JP2000056595A - Contact transfer device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a low-cost, small contact transfer device of high quality and reliability using a power supply requiring no complex control, while preventing the missing of printing, decrease in density, and stains on the back of paper without depending on the environment and durability. SOLUTION: In a transfer device, a bias is applied to a transfer member 104 by a bias application means 105, and a toner 106 on a latent image carrier 101, with at least two kinds of additives of different average grain sizes added to the resin mother particles of the toner 106, is transferred onto the subject of transfer. The relation R>=0.350+0.001×H is satisfied wherein R (g/cc) is the loose apparent density of the toner and H the hardness (JISA) of the transfer member.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus for forming an image using an electrophotographic process, and more particularly to an image forming apparatus suitable for forming an electrophotographic process using contact transfer.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, in an image forming apparatus using an electrophotographic process, contact charging and contact transfer have been studied in place of conventional corona charging and corona transfer in order to reduce the amount of generated ozone. As an example of contact transfer, bias roller transfer has been studied.

To realize bias roller transfer, constant voltage control for applying a constant voltage to a transfer member and constant current control for applying a constant current have been studied. However, it is difficult to perform good transfer with a constant voltage or a constant current because the resistance of the transfer object (paper) and the transfer member greatly changes depending on the environment, and the toner deteriorates during printing. It was difficult. Therefore, as an improvement of the bias control, the resistance value of the roller is detected by applying a constant current and the transfer bias is set based on the detected value to apply a constant voltage, as disclosed in JP-A-2-123385. A method (hereinafter, this method is called ATVC control) has been proposed. Further, as a method for improving the deterioration of the toner, and as a method for improving the developing method, a developing method in which two kinds of fine powders having different average particle diameters are externally added and mixed as proposed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-45188 has been proposed.

[0004]

However, as described in the prior art, in the contact transfer method, it is extremely difficult to perform transfer at a constant voltage or current in both the constant voltage control method and the constant current control method. there were. Therefore, means for controlling the ATVC and detecting the width, resistance value, etc. of the transferred object are required, which is disadvantageous in terms of cost and space of the apparatus. Further, since the signal of the detecting means is processed by the microprocessor to determine and change the output of the high-voltage power supply, the power supply is expensive and complicated. Further, when a toner in which two or more external additives having different particle diameters are externally added to resin base particles is used in a contact transfer device, depending on the hardness of the transfer member and the amount of the external additive added, a hollow phenomenon, a decrease in density, and fogging may occur. It has been found that paper back stains and the like due to the increase are remarkable.

Therefore, the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned conventional problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a high-quality image free from dropouts, density reduction, image memory, and paper back stains regardless of the environment and durability. And to provide a highly reliable transfer device. It is another object of the present invention to provide a low-cost and small-sized transfer apparatus using a power supply that does not require complicated control.

[0006]

In the contact transfer device of the present invention, a bias is applied to a transfer member by means for applying a bias, and at least two types of external additives having different average particle diameters on the latent image carrier are transferred to the toner. In the contact transfer device for transferring the toner externally added to the resin base particles of the above to the transfer member, when the loose apparent density of the toner is R (g / cc) and the transfer member hardness (JISA) is H, R ≧ 0 .350 + 0.001 × H.

[0007]

According to the first aspect of the present invention, the larger the apparent loose density of the toner, the smaller the adhesive force between the toners and between the toner and the latent image carrier, and the lower the hardness of the transfer member, the lower the surface pressure. It is considered that the lowering acts to reduce the hollowing out.

According to the second and third aspects of the present invention, it is considered that by adding an appropriate amount of the large particle size external additive, the external additive is hardly buried, whereby the transfer efficiency is stabilized, and the concentration is hardly changed through durability. .

According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, the surface coverage of the external additive externally added to the toner with respect to the resin base particles is optimized for each surface treating agent of the external additive so as to reduce the amount of fogging or less. Can be suppressed. The reason why the optimum value differs depending on the surface treatment agent is presumably because the difference in the hydrophobicity of the external additive after the surface treatment causes a difference in the chargeability of the toner.

According to the fifth aspect of the invention, when the resistance of the transfer member is lower than 10 ⁶ Ω, an electric current easily flows to a portion where the latent image carrier and the transfer member are in direct contact, and the action of lowering the potential of the latent image carrier is achieved. As a result, a ghost called an image memory is easily generated. If it is higher than 10 ⁹ Ω, the required maximum output voltage of the power supply becomes extremely high. Therefore, there is an optimum range for the resistance value of the transfer member used.

According to the sixth aspect of the present invention, the transfer efficiency can be stabilized by the addition of the large particle size external additive regardless of the environment and durability, so that the transfer can be performed with a power supply having a simple structure.

[0012]

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a contact transfer device according to the present invention. In FIG. 1, a latent image carrier 101 has an organic photoconductive photosensitive layer 103 on a conductive support 102.
And is rotated at a peripheral speed of 24 mm / sec at a diameter of 30 mm. The photosensitive layer 103 has a thickness of about 17 μm and a relative dielectric constant of about 3.2. The transfer roller 104 having a diameter of 16 mm and a width of about 220 mm is suspended on the latent image carrier 101 by an elastic body such as a spring, and is pressed against the latent image carrier 101 with a load of several gf to 20 gf / mm to secure a transfer nip of about 1 to 4 mm. You. Further, at the same time when the leading end 107 of the transfer object reaches the transfer nip by the constant current power supply 105, a predetermined current is applied, and the toner 106 developed on the latent image carrier is transferred onto the transfer object 107. The resistance value of the portion of the guide 108 before transfer and the guide 109 after transfer, which is in contact with the transfer target 107, has a surface resistance of 10 to prevent current leakage in a high humidity environment.
It is formed of a member with high resistance of 9 Ω or more. However, if the guide is formed of a high-resistance member, the transfer target 10 can be formed in a low humidity environment.
Unfixed toner on the transfer target 107 may be scattered due to frictional charging between the transfer member 7 and the guide 109. Therefore, a member that does not abnormally charge the transfer target 107 is used as the guide 109 after the transfer. In this embodiment, polyethylene terephthalate in which glass is dispersed in the material of the post-transfer guide 109 is used.
Although not shown, members necessary for image formation, such as a charging unit, an exposing unit for forming an electrostatic latent image, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit for cleaning untransferred toner are arranged around the latent image carrier 101. Needless to say, this is done.

Next, the transfer roller 104 will be described in more detail. The transfer roller 104 is an elastic foam roller in which a conductive foam layer having a cell diameter of 50 to 150 μm is provided on a metal shaft, and is stable on the latent image carrier 101 via the transfer member 107 at a linear pressure of several gf to 20 gf / mm. And rotated at substantially the same peripheral speed as the latent image carrier 101. Further, the transfer roller 104 does not easily adhere the toner, does not contaminate the latent image carrier 101, does not stick easily, does not easily wear, has a uniform and flexible surface, and Has good contact properties.

The resistance value, which is an important physical property of the transfer roller 104, is measured by the following method shown in FIG. The roller 201 is pressed against the conductive plate 202 with a load of 500 gf on both shaft ends, and a resistance meter 203 is connected between the shaft of the roller 201 and the conductive plate 202 to measure the resistance of the roller 201. The applied current at the time of resistance measurement is 3 μA, and a value 20 seconds after the current application is adopted. The resistance value range of the transfer roller used in the present invention is 1
It can be used as the 0 ⁶ ~10 ⁹ Ω. 10 ⁶ Ω
If it is smaller than this, printing a high-duty pattern such as black on the entire surface is not preferable because toner adheres to the end of the transfer roller and soils the back of the paper at the next image formation, or a ghost due to a potential drop called an image memory occurs. Also,
When the resistance greatly exceeds 10 ⁹ Ω, the maximum output voltage of the constant current power supply 105 is set to 4 k in a dry environment where the transfer target material becomes high in resistance.
It is necessary to set a very high value exceeding V, which leads to an increase in the size of the apparatus, which is not preferable. Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the image memory and the transfer roller stain when a constant current power supply of 3 μA was used, and the evaluation results of the output bias necessary for transfer under a dry environment.

[0015]

[Table 1] (Evaluation criteria for image memory and transfer roller contamination) ○: Sufficiently practical without contamination of image memory and transfer roller △: Image memory is generated depending on print duty but practically available ×: Transfer roller contamination and image memory are generated (Impossible for transfer output bias evaluation) ○: Transfer is possible at less than 2000 V △: Transfer is possible at 2000 to 4000 V ×: A bias of 4000 V or more is required The roller hardness is measured at three locations in the axial direction and four locations in the circumferential direction using a JISA hardness tester, and the average value of a total of 12 data points is used.

Next, the toner 106 used in the present invention will be described in detail. As the toner used in the present invention, a magnetic or non-magnetic toner having a volume average particle diameter of 5 to 20 μm prepared by a general kneading and pulverizing method, a spray drying method, or a polymerization method can be used. The particle diameter of the toner 106 is 20
If it exceeds μm, the resolution of the image is reduced, and if it is less than 5 μm, the probability of the toner 106 slipping through the cleaning means for cleaning the transfer residual toner increases, which is not preferable. A more preferred particle size range is 7-14 μm.

The specific toner composition is shown below.

Polyester resin 88 wt% Polypropylene wax 5 wt% Charge control agent 1 wt% Carbon black 6 wt% Using the raw material having the above composition, the mixture is kneaded with a screw extruder and coarsely pulverized. Next, the mixture was finely pulverized with a jet pulverizer and classified to prepare toner base particles having a volume average particle size of 9 μm.

Next, using a Henschel mixer, external additives having different average particle sizes (13 nm and 40 nm, a particle size ratio of 3.0) were used.
8) were contained on the surfaces of the toner base particles in predetermined amounts (0 to 1.5 wt%) to prepare toners. The surface treatment method of the external additive will be described below.

Surface treatment A: large particle size external additive (40 nm),
Dimethylsilicone oil was surface-treated on dry silica together with a small particle size external additive (13 nm). The hydrophobicity of the external additive was 60% or more.

Surface treatment B: Both the large particle size external additive and the small particle size external additive were surface treated with hexamethyldisilazane.
The hydrophobicity of the external additive was 50 to 60%. Surface treatment B
The physical properties of the toner prepared by the above process were the same as those of the toner prepared by the surface treatment A except that the apparent density was good.

Surface treatment C: The large particle size external additive was surface treated with dimethyl silicone oil and the small particle size external additive was treated with hexamethyldisilazane. The physical properties of the toner prepared by the surface treatment C were the same as those of the toner prepared by the surface treatment A except that the fluidity was slightly better.

The loose apparent density of the toner was measured using a powder tester manufactured by Hosokawa Micron.

Table 2 shows the results obtained by performing a transfer test on an OHP film using the contact transfer device of the present invention and evaluating the level of hollowing out. The loose apparent density of each toner is also shown. It is said that the OHP film is liable to cause the hollowing-out phenomenon among various types of objects to be transferred. The toner used was one treated with surface treatments A, B, and C. The amount of the external additive was fixed at 0.5 wt% of the large particle size external additive, and the amount of the small particle size external additive was 0 to 0%.
It was changed at 0.5 wt%. Transfer roller hardness is JISA
The thing of 20 degrees was used. The evaluation criteria were as follows, and a level higher than the allowable level was set as an allowable level.

[0025]

[Table 2] Level: There are no voids.

Level: There is some hollowing out, but it is completely unclear when OHP is used.

Level: There is a hollow area, which is slightly recognized when OHP is used, but does not cause any practical problem.

Level: There is a void, which is a problem when OHP is used.

Level: Omission may occur even when an object other than the OHP is used. From this result, it was found that the level of hollowing out was different depending on the surface treatment method of the external additive to be added even with the same amount of the external additive. However, there is a correlation between the parameter of loose apparent density and the hollow level, and with the transfer roller having a hardness of 20 degrees used in this evaluation, the toner of any surface treatment exceeds 0.37 g / cc from the allowable level. It turned out to be. In addition, the use of external additives surface-treated with hexamethyldisilazane (surface treatments B and C in this example) can secure a large loose apparent density with a small amount of external additives, and is particularly effective as a countermeasure against hollowing out. I understand. It is considered that the larger the loose apparent density, the smaller the adhesion between toners and the smaller the adhesion between the toner and the latent image carrier, so that it becomes more difficult to cause hollowing out.

FIG. 3 is a result showing that the same level of hollowness is evaluated by using the roller hardness (JISA) and the loose apparent density as parameters, and points at which the level (practicable range) is reached. Assuming that the apparent loose density of the toner is R (g / cc) and the transfer roller hardness (JISA) is H, R ≧ 0.350 + 0.00
It was found that it was necessary to set the loose apparent density of the toner and the transfer roller hardness in a relationship of 1 × H. It is conceivable that the surface pressure increases as the roller becomes harder, which is a cause of the hollow defect.

FIG. 4 shows the difference in optical density between the initial state and the initial state after using the contact transfer device shown in FIG. All are the results of evaluation. The evaluation criteria were as follows.

：: Practically practical with an optical density difference of 0.15 or less Δ: 実 用 Practical at 0.15 to 0.3 ×: 実 用 Practical at 0.3 or more Test conditions Transfer roller; resistance 10 ⁸ Ω, Hardness JISA 20 degree Transfer power supply; 2 μA constant current power supply (output maximum voltage 2000
V) As is clear from FIG. 4, a practically usable region exists when the total of the large particle size external additive and the small particle size external additive is 0.5 wt% or more. More preferably, the total amount is 0.7 wt% or more and the amount of the large particle size external additive is 0.3 wt% or more. The same evaluation was performed for the surface treatments B and C.
It was equivalent to a toner. The larger the amount of the external additive, especially the larger the amount of the external additive added, the smaller the difference in the density change due to durability tends to be because the external additive is hard to be embedded in the resin base particles. It is thought that it is. FIG. 5 shows a toner obtained by externally adding only 0.3 wt% of a small particle size external additive, 0.5 wt% of a large particle size external additive, 0.5 wt% of a small particle size external additive, and a total amount of 1.%.
In a low-temperature and low-humidity environment (10 ° C., 15% RH, hereinafter referred to as LL environment) and a high-temperature, high-humidity environment (35 ° C., 65% RH, hereinafter referred to as HH environment) after 10,000 sheets of toner with 0 wt% externally added. Transfer efficiency. The transfer efficiency was calculated by the following equation.

[0033]

## EQU1 ## Transfer efficiency = [{(toner amount on latent image carrier before transfer)-(remaining toner amount on latent image carrier after transfer)} (toner amount on latent image carrier before transfer)] × 100 ( 5) It has been found from FIG. 5 that the toner added with only 0.3 wt% of the small particle size external additive is difficult to transfer with a constant current power supply because the transfer efficiency peak after 10,000 sheets durability varies depending on the environment. In addition, as a result of observing each toner after the endurance with a 10,000 times SEM photograph, the toner having 0.3 wt% of only the small particle size external additive has the external additive buried completely and the surface is exposed. ,
It was observed that the adhesion state of the external additive of the toner to which the large particle size external additive was added at 0.5 wt% was almost the same as the initial state. From FIG. 5 and the observation result of the SEM photograph of the durable toner, the transfer efficiency of the toner in which the external additive is embedded is remarkably reduced, and the current value at which the transfer efficiency peaks varies depending on the environment. ATVC
It turned out that complicated control such as control was necessary. When the external additive is embedded, the transfer efficiency decreases because the mechanical adhesion between the latent image carrier 101 and the toner increases, and
It is considered that the transfer to 7 is difficult. On the other hand, the toner to which an appropriate amount of the large particle size external additive is added can transfer by constant current control since the state of the external additive adhered is almost the same as the initial state.

FIG. 6 shows the results of evaluating the relationship between the amount of fog on the latent image carrier 101 and the amounts of the large particle size external additive and the small particle size external additive using the surface-treated A toner. The fog must be less than a certain value because it causes stains on the back of the paper. The evaluation criteria were as follows.

[0035]

TABLE 3 ○: sufficiently practical in the amount of fog on the latent image bearing member 0.03 mg / cm ² or less △: 〃 0.03~0.04mg / cm ² in practical ×: 〃 0.04 mg / cm ^When the total amount of the external additives was larger, the result was worse for fogging. Therefore, focusing on the surface coverage (γ) of the external additive, FIG.
As a result of showing a line in which the surface coverage γ is 2.0,
It was found that there was a high correlation between the practicable area and the surface coverage. FIG. 7 is a result similarly showing the relationship between the surface treatment B toner and fog. The fogging good area was narrower than that of the surface-treated A toner, and it was good when the surface coverage γ was 1.6 or less.

From the results shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, it was found that there was a correlation between the surface coverage (γ) and the fog, and that the good area was different depending on the material to be surface-treated. The surface-treated A toner has a good fog area of γ2.0 or less, the surface-treated B toner has γ1.6 or less, and the surface-treated C toner has γ1.8 or less. The effect of such a change in the good fogging region depending on the material for surface treatment of the external additive is not clear, but it is considered that the chargeability of the toner differs depending on the hydrophobicity of the external additive. The surface coverage (γ) was calculated by the following equation, assuming that the external additive and the toner base particles were spherical and that the external additive was not aggregated. Here, the sum Σ is obtained for the two types of external additives i (1,2) having different average particle diameters as described above.

[0037]

## EQU2 ## Surface coverage (γ) = Σ (1 / π · R / ri · ρ)
/ Ρi · Wi / 100) where R: radius of toner base particles (m), ri: radius of external additive i (m) ρ: density of toner base particles (kg / m ³ ), ρi: external additive density of i (kg / m ³ ) Wi; amount of external additive (wt.
%) As described above, it is necessary to optimize the loose apparent density of the toner and the hardness of the transfer roller in order to provide a contact transfer device that does not cause hollowing out, and secure a stable density through durability. To do so, the total amount of at least two or more external additives having different particle sizes is 0.5 wt% or more,
Preferably, the amount of the external additive having the largest average particle size among the external additives to be added is 0.7 wt% or more, and the amount of fog is 0.3 wt% or more. It has been clarified that the maximum value of the surface coverage of the external additive that can be added is different because it needs to be optimized, and that the resistance value range of the transfer member is limited.

The toner composition used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and a general composition can be used. For example, binding resins include polystyrene and copolymers, polyesters and copolymers thereof, polyethylene and copolymers thereof, epoxy resins, silicone resins, polypropylene and copolymers thereof, fluorine resins, polyamide resins, and polyvinyl alcohol. A resin, a polyurethane resin, a polyvinyl butyral resin, or the like can be used alone or as a blend of two or more. As the colorant, a black dye or pigment such as carbon black, spirit black, or nigrosine is used. For color, phthalocyanine, rhodamine B
Dyes such as lake, Solar Pure Yellow 8G, quinacridone, polytungstophosphoric acid, indasulene blue, and sulfonamide derivatives can be used. Furthermore,
As a dispersant, metal soap, polyethylene glycol and the like, and as a charge control agent, an electron-accepting organic complex, chlorinated polyester, nitrophenic acid, a quaternary ammonium salt, a pyridinyl salt, and the like can be added. Also,
Polypropylene wax, polyethylene wax or the like can be added as a release agent. Further, as other additives, zinc stearate, zinc oxide, cerium oxide and the like can be used.

Various kinds of external additives can be used for the transfer device of the present invention. For example, inorganic fine particles such as metal oxides such as silica, alumina and titanium oxide, and composite oxides thereof. Further, organic fine particles such as acrylic fine particles can be used.

As the surface treatment agent for the external additive in the transfer device of the present invention, a silane coupling agent, a titanate coupling agent, a fluorine-containing silane coupling agent, a silicone oil, or the like can be used. The hydrophobicity of the external additive treated with the above treating agent is preferably 40% or more as measured by a conventional methanol method. If it is less than this, the triboelectric charge is undesirably reduced due to the adsorption of moisture under high temperature and high humidity. The largest particle size of the external additive is preferably 30 nm or more. If it is lower than this, the external additive is likely to be embedded, which is not preferable because the transfer efficiency lowers and the density decreases. Further, it is preferable that the ratio of the external additive having the largest average particle size to the external additive having the smallest average particle size among several kinds of external additives to be added is 2.0 or more. If it is less than 2.0, the loose apparent density of the toner becomes small, so that it is difficult to obtain a toner having excellent fluidity, and it is easy to cause hollowing out.

In the present embodiment, the transfer roller 104 has been described as a transfer member.
It is also possible to use a rotatable member such as a belt or a fixed member such as a blade. However, a rotatable transfer member is desirable in order to stably convey the transfer object and obtain a high-quality image.

As the transfer member used in the present invention, in addition to the elastic foam roller described in the embodiment, a single-layer elastic conductive roller using a conductive foam with a skin, a bleeding prevention layer, a resistance adjusting layer, Of course, the same effect can be obtained by using a multilayer elastic conductive roller provided with a protective layer and the like.
Further, it is desirable that the change in resistance value with respect to the energizing time of the transfer member and the applied current (or current density) be as small as possible. If the change in resistance value due to the energization time is large, image deterioration due to a change in transfer efficiency during printing is repeated is not preferable. Further, if the resistance value change with respect to the applied current is large, the current is further concentrated on the low-resistance portion where the transfer member and the latent image carrier in the transfer nip are in direct contact, and the latent image carrier becomes opposite in polarity (in this embodiment, (Positive), which is not preferred because ghosts due to the image memory are likely to occur during the next image formation.

It is needless to say that the transfer apparatus of the present invention is preferably used in combination with a conventional roller resistance detecting means (ATVC control).

[0044]

As described above, according to the first aspect of the present invention, since the hardness of the transfer member and the apparent density of loose toner are optimized, it is possible to provide a contact transfer device which does not cause hollowing.

According to the second and third aspects of the present invention, by optimizing the addition amount of at least two or more kinds of external additives having different average particle diameters, the durability and the transfer efficiency through the environment are stabilized, so that the density is reduced. It is possible to provide a high-quality contact transfer device that does not generate.

According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, the surface transfer ratio of the external additive to the resin base particles is optimized for each surface treating agent of the external additive, so that the occurrence of fogging is suppressed, and the contact transfer apparatus free of paper back stains. Can be provided.

According to the fifth aspect of the present invention, by optimizing the lower limit of the resistance value of the transfer member, it is possible to provide a contact transfer device free from ghost by an image memory and stains on the back of the paper due to stains on the transfer member. it can. Further, by optimizing the upper limit of the resistance value of the transfer member, the maximum value of the output voltage can be set low, and a low-cost and compact contact transfer device can be provided.

According to the sixth aspect of the present invention, since the transfer efficiency is stabilized through the environment and durability, the conventionally required AT
Means for controlling the VC and detecting the width, resistance, and the like of the transfer object are not required, so that a simple constant current power supply can be used, and a low-cost contact transfer device can be provided.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a contact transfer device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a method for measuring the resistance of a roller.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a loose apparent density of toner, hardness of a transfer roller, and a good hollow area.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the evaluation results after 10,000 sheets of durability using the large particle size external additive amount and the small particle size external additive amount as parameters.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating transfer efficiency in an LL environment and an HH environment after 10,000 sheets have been used.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the amount of fogging of a surface-treated A toner on a latent image carrier, the amount of a large particle size external additive, and the amount of a small particle size external additive.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the amount of fogging of the surface-treated B toner on the latent image carrier, the amount of the large particle size external additive, and the amount of the small particle size external additive.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 101 Latent image carrier 104 Transfer roller 105 Constant current power supply 106 Toner 107 Transfer receiving body

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. A toner in which a bias is applied to a transfer member by means of applying a bias, and at least two types of external additives having different average particle diameters on a latent image carrier are externally added to and mixed with resin base particles of the toner. In the contact transfer device for transferring the toner to a transfer target, when the loose apparent density of the toner is R (g / cc) and the transfer member hardness (JISA) is H, the relationship is R ≧ 0.350 + 0.001 × H. A contact transfer device characterized by satisfying the following. 2. The contact transfer device according to claim 1, wherein a total amount of an external additive externally added to the toner with respect to the resin base particles is 0.5 wt% or more. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of the external additives added to the toner with respect to the resin base particles is 0.7 wt% or more, and the external additives having the largest average particle diameter among the external additives to be added are added to the resin base particles. 3. The contact transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the amount is 0.3 wt% or more. 4. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the surface treatment agent of the external additive of the toner is silicone oil, and the surface coverage of the external additive to the resin base particles is 2.0 or less. The contact transfer device as described in the above. 5. The transfer member has a resistance value of 10 ⁶ to 10 ^9.
The contact transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the contact transfer device is Ω. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the means for applying a bias to the transfer member is a constant current power supply.
Or the contact transfer device according to 3.