ITMI20121925A1 - ELEMENT OF PROTECTION, COATING OR CONSOLIDATION FOR GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS, PROCEDURE FOR THE REALIZATION OF THE SAME AND USE OF A RETICULAR STRUCTURE FOR THE REALIZATION OF SUCH ITEM - Google Patents

Description

DESCRIPTION

â € œELEMENT OF PROTECTION, COATING OR CONSOLIDATION FOR GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS, PROCEDURE FOR THE REALIZATION OF THE SAME AND USE OF A NETWORK STRUCTURE FOR THE REALIZATION OF THIS ELEMENTâ €

FIELD OF THE TROVATO

The present invention relates to a protection, coating and / or consolidation element for geotechnical applications. The element object of the invention finds application in processes of reinforcement and / or protection and / or lining of soils, in particular for the protection of coastal areas, sea beds, banks or banks of rivers or lakes, from the erosion effect due to the action of water.

STATE OF THE ART

In geotechnical applications, such as ground reinforcement or protection, the use of metal or plastic nets is known, shaped in such a way as to define a space that is filled with stones or other granular material. In these applications, the net is essentially useful for containing and compacting the filling material, the latter allowing the protection and consolidation of the ground on which the filled net is laid.

In the first type, the networks are shaped like a â € œmattressâ € which is essentially made up of a parallelepiped-shaped metal or plastic mesh, normally thanks to the use of formwork. The net is filled with stones and subsequently closed thanks to the flap of one or more portions of the net itself. The â € œmattressesâ € are placed on the seabed or in correspondence of the banks to protect and consolidate the soil from erosive activities of seas and rivers, morphological changes in the terrain, climatic conditions, etc. Although widely used, the mattresses described above are relatively complex to manufacture with consequent production and installation costs.

A further typology of protection elements that are simpler to make involves the use of so-called â € œcagesâ € or â € œburgheâ € also made up of a metal or plastic mesh filled with stones. The cages, unlike the mattresses, have an elongated bag conformation with a substantially cylindrical shape. The cages are obtained starting from a flat, plastic or metal net, wrapped around itself and set up as a bag; by blocking the ends and the longitudinal edges of the net by means of ribbons or ropes, it is possible to define the bag which, before being completely closed, is filled with stones or other granular material.

The cages are, for example, placed on the seabed or in correspondence with the shores to protect and consolidate the soil from erosion and pushing activities of seas and rivers.

The protection cages or huts described above are not free from drawbacks and / or limitations.

In the case of wire mesh cages, a first problem is linked to the phase of formation of the "cage", typically carried out by weaving metal wires, and therefore more complex than the formation of a "cage" in plastic material.

A further limitation of the currently known `` cages '', both metal and plastic, is given by the inability to resist chemically aggressive environments such as sea water capable of altering the structure of the network and compromising its operation. Hence the need to cover the cages with a film of polyolefin material to prevent the hydrolysis process of the reticular structure. It is evident that the coating phase of the reticule structure complicates the process of making the network with a consequent increase in production costs.

Finally, known â € œcagesâ € have a poor containment capacity of the filling material: this condition depends on the need to make a longitudinal joint extending along the entire development of the cage. This junction, in addition to requiring a difficult and laborious processing with an increase in the cost of assembly, represents a weakening point of the reticular structure in which breakages of the mesh can occur.

PURPOSE OF THE FIND

The aim of the present invention is therefore to substantially solve one or more of the drawbacks and / or limitations of the previous solutions.

A first objective of the invention is to provide an element that is easy to manufacture and put into operation with a consequent reduction in production and labor costs.

A further purpose of the invention is to provide an element consisting of a reticular structure with excellent mechanical resistance in order to substantially guarantee the integrity of the reticular structure both in conditions of use and during the preparation phases. and positioning of the element.

A further objective of the invention is to make available a production process for the efficient realization of an element that can be used for geotechnical applications.

One or more of the objects described above and which will appear better in the course of the following description are substantially achieved by a protection, coating or consolidation element for geotechnical applications and by a process for its realization in accordance with one or more of the attached claims.

Aspects of the invention are described below.

In a 1st aspect there is a protection, lining or consolidation element (1) for use in geotechnical applications comprising:

> a reticular structure (2) in plastic material with a substantially tubular shape and monolithic conformation, said reticular structure (2) extending along a prevailing development trajectory (T) between a first and a second extremity (2a; 2b) axially opposed,

> at least a first and a second closure (5a; 5b) arranged respectively in correspondence with said first and second ends (2a; 2b) of the reticular structure (2) to define within the latter at least a housing compartment (6),

> a predetermined quantity of filling material (7) disposed inside the housing compartment (6) of the reticular structure (2).

In a 2nd aspect in accordance with the 1st aspect, the reticular structure (2) is formed in a single tubular body without longitudinal joints.

In a 3rd aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) has a plurality of first elements (3) spaced apart and extending along respective development lines, said reticular structure (2) comprising a plurality of seconds elements (4) also spaced apart and extending along respective development lines transversal to the development lines of the first elements (3), and in which said first and / or second elements (3; 4) extend transversely to the direction of prevailing development (T) of the reticular structure (2).

In a 4th aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, the development lines of the first elements (3) are substantially parallel to each other, and in which the development lines of the second elements (4) are substantially parallel to each other, called first elements (3) and said second elements (4) intersect at nodes (8) to form meshes (9) having a substantially rhomboidal shape.

In a 5th aspect, in accordance with the previous aspect, each of said rhomboidal meshes (9) has a diagonal aligned with the prevailing development trajectory (T).

In a 6th aspect in accordance with the 4th or 5th aspect at the first and second ends (2a; 2b) the links (9) have a more elongated shape than that of the links (9) arranged in correspondence with an intermediate portion (2c) interposed between the first and second ends (2a; 2b). In a 7th aspect in accordance with any of the aspects from the 3rd to the 6th, the second elements (4) have portions extending between consecutive nodes having a width, measured orthogonally to the development of the second elements (4), constant starting from a node to the next node.

In an 8th aspect in accordance with any of the 3rd to 7th aspects, the first elements (3) have portions extending between consecutive nodes having a width, measured orthogonally to the development of the second elements (3), constant starting from a node to the next node.

In a 9 ° in accordance with any of the aspects from the 4th to the 8th the element (1) comprises an internal lining element arranged inside the housing compartment (6) and interposed between the reticular structure (2) and the predetermined filling material (7), said internal lining element being configured to prevent the escape of the filling material (7) from the housing compartment (6) through the meshes (9) of the reticular structure (2) .

In a 10th aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, the internal covering element comprises an auxiliary reticular structure presenting a plurality of elements intersecting each other and which define meshes having a free passage section lower than a free section passage of the links (9) of the reticular structure (2).

In an 11th aspect in accordance with the 9th or 10th aspect, the internal covering element includes at least one selected from the group among: a monolithic reticular structure in plastic material, a fabric product.

In a 12th aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, each first and second closing body (5a; 5b) is perimetrically engaged to the reticular structure (2) and acts in constriction of a respective first and second end flap (10 11) of the reticular structure (2) defining a respective narrowing suitable to prevent the escape of the filling material (7) from the housing compartment (6).

In a 13th aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects at least one, in particular both, between said first and second closure body (5a; 5b) comprises an elongated body.

In a 14th aspect in accordance with the previous aspect at least one, in particular both, between said first and second closure body (5a; 5b) comprises a strap and / or a rope and / or a ribbon.

In a 15th aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure comprises at least one internal surface (12) delimiting the housing compartment (6) and at least one external surface (13) opposite said internal surface (12), and wherein at least a portion of the first and second closure bodies (5a; 5b) contacts at least a portion of the outer surface (13) of the reticular structure (2).

In a 16th aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, at least a portion of the first and / or second closure body (5 a; 5b) crosses at least one mesh (9) of the reticular structure and contacts at least a portion of the internal surface ( 12) of the reticular structure.

In a 17th aspect in accordance with the 15th or 16th aspect, the first and / or second closure body (5a; 5b) crosses a plurality of links (9) alternately contacting consecutive portions of the internal and external surface ( 12; 13) of the reticular structure (2).

In an 18th aspect in accordance with any one of the aspects from the 6th to the 17th the intermediate portion (2c), between said first and second ends (2a, 2b), has a cross section with a substantially constant profile along its entire length axial.

In a 19th aspect in accordance with any of the aspects from the 6th to the 18th the intermediate portion (2c) of the reticular structure (2) presents, according to a cross section to the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the reticular structure (2) , a shape with a substantially circular or elliptical profile.

In a 20 ° aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, the shape of the intermediate portion (2c) has a maximum radial dimension greater than 0.4 m.

In a 21 ° aspect in accordance with the 19 ° or 20 ° aspect, the shape of the intermediate portion (2c) has a maximum radial dimension greater than 0.5 m.

In a 22 ° aspect in accordance with the 19 ° or 20 ° or 21 ° aspect the shape of the intermediate portion (2c) has a maximum radial dimension greater than 0.6 m.

In a 23rd aspect in accordance with any one of the 6th to 22nd aspects, the intermediate portion (2c) extends axially for at least 60% of the overall axial extension of the reticular structure (2).

In a 24th aspect in accordance with any one of the 6th to 23rd aspects, the intermediate portion (2c) extends axially for at least 70% of the overall axial extension of the reticular structure (2).

In a 25th aspect in accordance with any of the 6th to 24th aspects, the intermediate portion (2c) extends axially for at least 80% of the overall axial extension of the reticular structure (2).

In a 26 ° aspect in agreement with any of the aspects from the 6 ° to the 25 ° the axial extension of the intermediate portion (2c) along the prevailing development trajectory (T) is greater than 2 m.

In a 27 ° aspect in agreement with any of the aspects from the 6 ° to the 26 ° the axial extension of the intermediate portion (2c) along the prevailing development trajectory (T) is greater than 3 m.

In a 28 ° aspect in agreement with any of the aspects from the 6 ° to the 27 ° the axial extension of the intermediate portion (2c) along the prevailing development trajectory (T) is greater than 3.5 m.

In a 29 ° aspect in accordance with any one of the 6 ° to 28 ° aspects in correspondence with the intermediate portion (2c), the cross section to the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the housing compartment (6) delimited by the reticular structure ( 2) has an area greater than 0.2 m <2>.

In a 30 ° aspect in accordance with any of the 6 ° to 29 ° aspects in correspondence with the intermediate portion (2c), the cross section to the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the housing compartment (6) delimited by the reticular structure ( 2) has an area greater than 0.25 m <2>.

In a 31 ° aspect in accordance with any of the 6 ° to 30 ° aspects in correspondence with the intermediate portion (2c), the cross section to the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the housing compartment (6) delimited by the reticular structure ( 2) has an area greater than 0.27 m <2>.

In a 32 ° aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) has a total weight greater than 1.5 kg.

In a 33 ° aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) has a total weight greater than 3 kg.

In a 34th aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) has a total weight greater than 4 kg.

In a 35th aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the filling material (7) substantially occupies the entire internal volume defined by the housing compartment (6).

In a 36th aspect in accordance with any of the foregoing aspects the filling material (7) comprises at least a plurality of discrete elements, for example stones or pebbles.

In a 37 ° aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, each discrete element has a minimum radial dimension greater than a free passage section of the links (9) of the reticular structure (2).

In a 38 ° aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) in plastic material is made of polyolefin polymer, optionally PP, HDPE,.

In a 39 ° aspect according to any one of the aspects the reticular structure (2) has a weight per unit of surface greater than 1700 g per m <2>, optionally between 2000 to 2500 g per m <2>.

In a 40 ° aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) has a specific tensile strength, along the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the reticular structure (2), higher than 4 KN / m, called specific tensile strength being measured by the method set out in the description.

In a 41 ° aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) has a specific tensile strength, along the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the reticular structure (2), between 4.5 and 10 KN / m , said specific tensile strength being measured with the method set out in the description.

In a 42 ° aspect in accordance with any of the preceding aspects, the reticular structure (2) has a specific tensile strength, along the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the reticular structure (2), between 6 and 9 KN / m , said specific tensile strength being measured with the method set out in the description.

In a 43 ° aspect in accordance with any of the aspects from the 3rd to the 42 ° the first elements (3) have a cross section with an area greater than 12 mm <2>. In a 44 ° aspect in accordance with any of the aspects from the 3rd to the 43 ° the first elements (3) have a cross section with an area greater than 17 mm <2>. In a 45 ° aspect in accordance with any of the aspects from the 3rd to the 44 ° the second elements (4) have a cross section with an area greater than 11.5 mm <2>.

In a 46th aspect in accordance with any of the 3rd to 45th aspects, the second elements (4) have a cross section of an area greater than 16 mm <2>.

In a 47th aspect a process is provided for the realization of an element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims comprising the steps of:

> arrange a reticular structure (2) in plastic material with a tubular shape and monolithic conformation, said reticular structure (2) extending along a prevailing development trajectory (T) between a first and a second extremity (2a; 2b) axially opposed, called reticular structure (2) presenting respectively, at the first and second ends (2a; 2b), a first and a second axial opening (17; 18);

> making a closure (5a) at said first end (2a) of the reticular structure (2) to substantially define a pocket (16); > inserting, through said second opening (18), a predetermined quantity of filling material (7) inside the pocket (16) defined by the reticular structure (2);

> apply a second closure (5b) at said second end (2b) of the reticular structure (2) so that the reticular structure envelops and completely accommodates the filling material (7).

In a 48 ° aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, the preparation phase of the reticular structure (2) includes the sub-phases of:

> continuously forming a tubular semi-finished product (100) with a reticular structure developing along a direction of advancement;

> cutting said tubular semi-finished product (100) to a predetermined length measured along the direction of advancement of the semi-finished product (100).

In a 49th aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, the sub-phase of formation of the semi-finished product (100) includes at least the further sub-phases of:

> continuous extrusion of a plurality of first elements (3) spaced apart and developing along their respective development lines;

> continuous extrusion of a plurality of second elements (4) spaced apart and developing along respective development lines distinct from the development lines of the first elements (3);

> hot joining of the first and second elements (3; 4) to form said monolithic tubular reticular structure (2).

In a 50 ° aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, the first elements (3) are extruded spaced apart along respective development lines parallel to each other; and in which the second elements (4) are extruded spaced apart along respective development lines parallel to each other and transversal to the development lines of the first elements (3).

In a 51st aspect in accordance with the 49th or 50th aspect the formation of the second elements (4) occurs substantially simultaneously with the formation of the first elements (3).

In a 52nd aspect in accordance with any one of the aspects from the 49th to the 51st the sub-phase of formation of the semi-finished product (100) includes at least the further sub-phases of:

> continuous extrusion of a tube having a solid and non-reticular side wall;

> drilling of the lateral wall of said tube to define said reticular structure (2).

In a 53 ° aspect, the use of a monolithic tubular reticular structure (2) is envisaged for the realization of an element of protection, covering or consolidation in accordance with any of the aspects from 1 ° to 46 °.

In a 54th aspect in accordance with the previous aspect, a use of a protection, lining or consolidation element (1) is foreseen in accordance with any of the aspects from 1 to 46 ° in a consolidation and / o protection of natural or artificial grounds or structures.

In a 55 ° in accordance with the previous aspect, the element of protection, lining or consolidation (1) is used for the protection of the seabed or river banks, this use foreseeing the positioning of a plurality of elements of protection above the seabed or embankment to be protected.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments and some aspects of the invention will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, provided for indicative purposes only and therefore not limitative, in which:

> Figure 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a protection, covering or consolidation element for geotechnical applications, in accordance with aspects of the invention;

> Figure 2 is a perspective view of the element of figure 1 in a phase of preparation of the latter;

> Figure 3 is a perspective view of a reticular structure useful for the composition of the element of figures 1 and 2;

> Figure 4 is a detail of the element illustrated in the previous figures; > Figure 5 is a detail of a protection, coating or consolidation element for geotechnical applications in a second embodiment in accordance with aspects of the invention;

Figure 6 shows schematically and in a non-limiting way a possible step of preparing a reticular structure useful for the formation of a protection, coating or consolidation element for geotechnical applications in accordance with aspects of the invention;

Figure 7 shows schematically and in a non-limiting way a possible filling step of the reticular structure for the formation of a protection, coating or consolidation element for geotechnical applications in accordance with aspects of the invention;

Figure 8 shows schematically and in a non-limiting way a possible closing step of the reticular structure for the formation of a protection, coating or consolidation element for geotechnical applications in accordance with aspects of the invention;

Figures 9A to 9G schematically show different embodiments of the reticular structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Element of protection, lining or consolidation.

With reference to the accompanying figures, 1 state generally indicates an element for protecting, covering or consolidating the ground. In particular, element 1 can, for example, find application in protection systems of the coasts, the seabed, the shores of lake or river basins from the action of erosion and / or pressure of the waters.

The element 1 comprises a reticular structure 2 of monolithic conformation: in other words, the reticular structure is obtained in a single piece and not the result of connections by gluing or weaving the various elements in plastic material defining the structure itself. The latter has an elongated and tubular conformation equipped with radial passages defining the lattice: as appears for example from figures 1, 4 and 5 by tubular conformation we mean the conformation of the preponderant part of element 1, excluding the ends; the element 1 extends along a prevailing development trajectory T between a first and a second ends 2a, 2b axially opposed to each other. The intermediate portion 2c of the reticular structure develops between the first and the second ends 2a, 2b, which has a cylindrical geometry as a whole: in other words, the ideal surface along which the intermediate portion extends is substantially cylindrical with axis directed along the trajectory T.

In the accompanying figures a reticular structure 2 having an annular cross-section with a closed profile has been represented, in a non-limiting way: in general the profile of the cross-section of the reticular structure, at least along the intermediate portion 2c is closed curvilinear, for example elliptical, circular or substantially flattened elliptical; in particular cases this profile can also assume a polygonal conformation. In the illustrated examples, the circular shape of the profile of the cross section is present at least along an axial portion of the intermediate portion 2c, in a non-limiting way, along the entire development of the intermediate portion 2c. Alternatively, as already mentioned, the section of the reticular structure 2 can have an elliptical or polygonal shape (conditions not shown in the accompanying figures).

At the first and second ends 2a, 2b, the structure 2 has respective end closures which allow to define a housing compartment 6 enveloped by the same reticular structure inside the reticular structure 2. Note that, since the structure 2 is reticular and therefore equipped with through openings, the end closures maintain the reticular nature of the element 1. For example, the closures of the reticular structure 2 can be obtained thanks to the deformation of the structure at the its longitudinal ends, so as to form respective terminal bottlenecks and therefore define and delimit said housing compartment 6. As can be seen from the accompanying figures 1, 4 and 5 - at the first and second ends 2a, 2b - the reticular structure 2 has a shape tapered determined by the radial deformation that defines the closures. Vice versa, the intermediate portion 2c constituting at least 70% of the axial extension of the reticular structure has a substantially constant cross section.

Going now into greater structural detail, the reticular structure 2 comprises a series of first elements 3 spaced apart and interconnected by a plurality of second elements 4 transversal to the first elements 3, also for example spaced apart. More in detail, the reticular structure 2 can be entirely made up of first and second elements 3, 4. Each of the first elements 3 develops along respective lines of arrangement. In a preferential form of the reticular structure 2, a predetermined number, for example all, the lines of arrangement of the first elements 3 are entirely parallel to each other. In the same way, the second elements 4 develop along respective development lines transversal to the alignment lines of the first elements 3; some, for example all, the development lines of the second elements 4 are entirely parallel to each other.

Figures 9A to 9E schematically show some possible configurations of the first and second elements 3, 4.

In a first configuration illustrated in Figure 10A, the first elements 3 all develop, in a non-limiting way, along straight lines parallel to the prevailing development trajectory T of the reticular structure 2. The first elements 3 extend for the entire length of the reticular structure. 2. Each of the first elements 3 is intersected by a plurality of second elements 4 and each of the second elements 4 is intersected by a plurality of first elements 3 so that visually each first element 3 comprises a plurality of consecutive portions aligned along a same longitudinal line of the reticular structure 2. The second elements 4 all develop, in a non-limiting way, along orthogonal lines, to the prevailing development trajectory T, optionally orthogonal to the development lines of the first elements 3. In the configuration illustrated in figure 10A i second elements 4 are substantially rings arranged orthogonal to the first elements ti 3 and axially spaced from each other. Each of the second elements 4 extends along the entire perimeter of the reticular structure 2, i.e. it is formed by the plurality of portions aligned along the same annular line lying on a plane orthogonal to the prevailing development trajectory T of the reticular structure 2. As can be seen in figure 10A , the first and second elements 3, 4 intersect at nodes 8 to form meshes 9 having a substantially polygonal shape, in particular square.

In a second configuration illustrated in Figure 10B, the first elements 3 have the same characteristics as the first elements 3 described in the first configuration, while the second elements 4 all develop, in a non-limiting way, along lines transversal to the prevailing development trajectory T so such as to define links 9 each having a substantially rhomboidal shape.

In a third configuration illustrated in Figures 10C and 10D, both the first elements 3 and the second elements 4 have respective development lines transverse to the prevailing development trajectory T of the reticular structure 2 and define rhomboidal meshes 9.

In a fourth configuration illustrated in figure 10E, the first elements 3 have the same characteristics as the first elements 3 described for the first and second configuration (first elements that develop along lines parallel to the prevailing development trajectory T) while the second elements 4 have an undulating trend, for example a sinusoidal one, extending parallel to the prevailing development trajectory T. As can be seen from figure 10E, the second elements 4 intersect the first elements 3, in a non-limiting way, in correspondence with the section of the sinusoid defining the maximum and minimum of the latter. In this latter configuration described, the links 9 which are formed have a substantially triangular shape.

Further configurations not shown may include first and second elements 3, 4 having curved lines and / or consisting of both curved and rectilinear sections.

Equal to other factors (material used and section of the first and second elements) the shape of the links 9 influences the deformability, in particular radial, of the reticular structure 2. The shape of the links can therefore be useful for defining the closures in correspondence of the first and second ends 2a, 2b of the reticular structure 2.

The rhomboidal meshes represented in Figures 10B to 10D, in which the sides of each link are not orthogonal to the trajectory T, allow greater deformability of the reticular structure 2 in correspondence with the closures. This is because the rhomboidal meshes do not have elements substantially orthogonal to the direction of development T which would hinder the constriction of the structure 2 and in particular the radial approach of the wall of the reticular structure itself. During the approach of the lateral wall, the rhomboidal meshes 9 undergo, along at least one diagonal of the rhombuses, a thinning or flattening which facilitates the constriction of the reticular structure. The greater the size of the links 9, the lower the resistance to deformation of the latter will be. Furthermore, the smaller the angle of inclination of the portions delimiting each of the links 9, with respect to the prevailing development trajectory T, and the lower the resistance of the links to deformation for the definition of the bottlenecks,

Depending on the formation process, which will be better described below, the first and second elements 3, 4 can have a more or less thin bar structure, and can also assume a filiform conformation.

Going into further detail, the first and second elements 3, 4 have respective portions, extending between consecutive nodes 8, having width and thickness, both measured orthogonally to the prevalent development of said portions, for example constant at least in the section between two consecutive nodes (condition illustrated in the accompanying figures). Alternatively, the first and second elements can have portions, extending between consecutive nodes 8, having width and thickness, both measured orthogonally to the prevailing development of said portions, variable at least in the section between two consecutive nodes (condition not illustrated).

Quantitatively, the width of the first 3 elements, measured orthogonally to the respective development line, is greater than 3 mm, in particular greater than 3.5 mm, even more particularly greater than 3.7 mm. The thickness or height of the first 3 elements is higher than 3.5 mm, in particular higher than 4 mm, even more particularly higher than 4.5 mm. The dimension of the cross-section of the first elements 3 can also be substantially constant along the entire development of the first elements themselves or alternatively present a variable trend: for example, the cross-sectional area of the first elements 3 can be greater than 12 mm <2>, in particular higher than 17 mm <2>, even more particularly higher than 22 mm <2>.

With reference to the second elements 4, the width of the second elements 4, measured orthogonally to the respective development lines, is greater than 3.3 mm, in particular greater than 4 mm, even more particularly greater than 4.7 mm. The thickness or height of the second 4 elements is higher than 3.5 mm, in particular higher than 4 mm, even more particularly higher than 4.5 mm. The dimension of the cross-section of the second elements 4 can also be substantially constant or alternatively have a variable trend: for example, the cross-sectional area of the second elements 4 can be constant and greater than 11.5 mm <2>, in particular higher than there mm <2>, even more particularly higher than 20 mm <2>. In one embodiment, the first and second elements 3, 4 can lie on two radially spaced extension surfaces. This allows the first and second elements of 3, 4 to define a bulk or thickness of the reticular structure 2 which is greater than the thickness of the individual elements that compose it, improving the radial stiffness of the structure as a whole. The bulk or thickness of the reticular structure 2 is substantially defined by the distance between an inner surface 12 and an outer surface 13 of the reticular structure 2, which is greater than 2 mm, in particular between 3 and 6 mm.

Depending on the requirements, in addition to the sizes discussed above, the distance between the first elements and the distance between the second elements can also be varied in order to define structures with more or less large mesh sizes. Quantitatively, the distance between two first 3 adjacent elements is between 20mm and 60mm, optionally between 20mm and 50mm, optionally between 25mm and 35mm. Similarly the distance between adjacent 4 second elements is between 20mm and 60mm, optionally between 20mm and 50mm, optionally between 25mm and 35mm. As these distances vary, the dimensions of the meshes vary and may have a through area between 400 and 3600mm <2>, optionally between 500 and 2500 mm <2>, optionally between 625 and 1225 mm < 2>.

The elements 3 and 4 can be made of plastic materials chosen on the basis of their physical and mechanical characteristics; for example, in a preferential form, the elements 3 and 4 can be made of polyolefin polymeric material. In addition to providing good mechanical characteristics, this material is resistant to chemically aggressive environments such as seabeds and sea coasts. The use of a polyolefin polymer allows, in fact, the reticular structure 2 to preserve its physical and mechanical characteristics, preventing structural failures which would compromise the purpose of protection, coating or consolidation of the element 1.

As previously mentioned, the reticular structure 2 has, according to a cross section of the prevailing development trajectory T, a substantially circular or elliptical shape having a substantially constant area at least for the intermediate portion 2c of the reticular structure 2 comprised between the first and second ends 2a, 2b. In fact, the reticular structure 2 has a constant cross section along the entire axial development of the latter, excluding the bottlenecks defining the closures at the ends of the reticular structure itself. The cross-sectional area is between 2500 and 3500cm <2>, in particular between 2700 and 3300cm <2>, even more particularly between 2900 and 3100cm <2>. It is also possible to define a minimum radial encumbrance of the reticular structure 2 which is greater than 0.4m, in particular greater than 0.5m, even more particularly greater than 0.6m.

In the accompanying figures a preferential shape of the tubular reticular structure 2 having a substantially cylindrical shape is shown, in a non-limiting way; in this case it is possible to specify the diameter of the reticular structure 2 which is greater than 0.4 m, in particular greater than 0.5 m, even more particularly greater than 0.6 m.

In the accompanying figures a reticular structure 2 has been represented extending, in a non-limiting way, along a prevalent development trajectory T rectilinear. In further non-representative embodiments, it is possible to arrange the reticular structure 2 along an at least partially arcuate trajectory T. The trajectory T can define, in a non-limiting way, an open line, as shown for example in Figures 1 and 2. Alternatively, the reticular structure 2 can be arranged according to a trajectory, for example curvilinear, closed.

Quantitatively, the extension of the reticular structure 2 (in fact the length of the reticular structure 2) along the trajectory T is greater than 2m, in particular greater than 3m, even more particularly greater than 3.5m. In greater detail, the distance between the first and the second ends 2a, 2b of the reticular structure 2 which is between 1 and 5m, in particular between 1.5 and 4.5m, even more particularly between 2 and 4 m.

From the physical point of view, the reticular structure 2 has a weight per unit of surface greater than 1700 g per m <2>, optionally between 2000 to 2800 g per m <2>; on the basis of the dimensions specified above and relating to the reticular structure 2, an overall weight of the reticular structure 2 is obtained between 1.5 and 7.4 kg, in particular between 2.2 and 6.6 kg, even more particularly between 2.9 and 6 kg.

As regards the mechanical properties of the reticular structure 2, the latter has a specific tensile strength, along the prevailing development trajectory T of the reticular structure 2, higher than 4 KN / m, in particular between 4.5 and 10 KN / m, optionally between 6 and 9 KN / m. It is also possible to quantify the specific radial tensile strength of the reticular structure 2 defined along a plane orthogonal to the prevailing development trajectory T of the reticular structure 2 and which is higher than 4 KN / m, in particular between 4.5 and 9 KN / m, optionally between 6 and 8 KN / m. The specific tensile strengths mentioned above are measured with the method set out in the EN ISO 10319 standard.

As previously mentioned, the reticular structure 2 has, at the first and second ends 2a, 2b, respective closures which allow to define a housing compartment 6 inside the reticular structure 2. More in detail, element 1 it comprises at least a first and a second closing body 5a, 5b arranged respectively in correspondence with the first and second ends 2a, 2b of the reticular structure 2 and which allow to define the aforementioned bottlenecks. Each first and second closing body 5a, 5b acts in constriction on the reticular structure 2. From the structural point of view, the first and second closing bodies 5a, 5b comprise an elongated body engaged to the reticular structure and configured to close on itself the latter. ™ last. The closure elements may include, but are not limited to, a strap and / or a rope and / or a tape. In one embodiment, the closure bodies consist of a polyester tape. As can be seen in figures 3, the first and second closing bodies 5a, 5b are placed in correspondence with a respective first and second end flap 10, 11 of the reticular structure 2 and in particular along the axial perimeter edge of the latter: this condition allows not to have excess material protruding outside the constriction or constriction (condition represented in figures 1, 2, 4). By positioning the closing bodies 5a, 5b in the manner described above, the reticular structure 2 assumes a rounded shape at the ends 2a, 2b. As can be seen from Figure 2, the reticular structure 2 comprises an inner surface 12 delimiting the housing compartment 6 and at least one outer surface 13 radially opposed to the inner surface 12 with respect to the reticular structure 2; at least a portion of the first and second closure bodies 5a, 5b contacts both a portion of the external surface 13 and a portion of the internal surface 12 of the reticular structure 2: in the example of Figure 3, the closure body 5a, 5b contacts portions of internal and external surface alternately so as to cross successive meshes of the reticular structure several times and define a constraint between the reticular structure 2 and the closing bodies 5a, 5b (ribbons, cords or other elongated elements) which prevents the closing bodies themselves to slide along the axis of the reticular structure and which, at the same time, allows the closing bodies to radially tighten and therefore lock each end of the reticular structure 2 in the position of figure 1 or 4.

A variant embodiment provides for the use of the first and / or second closing element 5a, 5b in a position spaced from the respective end flap: in this condition each closing element (for example a tape, a rope or other elongated element) acts in constriction, creating a 'candy' closure which causes a slight waste of material emerging consecutively from the respective constriction away from the housing compartment 6. Also for this last configuration described, the closure bodies are arranged in such a way as to pass through at least a sweater,

A further alternative relating to closing the reticular structure provides for the crushing of the reticular structure 2 at the first and second ends 2a, 2b until the generation of a first and second layer facing each other and in contact with each other (condition not illustrated). In this condition, for each closure, there is no radial pinching but substantially a squeezing suitable to form two mutually adjacent flat edges. To ensure the closure and the constraint of the two flat edges, two or more clip bodies or similar stop elements can be used for each end, which are able to keep the flat edges of each end close together, for example in contact. Alternatively, for the constraint of juxtaposed flat edges it is possible to pass one or more times a ribbon, a rope or other elongated element between the meshes of the juxtaposed flaps by practicing a knot or other stop that blocks the elongated element in closing the flaps approached.

A predetermined quantity of filling material 7 comprising a plurality of discrete elements such as stones and / or pebbles is housed inside the housing compartment 6. The filling material 7 is inserted into the reticular structure 2 in such a way that the latter essentially occupies 70% of the volume of the housing seat 6, in particular 75%, even more particularly 80%. Based on the quantity of filling material inserted inside the reticular structure 2, there will be a variation in the overall weight of the protection, lining and consolidation element 1 which can, for example, reach a total weight of more than 500kg, in particular over 1000 kg, even more particularly above 2000 kg.

In order to effectively contain the filling material, the reticular structure 2 has meshes 9 having a free passage section smaller than the minimum radial dimensions of the discrete bodies of the filling material 7. In an embodiment not shown in the accompanying figures, the element 1 comprises at least one internal lining element arranged inside the housing compartment 6 and interposed between the reticular structure 2 and the predetermined filling material 7; the entire cladding element is configured to ensure that the filling material 7 is kept inside the reticular structure 2 (prevents the filling material 7 from escaping from the housing compartment 6 through the meshes 9 of the reticular structure 2) .

More in detail, the internal covering element comprises an auxiliary reticular structure having a plurality of mutually intersected elements which define links having a free passage section lower than a free passage section of the meshes 9 of the reticular structure 2. In fact, the use of the internal lining element allows the use of a reticular structure 2 with links 9 having a passage section greater than the maximum encumbrance of the filling material 7 and allowing the maintenance of this Last inside the housing compartment 6.

In a preferential embodiment, the internal lining element substantially covers the entire internal surface of the housing compartment 6. Alternatively, the arrangement of the internal lining element can be applied only in correspondence with the intermediate portion 2c or on a part of the latter, according to the quantity of filling material present inside the housing compartment 6.

The covering element can, in fact, comprise a monolithic reticular structure in plastic material and / or a fabric element.

Construction variant of the protection, cladding or consolidation element

The protection element 1 described below has the same characteristics as the element described above, apart from the method of closing the first and second ends 5a, 5b. The reticular structure 2 used of the protection element can for example derive from an extruded semi-finished product of tubular shape having a reticular structure and extending along a direction of development T.

The closure of the first and second ends 2a, 2b is not, in this case, obtained by deformation of the reticular structure, but thanks to the application of closing shutters 5a, 5b configured to plug the first and second axial opening bounded by the terminal edges of the first and second ends.

For example, the first and second closing bodies 5a, 5b can comprise a portion of mesh having, in a non-limiting way, the same physical and mechanical characteristics of the reticular structure 2, or a bulkhead with a continuous structure. The closure bodies may present, in a non-limiting way, a shape similar to the shape of the reticular structure in correspondence with the opening and a development in the same plane or higher than the passage defined by the opening of the reticular structure. One or more elongated elements, such as ropes, ribbons or the like, can be used to stably engage the closure bodies 5a, 5b to the reticular structure 2.

In this embodiment variant it is not necessary to deform at the first and second ends 2a, 2b of the reticular structure 2 which will maintain its shape throughout its entire development.

Production process of the protection, lining or consolidation element

The protection, coating or consolidation element 1 can be made with the procedures described below regardless of the applications that follow in this description and, therefore, the description of the same production process will not be repeated.

Element 1 is made of plastic material, in particular of polyolefin polymeric material (for example HDPE or PP).

In a preferential embodiment, the first and second elements 3,4 are made by means of a simultaneous extrusion process. For example, the plastic material is fed from a hopper and then moved towards an extrusion head. At the extrusion head, the first elements 3 are extruded and arranged according to a cylindrical lying surface and the second elements are simultaneously extruded transversely to the first elements forming a tubular reticular structure with a monolithic conformation exiting the extrusion head. The coextrusion step of the first and second elements 3, 4 to form a tubular reticular structure is known per se and will therefore not be further described.

In a first variant of the procedure, precursors of the first elements 3 are extruded along an exit direction of the machine, while at predetermined time intervals, precursors of the second elements 4 spaced apart according to the frequency of pulsations are applied perimeter. of the extrusion head, i.e. the frequency of application of the precursors of the second elements 4 transversely to the precursors of the first elements 3 immediately after the formation of the precursors of the first elements 3 themselves. In this way it is possible to obtain the reticular structure as represented in figures 10A and 10E.

Alternatively, the coextrusion process of the first and second elements can take place using an extrusion head composed of two parts that are relatively movable to each other which are configured to form reticular structures as shown in figures 10B to 10D.

Following the formation of the monolithic tubular reticular structure, a longitudinal cutting station is reached which forms a semi-finished product 200 with a reticular structure (Figure 3). The cut is performed transversely to the exit direction of the machine, in particular transversely to the prevailing development trajectory T of the reticular structure. The cut takes place at a predetermined length, measured in the exit direction of the semi-finished product, in particular of the reticular structure 2. The measurement of this longitudinal length of the semi-finished product is typically greater than 2 m or even greater than 3 meters. The radial overall dimensions of the tubular reticular structure 2 depend on the capacity of the extrusion machine, as well as on the capacity and the dimensions of the extrusion head. In fact, the radial dimensions of the reticular structure 2 can be greater than 0.5 m, in particular greater than 0.6m.

Subsequent to the coextrusion and cutting phase of the semi-finished product for the formation of the reticular structure 2, the latter has a configuration similar to that shown in figure 3. The reticular structure 2 actually has a passageway bounded inside it, in correspondence with of longitudinal ends, from a first and second opening 17, 18.

The reticular structure 2 is closed at one of the two openings 17, 18 through the closing bodies 5a, 5b. In particular, the closure of one of the two openings 17, 18 occurs by deformation of the reticular structure 2 and thanks to the application of tapes, cords, bands, and / or the like.

In this way the reticular structure assumes a substantially pocket-like shape 16 (as illustrated in figure 2) which allows the insertion of a predetermined quantity of filling material 7. This material 7 as previously specified is essentially constituted by stones and / or pebbles.

The process can also comprise a step of preparing, inside the housing compartment 6, of at least one covering element.

The reticular structure 2 is then filled and is therefore also closed at the second end. The filling material is inserted inside the housing compartment 6; in the event that the process comprises a step of preparing the covering element, the filling material is introduced inside the housing compartment 6 in such a way that said covering element is interposed between said filling material 7 and said reticular structure 2.

Figures 7 to 9 schematically show the filling step of the reticular structure 2. For example, the bag 16 can be constrained to a support frame 300 which allows to support and support the reticular structure itself during the filling step. Initially, to facilitate the constraint to the support structure, it is possible to arrange the reticular structure 2 horizontally. A hopper is arranged at the open end of the reticular structure to facilitate and speed up the introduction of the material 7. Before being filled, the reticular structure 2 is arranged vertically with the open end facing upwards. Subsequently to the positioning and constraint of the reticular structure 2 proceed with the insertion of the filling material 7. Once the desired filling material level 7 has been reached, it is possible to proceed with the closing phase of the reticular structure 2. More in detail, once the bag 16 has been filled, it is possible to completely close the reticule structure 2 by applying an additional closure body in correspondence with the opening used for the introduction of the material 7. As mentioned, the closure body used can include ribbons, ropes , strap or the like and the closure of the opening occurs for example by deformation of the reticular structure itself as described.

Once the reticular structure 2 is closed, the latter defines inside it said housing compartment which allows the containment of the material 7.

Variant of the production process of the protection, cladding or consolidation element

As an alternative to the procedure described above, it is possible to use the following manufacturing procedure.

For example, it is possible to make a tubular semi-finished product having solid side walls which can be produced for example by extrusion. Subsequently, the tube is drilled (with through holes, for example by cutting or punching or other process). In this way a semi-finished product with a reticular structure is obtained. As for the procedure described above, it is possible to cut the semi-finished product to a predetermined length in order to obtain said reticular structure 2. Once the reticular structure 2 has been obtained, it is possible to carry out the same steps described above to obtain element 1.

It is useful to say that - based on the rigidity of the reticular structure - it is possible to choose whether to close the ends of the reticular structure by deformation of the extremity or by means of end caps or closing plugs without deformation of the reticular structure 2.

Applications

The protection, cladding or consolidation element 1 can be used in consolidation and / or protection processes of natural or artificial grounds or structures.

1. CONSOLIDATION OF COAST AND / OR EMBANKMENTS

An application example is shown in figure 11 and in figure 12 where a plurality of elements 1 are positioned along the coast (for example marine or river) in order to consolidate and stabilize the soil from the thrust and corrosion action of the water.

In particular, figure 12 represents a working condition in which the protection element 1 is arranged along the coast or the embankment of a river so that the prevailing development trajectory T is parallel to the longitudinal extension of the coast or embankment. In this condition, element 1 is at least partially in contact with the water and protects the embankment or coast from the corrosive action of the water. In the first working condition, element 1, in addition to protecting, also acts as a containment element for the embankment or coast and prevents any subsidence of the ground.

Figure 11 shows a working condition in which a series of elements 1 are placed in correspondence with banks or containment embankments and are side by side both longitudinally and transversely to each other so as to form a compact layer of protection elements 1 which develops both along the embankment and away from the embankment itself. Figure 12 illustrates, but is not limited to, a working condition in which there is only one layer of protection elements 1. Alternatively, it is possible to create two or more layers of protection elements 1 superimposed on each other and arranged along the embankment or coast to be consolidated.

2. SEA BOTTOM PROTECTION

A further use of the protection, lining or consolidation element 1 is for the protection of seabed or similar. The continuous pushing and corrosion action of the water leads to the morphological variation of the seabed, which can be harmful. Thanks to the invention, it is possible to lay a predetermined number of elements on top of the backdrop to be protected: these elements 1 can be arranged side by side and on one or more layers.

THE FOUND ACHIEVES ONE OR MORE OF THE ABOVE MENTIONED PURPOSES.

Thanks to the invention, it is possible to obtain a protective element having a tubular reticular structure and monolithic conformation capable of performing numerous uses, having excellent physical / mechanical properties and reduced construction costs. The protection element consists of a tubular reticular structure of monolithic conformation which therefore does not have any longitudinal junction: element 1 can therefore boast excellent mechanical resistance to traction, which allows the reticular structure to guarantee the containment of the filling material. The fact that the reticular structure is constituted in a single tubular piece also facilitates the preparation of the protection element 1 by decreasing the assembly time with consequent reduction of labor compared to tubular reticular structures obtained from flat reticular structures. The protection element can be made of materials resistant to chemically aggressive environments such as coasts or sea beds. This allows the protection element 1 not to degrade when deposited in such environments and to maintain its physical / mechanical characteristics which allow it to fully and constantly perform the assigned tasks.

The materials used are in fact polyolefin polymers, in particular made up at least in part of HDPE and / or PP.

LEGEND

1 Protection element

2 Lattice structure

2a First end of the reticular structure 2b Second end of the reticular structure 2c Intermediate portion of the reticular structure 3 First elements

4 Second elements

5 a First locking body

5b Second closing body

6 Storage compartment

7 Filling material

8 knots

9 Links

10 First end flap

11 Second end flap

12 Internal surface of the reticular structure 2 13 External surface of the reticular structure 2 14 First opening

15 Second opening

16 Bag

17 First opening

18 Second opening

100 Semi-finished product

Claims (16)

CLAIMS 1. A protective, facing or consolidating element (1) for use in geotechnical applications comprising: > a reticular structure (2) in plastic material with a substantially tubular shape and monolithic conformation, said reticular structure (2) extending along a prevailing development trajectory (T) between a first and a second extremity (2a; 2b) axially opposed, > at least a first and a second closure (5a; 5b) arranged respectively in correspondence with said first and second ends (2a; 2b) of the reticular structure (2) to define inside the latter at least one housing compartment (6), > a predetermined quantity of filling material (7) disposed inside the housing compartment (6) of the reticular structure (2). 2. Element according to claim 1, wherein said reticular structure (2) is formed in a single tubular body without longitudinal joints. 3. Element according to claim 1, wherein the reticular structure (2) has a plurality of first elements (3) spaced apart and extending along respective development lines, said reticular structure (2) comprising a plurality of second elements (4 ) also spaced apart and extending along respective development lines transversal to the development lines of the first elements (3), and in which said first and / or second elements (3; 4) extend transversely to the prevailing development direction (T) of the reticular structure (2). 4. Element according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the development lines of the first elements (3) are substantially parallel to each other, and in which the development lines of the second elements (4) are substantially parallel to each other, said first elements (3) and said second elements (4) intersect at nodes (8) to form meshes (9) having a substantially rhomboidal shape, and in which each of said rhomboidal meshes (9) has a diagonal aligned with the trajectory of prevailing development (T), and in which at the first and second ends (2a; 2b) the links (9) have a more elongated shape than that of the links (9) arranged in correspondence with an intermediate portion (2c) interposed between the first and second ends (2a; 2b). 5. Element according to the preceding claim comprising an internal lining element arranged inside the housing compartment (6) and interposed between the reticular structure (2) and the predetermined filling material (7), said internal lining element being configured to prevent the escape of the filling material (7) from the housing compartment (6) through the meshes (9) of the reticular structure (2), and in which the inner lining element comprises an auxiliary reticular structure having a plurality of elements intersecting each other and which define meshes having a free passage section lower than a free passage section of the meshes (9) of the reticular structure (2), and in which said internal covering element comprises at least one selected in the group between: a monolithic reticular structure in plastic material, an artifact in fabric. 6. Element according to any one of the preceding claims, in which each first and second closing body (5a; 5b) is perimetrically engaged to the reticular structure (2) and acts by gripping a respective first and second end flaps (10; 11) of the reticular structure (2) defining a respective narrowing suitable to prevent the escape of the filling material (7) from the housing compartment (6), and in which at least one, in particular both, between said first and second closure body (5a; 5b) comprises an elongated body, optionally a strap and / or a rope and / or a ribbon. 7. Element according to the preceding claim, in which the reticular structure comprises at least one internal surface (12) delimiting the housing compartment (6) and at least one external surface (13) opposite said internal surface (12), and in which at least a portion of the first and second closure bodies (5a; 5b) contacts at least a portion of the outer surface (13) of the reticular structure (2). 8. Element according to the preceding claim, wherein at least a portion of the first and / or second closure body (5a; 5b) passes through at least one mesh (9) of the reticular structure and contacts at least a portion of the internal surface (12) of the structure reticular. 9. Element according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the first and / or second closure body (5a; 5b) crosses a plurality of links (9) alternately contacting consecutive portions of the inner and outer surface (12; 13) ) of the reticular structure (2). 10. Element according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the reticular structure (2) in plastic material is made of polyolefin polymer, optionally PP, HDPE. 11. Element according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the reticular structure (2) has: > a weight per unit area greater than 1700 g per m <2>, optionally between 2000 and 2500 g per m <2>; > a specific tensile strength, along the prevailing development trajectory (T) of the reticular structure (2), higher than 4 KN / m, in particular between 4.5 and 10 KN / m, optionally between 6 and 9 KN / m, said specific tensile strength being measured with the method set out in the description. 12. Process for manufacturing an element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims comprising the steps of:> providing a reticular structure (2) in plastic material with tubular shape and monolithic conformation, said reticular structure (2) extending along a prevailing development trajectory (T) between a first and a second extremity (2a; 2b) axially opposite, said reticular structure (2) presenting respectively, at the first and second extremity (2a; 2b), a first and a second opening (17; 18) axial; > making a closure (5a) at said first end (2a) of the reticular structure (2) to substantially define a pocket (16); > inserting, through said second opening (18), a predetermined quantity of filling material (7) inside the pocket (16) defined by the reticular structure (2); > apply a second closure (5b) at said second end (2b) of the reticular structure (2) so that the reticular structure envelops and completely accommodates the filling material (7). 13. Process according to the preceding claim, in which the step of preparing the reticular structure (2) comprises the sub-steps of:> continuously forming a tubular semifinished product (100) with a reticular structure developing along a direction of advance; > cutting said tubular semi-finished product (100) to a predetermined length measured along the direction of advancement of the semi-finished product (100). 14. Process according to the preceding claim, in which the sub-phase of formation of the semi-finished product (100) comprises at least the further sub-phases of: > continuous extrusion of a plurality of first elements (3) spaced apart and developing along their respective development lines; > continuous extrusion of a plurality of second elements (4) spaced apart and developing along respective development lines distinct from the development lines of the first elements (3); > hot joining of the first and second elements (3; 4) to form said monolithic tubular reticular structure (2). Use of a monolithic tubular reticular structure (2) for the realization of a protection, covering or consolidation element in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 11. 16. Use of an element of protection, cladding or consolidation (1) in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 11 in a process of consolidation and / or protection of natural or artificial grounds or structures, and in which the element of protection, lining or consolidation (1) It is used for the protection of sea beds or river banks, this use providing for the positioning of a plurality of protection elements above the seabed or embankment to be protected.