ITRM20100011A1 - PROCEDURE FOR THE DISGREGATION OF WASTE MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BY PLANED FLUID JETS IN ORDER TO SEPARATE AND RECOVER THE CONSTITUENT MATERIALS OF THESE COMPOSITE MATERIALS, AND ITS APPARATUS FOR ITS REALIZATION. - Google Patents

Description

PROCEDURE FOR THE DISGREGATION OF WASTE CONSISTING OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BY JETS OF FLUID FLUID IN ORDER TO SEPARATE AND RECOVER THE MATERIALS CONSTITUTING THE SAID COMPOSITE MATERIALS, AND APPARATUS FOR ITS REALIZATION.

The present invention relates to a process for the disintegration of waste constituted by composite materials by means of one or more flat fluid jets for separating and recovering the constituent materials of said composite materials, and an apparatus for carrying out this process.

In particular, said flat fluid jets are high pressure fluid jets, that is higher than 20 MPa, which are generated by known or specially made nozzles.

Flat fluid jets are characterized by a section in which one dimension is much larger than the other and can be of different types, for example linear, as in the case of blade-type jets, or having an elliptical section plus or less flattened as in the case of fan jets.

Advantageously, by means of this process it is possible to recycle the constituents of the composite materials since the latter, for the purposes of the present invention, are characterized by a non-homogeneous structure which is formed by the set of two or more different substances, which are physically separated by an interface and endowed with consistent different physical and chemical properties that remain separate and distinct both at a macroscopic and structural level.

Currently, various processes are known for the disintegration of waste constituted by composite materials.

The known techniques are generally based on mechanical fragmentation and / or comminution.

The mechanical crushing takes place through a plurality of granulator mills, pulverizers and, if it is necessary to obtain a comminution, the addition of micronizers allows to obtain a product of sufficiently small size to allow the complete release and subsequent separation of the constituent materials. .

There are already some applications based on fragmentation and / or comminution by means of high pressure rotating water jets (with pressure higher than 250 Mpa) which are generated by means of circular section nozzles mounted on a rotating head.

However, these applications are aimed at the treatment of urban and industrial solid waste of organic, inorganic, elastomeric and plastic origin, to be sent to landfills and incinerators.

However, each of the above techniques has several disadvantages which reduce their market interest.

A disadvantage is that mechanical crushing requires considerable consumption of the fragmentation media.

A further disadvantage, consequence of the previous one, is that a crushing and / or an indistinct comminution of the various constituents does not allow to reach a sufficient degree of physical separation. In fact, it is possible to obtain products that do not always meet the needs of subsequent recycling operations, both due to inadequate dimensional characteristics and an insufficient degree of separation.

On the other hand, the application of high pressure water jet technology through rotating heads involves a number of disadvantages.

A disadvantage is due to the need to use high pressure pressurization systems, generally a pressure higher than 250 MPa, with the consequent high purchase and maintenance costs.

A further disadvantage is the difficulty in handling the system.

Other techniques are also known based on the use of fluid jets which can also be flat. However, these techniques are not used for the breakdown of waste made of composite materials.

For example, flat fluid jets are used for cleaning and surface treatment operations of materials, where said flat fluid jets are pulsating and the materials treated are in particular stone materials.

The purpose of the present invention is to overcome said disadvantages, providing a process for the disintegration of waste consisting of composite materials by means of one or more flat fluid jets which allows the constituents of said composite materials to be separated and subsequently recovered, as well as an apparatus for its realization.

These and other results are obtained, according to the present invention, by proposing a process in which one or more plane fluid jets are provided which are emitted by a corresponding nozzle against a volume of composite material to be disintegrated and are positioned in such a way that each jet of plane fluid strikes at least one surface of said volume, thus subjecting said surface to the erosive action of each jet of fluid, at the same time carrying out, in order to break up the volume of interest, totally or partially, at least one step of scanning the surface of said volume and / or of said surface.

Therefore, the specific object of the present invention is a process for the disintegration of a volume of waste consisting of composite materials, said volume having at least two opposite lateral surfaces, said process comprising the following steps:

A) providing at least a means, in correspondence with at least one surface of said volume, suitable for emitting a jet of flat fluid;

B) positioning said at least one means, so that each jet of plane fluid strikes said volume on said at least one surface;

C) activating and carrying out at least a partial or total scanning of said at least one surface of said volume, by means of said flat fluid jets, to break up said volume, partially or totally, subjecting said at least one surface to an erosive action caused by the impact of said fluid jets.

Further characteristics of the process of the present invention are described in the dependent claims 2 - 8.

The object of the present invention is also an apparatus for the disintegration of a volume of waste consisting of composite materials, said volume having at least two opposing lateral surfaces, said apparatus comprising at least one nozzle, said at least one nozzle being able to emit a corresponding jet of flat fluid on at least one surface of said volume; said apparatus further comprising movement means for said at least one nozzle and / or movement means for said volume.

Further characteristics of the apparatus according to the invention are described in the dependent claims 9 - 15.

The present invention will now be described, for illustrative but not limitative purposes, according to a preferred embodiment thereof, with particular reference to the attached figures, in which:

Figure 1 schematically shows an embodiment of an apparatus for the disintegration of waste constituted by composite materials for the separation and recovery of the constituent materials of said composite materials, object of the invention.

The process for the disintegration of a volume 3 made up of composite material by means of one or more jets of fluid 6 comprises the following steps:

A) providing at least one nozzle 5, in correspondence with at least one surface 3â € ™ of said volume, capable of emitting a jet of fluid 6 flat;

B) positioning said at least one nozzle 5, so that each plane fluid jet 6 strikes said volume 3 on said at least one surface 3 ';

C) activating and carrying out at least a partial or total scan of said at least one surface 3â € ™ of said volume 3, by means of said 6 plane fluid jets, to break up said volume 3, partially or totally, subjecting said at least one surface 3 <1> to an erosive action caused by the impact of said jets of fluid 6.

Each of said nozzles 5 is housed in a respective nozzle holder head 4 adjustable in position.

Each of said nozzles can be fixed or adjustable with respect to the nozzle holder head 4.

The 6-plane fluid jets can be of different types according to the nozzles 5 that are used. In fact, the nozzles 5 can have different sections with different widths and thicknesses. As the width increases, a jet of fluid 6 is obtained having a shape such as to affect a greater impact area with a lower erosion capacity. This is useful for the disintegration of materials having one of the constituents particularly weak mechanically, as for example in the case of the binder compared to the reinforcement iron and the aggregate in the processing of concrete rubble coming from civil demolitions.

In a variant (not shown in the figures), it is possible to provide for housing a plurality of nozzles 5 in a single nozzle holder head 4.

The partial or total scanning phase (phase C)) of the surface 3 'of said volume 3, can take place in various ways, by moving the nozzle holder heads 4 and / or the volume 3 to be broken up.

In a first alternative not shown in the figures, it is envisaged that the volume 3 to be disintegrated is stationary and that the nozzle-holder heads 4 are moved horizontally with respect to said volume 3, so as to affect the surface 3 'from one end to the 'other and subsequently in the vertical direction so that the trajectory of the jets of fluid 6 planes is changed to affect a surface 3' different from the one previously scanned.

In a second alternative, corresponding to the embodiment illustrated in the figures, unlike the first alternative, the volume 3 to be disintegrated is moved in a horizontal direction.

In a third alternative not shown in the figures, the scanning step (step C)) provides that the nozzle-holder heads 4 are moved in a horizontal direction with respect to the volume 3 to be disintegrated, and that the latter is moved in a vertical direction.

In a fourth alternative not shown in the figures, unlike the third alternative, the scanning phase (phase C)) provides that the volume 3 to be disrupted is also moved in a horizontal direction.

In a fifth alternative, not shown in the figures, it is envisaged that the volume 3 to be disintegrated is moved in the horizontal direction, and that the nozzle-holder heads 4 are moved in the vertical direction.

In a sixth alternative embodiment, not shown in the figures, the nozzle-holder heads 4 are stationary and the volume 3 to be disrupted is moved both horizontally and vertically.

In a seventh alternative embodiment not shown in the figures, unlike the sixth alternative, the nozzle-holder heads 4 are moved both horizontally and vertically.

Therefore, the scanning of the volume 3 to be disrupted can take place with linear or curvilinear, parallel or crossed scans or according to Greek or zig-zag patterns, characterized by an interdistance generally greater than the treatment thickness of the single scan, in order to maximize the quantity of material disintegrated in the unit of time and obtain a selective disintegration of the constituents, making the subsequent separation of the components easier.

The product resulting from the process described up to now is a heterogeneous mixture of more resistant elements, which often maintain the shape and dimensions they had in the original material in the aggregate state, and of less resistant elements, generally reduced to more or less fine dimensions, the latter can be easily separated and recovered in a subsequent process, exploiting the differences in density, shape, size, electrical or magnetic characteristics, wettability, adhesiveness, etc.

In the embodiment that is described, the volume 3 to be disintegrated has a three-dimensional shape with a prevalently flat extension, for example it is a plate.

In said embodiment, step B) comprises positioning at least one nozzle 5 in correspondence with each of the surfaces 3 'of said volume, in a mutually opposite position so that their jets of fluid 6 hit opposite surfaces 3' of the volume 3 to be break up. Again in said phase B), it is possible to provide, in correspondence with each surface 3 ', a plurality of nozzles 5.

Therefore, it is possible to provide one or more pairs of opposed nozzles 5 so that the plane jets of fluid 6 emitted by the nozzles 5 of each pair hit opposite surfaces 3 'of said volume 3.

In this way, the opposite surfaces 3 'of said volume 3 are simultaneously subjected to the erosive action of the jets of fluid 6 emitted by the nozzles 5 of each pair.

Advantageously, if the material to be disintegrated has a three-dimensional shape with a predominantly flat extension, the use of jets of fluid 6 opposite planes allows to act simultaneously on two opposite surfaces 3 'of said material, so that even if one of the two jets of fluid 6 encounters a resistant layer, the jet of fluid 6 opposite hits the layer below said resistant layer, thus avoiding the shielding of the more resistant layer.

This embodiment is particularly used in the case in which the volume to be disintegrated consists of composite materials with a stratified structure, such as for example vehicle tires.

According to the invention, the process can provide for a regulation step of at least one of the following operating parameters:

positioning parameters of the nozzles 5 with respect to the volume 3 to be disrupted,

- fluid-dynamic parameters for each plane fluid jet 6 emitted by a corresponding nozzle 5, movement parameters of the nozzles 5 with respect to the volume 3 of the material to be disintegrated.

The positioning parameters can include: - the distance between the nozzles 5 and the volume 3 to be disrupted or so-called "stand-off distance", measured along the axis of the fluid jets 6;

- the angle of inclination of the axis of each of said fluid jets 6 with respect to the volume 3 to be disintegrated.

The stand-off distance is preferably between 5mm and 150mm.

The angle of inclination of the axis of each jet of fluid 6 defines the portion of the surface 3 'of the volume 3 to be disintegrated; thus obtaining that as this angle of inclination decreases, the impact area is greater and the disintegration effect lower, therefore an action that is superficially more extensive but less profound, and vice versa.

It is preferable that the angle of inclination is between 30 ° and 90 °.

The fluid dynamic parameters may include; - the average pressure;

- the equivalent diameter of the nozzles 5; and further

- the flow rate of the fluid (l / m);

- hydraulic power (kw).

The use of a low average pressure (less than or equal to 50 MPa) is suitable for the disintegration of composite materials with soft constituents, while a high average pressure (greater than 50 MPa) is suitable for the disintegration of composite materials with more tenacious constituents.

The average pressure is preferably between 20 - 200 MPa.

The equivalent diameter of the nozzles 5 makes it possible to determine, at the same pressure, the flow rate of the fluid flow of the 6-plane jets and to define the impact area on the volume 3 to be broken up.

It is preferable that said equivalent diameter of the nozzles 5 is between 0.5mm and 3.5mm.

The flow rate and the hydraulic power are considered secondary parameters as they depend on the combination of the parameters relating to the average pressure and the equivalent diameter of the nozzles 5 that are used.

The values of the flow rate and of the hydraulic power are preferably comprised, for the individual nozzles 5, respectively between 5 and 150 l / min and between 2 and 125 kw. The movement parameters of the nozzles 5 can include:

- the speed of translation of the nozzles 5.

This translation speed can be constant or variable, in relation to the thickness and / or the characteristics of the volume 3 of the material to be broken up.

Said translation speed is preferably comprised between 0.1 and 40.0 m / min.

Other variable operating parameters are the type of nozzles 5, the number of nozzles 5, and the possible type of movement of the nozzles 5.

Each of these parameters can be varied according to the material of volume 3 to be disintegrated, the type of disintegration to be obtained and the productivity to be achieved, understood as the quantity of material disintegrated in the unit of time.

In particular, as already mentioned, although the optimal range for the stand-off distance is 5mm -150mm, said stand-off distance can vary according to the adjustment of other parameters, such as average pressure and flow rate.

In general, with the same adjustment of other parameters, as the stand-off distance increases, the depth of erosive action of the jet of flat fluid 6 decreases and produces a more homogeneous effect (it is distributed over a greater area due to the opening of the casting and the loss of cohesion of said casting) suitable for working on relatively soft materials, while in the case of materials with high mechanical characteristics, lower stand-off distances are preferable.

An important parameter for obtaining selective disintegration is the average pressure.

In fact, other parameters being equal, as the average pressure increases, the erosive capacity obtained increases to the detriment of the selectivity of the disintegration. Correspondingly, an increase in the mean pressure also leads to an increase in the effective stand-off distance.

To obtain a selective disintegration of a volume 3 made up of composite materials characterized by the presence of constituents with low mechanical resistance, it is advisable to operate at relatively low pressures (about 30 MPa), while to obtain selectivity effects on composite materials with resistant components à ̈ it is necessary to adopt higher pressures.

Another important parameter is the equivalent diameter of the nozzles 5 which determines, with the same average pressure, the flow rate of the fluid jet and therefore defines the impact area on the volume 3 to be broken up.

To increase this impact area, and therefore to obtain greater productivity, and therefore a greater volume broken up in the unit of time, it is better to operate with larger equivalent diameters.

The fluid flow rate and the hydraulic power are determined by the adopted values of average pressure and equivalent diameter and the lower and upper limits of their range of variation correspond respectively to combinations of average pressure and minimum and maximum equivalent diameter.

As regards the hydraulic power of each jet of fluid 6, its value is chosen according to the material to be disintegrated and a special pressurization unit 7 is provided as a function of this value. Therefore, said pressurization unit 7 influences the costs processing in addition to productivity.

The inclination of each axis of the flat fluid jets 6 with respect to the volume 3 determines, with the same parameters as other parameters, the extension of the impact area. This impact area is minimal (Amin) in the case of a jet of fluid perpendicular to the external surface of the volume to be disintegrated (angle = 90 °), while it increases as the angle decreases (A = Amin / sine of the angle).

In the latter case, the impact area does not have a symmetrical distribution of pressures. In fact, the pressures are higher in the part of the fluid jet 6 which affects the volume 3 at a shorter distance than the nozzle 5.

As the angle of inclination decreases, a greater impact area and a lower erosive effect are obtained, with an extended but not homogeneous action area, which can have a particular value in the case of laminar structure materials.

A further important parameter for obtaining a selective disintegration of composite materials is the translation speed of each jet of flat fluid 6 with respect to the volume 3 to be disintegrated.

As the translation speed of the fluid jet 6 increases, the erosion depth is reduced, thus obtaining a disintegration which is maintained at lower depths.

According to the invention, the fluid can be water or carbon dioxide in the liquid state.

It is also possible to provide a mixture of water and additives of various kinds or a mixture of water and an abrasive suspension composed of water and sand of abrasive materials of various kinds, in the presence or absence of air inside each of the jets. of fluid 6. Various additives can also be added to said mixture of water and abrasive suspension.

With reference to Figure 1, in the embodiment that is described, an apparatus 1 is provided for breaking up a volume 3 consisting of composite materials which comprises one or more nozzles 5 suitable for emitting a corresponding jet of fluid 6 that hits said volume 3 on at least one 3 'surface thereof.

In order to partially or totally break up the volume 3 by means of said 6-plane fluid jets, a partial or total scanning of said at least one surface 3 'of said volume 3 is carried out.

As previously described, the scanning can take place in various ways, by moving the nozzle holder heads 4 and / or the volume 3. The movement of said nozzle holder heads and / or of said volume 3 can take place in a horizontal and / or vertical direction.

Therefore, the apparatus comprises handling means 2 for said nozzle-holder heads 4 and / or handling means 8 for said volume 3.

In the embodiment described, the apparatus comprises both handling means 8 for moving the nozzle-holder heads 4 in the horizontal and / or vertical direction, and handling means 2 for moving the volume 3 horizontally and / or vertically.

The speed of translation of said volume 3 in the horizontal and / or vertical direction by means of the handling means 2 is a parameter which is adjusted according to requirements.

In order to regulate the pressure of the fluid emitted by the nozzles 5, the apparatus 1 comprises a pressurization unit 7 adapted to be connected to said nozzle-holder heads 4.

In the embodiment that is described, at least a pair of opposed nozzles 5 is provided so that the jets of fluid 6 planes of each pair hit opposite surfaces 3 'of said volume 3, where each nozzle 5 is housed in a corresponding carrying head - nozzle 4 adjustable in position, ed. the volume 3 to be broken up is a slab.

In this way, the opposite surfaces 3 'of said plate are subjected to the erosive action of the jets of fluid 6 of each pair.

In light of the above, the erosion action caused by the 6-plane fluid jets on the volume 3 to be disintegrated differs according to the different constituents of the composite material of which said volume 3 is composed and the adjustment parameters chosen for said jets of fluid 6 planes.

This erosion action preferably acts on the relatively less tenacious constituents, leaving the more tenacious ones substantially intact, so as to allow the release and subsequent separation of the constituents themselves.

The dynamic action of the 6-plane fluid jets induces on the material to be broken up a distribution of stress which produces different effects according to the mechanical characteristics of the constituents of said material.

The breaking of the material occurs due to phenomena related to the exceeding of the limit value of compressive or tensile or shear strength of one or more of the constituents that are mechanically weaker, by operating on the more resistant constituents a deep washing action.

In this way, the result of the process is a more or less selective separation of the constituents of the composite material which determines a product having dimensions that can be corrected, for each material to be broken up, to the characteristics of resistance of the material itself to the action of the jets of fluid 6 floors.

As already mentioned, the use of 6-plane fluid jets is particularly effective for composite materials which generally have a structure characterized by discontinuities resulting from its heterogeneous composition. The effect of the tensile and shear stress distributions together with that of the compressive stress distribution depends on the characteristics of the material to be disintegrated and is different according to the layer of the material that is subjected to the action of the jets of fluid 6 plans. This effect is amplified for materials characterized by very different elastic modules.

The rupture is triggered at points where the limit resistance value is exceeded and also develops due to a sort of wedge effect generated by the pressurized fluid until the separation surfaces between different materials are reached.

The break normally proceeds along the separation surface, often leaving the most resistant material intact, and carrying out the expected separation.

The ability offered by the 6-plane fluid jets to operate at lower pressures than those of the circular section fluid jets, which essentially depends on the areal distribution of energy (which in the circular section fluid jets is concentrated in the central area of the jet ), implies the possibility of increasing the fluid flow rate values, consequently increasing the volume of material that can be broken up in the unit of time.

A first advantage due to the use of flat fluid jets is the possibility of obtaining an optimal separation of the constituents, without the need to reduce the dimensions of each constituent in an undifferentiated way, for example in the case of disintegration of tires there is a reduction notable of rubbery materials without changing the size of the steel.

A second advantage related to the use of flat fluid jets for the disintegration of a material, compared to traditional jets, is that cracks are generated on said material mainly due to the shear resistance characteristics of the material itself, following a more effective distribution of the energy applied by the fluid to the material to be broken up.

A third advantage is given by the possibility of obtaining greater productivity, while working with lower pressures than those of small diameter rotating jets. In fact, the operating pressures of the flat fluid jets can be between a few tens and 200 MPa, more frequently less than 100 MPa, with the advantage of avoiding the efficiency limits found in said rotating jets. Productivity is of considerable importance not only from an economic point of view, as it affects the costs for obtaining said disintegrated material in an inversely proportional way, but also from the technical one, due to the ability to obtain greater quantities of disintegrated material. reduced economic costs and therefore of interest to the market.

A fourth advantage is given by the fact that the scanning of the material to be disintegrated by means of the flat fluid jets does not involve any rotation of parts, but simple translations of the nozzles and / or of the material to be disintegrated.

A further advantage is given by the large number of parameters that can be adjusted according to the physical and geometric characteristics of the material to be broken up and the result to be achieved. This allows to obtain completely recyclable products starting from the disintegration and separation of the constituents of the different types of composite materials.

Another advantage is that by means of the process of the present invention it is possible to break up materials, such as concrete, resins with glass wool, tires, etc. having characteristics such as to be difficult to disintegrate with known technologies.

Two examples of a process for obtaining a selective disintegration of waste materials made up of composite materials are reported below.

Example 1

The procedure for the selective disintegration of reinforced concrete into blocks is described below.

The disintegration was obtained by means of a plurality of repeated linear scans carried out by a flat jet generated by an elliptical section nozzle.

The parameters were the following:

â € ¢ Average pressure: 90 MPa, ·

â € ¢ Equivalent nozzle diameter: 3.00 mm;

â € ¢ Water flow: 120 l / min;

â € ¢ Hydraulic power: 180 kW;

â € ¢ Distance between nozzle and volume to be disrupted:

40 mm;

â € ¢ Angle between the axis of the fluid jet and the volume to be disintegrated: 90 °;

â € ¢ Linear movement speed of the fluid jet on the exposed surface of the volume to be broken up: 0.2 m / min.

The results obtained were the following:

â € ¢ Thickness of the treatment area per single pass: 30 mm;

â € ¢ Surface treated in the unit of time: 86.4 dm2 / h;

â € ¢ Productivity: 64.8 dm3 / h.

The processing product consists of the material deriving from the disintegration of crushed concrete rubble. In particular, the following constituents have differentiated:

- cementitious binder: finely disintegrated, inert stone: practically intact with some residual traces of binder,

reinforcement iron: intact and cleaned of the binder.

Example 2

The procedure for the selective disintegration of end-of-life tires (ELTs) is described below.

The disintegration was obtained by means of a plurality of repeated linear scans carried out by two opposing jets of fluid generated by elliptical section nozzles.

The parameters were the following:

â € ¢ Average pressure: 70 MPa;

â € ¢ Equivalent nozzle diameter: 1.60 mm;

â € ¢ Water flow: 70 l / min;

â € ¢ Hydraulic power: 80 kW;

â € ¢ Distance between nozzles and treated volume: 30 mm; â € ¢ Angle between jet axis and treated volume:

90 °;

â € ¢ Linear movement speed of the jet on the exposed surface of the treated volume: 6 m / min.

The results obtained were the following:

â € ¢ Thickness of the area to be broken up per single pass: 20 mm;

â € ¢ Surface treated in the unit of time: 600 dm2 / h;

â € ¢ Productivity (average thickness of ELTs approx. 2 cm):

120 dm3 / h;

The processing product consists of the material deriving from the disintegration of end-of-life tires; in particular, the following constituents have differentiated:

- rubber: finely broken up,

- textile: broken up in the form of filaments, - harmonic steel: intact and cleaned of the binder.

The present invention has been described for illustrative but not limitative purposes, according to its preferred embodiments, but it is understood that variations and / or modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without thereby departing from the relative scope of protection. as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (13)

CLAIMS 1. Process for the disintegration of a volume (3) of waste made up of composite materials, said volume (3) having at least two opposite lateral surfaces (3 '), said process comprising the following steps: A) providing at least a means (5), in correspondence with at least one surface (3 ') of said volume (3), capable of emitting a jet of fluid (6) flat; B) positioning said at least one means (5), so that each plane fluid jet (6) hits said volume (3) on said at least one surface (3 '); C) activating and carrying out at least a partial or total scan of said at least one surface (3 <1>) of said volume (3), by means of said flat fluid jets (6), to break up said volume (3), partially or totally, subjecting said at least one surface (3 <1>) to an erosive action caused by the impact of said jets of fluid (6); characterized by the fact that said step B) comprises positioning at least one means (5) for emitting the jet of fluid (6) plane in correspondence with each of said surfaces (3 ') opposite to the volume (3) to be disintegrated, in a mutually opposite position so that their jets of fluid (6) simultaneously strike said opposite surfaces (3 ') of said volume. 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the scanning step of said at least one surface (3 ') provides for the movement of said means (5) for the emission of the jet of fluid (6) plane and / or of said volume (3) to be disrupted, said movement of said means (5) and / or of said volume (3) taking place in a horizontal and / or vertical direction. 3. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of means (5) for issuing the jet of fluid (6) is provided at each surface (3 ') of said volume (3). 4. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is a step for regulating at least one of the following operating parameters: - positioning parameters of the means (5) of emission of the jet of fluid (6) flat with respect to the volume (3) to be disrupted, such as, but not exclusively, the distance between the means (5) and the volume (3) to be disrupted , measured along the axis of the fluid jets, and the angle of inclination of the axis of each of said fluid jets (6) with respect to the volume (3) to be disintegrated, - fluid dynamic parameters for each plane fluid jet (6), such as, but not limited to, the average pressure, the equivalent diameter of the emission means (5) of the plane fluid jet (6), and further the flow rate of the fluid (l / min) and hydraulic power (kW), - movement parameters of the means (5) for issuing the jet of fluid (6) flat with respect to the volume (3) to be disrupted, such as, but not exclusively, the translation speed of said means (5). 5. Process according to claim 4, characterized in that the stand-off distance is between 5mm and 150mm and that the angle of inclination is between 30 ° and 90 °, in which the average pressure is between 20 and 200 MPa, the equivalent diameter is between 0.5mm and 3.5mm, and the values of the flow rate and hydraulic power, for each medium (5) of emission of the fluid jet (6) flat, are comprised respectively between 5 and 150 l / min and between 2 and 125 kW, and by the fact that the movement parameters of the means (5) for issuing the jet of fluid (6) include the translation speed of said means (5) , in particular between 0.1 and 40.0 m / min. 6. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said at least one means (5) suitable for emitting a jet of fluid (6) plan are constituted by a nozzle, or by a plurality of nozzles (5), possibly housed / i in a nozzle holder head (4). 7. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said fluid is water or carbon dioxide in the liquid state or a mixture of water and various additives or a mixture of water and an abrasive suspension composed of water and sand abrasive materials of various kinds, including ice, in the presence or absence of air inside the fluid jet (6), with the possible addition of additives of various kinds. 8. Apparatus (1) for the disintegration of a volume (3) of waste made up of composite materials, said volume (3) having at least two opposite lateral surfaces (3 <1>), said apparatus (1) comprising at least one nozzle ( 5), said at least one nozzle (5) being able to emit a corresponding jet of fluid (6) flat on at least one surface (3 ') of said volume (3); said apparatus further comprising handling means (8) for said at least one nozzle {5) and / or handling means (2) for said volume (3), characterized by the fact that At least one nozzle is provided at each opposite surface (3 <1>) of said volume (3), so that the opposite surfaces {3 ') of said volume (3) are simultaneously subjected to the erosive action of the jets of fluid (6) emitted by said nozzles. 9. Apparatus according to claim 8 characterized by the fact that said moving means (8) move said at least one nozzle (5) in the horizontal and / or vertical direction, and by the fact that said further moving means (2) move said volume ( 3) in horizontal and / or vertical direction. 10. Apparatus according to one of claims 8 or 9, characterized in that a plurality of nozzles (5) is provided in correspondence with one or both of said surfaces (3 ') of said volume (3), so that their jets of fluid (6) strike opposite surfaces (3 ') of the volume (3) to be disintegrated. 11. Apparatus according to one of claims 8-10, characterized in that each nozzle (5) is housed in a nozzle holder head (4). Apparatus according to one of claims 8-10, characterized in that a plurality of nozzles (5) are housed in a single nozzle holder head (4). 13. Apparatus according to one of claims 8-12, characterized in that it comprises at least one pressurization unit (7) for regulating the pressure of each plane fluid jet (6).