JP2001045679A - Method and device for controlling rechargeable electrical, equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce the number of times for turning on and off a main circuit relay even if thermo-on and thermo-off are repeated by judging whether discharge from a secondary cell is stopped based on a stop cause or not when electrical equipment is stopped during discharge operation from the secondary cell. SOLUTION: A rechargeable unit control part 36 (control part for achieving a function as a discharge control means and other functions) for controlling the discharge operation of a secondary cell 34 uses information for indicating the rotation and stop of a compressor 24 and a main circuit voltage as input, controls a charge main circuit relay 31 and a discharge main circuit relay 35, and at the same time performs the chopper control of a bi-directional converter part 33, thus turning on and off the discharge main circuit relay 35 only when a main switch 21 of an air conditioner 2 is operated, and greatly reducing the number of times for turning on and off the discharge main circuit relay 35 in a middle period when an air-conditioning load is small.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and a device for controlling electric storage equipment, and more particularly, to charging a secondary battery in a time zone where power demand is small and a secondary battery in a time zone where power demand is high. The present invention relates to an apparatus for controlling a power storage electrical device for discharging a battery to achieve power load leveling.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a rechargeable battery is charged in a time zone where power demand is small (for example, at night), and the secondary battery is charged in a time zone where power demand is high (for example, daytime). There has been proposed a power storage air conditioner (power storage air conditioner) system, which is a type of power storage electric equipment, for realizing power load leveling by discharging power.

In an air conditioner (outdoor unit) having a compressor driven by an inverter, an AC / DC conversion circuit (rectification circuit) is provided at a stage preceding the inverter circuit, and the commercial AC voltage is once converted to a DC voltage. (If the AC line is three-phase 200V, the main circuit DC voltage is about 280V). Therefore, the secondary battery voltage is adjusted (boosted) to the main circuit voltage using a chopper or the like and is superimposed thereon, whereby it is possible to supply drive power from the secondary battery to the outdoor unit. Also, in order to charge the secondary battery from the AC line, an AC / D converting an AC voltage to a DC voltage is used.
A C conversion circuit (rectifier circuit) and a step-down chopper for adjusting a DC voltage to a secondary battery voltage are provided.

Here, it is common practice to configure the step-up chopper and the step-down chopper by a bidirectional converter.

Since the discharge from the secondary battery to the air conditioner must be performed only when the compressor of the air conditioner is rotating, a discharge path connecting the bidirectional converter and the air conditioner is required. The main circuit relay for discharging is provided in the middle of the
F.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining this processing.

[0007] In step SP1, the secondary battery is discharged to the air conditioner (discharge main circuit relay is turned on), and in step SP2, it is determined whether or not the compressor is stopped.

If the compressor is operating, the determination in step SP2 is repeated. Conversely, if the compressor is stopped, the chopper IGBT is turned off in step SP3, the discharge main circuit relay 35 and the secondary battery relay 45 are turned off in step SP4, and the compressor 24 is turned off in step SP5. In step SP6, the discharge main circuit relay and the secondary battery relay are turned on, the chopper IGBT is turned on, and the air conditioner 2 is turned off.
Is restarted, and the process of step SP1 is performed again.

Therefore, the discharge main circuit relay can be turned on to discharge from the secondary battery to the air conditioner while the compressor is rotating during a time period when the power demand is large, and conversely. In addition, even when the power demand is large, the discharge main circuit relay is turned off while the compressor is stopped.
Thus, discharge from the secondary battery to the air conditioner can be prevented (see FIG. 6).

[0010]

However, when the above-described storage air conditioner system is adopted, the rotation of the compressor,
When the stop is repeated frequently, the main circuit relay repeats ON / OFF frequently, and each time, the surge (noise)
Not only occurs, but also the relay contact deteriorates, leading to a decrease in reliability.

A further description will be given.

The compressor of the air conditioner is stopped not only when the user turns off the main switch of the air conditioner but also when the temperature of the space to be air-conditioned reaches a set temperature (thermo-off). Occurs.

Among them, the thermo-off has a disadvantage that the frequency increases when the air-conditioning load is light or in the middle period (spring, autumn). According to actual measurement data, in such a case, thermo-on and thermo-off may be repeated 100 times or more per day.

Then, the drive coil of the electromagnetic contactor is turned on / off.
The surge energy associated with turning OFF is considerably large, and often becomes a trigger for inducing a malfunction of a microcomputer or a digital circuit.

Further, if the relay contact is frequently turned on / off, the contact portion gradually deteriorates due to an arc from the contact and the like, resulting in a reduction in reliability.

[0016]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and can reduce the frequency of ON / OFF of a main circuit relay even when thermo-on and thermo-off are repeated. It is an object to provide a control method and a device thereof.

[0017]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for controlling an electric storage device, the method comprising the steps of: stopping an electric device when the electric device stops during a discharging operation from the secondary battery; This is a method for determining whether or not to stop the discharge from.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for controlling a power storage electric device included in a power storage unit based on a cause of the stop of the electric device when the electric device stops during a discharging operation from the secondary battery. This is a method for controlling ON / OFF of a relay.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, when the electric device is stopped during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the cause of the stop of the electric device may be a user's turning off the electric device or the operation of the electric device. In response to the user turning off the electric device, turning off the discharge main circuit relay included in the power storage unit to immediately stop discharging from the secondary battery, This is a method of maintaining the ON state of the discharge main circuit relay included in the power storage unit in response to the cause of the device achieving the operation target.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, an air conditioner is used as the electric device, and any one of the first to third processes is performed when a compressor of the air conditioner is stopped. Is the way.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a control device for an electric storage device, wherein the electric device is connected to an AC power source, and a storage unit including a secondary battery is connected. An electric device and a power storage unit connected to supply the electric device, and when the electric device stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, based on the cause of the stop of the electric device, And a discharge control means for determining whether or not to stop discharging from the battery.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, when the electric device stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the electric storage unit is controlled based on the cause of the stop of the electric device. ON of included main circuit relay for discharge
One that controls -OFF is adopted.

According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, when the electric device is stopped during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the compressor is stopped when the air conditioner is turned off by the user. Cause determining means for determining whether the operation or the air-conditioning target space has reached the set temperature, and storage for immediately stopping discharge from the secondary battery in response to the user turning off the air conditioner. The main circuit relay included in the storage unit is turned off, and the main circuit relay for discharging included in the power storage unit is maintained in the ON state in response to the cause of the air conditioning target space reaching the set temperature. And a circuit relay control means.

According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electric storage device control apparatus, wherein an air conditioner is used as the electric device, and the discharge control means is provided when the compressor of the air conditioner is stopped. Is performed.

[0025]

According to the power storage air conditioner control method of the first aspect,
When the electric device stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, it is determined whether to stop discharging from the secondary battery based on the cause of the stop of the electric device. Can be reduced when it is necessary to stop the discharge.

According to the second aspect of the present invention, when the electric device stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the discharge device included in the power storage unit is determined based on the cause of the stop of the electric device. Since the ON-OFF of the main circuit relay is controlled, the number of times of ON / OFF of the main circuit relay for discharge can be reduced, and the surge from the main circuit relay for discharge can be reduced.
Deterioration of the relay contact can be suppressed to improve reliability.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, when the electric device is stopped during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the cause of the stop of the electric device is a user's electric device OF.
It is determined whether the F operation or the electric device has achieved the operation target, and in response to the user's operation of turning off the electric device, the discharging from the power storage unit is immediately stopped to stop discharging from the secondary battery. The main circuit relay is turned off, and in response to the cause of the electric device achieving the operation target, the O of the discharging main circuit relay included in the power storage unit is responded.
Since the N state is maintained, the ON state of the discharge main circuit relay can be maintained even when the electric device repeatedly starts and stops due to whether or not the operation target is achieved, As a result, ON / OFF of the discharge main circuit relay
The number of times can be reduced. As a result, the surge from the discharge main circuit relay can be reduced, and the deterioration of the relay contact can be suppressed to improve the reliability.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, an air conditioner is used as the electric device, and the processing of any one of the first to third embodiments is performed when a compressor of the air conditioner is stopped. Therefore, by supplying the discharge power from the secondary battery to the air conditioner that is often operated during the time when the power load becomes large, it can greatly contribute to the leveling of the power load. Besides, the same operation as any one of claims 1 to 3 can be achieved.

According to the power storage electric equipment control device of the present invention, when the compressor included in the air conditioner stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the cause of the stop of the electric equipment is determined by the discharge control means. It is determined whether or not to stop the discharge from the secondary battery on the basis of the above, so it is possible to reduce the cases where it is necessary to stop the discharge from the secondary battery.

In the electric storage device control device according to the present invention, when the electric device is stopped during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the electric storage unit is controlled by the discharge control means based on the cause of the stop of the electric device. Since the ON / OFF of the main discharge relay is controlled, the number of ON / OFF operations of the main discharge relay can be reduced, and the surge from the main discharge relay can be reduced. And the deterioration of the relay contact can be suppressed to enhance the reliability.

According to the storage electric equipment control device of the present invention, when the electric equipment is stopped during the discharging operation from the secondary battery, the cause of the stop of the electric equipment is determined by the cause determining means. It is determined whether the operation or the electric equipment has achieved the operation target, and the main circuit relay control means stores the electric power in order to immediately stop the discharge from the secondary battery in response to the user's turning off the electric equipment. The main discharge relay of the discharge included in the power storage unit is turned off in response to the fact that the electric device has achieved the operation target.
The N state can be maintained.

Therefore, even when the electric device repeatedly starts and stops due to whether or not the operation target is achieved, the ON state of the discharge main circuit relay can be maintained. The number of ON / OFF of the main circuit relay can be reduced. As a result, the surge from the discharge main circuit relay can be reduced, and
Deterioration of the relay contact can be suppressed to improve reliability.

According to the control method of the electric storage device of claim 8, an air conditioner is adopted as the electric device, and the processing of any one of claims 5 to 7 is performed when the compressor of the air conditioner is stopped. Therefore, by supplying the discharge power from the secondary battery to the air conditioner that is often operated during the time when the power load becomes large, it can greatly contribute to the leveling of the power load. Besides, the same operation as any one of claims 5 to 7 can be achieved.

[0034]

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power storage air conditioner control method according to the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a power storage air conditioner system to which the power storage air conditioner control method of the present invention is applied.

In this power storage air conditioner system, an air conditioner 2 is connected to a three-phase AC power supply 1,
The power storage unit 3 including the secondary battery 34 is connected, and
The air conditioner 2 and the power storage unit 3 are connected so as to supply the discharge power from the secondary battery 34 to the air conditioner 2.

The air conditioner 2 includes an air conditioner main switch 21 and an air conditioner AC / DC converter (for example, a rectifier) 2 for converting a three-phase AC voltage into a DC voltage.
2, an inverter unit 23 that receives a DC voltage as input, and a compressor 24 that is rotated when an output voltage from the inverter unit 23 is applied. FIG. 1 shows only the outdoor unit of the air conditioner, and the illustration of the indoor unit is omitted.

The power storage unit 3 includes a charging main circuit relay 31 for controlling a charging operation, a power storage unit AC / DC converter (for example, a rectifier) 32 for converting a three-phase AC voltage to a DC voltage, and a charging unit. Converter section 3 for selectively performing a step-down operation for voltage and a step-up operation for discharge
3, a secondary battery 34, a discharge main circuit relay 35 for controlling a discharge operation, information indicating rotation and stop of the compressor 24, and a main circuit voltage (voltage between terminals of a main circuit capacitor of the bidirectional converter 33). , The charging main circuit relay 3
1 and a power storage unit control unit (control unit that achieves a function as a discharge control unit and other functions) 36 that controls the bidirectional converter unit 33 by chopper control while controlling the main circuit relay 35.

FIG. 2 is an electric circuit diagram showing a power system of the power storage unit.

The charging main circuit relay 3 is connected to the three-phase AC input line.
1 and a series circuit of a charging precharge relay 37 and a resistor 38 is connected in parallel with the charging main circuit relay 31. And AC / D for the power storage unit
As the C converter 32, a three-phase diode bridge circuit is employed. A reactor 39 for power factor improvement and a main circuit capacitor 40 are connected in series between the output terminals of the three-phase diode bridge circuit 32. A pair of power elements (IGBT for step-up / step-down chopper) 41 are connected in series between both terminals of the main circuit capacitor 40, and a protection diode 42 is connected in parallel with each power element 41. Further, an insulation amplifier 43 for detecting a voltage between terminals (main circuit voltage) of the main circuit capacitor 40 is provided, and the detected main circuit voltage is supplied to the power storage unit control unit 36.

The lower arm power element (power element connected to the negative voltage terminal side of the main circuit capacitor 40) 4
A step-up chopper reactor 44, a secondary battery relay 45, and a secondary battery 34 are connected in series between the two terminals.

Further, a discharge main circuit relay 35 is connected to a discharge path connected to both terminals of the series circuit of the pair of power elements 41.
And a discharge precharge switch 4
A series circuit of the resistor 6 and the resistor 47 is connected in parallel with the discharge main circuit relay 35.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart for explaining the processing of the power storage unit control unit 36. This process describes the case where the discharge from the secondary battery 34 is performed.

In step SP1, the secondary battery 34 is discharged to the air conditioner 2 (discharge main circuit relay 35 is turned on). In step SP2, it is determined whether or not the compressor 24 is stopped. Specifically, the secondary battery 34
If the compressor 24 is rotating during the discharge from the power source, the voltage of the main circuit (DC unit) of the outdoor unit is about 280 V (when a three-phase 200 V power supply is adopted).
On the power storage unit 3 side, the voltage of the main circuit increases to increase the supply voltage of the main circuit in order to maintain the constant current drive. Therefore, whether the compressor 24 is stopped or rotating can be determined by determining whether the voltage of the main circuit has increased.

If the compressor 24 is operating, the determination in step SP2 is repeated. Conversely, if the compressor 24 has stopped, the chopper IGBT is turned off in step SP3, and in step SP4, the process waits for a predetermined time (for example, one minute).
In P5, the voltage of the main circuit of the outdoor unit is detected, and in step SP6, it is determined whether or not the voltage of the main circuit is equal to or higher than a predetermined threshold voltage (for example, 200 V).

If it is determined in step SP6 that the voltage of the main circuit is equal to or higher than the predetermined threshold voltage, it is in the thermo-off state and the compressor 24 is only temporarily stopped. Then, until the compressor 24 is restarted, in step SP8, the IGBT for the chopper is turned on to restart the discharge from the secondary battery 34 to the air conditioner 2, and the process of step SP1 is performed again.

Conversely, if it is determined in step SP6 that the voltage of the main circuit is lower than the predetermined threshold voltage,
Since the air conditioner is in the OFF state in which the air conditioner main switch 21 is turned off, and the compressor 24 is continuously stopped (stops until the air conditioner main switch 21 is turned on), in step SP9. , Turns off the discharge main circuit relay 35 and the secondary battery relay 45
In step SP10, the process waits until the compressor 24 is restarted. In step SP11, the discharge main circuit relay 35 and the secondary battery relay 45 are turned on, and the chopper IGBT is turned on to turn on the secondary battery 3.
4 to the air conditioner 2 is restarted, and the process returns to step S
The processing of P1 is performed.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the main circuit voltage, the ON / OFF state of the step-up chopper IGBT, and the ON / OFF state of the discharge main circuit relay 35 (and the secondary battery relay 45) for explaining the above processing. It is a waveform diagram which shows the change with progress.

While the discharge from the secondary battery 34 to the air conditioner 2 is performed, the IGBT for the step-up chopper is in the ON state, and the discharge main circuit relay 35 (and the secondary battery relay 45) is in the ON state. And the voltage of the main circuit of the outdoor unit is about 280V.

When the compressor 24 stops due to the thermo-off, the voltage of the main circuit rises on the power storage unit 3 side to increase the supply voltage of the main circuit in order to maintain the constant current drive. Therefore, it is possible to detect that the compressor 24 has stopped by detecting an increase in the voltage of the main circuit,
Turns off the boost chopper IGBT in response to this detection
To

However, in the case of the thermo-off, since the voltage is continuously applied from the three-phase AC power supply 1 to the air conditioner 2, the voltage of the main circuit is maintained at about 280V. Therefore, the discharge main circuit relay 35 (and the secondary battery relay 45) is kept on, and the discharge main circuit relay 35 (and the secondary battery relay 45) is turned on / off.
The number of operations can be reduced to zero.

Conversely, when the air conditioner main switch 21 is
When the compressor 24 is stopped by setting to the FF, the voltage of the main circuit increases on the power storage unit 3 side to increase the supply voltage of the main circuit in order to maintain the constant current drive. Accordingly, the stop of the compressor 24 can be detected by detecting the rise in the voltage of the main circuit, and the IGBT for the step-up chopper is turned off in response to this detection.

In this case, the application of the voltage from the three-phase AC power supply 1 to the air conditioner 2 is stopped.
The voltage of the main circuit decreases to approximately 0 V after a predetermined time has elapsed. Therefore, the discharge main circuit relay 35 (and the secondary battery relay 45) is turned off, and the OFF state is kept as it is.

As can be understood from the above description, only when the air conditioner main switch 21 is operated, the discharge main circuit relay 3
5 (and the secondary battery relay 45) can be turned ON / OFF, and when the air conditioning load is light, the discharge main circuit relay 35 (and the secondary battery relay 45) is turned ON / OFF in the intermediate period.
The frequency of OFF can be greatly reduced. As a result, the number of times of occurrence of a surge that adversely affects the microcomputer, the digital circuit, and the like can be significantly reduced, and the deterioration of the relay contact can be significantly suppressed, thereby improving the reliability.

[0055]

According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is a specific effect that it is possible to reduce the case where it is necessary to stop the discharge from the secondary battery.

According to the second aspect of the present invention, the number of times of ON / OFF of the discharge main circuit relay can be reduced.
It is possible to reduce the surge from the main circuit relay for discharging, and to suppress the deterioration of the relay contact to enhance the reliability.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, the ON state of the discharge main circuit relay can be maintained even when the electric device repeatedly starts and stops due to whether or not the operation target is achieved. ON / OFF of the discharge main circuit relay
The number of times can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to reduce the surge from the discharge main circuit relay, and to suppress the deterioration of the relay contact to enhance the reliability.

According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, the power load is leveled by supplying the discharge power from the secondary battery to the air conditioner which is often operated during the time when the power load becomes large. In addition to being able to contribute, the same effect as any one of claims 1 to 3 is achieved.

The invention according to claim 5 has a specific effect that the number of cases where the discharge from the secondary battery needs to be stopped can be reduced.

According to the sixth aspect of the present invention, the number of times of ON / OFF of the discharge main circuit relay can be reduced.
It is possible to reduce the surge from the main circuit relay for discharging, and to suppress the deterioration of the relay contact to enhance the reliability.

According to the seventh aspect of the present invention, the ON state of the discharge main circuit relay can be maintained even when the electric equipment repeatedly starts and stops due to whether or not the operation target is achieved. ON / OFF of the discharge main circuit relay
The number of times can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to reduce the surge from the discharge main circuit relay, and to suppress the deterioration of the relay contact to enhance the reliability.

According to the invention of claim 8, the discharge power from the secondary battery is supplied to the air conditioner which is often operated during the time when the power load becomes large, thereby greatly leveling the power load. In addition to being able to contribute, it has the same effect as any one of claims 5 to 7.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power storage air conditioner system to which a power storage air conditioner control method according to the present invention is applied.

FIG. 2 is an electric circuit diagram showing a power system of a power storage unit.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process of a power storage unit control unit.

4 is a diagram showing the voltage of the main circuit and the ON / OF of the IGBT for the step-up chopper for explaining the processing of the flowchart of FIG.
FIG. 7 is a waveform diagram showing changes with time in an F state and an ON / OFF state of a discharge main circuit relay (and a secondary battery relay).

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process performed by a conventional power storage unit control unit.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the voltage of the main circuit and the ON / OF of the IGBT for the step-up chopper for explaining the processing of the flowchart in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a waveform diagram showing changes with time in an F state and an ON / OFF state of a discharge main circuit relay (and a secondary battery relay).

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Three-phase AC power supply 2 Air conditioner 3 Power storage unit 24 Compressor 34 Secondary battery 35 Discharge main circuit

Claims (8)

[Claims] An AC power supply (1) and an electric device (2)
And a power storage unit (3) including a secondary battery (34) is connected.
The electric storage device connected to the electric device (2) and the electric storage unit (3) so as to supply the electric power discharged from the electric device (4) to the electric device (2). When (2) stops, it is determined whether or not to stop discharging from the secondary battery (34) based on the cause of the stop of the electric device (2). . 2. When the electric device (2) stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery (34), the discharge included in the power storage unit (3) is determined based on the cause of the stop of the electric device (2). The method according to claim 1, wherein ON-OFF of the main circuit relay (35) is controlled. 3. When the electric device (2) stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery (34), the cause of the stop of the electric device (2) is a user's operation of turning off the electric device or the target of operation of the electric device. It is determined whether or not the secondary battery (3) has been achieved.
Power storage unit (3) to immediately stop discharging from 4)
Turns off the main circuit relay (35) for discharging contained in
The electric storage device control according to claim 2, wherein the main device relay (35) for discharging included in the electric storage unit (3) maintains an ON state in response to the fact that the electric device has achieved the operation target. Method. 4. The air conditioner (2), wherein the electric device (2) is an air conditioner (2).
The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the processing according to any one of claims 1 to 3 is performed when the compressor (24) of the air conditioner (2) is stopped. Electric storage device control method. 5. An electric device (2) for an AC power supply (1).
And a power storage unit (3) including a secondary battery (34) is connected.
The electric storage device connected to the electric device (2) and the electric storage unit (3) so as to supply the electric power discharged from the electric device (4) to the electric device (2). A discharge control unit (36) for determining whether to stop discharging from the secondary battery (34) based on the cause of the stop of the electric device (2) when (2) stops. Characteristic storage electric equipment control device. 6. When the electric device (2) stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery (34), the discharge control means (36) is configured to perform the following based on the cause of the stop of the electric device (2). Discharge main circuit relay (35) included in power storage unit (3)
The power storage electrical equipment control device according to claim 5, which controls ON-OFF of the power storage device. 7. When the electric device (2) stops during the discharging operation from the secondary battery (34), the discharge control means (36) determines whether the stop of the compressor (24) is caused by the air of the user. A cause determining means (36) for determining whether the air conditioner OFF operation or the air-conditioning target space has reached a set temperature, and discharging from the secondary battery in response to the user's operation of the air conditioner OFF operation Turn off the discharge main circuit relay (35) included in the power storage unit (3) to stop immediately
And a main circuit relay control means for maintaining the ON state of the discharge main circuit relay (35) included in the power storage unit (3) in response to the fact that the air-conditioning target space has reached the set temperature. 36. The power storage electric device control device according to claim 6, wherein the control device includes: 8. The air conditioner (2), wherein the electric device (2) is an air conditioner (2).
The discharge control means (36) performs any one of claims 5 to 7 when the compressor (24) of the air conditioner (2) is stopped. 8. The electric storage device control device according to any one of 7.