of 0.10 μm / hr by plasma CVD. A surface protective layer composed of a film and having the above thickness was formed. [Examples 11 and 12 and Comparative Example 7] The thickness of an amorphous carbon-boron (CB) composite film formed on the surface of a single-layer type photosensitive layer by the following process instead of the silicon-carbon composite film Examples 11 and 3 were performed in the same manner as in Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Example 2 except that a 0.5 μm surface protective layer was formed.
12. An electrophotographic photoreceptor of Comparative Example 7 was produced. <Formation of surface protective layer> After the aluminum tube on which the single-layer type photosensitive layer was formed was set in the chamber of the plasma CVD apparatus, the vacuum was evacuated to an ultimate vacuum of 0.67 Pa, and the heater of the apparatus was used. The temperature of the raw tube was adjusted to 50 ° C.

Next, methane gas (C
H ₄ ), diborane gas (B ₂ H ₆ ) and hydrogen gas (H ₂ )
Are supplied at the following flow rates, and the degree of vacuum is 0.47 h.
It was adjusted to Pa.

Methane gas: 100 SCCM Diborane gas: 200 SCCM Hydrogen gas: 100 SCCM Next, in this state, a frequency of 13.56 MH was introduced into the chamber.
A glow discharge is generated by applying a high-frequency electric field having an output of 150 watts and a carbon-boron (CB) composite is formed on the surface of the single-layer type photosensitive layer at a deposition rate of 0.10 μm / hr by a plasma CVD method. A surface protective layer composed of a film and having the above thickness was formed. [Examples 13 and 14 and Comparative Example 8] The thickness of an amorphous carbon-fluorine (CF) composite film formed on the surface of a single-layer photosensitive layer by the following process instead of the silicon-carbon composite film. Example 13 and Example 13 were performed in the same manner as in Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Example 2 except that a surface protective layer of 0.5 μm was formed.
14. An electrophotographic photoreceptor of Comparative Example 8 was produced. <Formation of surface protective layer> After the aluminum tube on which the single-layer type photosensitive layer was formed was set in the chamber of the plasma CVD apparatus, the vacuum was evacuated to an ultimate vacuum of 0.67 Pa, and the heater of the apparatus was used. The temperature of the raw tube was adjusted to 50 ° C.

Next, methane gas (C
H ₄ ), carbon tetrafluoride gas (CF ₄ ) and hydrogen gas (H
₂ ) are supplied at the following flow rates to reduce the vacuum to 0.4
It was adjusted to 7 hPa.

Methane gas: 100 SCCM Carbon tetrafluoride gas: 100 SCCM Hydrogen gas: 100 SCCM Next, in this state, a frequency of 13.56 MH was introduced into the chamber.
A glow discharge is generated by applying a high-frequency electric field having an output of 150 watts and a carbon-fluorine (CF) composite is formed on the surface of the single-layer photosensitive layer at a deposition rate of 0.10 μm / hr by a plasma CVD method. A surface protective layer composed of a film and having the above thickness was formed. [Examples 15 and 16 and Comparative Example 9] The thickness of an amorphous boron-nitrogen (BN) composite film formed on the surface of a single-layer type photosensitive layer by the following process instead of the silicon-carbon composite film. Example 15 and Example 15 were performed in the same manner as in Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Example 2 except that a surface protective layer of 0.5 μm was formed.
16. An electrophotographic photoreceptor of Comparative Example 9 was produced. <Formation of surface protective layer> After the aluminum tube on which the single-layer type photosensitive layer was formed was set in the chamber of the plasma CVD apparatus, the vacuum was evacuated to an ultimate vacuum of 0.67 Pa, and the heater of the apparatus was used. The temperature of the raw tube was adjusted to 50 ° C.

Next, diborane gas (B ₂
H ₆ ), nitrogen gas (N ₂ ) and hydrogen gas (H ₂ ) were supplied at the following flow rates to adjust the degree of vacuum to 0.47 hPa.

Diborane gas: 200 SCCM Nitrogen gas: 150 SCCM Hydrogen gas: 150 SCCM Next, in this state, a frequency of 13.56 MH was introduced into the chamber.
A glow discharge is generated by applying a high-frequency electric field having an output of 150 watts and a boron-nitrogen (BN) composite is formed on the surface of the single-layer photosensitive layer at a deposition rate of 0.08 μm / hr by a plasma CVD method. A surface protective layer composed of a film and having the above thickness was formed.

With respect to the electrophotographic photosensitive members of the above Examples and Comparative Examples, the same sensitivity characteristic test (1) and durability test (1) were performed as described above, and the characteristics were evaluated. Table 3 shows the results
Shown in

[0158]

[Table 3]

From the table, it was confirmed that even when the type of the surface protective layer was further changed, the same result as described above was obtained based on the structure of the single-layer type photosensitive layer as the underlayer.

That is, the photoreceptors of Comparative Examples 7 and 8 using diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone instead of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative were continuous 2
After copying 10,000 sheets, it was confirmed that the surface protective layer of the photoreceptors of Comparative Examples 5, 6, and 9 was peeled off after copying 30,000 sheets continuously. In particular, in the photoreceptor of Comparative Example 8, it was confirmed that cracks had already occurred in the entire surface protective layer after 10,000 continuous copies. From this, it was found that the above-mentioned compound did not provide the effect of improving the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer.

In each of the photosensitive members of Comparative Examples, the residual potential after exposure was high, and the half-exposure amount was large.
It was also found that the sensitivity was greatly reduced when the surface protective layer was formed.

On the other hand, in all of the photoreceptors of Examples 7 to 16, no crack or peeling was observed on the surface protective layer even after continuous copying of 100,000 sheets. From this, it was confirmed that by using the phenanthrylenediamine derivative, the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer could be improved and the durability of the photoreceptor could be improved more than before.

In each of the photoreceptors of the above Examples, the residual potential after exposure was low, and the half-reduction exposure amount was small. Therefore, when the surface protective layer was formed, the sensitivity did not decrease significantly, and good sensitivity was obtained. It was also confirmed that it had.

A copy test was carried out on the photosensitive members having the same photosensitive layer as in Examples 1 to 16 but without the surface protective layer and on the photosensitive members of Examples 1 to 16 in the same manner as in the durability test (1). The images were evaluated. As a result, in the former, 20,000 to 8
Although the image density was reduced on every 100,000 sheets, the solid black areas were blurred, but the latter showed no image defects even after copying 100,000 sheets, confirming that the formation of the surface protective layer improved the durability of the photoreceptor. Was done.

A photoreceptor having the same photosensitive layer as in Comparative Examples 1 to 9 and having no surface protective layer was subjected to the same copying test as described above. At about 50,000 sheets, the image density was lowered, and a faint black solid portion was generated. When these results are compared with the results of the durability test (1) of the corresponding comparative examples, it can be seen that the durability does not change or decreases even when the surface protective layer is formed.

From these facts, if the surface protective layer is formed on the organic photosensitive layer, the durability of the photoreceptor is not uniformly improved, but if the hole transporting agent is selected incorrectly, the durability is rather lowered. It will do. The durability of the photoreceptors of Examples 1 to 16 having the phenanthrylenediamine of the formula (1) in the single-layer type photosensitive layer was significantly improved by forming the surface protective layer. [Example 17] <Formation of laminated photosensitive layer> 2.5 parts by weight of an X-type metal-free phthalocyanine crystal represented by the above formula (CG-1) as a charge generating agent and polyvinyl butyral as a binder resin 1 part by weight and 15 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran were mixed and dispersed using a ball mill to prepare a coating liquid for a charge generation layer in the laminated photosensitive layer.

Next, this coating solution was applied to the conductive substrate φ
A 100 μm thick aluminum tube was applied by a dip coating method and dried with hot air at 110 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.5 μm.

Next, the above-mentioned formula (1-
Phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by 12)
8 parts by weight and 1 part by weight of a Z-type polycarbonate (weight average molecular weight Mw = 20,000) as a binder resin are mixed and dispersed together with 10 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran using a ball mill, and charge transport of the laminated photosensitive layer is performed. A coating solution for a layer was prepared.

Then, this coating solution was applied on the above-mentioned charge generating layer by a dip coating method.
Then, the film was dried with hot air for 20 minutes to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm, thereby forming a negatively charged laminated photosensitive layer. <Formation of Surface Protective Layer> On the laminated photosensitive layer formed as described above, plasma CVD was performed under the same conditions as in Example 1 above.
Example 1 A 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of an amorphous silicon-carbon (SiC) composite film was formed by a method.
7 was manufactured. [Examples 18 and 19] As hole transporting agents, Table 4 was used.
The electrophotographic photoreceptors of Examples 18 and 19 were produced in the same manner as in Example 17 except that 1 part by weight of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative of the formula number shown in the following was used. [Comparative Example 10] Instead of 0.8 part by weight of a phenanthrylenediamine derivative as a hole transporting agent and 1 part by weight of a Z-type polycarbonate as a binder resin, the above formula (HT-1) was used.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor of Comparative Example 10 was produced in the same manner as in Example 17, except that 1 part by weight of polyvinyl carbazole having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (number average molecular weight Mn = 9500) was used. [Comparative Example 11] As a hole transporting agent, the compound represented by the above formula (HT-3)
Example 1 except that 0.8 parts by weight of diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone represented by
In the same manner as in Example 7, an electrophotographic photosensitive member of Comparative Example 11 was produced. <Sensitivity characteristic test (2)> With respect to the electrophotographic photosensitive members of the above Examples and Comparative Examples, an applied voltage was applied to the surface of each photosensitive member using a drum sensitivity tester manufactured by GENTEC, and a grid voltage was applied. Adjust the surface to -800 ±
After charging to 20 V, the surface potential V ₀ (V) was measured.

Next, a white light of a halogen lamp, which is an exposure light source of the tester, was used to obtain a wavelength of 7 using a band-pass filter.
Light intensity 10 μW monochromatized to 80 nm and half-width 20 nm
When the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is irradiated with monochromatic light of 1 cm / cm ² for 1 second, the time required for the surface potential V ₀ (V) to become １ ／ is measured, and half-exposure is performed. Quantity E _1/2 (μ
J / cm ² ). Further, the surface potential at the time when 0.5 seconds had elapsed from the start of exposure was measured as a residual potential Vr (V).

Durability Test (2) The electrophotographic photosensitive members of the examples and the comparative examples were mounted on an electrostatic copying machine [Vi7360 manufactured by Kyocera Mita Co., Ltd.], and 100,000 copies were continuously made. The surface protective layer was visually observed after 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 copies, and 100,000 copies in the middle, respectively, and the durability of the electrophotographic photosensitive member was evaluated according to the following criteria. did.

：: No crack or peeling was observed in the surface protective layer, and the durability of the photoreceptor was good.

Δ: The surface protective layer was not peeled off,
The entire surface was cracked, and the durability of the photoreceptor was slightly poor.

X: The surface protective layer was peeled off, and the durability of the photoreceptor was poor.

Table 3 shows the above results.

[0176]

[Table 4]

From the table, it was confirmed that the same results as described above were obtained based on the structure of the charge transporting layer, which is the outermost surface, even when the single-layer type photosensitive layer was replaced with the laminated type photosensitive layer.

That is, Comparative Example 10 using polyvinyl carbazole instead of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative
In each of the photoconductor of Comparative Example 11 and the photoconductor of Comparative Example 11 using diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone, it was confirmed that the surface protective layer was peeled off after continuous copying of 20,000 sheets. From this, it was found that these compounds did not provide the effect of improving the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer.

The photosensitive members of both comparative examples have a high residual potential after exposure and a large half-reduction exposure amount.
It was also found that the sensitivity was greatly reduced when the surface protective layer was formed.

On the other hand, in all of the photoreceptors of Examples 17 to 19, even after continuous copying of 100,000 sheets, no crack or peeling was observed on the surface protective layer. From this, it was confirmed that by using the phenanthrylenediamine derivative, the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer could be improved and the durability of the photoreceptor could be improved more than before.

In each of the photoreceptors of the above Examples, the residual potential after exposure was low, and the half-reduction exposure amount was small. Therefore, when the surface protective layer was formed, the sensitivity did not decrease significantly, and good sensitivity was obtained. It was also confirmed that it had. [Examples 20 to 22, Comparative Examples 12 and 13] Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film on the surface of the laminated photosensitive layer, Example 4
6 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4, except that a 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of amorphous carbon (C) was formed in the same steps as Comparative Examples 3 and 4. Similarly, each electrophotographic photosensitive member was manufactured.

With respect to the electrophotographic photosensitive members of each of the above Examples and Comparative Examples, the same sensitivity characteristic test (2) and durability test (2) as described above were performed, and the characteristics were evaluated. Table 5 shows the results
Shown in

[0183]

[Table 5]

From the table, it was confirmed that even when the type of the surface protective layer was changed, the same result as described above was obtained based on the structure of the charge transport layer in the laminated photosensitive layer as the underlayer.

That is, Comparative Example 12 using polyvinyl carbazole instead of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative
In each of the photoconductor of Comparative Example 13 and the photoconductor of Comparative Example 13 using diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone, it was confirmed that the surface protective layer was peeled off after continuous copying of 20,000 sheets. In particular, it was confirmed that the photoreceptor of Comparative Example 13 had cracks in the entire surface protective layer after 10,000 continuous copies. From this, it was found that these compounds did not provide the effect of improving the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer.

The photosensitive members of both comparative examples have a high residual potential after exposure and a large half-reduction exposure amount.
It was also found that the sensitivity was greatly reduced when the surface protective layer was formed.

On the other hand, in all of the photoreceptors of Examples 20 to 22, no cracks or peeling were observed on the surface protective layer even after continuous copying of 100,000 sheets. From this, it was confirmed that by using the phenanthrylenediamine derivative, the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer could be improved and the durability of the photoreceptor could be improved more than before.

In each of the photoreceptors of the above examples, the residual potential after exposure was low and the half-reduction exposure amount was small. Therefore, when the surface protective layer was formed, the sensitivity did not decrease significantly, and good sensitivity was obtained. It was also confirmed that it had. [Examples 23 and 24, Comparative Example 14] Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film on the surface of the laminated type photosensitive layer, Examples 7, 8,
According to the same process as Comparative Example 5, amorphous silicon-nitrogen (S
iN) Each electrophotographic photoreceptor was manufactured in the same manner as in Examples 17, 19 and Comparative Example 11, except that a 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of a composite film was formed. [Examples 25 and 26, Comparative example 15] Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film on the surface of the laminated type photosensitive layer, Examples 9 and 1
0, the same as in Examples 17, 19 and Comparative Example 11, except that a 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of an amorphous carbon-nitrogen (CN) composite film was formed by the same steps as in Comparative Example 6. Then, each electrophotographic photoreceptor was manufactured. [Examples 27 and 28, Comparative example 16] Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film on the surface of the laminated type photosensitive layer, Examples 11 and 1 were used.
2. Same as Examples 17, 19, and Comparative Example 11 except that a 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of an amorphous carbon-boron (CB) composite film was formed in the same process as Comparative Example 7. Then, each electrophotographic photoreceptor was manufactured. [Examples 29 to 30, Comparative Example 17] Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film on the surface of the laminated photosensitive layer, Examples 13 and 1
4. Same as Examples 17, 19 and Comparative Example 11 except that a 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of an amorphous carbon-fluorine (CF) composite film was formed by the same steps as Comparative Example 8. Then, each electrophotographic photoreceptor was manufactured. [Examples 31 to 32, Comparative Example 18] Instead of the silicon-carbon composite film on the surface of the laminated photosensitive layer, Examples 15 and 1
6. Same as Examples 17, 19, and Comparative Example 11 except that a 0.5 μm-thick surface protective layer made of an amorphous boron-nitrogen (BN) composite film was formed by the same steps as Comparative Example 9. Then, each electrophotographic photoreceptor was manufactured.

With respect to the electrophotographic photosensitive members of the above Examples and Comparative Examples, the same sensitivity characteristic test (2) and durability test (2) were performed as described above, and the characteristics were evaluated. Table 6 shows the results
Shown in

[0190]

[Table 6]

From the table, it was confirmed that even if the type of the surface protective layer was further changed, the same result as described above was obtained based on the structure of the charge transport layer in the laminated photosensitive layer as the underlayer.

That is, in all of the photoconductors of Comparative Examples 14 to 18 in which diethylaminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone was used in place of the phenanthrylenediamine derivative, it was confirmed that the surface protective layer was peeled off after continuous copying of 20,000 sheets. Was done. In particular, in the photoconductors of Comparative Examples 15 to 17, it was confirmed that cracks had already occurred in the entire surface protective layer after continuous copying of 10,000 sheets. From this, it was found that the above-mentioned compound did not provide the effect of improving the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer.

Further, all the photosensitive members of Comparative Examples have a high residual potential after exposure and a large half-reduction exposure amount.
It was also found that the sensitivity was greatly reduced when the surface protective layer was formed.

On the other hand, in all of the photoconductors of Examples 23 to 32, no crack or peeling was observed on the surface protective layer even after continuous copying of 100,000 sheets. From this, it was confirmed that by using the phenanthrylenediamine derivative, the physical stability of the inorganic surface protective layer could be improved and the durability of the photoreceptor could be improved more than before.

In each of the photoconductors of the above examples, the residual potential after exposure was low, and the half-reduction exposure amount was small. Therefore, when the surface protective layer was formed, the sensitivity did not decrease significantly, and good sensitivity was obtained. It was also confirmed that it had.

The photoreceptors having the same photosensitive layer as in Examples 17 to 32 but without the surface protective layer and the photoreceptors of Examples 17 to 32 were subjected to copy tests in the same manner as in the durability test (2). The images were evaluated. As a result, in the former case, the image density was lowered between 20,000 and 80,000 sheets, and the solid black portion was blurred. However, in the latter case, there was no image defect even after copying 100,000 sheets, and the photosensitive layer was formed by forming the surface protective layer. It was confirmed that the durability of the body was improved.

A photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer similar to that of Comparative Examples 10 to 18 and having no surface protective layer was subjected to the same copying test as described above. In Comparative Examples 1 and 3, about 20,000 sheets were obtained. At about 50,000 sheets, the image density was lowered, and a faint black solid portion was generated. When these results are compared with the results of the durability test (2) of the corresponding comparative examples, it can be seen that the durability does not change or decreases even when the surface protective layer is formed.

From these facts, if the surface protective layer is formed on the organic photosensitive layer, the durability of the photoreceptor is not uniformly improved, but if the hole transport agent is selected incorrectly, the durability is rather reduced. It will do. The photoreceptors of Examples 17 to 32 having the phenanthrylenediamine of the formula (1) in the laminated type photosensitive layer greatly improve the durability by forming the surface protective layer as in the case of the single-layer type photosensitive layer. I was able to.

 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuing on the front page (72) Inventor Hideaki Fukunaga 1166, Haseno, Jabizo-cho, Yokaichi City, Shiga Prefecture F-term (reference) 2H068 AA02 AA20 BA12 BA14 CA03 CA05 CA60

Claims (6)

[Claims] An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising an organic photosensitive layer and an inorganic surface protective layer laminated in this order on a conductive substrate,
At least the outermost surface portion of the organic photosensitive layer in contact with the surface protective layer has the formula (1): [Wherein, R ^{1 to} R ⁵ are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group, and ad is the same or different and represents an integer of 1 to 5 , E represents an integer of 1 to 8. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by the following formula: 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the surface protective layer is a layer formed by a vapor deposition method. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the surface protective layer is made of at least one element selected from the group consisting of metal elements and carbon, or an inorganic compound containing these elements. Electrophotographic photoreceptor. 4. The organic photosensitive layer is a single-layer type photosensitive layer containing a charge generating agent and a phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by the formula (1) as a hole transporting agent in a binder resin. 2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein: 5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 4, wherein the binder resin contains an electron transporting agent. 6. An organic photosensitive layer comprising a charge-generating layer containing a charge-generating agent and a compound represented by the formula (1):
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor is a laminated photosensitive layer in which a charge transport layer containing a phenanthrylenediamine derivative represented by the following formula is laminated in this order.