ITMI20110564A1 - RHODENTICIDAL LURE TRACER - Google Patents
RHODENTICIDAL LURE TRACER Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ITMI20110564A1 ITMI20110564A1 IT000564A ITMI20110564A ITMI20110564A1 IT MI20110564 A1 ITMI20110564 A1 IT MI20110564A1 IT 000564 A IT000564 A IT 000564A IT MI20110564 A ITMI20110564 A IT MI20110564A IT MI20110564 A1 ITMI20110564 A1 IT MI20110564A1
- Authority
- IT
- Italy
- Prior art keywords
- bait
- rodenticide
- bait according
- baits
- fluorescent
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
- A01N43/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with sulfur as the ring hetero atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/002—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
- A01N25/004—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits rodenticidal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
- A01N35/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing keto or thioketo groups as part of a ring, e.g. cyclohexanone, quinone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ketals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
- A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
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Description
DESCRIZIONE DI INVENZIONE INDUSTRIALE DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRIAL INVENTION
Settore Tecnico Technical field
La presente invenzione origina nel settore dei prodotti e delle formulazioni ad uso disinfestante e/o agricolo e si riferisce ad un’esca rodenticida contenente colorazioni luminescenti. The present invention originates in the sector of products and formulations for pest control and / or agricultural use and refers to a rodenticide bait containing luminescent dyes.
La presente invenzione origina nel settore delle esche ad attività rodenticida. Queste sono composizioni edibili che hanno una componente adescante per i roditori, in particolare topi e ratti, ed una componente rodenticida. The present invention originates in the sector of baits with rodenticide activity. These are edible compositions that have a luring component for rodents, particularly mice and rats, and a rodenticidal component.
Nello specifico la presente invenzione concerne un’esca rodenticida comprendente uno o più principi attivi ad azione rodenticida acuta o cronica ed un agente adescante contenente coloranti luminescenti. Specifically, the present invention relates to a rodenticide bait comprising one or more active ingredients with an acute or chronic rodenticidal action and a priming agent containing luminescent dyes.
Particolarmente l’invenzione concerne un’esca rodenticida comprendente uno o piu’ principi attivi ad azione rodenticida acuta o cronica ed un agente adescante contenente coloranti fluorescenti, fluorescenti o loro miscele. In particular, the invention relates to a rodenticide bait comprising one or more active ingredients with an acute or chronic rodenticide action and a priming agent containing fluorescent, fluorescent dyes or their mixtures.
Stato dell’arte State of the art
I roditori sono raggruppati in circa 130 specie al mondo. Topi e ratti appartengono alla famiglia dei muridi. In particolare le specie presenti in ambiente urbano comprendono: Mus musculus, Rattus rattus e Rattus norvegicus. I roditori prosperano in condizioni ambientali anche critiche e si riproducono molto in fretta, per esempio, vivono a temperature tra i -40°C e i 60°C, sopravvivono allo shock elettrico (per es. a 200 V sopravvivono fino a circa un minuto) e a forti radiazioni. Rodents are grouped into about 130 species in the world. Mice and rats belong to the muridae family. In particular, the species present in urban environments include: Mus musculus, Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. Rodents thrive in even critical environmental conditions and reproduce very quickly, for example, they live at temperatures between -40 ° C and 60 ° C, they survive electric shock (e.g. at 200 V they survive up to about a minute) and strong radiation.
WHO (World Health Organisation ) stima che il rapporto tra roditori e uomo à ̈ cresciuto da 1:1 del 1967 al 4:1 nel 1987. WHO (World Health Organization) estimates that the ratio of rodents to humans has grown from 1: 1 in 1967 to 4: 1 in 1987.
Il controllo della popolazione murinica infestante ha assunto un ruolo sempre più importante proprio nei centri urbani dove devono essere garantiti adeguati standard igienico-sanitari. The control of the infesting murine population has assumed an increasingly important role precisely in urban centers where adequate sanitary standards must be guaranteed.
Il problema delle infestazioni muriniche à ̈ particolarmente sentito poiché i ratti e topi non solo conducono una vita parassitica che provoca un impoverimento delle risorse alimentari disponibili ma sono anche portatori di malattie nocive all’uomo o agli animali domestici. Dette malattie possono essere trasmesse dalle specie muriniche direttamente attraverso le deiezioni sugli alimenti o indirettamente attraverso le pulci ectoparassite che possono portare gravi malattie quali ad esempio peste, tifo, salmonella, rabbia, febbre gialla, leptospirosi. The problem of murine infestations is particularly felt since rats and mice not only lead a parasitic life that causes a depletion of available food resources but are also carriers of diseases harmful to humans or pets. These diseases can be transmitted by murine species directly through manure on food or indirectly through ectoparasitic fleas that can lead to serious diseases such as plague, typhus, salmonella, rabies, yellow fever, leptospirosis.
Per far fronte a questa situazione sono stati sviluppati sistemi di disinfestazione che si avvalgono dell’uso di mezzi fisici, elettronici e di mezzi chimici. To cope with this situation, disinfestation systems have been developed that make use of the use of physical, electronic and chemical means.
Tra i mezzi fisici si annoverano le trappole meccaniche, i collanti e gli ultrasuoni. Physical means include mechanical traps, adhesives and ultrasounds.
Le trappole meccaniche hanno un’importanza relativa e si usano soprattutto per un censimento di specie e numero delle presenze. Ne à ̈ suggerita la distribuzione di un discreto numero sulle vie di transito, innescandole con sostanze alimentari diverse. Mechanical traps have a relative importance and are used above all for a census of species and number of presences. It is suggested the distribution of a fair number on the transit routes, triggering them with different food substances.
I collanti sono sostanze adesive che possono risultare utili in caso di infestazioni non massicce e dove sia sconsigliabile l’uso di rodenticidi chimici. Le elevate temperature ambientali e la polverosità dei locali costituiscono gli inconvenienti principali che ne diminuiscono l’efficacia. Adhesives are adhesive substances that can be useful in case of non-massive infestations and where the use of chemical rodenticides is not recommended. The high ambient temperatures and the dustiness of the premises are the main drawbacks that reduce its effectiveness.
Per quanto concerne l’utilizzo di ultrasuoni si à ̈ riscontrata una rapida assuefazione delle specie muriniche alle tipiche frequenze utilizzate, quelle superiori ai 20 MHz, non percepibili all’orecchio umano. Inoltre, si à ̈ riscontrato che il disturbo sonoro provochi maggiori fastidi agli animali domestici che ai roditori. As far as the use of ultrasound is concerned, a rapid habituation of murine species was found to the typical frequencies used, those higher than 20 MHz, not perceptible to the human ear. In addition, noise disturbance has been found to cause more discomfort to pets than to rodents.
Il controllo genetico dei topi rappresenta poi un campo di ricerca innovativo da quando gli studiosi Marsh e Howard hanno intravisto la possibilità di alterare il patrimonio genetico di questi animali. Dopo i primi ed incoraggianti successi però, ci si à ̈ accorti che la selezione naturale elimina abbastanza in fretta i geni deleteri. È quindi questo un campo di ricerca ancora ai primissimi stadi con i relativi problemi da risolvere. The genetic control of mice also represents an innovative field of research since the scholars Marsh and Howard saw the possibility of altering the genetic heritage of these animals. After the first and encouraging successes, however, it has been realized that natural selection eliminates deleterious genes quite quickly. This is therefore a field of research still in the very early stages with the related problems to be solved.
I mezzi chimici disponibili possono essere suddivisi nelle seguenti classi: Available chemical means can be divided into the following classes:
a) repellenti, a) repellents,
b) attrattivi, b) attractants,
c) chemiosterilizzanti, c) chemosterilizers,
d) rodenticidi. d) rodenticides.
L’uso dei repellenti à ̈ ancora in fase sperimentale pur essendo la ricerca scientifica iniziata parecchi decenni fa. Delle tante sostanze saggiate particolarmente attive si sono dimostrate l’actidione, il trinitrobenzene-anilina, il thiouram disolfuro, l’esaclorofene e diversi ditiocarbammati. È risultato evidente però che i repellenti non riescono da soli a risolvere il problema anche perché i roditori allontanati da una determinata zona, si rifugiano in un’altra. The use of repellents is still in the experimental phase despite the scientific research started several decades ago. Actidione, trinitrobenzene-aniline, thiouram disulfide, hexachlorophene and various dithiocarbamates proved to be of the many particularly active substances tested. It was evident, however, that the repellents alone cannot solve the problem also because the rodents removed from a certain area take refuge in another.
Gli attrattivi sono composti ad azione esattamente contraria di quella dei repellenti di cui sopra. Vengono infatti utilizzati per attrarre gli animali verso luoghi precisi vincendo la naturale ed innata diffidenza. Due sono in generale i gruppi di sostanze più ampiamente utilizzate: i feromoni, odori naturali specifici, e i composti non correlati agli odori naturali ormonali. Tra i principi non feromonici utilizzati vi sono: oli vegetali di vario tipo, zucchero, melassa, glicerina, sale sodio glutammato ecc.. Oltre ai feromoni, altre sostanze volatili hanno dimostrato una buona efficacia attrattiva e tra queste vi à ̈ il carbonio disolfuro efficace nell’aumentare il consumo di esche. The attractants are compounds with exactly the opposite action to that of the above repellents. They are in fact used to attract animals to specific places overcoming the natural and innate distrust. There are generally two groups of substances most widely used: pheromones, specific natural odors, and compounds not related to hormonal natural odors. Among the non-pheromonic principles used there are: various types of vegetable oils, sugar, molasses, glycerin, salt, sodium glutamate, etc. In addition to pheromones, other volatile substances have shown a good attractive efficacy and among these there is the effective carbon disulfide in increasing the consumption of bait.
Trai i chemio sterilizzanti à ̈ noto l’uso della trietilenmelamina che, pur fornendo i risultati migliori, ma ha il limite di non essere in grado di sterilizzare contemporaneamente maschi e femmine. I chemio sterilizzanti hanno comunque il limite di non essere efficaci in un’unica somministrazione. Lâ€™ï ¡-cloridrina pur essendo in grado di eliminare fino all’85% della popolazione murina trattata ed indurre sterilità permanente nei maschi adulti sopravvissuti non à ̈ però attiva sui giovani prepuberi, sulle femmine di Rattus norvegicus e su entrambi i sessi di tutte le età del Mus musculus. Among the chemo sterilizers it is known the use of triethylenmelamine which, although providing the best results, has the limit of not being able to sterilize males and females at the same time. However, sterilizing chemo has the limit of not being effective in a single administration. Although it is capable of eliminating up to 85% of the treated mouse population and inducing permanent sterility in surviving adult males, it is not active on young prepubertal females, on females of Rattus norvegicus and on both sexes. of all ages of Mus musculus.
Oltre a queste limitazioni, i chemiosterilizzanti non possono venire usati qualora esista un problema di infestazione massiva oppure laddove non può essere tollerata neppure la presenza di un singolo Mus musculus. In addition to these limitations, chemosterilizers cannot be used where there is a problem of massive infestation or where even the presence of a single Mus musculus cannot be tolerated.
Tra i metodi chimici, le esche rodenticide rappresentano quello più importante. Le esche rodenticide sono dei prodotti o formulati con effetto adescante fagogitativo; queste infatti attirano l’animale mirato affinché se ne cibi. L’aggiunta di un veleno ne fa un’ esca avvelenata. Maggiore à ̈ l’effetto adescante ed il gradimento dell’esca, maggiore à ̈ la possibilità della buona riuscita del risultato. Among the chemical methods, rodenticide baits represent the most important one. Rodenticide baits are products or formulations with engaging enticing effect; these in fact attract the targeted animal to feed on it. The addition of a poison makes it a poisoned bait. The greater the luring effect and the liking of the bait, the greater the possibility of a good result.
I rodenticidi comunemente utilizzati possono essere suddivisi in due categorie: rodenticidi acuti o a dose singola e rodenticidi cronici o a dose multipla. Fanno parte della prima categoria veleni naturali e veleni sintetici: fra i naturali annoveriamo lo scilliroside e la stricnina, mentre i veleni sintetici comprendono la crimidina, il fluoroacetato di sodio e la fluoroacetamide, il fosfuro di zinco, la norbormide, il solfato di tallio e l’antu. Sebbene i rodenticidi acuti non siano efficaci come i cronici (anticoagulanti), essi trovano valido impiego in situazioni di emergenza, quando l’abbattimento della popolazione murina deve essere ottenuto nel minor tempo possibile. Essi però sono accompagnati da molti svantaggi tra i quali spiccano l’estrema pericolosità per l’uomo e per la specie non bersaglio e l’aumento della diffidenza da parte dei roditori. Commonly used rodenticides can be divided into two categories: acute or single dose rodenticides and chronic or multiple dose rodenticides. Natural poisons and synthetic poisons belong to the first category: natural poisons include scilliroside and strychnine, while synthetic poisons include crimidine, sodium fluoroacetate and fluoroacetamide, zinc phosphide, norbormide, thallium sulphate and the antu. Although acute rodenticides are not as effective as chronic ones (anticoagulants), they find valid use in emergency situations, when the killing of the murine population must be achieved in the shortest possible time. However, they are accompanied by many disadvantages among which the extreme danger for man and for the non-target species and the increase in mistrust on the part of rodents stand out.
Lo strumento più efficace e più usato per la lotta ai muridi infestanti à ̈ l’esca avvelenata ad azione rodenticida cronica a base di principi attivi anticoagulanti. Gli anticoagulanti sono suddivisibili, in base alla modalità d’azione, in anticoagulanti a dose multipla (o di prima generazione) e a dose singola (o di seconda generazione). Appartengono alla prima serie il già conosciuto warfarin, il coumacloro, il coumatetralyl, il coumafuril, il pivaldione, il difacinone e il clorofacinone; alla seconda serie il bromadiolone, il difenacoum, il brodifacoum, difetialone e flocoumafen. The most effective and most used tool for the fight against weeds is the poisoned bait with chronic rodenticide action based on anticoagulant active ingredients. Anticoagulants can be divided, according to the mode of action, into multiple dose (or first generation) and single dose (or second generation) anticoagulants. The already known warfarin, coumachlor, coumatetralyl, coumafuril, pivaldione, difacinone and chlorofacinone belong to the first series; in the second series, bromadiolone, difenacoum, brodifacoum, difethialone and flocoumafen.
Queste esche si avvantaggiano di una modalità di azione che non si manifesta prima di 2-3 giorni dall’ingestione, indipendentemente dalla quantità di cibo ingerito. These baits take advantage of a mode of action that does not appear for 2-3 days after ingestion, regardless of the amount of food ingested.
Nella formulazione di un’esca si deve tener conto sia delle abitudini comportamentali sia di quelle alimentari della specie. In formulating a bait, both the behavioral habits and the dietary habits of the species must be taken into account.
Le formulazioni attualmente in commercio sono varie e così per esempio un principio attivo può essere presentato sotto forma di cereali, esche sfarinate e fioccata, esca in pasta, pellet, esche paraffinata, polvere da pista o traccianti, Esca fresca in gel o esca grassa o liquido concentrato. The formulations currently on the market are various and so for example an active ingredient can be presented in the form of cereals, floured and flaked baits, paste baits, pellets, paraffin baits, track powder or tracers, fresh gel bait or greasy bait. or concentrated liquid.
Per aumentare l’attrattività e l’appetibilità dell’esca, vengono utilizzati aromi particolari, frutta, proteine animali, oli vegetali e zucchero. Infine all’esca possono essere aggiunte altre sostanze come conservanti, coloranti e amaricanti. To increase the attractiveness and palatability of the bait, particular aromas, fruit, animal proteins, vegetable oils and sugar are used. Finally, other substances such as preservatives, dyes and bitters can be added to the bait.
I cereali costituiscono la base dell’alimentazione dei roditori in numerosi contesti ambientali, ed il loro utilizzo à ̈ senz’altro un valido sistema di adescamento. Quelli più indicati nella lotta rodenticida sono sprovvisti di tegumenti onde favorire il completo assorbimento del principio attivo. L’impiego di cariossidi rivestite dai tegumenti à ̈ infatti da evitare, visto che questi ultimi, ricoprendo il seme, impediscono anche la sua completa imbibizione da parte del principio attivo, facendo sì che il roditore, una volta scartati i tegumenti, si cibi del seme senza assumere il principio attivo. Cereals form the basis of rodent nutrition in numerous environmental contexts, and their use is undoubtedly a valid priming system. Those most suitable in the fight against rodenticides are devoid of integuments in order to favor the complete absorption of the active principle. The use of kernels covered by the integuments is in fact to be avoided, since the latter, covering the seed, also prevent its complete imbibition by the active principle, ensuring that the rodent, once the integuments have been discarded, seed foods without taking the active ingredient.
Spesso i cereali interi o sfarinati vengono racchiusi in bustine di materiale cartaceo o plastico traspirante in modo da favorire una conservazione ottimale del prodotto, una semplicità di sostituzione dell’esca ed un minor rischio di dispersione nell’ambiente. La pratica dell’imbustinamento permette inoltre di rilevare la presenza dei roditori dato che per cibarsi dell’esca il ratto deve rompere la bustina e permette anche una maggiore conservabilità e durata dell’esca nell’ambiente. L’utilizzo di esche topicide sotto forma di cereali non à ̈ però scevro dal presentare inconvenienti quali una scarsa uniformità nella distribuzione del principio attivo e la possibilità di trovare infestazioni da insetti. Inoltre, dato che per i roditori à ̈ assai facile traslocare i grani od i fiocchi ed accumularli in zone distanti anche diversi metri dalla stazione di avvelenamento, à ̈ possibile che sopraggiungano seri rischi di contaminazioni qualora si lavori in presenza di derrate alimentari. Whole or floured cereals are often enclosed in sachets of paper or transpiring plastic material in order to favor an optimal conservation of the product, an easy replacement of the bait and a lower risk of dispersion in the environment. The practice of enveloping also allows the presence of rodents to be detected since the rat has to break the bag to feed on the bait and also allows greater preservability and duration of the bait in the environment. However, the use of rodenticide baits in the form of cereals is not free from drawbacks such as poor uniformity in the distribution of the active ingredient and the possibility of finding insect infestations. Furthermore, given that it is very easy for rodents to move grains or flakes and accumulate them in areas even several meters away from the poisoning station, it is possible that serious risks of contamination arise when working in the presence of foodstuffs.
L’esca fioccata e sfarinata à ̈ composta da una miscela di cereali fioccati e granaglie frantumate e sfarinate ed altri componenti alimentari altamente appetibili. I componenti utilizzati sono: frumento e avena fioccati arricchiti con sostanze adescanti, zucchero, frumento intero, semi di girasole. La presenza di diversi componenti aumenta la probabilità che l’animale target individui tra di essi uno particolarmente gradito ed inizi per questo il consumo. The flaked and floured bait is composed of a mixture of flaked cereals and crushed and floured grains and other highly palatable food components. The components used are: flaked wheat and oats enriched with enticing substances, sugar, whole wheat, sunflower seeds. The presence of different components increases the likelihood that the target animal will identify one of them which is particularly appreciated and therefore start consumption.
I pellets sono prodotti in modo analogo ai mangimi per utilizzo zootecnico: mediante apposite linee produttive, i cereali polverizzati ed il principio attivo sono impastati assieme a sostanze addensanti e proteine di origine animale e vegetale e trafilati. L’appetibilità delle esche così ottenute à ̈ generalmente paragonabile a quella dei cereali interi anche se, rispetto a questi ultimi, i pellets presentano una maggiore durevolezza ed una diffusione più uniforme del principio attivo all’interno dell’esca. La durevolezza del prodotto soddisfa il bisogno di topi e ratti di rodere. The pellets are produced in a similar way to feeds for zootechnical use: through special production lines, the pulverized cereals and the active principle are mixed together with thickening substances and proteins of animal and vegetable origin and drawn. The palatability of the baits thus obtained is generally comparable to that of whole grains even if, compared to the latter, the pellets have greater durability and a more uniform diffusion of the active ingredient inside the bait. The durability of the product satisfies the need of mice and rats to gnaw.
Le esche paraffinate sono formulazioni in cui il principio attivo ed altri ingredienti sono mescolati alla paraffina. Queste formulazioni sono state sviluppate per limitare la deperibilità delle esche rodenticide, soprattutto negli ambienti ad elevato tasso di umidità . Paraffin baits are formulations in which the active ingredient and other ingredients are mixed with paraffin. These formulations have been developed to limit the perishability of rodenticide baits, especially in environments with high humidity.
Queste formulazioni presentano però l’inconveniente di avere un’appetibilità piuttosto modesta. Fino a pochi anni fa, l’esca paraffinata veniva formulata con una classica procedura: la paraffina fusa veniva mescolata agli ingredienti, quindi veniva colata all’interno di stampi, ove si consolidava. L'elevato contenuto di paraffina (sino al 50%), il forte riscaldamento subito dagli ingredienti e la loro disomogenea distribuzione all’interno dell’esca ne diminuiscono notevolmente l’appetibilità . However, these formulations have the drawback of having a rather modest palatability. Until a few years ago, the paraffin bait was formulated with a classic procedure: the melted paraffin was mixed with the ingredients, then it was poured into molds, where it consolidated. The high paraffin content (up to 50%), the strong heating undergone by the ingredients and their uneven distribution inside the bait significantly reduce its palatability.
Recentemente sono state sviluppate due tecniche formulative che permettono di ottenere esche paraffinate dotate di una migliore appetibilità : l’esca paraffinata ottenuta mediante la tecnica di compressione (ovuli) e l’esca paraffinata ottenuta mediante la tecnica di estrusione. La tecnica di estrusione permette di ottenere blocchi che consentono di essere fissati all’interno delle stazioni di avvelenamento e di non potere essere traslocati con facilità dai roditori. Two formulation techniques have recently been developed which allow to obtain paraffin baits with better palatability: the paraffin bait obtained by means of the compression technique (ovules) and the paraffin bait obtained by the extrusion technique. The extrusion technique allows to obtain blocks that allow them to be fixed inside the poisoning stations and not to be easily moved by rodents.
Le esche paraffinate sono particolarmente idonee per l’uso esterno poiché inglobando il principio attivo nella paraffina non permettendo all'acqua di estrarlo. The paraffin baits are particularly suitable for external use as they incorporate the active principle in the paraffin and do not allow the water to extract it.
Le polveri da pista o di contatto sono concepite per essere poste sui percorsi abituali dei roditori o insufflate nelle loro tane. Il roditore, una volta cosparso dalla polvere, cercherà immancabilmente di ripulirsi utilizzando la lingua, ed assumerà in tal modo il principio attivo. Sebbene le polveri siano un mezzo estremamente efficace per controllare i roditori, il sistema trova oggi scarso impiego a causa dell’elevato rischio di contaminazione ambientale. Track or contact powders are designed to be placed on the habitual paths of rodents or blown into their burrows. The rodent, once sprinkled with dust, will inevitably try to clean itself using the tongue, and will thus take on the active principle. Although powders are an extremely effective means of controlling rodents, the system is nowadays rarely used due to the high risk of environmental contamination.
Le esche in formulazione di gel o esca grassa sono dotate di buona appetibilità e presentano l’importante pregio di non potere essere traslocate dai roditori. Si mantengo inoltre fresche per lungo tempo. In alcuni casi l’esca fresca in gel o esca grassa può sfruttare l’identico meccanismo della polvere, per cui il topo, nel tentativo di ripulirsi il pelo con la lingua, ingerisca il principio attivo. The baits in the formulation of gel or greasy bait are endowed with good palatability and have the important advantage of not being able to be moved by rodents. They also keep fresh for a long time. In some cases the fresh gel bait or greasy bait can exploit the identical mechanism of the dust, whereby the mouse, in an attempt to clean up the hair with its tongue, ingests the active ingredient.
I formulati liquidi concentrati sono indicati per la formulazione di esche e vanno miscelati con sostanze appetenti che possono variare secondo le abitudini alimentari della popolazione di topi e/o ratti che si vuole combattere. Il liquido contiene coloranti (azzurro, verde, rosso) per la colorazione delle esche. The concentrated liquid formulations are indicated for the formulation of baits and must be mixed with appetizing substances that can vary according to the eating habits of the population of mice and / or rats that you want to fight. The liquid contains dyes (blue, green, red) for coloring the bait.
Una formulazione molto efficace ed appetibile à ̈ costituita dall’esca in pasta che può essere contenuta in bustine di carta filtro che rendono facile il posizionamento ed il passaggio. Si tratta di una pasta di consistenza farinosa amalgamata con grassi animali e vegetali a cui vengono uniti prodotti antiossidanti per evitarne l’irrancidimento. A very effective and palatable formulation consists of the paste bait that can be contained in filter paper sachets that make positioning and passage easy. It is a floury paste mixed with animal and vegetable fats to which antioxidant products are added to avoid rancidity.
L’esca in pasta contiene tutti gli ingredienti di maggiore appetibilità per i roditori, ed in virtù della sua consistenza piuttosto oleosa presenta un’ottima appetibilità in molte situazioni, specialmente ove vi sia disponibilità solo di cibo secco. Il confezionamento in filtri o bustine permette una diffusione adescante degli aromi e delle sostanze attrattive contenute. La durata di tale formulato à ̈ complessivamente buona, anche se spesso le bustine tendono a trasudare eccessivi quantitativi di olio quando la temperatura diventa elevata. E’ questo un caso assai frequente in estate all’interno delle stazioni di avvelenamento, quando la temperatura può superare i 50°C. The paste bait contains all the ingredients of greatest palatability for rodents, and thanks to its rather oily consistency it presents an excellent palatability in many situations, especially where only dry food is available. The packaging in filters or sachets allows a tempting diffusion of the aromas and attractive substances contained. The duration of this formulation is good overall, even if the sachets often tend to exude excessive quantities of oil when the temperature becomes high. This is a very frequent case in the summer inside the poisoning stations, when the temperature can exceed 50 ° C.
10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection –Julius-Kuhn-Archiv,425,2010 pagine 950-952 descrive esche, non contenenti un principio attivo velenoso, denominate anche esche placebo, che utilizzano colorazioni fluorescenti. 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection - Julius-Kuhn-Archiv, 425,2010 pages 950-952 describes baits, not containing a poisonous active ingredient, also called placebo baits, which use fluorescent dyes.
Esche placebo contenenti coloranti fluorescenti vengono commercializzate con il nome di Detex with Lumitrack Biomarker e Fluoro-Bait da Bell Laboratories a da Killgerm rispettivamente. Placebo baits containing fluorescent dyes are marketed under the name Detex with Lumitrack Biomarker and Fluoro-Bait by Bell Laboratories and by Killgerm respectively.
Lo scopo principale delle esche placebo à ̈ quello di monitorare l’attività ’ delle specie muriniche, in quanto il colore fluorescente si trasferisce nelle feci e queste possono essere facilmente localizzate, per esempio, con l’utilizzo di lampade ad emissione UV. Dette esche placebo vengono pertanto utilizzate con scopo di identificazione e non di lotta delle specie muriniche. The main purpose of the placebo baits is to monitor the activity of murine species, as the fluorescent color is transferred to the faeces and these can be easily localized, for example, with the use of emission lamps UV. Said placebo baits are therefore used for the purpose of identification and not for the control of murine species.
Uno dei principali problemi delle esche rodenticide attualmente note à ̈ quello di attrarre altre specie animali quali, ad esempio, cani, gatti, maiali ecc con conseguente avvelenamento involontario diretto o indiretto di possibili predatori degli infestanti. One of the main problems of currently known rodenticide baits is that of attracting other animal species such as, for example, dogs, cats, pigs, etc. with consequent direct or indirect involuntary poisoning of possible predators of the pests.
Un altro grave problema presentato dagli attuali rodenticidi e’ rappresentato dal fatto che circa un 50% dei rodenticidi attualmente impiegati rimangono inutilizzati, causando il rilascio di pericolosi principi attivi nell’ambiente, risultando essere così una fonte di inquinamento per l’ambiente. Another serious problem presented by current rodenticides is represented by the fact that about 50% of the rodenticides currently used remain unused, causing the release of dangerous active ingredients into the environment, thus proving to be a source of pollution for the environment. environment.
E’ noto, infatti, che molte specie animali mostrano diffidenza nei confronti di oggetti o situazioni che risultano loro nuovi. Questo comportamento, noto come neofobia, à ̈ ben conosciuto, per esempio, per i topi e i ratti che tendono a evitare oggetti introdotti nel loro territorio e alimenti non conosciuti. La neofobia può quindi salvare esemplari di questi animali da trappole e esche avvelenate. In fact, it is known that many animal species show distrust of objects or situations that are new to them. This behavior, known as neophobia, is well known, for example, for mice and rats who tend to avoid objects introduced into their territory and unknown foods. Neophobia can therefore save specimens of these animals from traps and poisoned baits.
Sommario dell’invenzione Summary of the invention
Allo stato attuale si sente quindi l’esigenza di disporre di preparati ad azioni rodenticida sempre più efficaci con un’elevata appetibilità ; in maniera tale da porte ridurre la quantità di principio attivo tossico e minimizzar così i rischi di inquinamento dovuti ad una possibile dispersione nell’ambiente dei principi attivi in essi contenuti. At present, therefore, the need is felt to have more and more effective preparations for rodenticide actions with a high palatability; in such a way as to reduce the quantity of toxic active principle and thus minimize the risks of pollution due to a possible dispersion in the environment of the active ingredients contained therein.
La richiedente ha trovato che la sostituzione dei coloranti tradizionalmente utilizzati nelle esche rodenticide con coloranti luminescenti riduce la neofobia proprie delle specie muriniche incrementando allo stesso tempo l’attrattività e l’appetenza delle esche stesse. Ciò comporta, da una parte, la diminuzione della quantità di esche inutilizzate rimanenti sul territorio e dall’altra la possibilità di ridurre la percentuale di principio attivo velenoso mantenendo però inalterata l’efficacia disinfestante dell’esca stessa. The Applicant has found that the replacement of the dyes traditionally used in rodenticide baits with luminescent dyes reduces the neophobia typical of murine species, increasing at the same time the attractiveness and appetite of the baits themselves. This entails, on the one hand, the decrease in the quantity of unused baits remaining on the territory and on the other the possibility of reducing the percentage of poisonous active principle while maintaining the disinfesting efficacy of the bait itself.
Inoltre, poiché i pigmenti luminescenti non vengono digeriti dai roditori, ne deriva la possibilità di riconoscere in modo immediato per esempio la fluorescenza marcata delle feci (solide e/o liquide) rilasciate dai topi con l’uso di una lampada ad emissione UV. Permettendo così di verificare se l’esca sia stata eventualmente ingerita anche da specie non target. Furthermore, since the luminescent pigments are not digested by rodents, it is possible to immediately recognize, for example, the marked fluorescence of feces (solid and / or liquid) released by mice with the use of a UV lamp. . Thus allowing to verify if the bait was eventually ingested also by non-target species.
Così, secondo un primo aspetto, la presente invenzione fornisce un’esca rodenticida comprendente uno o più principi attivi rodenticidi ed un agente adescante contenente coloranti luminescenti. Thus, according to a first aspect, the present invention provides a rodenticide bait comprising one or more rodenticide active ingredients and a priming agent containing luminescent dyes.
Particolarmente, la presente invenzione fornisce un’esca rodenticida che contiene uno o più principi attivi rodenticidi ed un agente adescante contenente coloranti fluorescenti o fosforescenti o loro miscele. Particularly, the present invention provides a rodenticide bait which contains one or more rodenticide active ingredients and a priming agent containing fluorescent or phosphorescent dyes or mixtures thereof.
Particolarmente, la presente invenzione fornisce un’esca rodenticida comprendente uno o più principi attivi rodenticidi ed un agente adescante contenente coloranti fluorescenti. Particularly, the present invention provides a rodenticide bait comprising one or more rodenticide active ingredients and a priming agent containing fluorescent dyes.
Secondo un altro aspetto dell’invenzione e quello di fornire un metodo per ridurre la popolazione dei roditori in luoghi frequentati sia da mammiferi roditori e non, e/o da specie aviarie, che comprende, che una dose efficace di esca rodenticida comprendente uno o più principi attivi rodenticidi ed un agente adescante contenente coloranti luminescenti, sia ingerita dai roditori. According to another aspect of the invention is to provide a method for reducing the rodent population in places frequented by both rodent and non-rodent mammals, and / or avian species, which comprises, that an effective dose of rodenticide bait comprising one or plus rodenticide active ingredients and a priming agent containing luminescent dyes, both ingested by rodents.
La luminescenza à ̈ un fenomeno fisico che consiste nell'emissione di fotoni di luce visibile o invisibile da parte di materiali eccitati da cause diverse dall'aumento di temperatura. Luminescence is a physical phenomenon that consists in the emission of photons of visible or invisible light by materials excited by causes other than the increase in temperature.
Un materiale viene chiamato luminescente quando à ̈ in grado di assorbire quantità discrete di energia che successivamente restituita sotto forma di fotoni di luce. A material is called luminescent when it is able to absorb discrete amounts of energy which is subsequently returned in the form of photons of light.
A seconda della natura dell'eccitazione che causa la luminescenza si parla di bioluminescenza, chemiluminescenza, elettroluminescenza, radioluminescenza, sonoluminescenza, termoluminescenza ed elettroluminescenza. Depending on the nature of the excitation that causes the luminescence, we speak of bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, electroluminescence, radioluminescence, sonoluminescence, thermoluminescence and electroluminescence.
In particolare, quando la luminescenza à ̈ attivata da una radiazione elettromagnetica si parla di fotoluminescenza che comprende i fenomeni della fluorescenza (decadimento istantaneo) e della fosforescenza (decadimento che continua anche dopo aver cessato di irradiare il campione). In particular, when the luminescence is activated by an electromagnetic radiation we speak of photoluminescence which includes the phenomena of fluorescence (instantaneous decay) and phosphorescence (decay that continues even after ceasing to irradiate the sample).
L'intervallo di tempo tra l'assorbimento e l'emissione à ̈ tipicamente molto breve, dell'ordine di 10 nanosecondi. Comunque, in circostanze particolari, tale intervallo può essere esteso a periodi di alcuni minuti oppure ore. The time interval between absorption and emission is typically very short, of the order of 10 nanoseconds. However, in particular circumstances, this interval can be extended to periods of a few minutes or hours.
Così, la fluorescenza e fosforescenza sono le proprietà di alcune sostanze di ri-emettere, nella maggior parte dei casi a lunghezza d’onda maggiore e quindi a energia minore, le radiazioni elettromagnetiche ricevute, in particolare di assorbire radiazioni nell'ultravioletto ed emetterla nel visibile. La fluorescenza si distingue dalla fosforescenza perché in nella prima l'effetto à ̈ immediato e si interrompe appena viene interrotta la fonte di energia, mentre nella fosforescenza l'effetto continua anche dopo. Thus, fluorescence and phosphorescence are the properties of some substances to re-emit, in most cases at longer wavelength and therefore with lower energy, the electromagnetic radiations received, in particular to absorb radiations in the ultraviolet and emit it in the visible. Fluorescence is distinguished from phosphorescence because in the former the effect is immediate and stops as soon as the energy source is interrupted, while in phosphorescence the effect continues even after.
Un esempio di fluorescenza e’ visibile in tutti i materiali che contengono pigmenti fluorescenti, come ad esempio nell'inchiostro degli evidenziatori e vernici fluorescenti. Le proprietà fluorescenti di un oggetto spesso diventano evidenti con l'utilizzo di un lampada di Wood, ma a seconda dei materiali può essere necessaria una lunghezza d'onda inferiore. An example of fluorescence is visible in all materials that contain fluorescent pigments, such as in the ink of highlighters and fluorescent paints. The fluorescent properties of an object often become evident with the use of a Wood lamp, but depending on the materials a shorter wavelength may be required.
Descrizione dettagliata dell’invenzione Detailed description of the invention
Le esche fluorescenti secondo la presente invenzione utilizzano diverse colorazioni blu, giallo, arancio, rosso, verde, ecc. Le colorazioni maggiormente visibili con lampada tascabile di Wood sono la colorazione gialla, arancio, rossa. Buona fluorescenza si ottiene comunque su tutti i campioni sottoposti a luce UV. The fluorescent baits according to the present invention use different colors of blue, yellow, orange, red, green, etc. The most visible colors with Wood's pocket lamp are yellow, orange, red. However, good fluorescence is obtained on all samples subjected to UV light.
Esempi di coloranti fluorescenti che possono utilizzati in accordo alla presente invenzione includono a titolo di esempio Violet 45, Astral Pink 1 Strong Magenta 14, Cerise 13, Magenta 10, Leser Red 3, Strong Magenta 21, Flame Orange 4, Nova Red 2, Blaze 5, Fire Red 15, Arc Chrome 6, Solar Yellow7, Lunar Yellow 27, Stellar Green 8, Comet Blue 60, UV Blu T070, Invisible Blue 70. Examples of fluorescent dyes that can be used in accordance with the present invention include, by way of example, Violet 45, Astral Pink 1 Strong Magenta 14, Cerise 13, Magenta 10, Leser Red 3, Strong Magenta 21, Flame Orange 4, Nova Red 2, Blaze 5, Fire Red 15, Arc Chrome 6, Solar Yellow7, Lunar Yellow 27, Stellar Green 8, Comet Blue 60, UV Blu T070, Invisible Blue 70.
Secondo una forma di realizzazione, coloranti fluorescenti particolarmente idonei sono Astral Pink, Lunar Yellow 27, Stellar Green, Laser Red 3. Tra questi particolarmente preferito à ̈ Astral Pink . According to one embodiment, particularly suitable fluorescent dyes are Astral Pink, Lunar Yellow 27, Stellar Green, Laser Red 3. Among them, Astral Pink is particularly preferred.
Secondo una forma di realizzazione dell’invenzione i principi attivi rodenticidi sono acuti (a dose singola) o rodenticidi cronici (a dose multipla). According to an embodiment of the invention, the active rodenticides are acute (single dose) or chronic (multiple dose) rodenticides.
Secondo una forma di realizzazione preferita dell’invenzione, i principi attivi rodenticidi hanno un’azione rodenticida cronica. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the rodenticidal active principles have a chronic rodenticidal action.
Secondo una forma di realizzazione dell’invenzione, un rodenticida ad azione cronica particolarmente utile e’ del tipo anticoagulante selezionato tra warfarin, coumacloro, coumatetralil, coumafuril, pivaldione, difacinone , clorofacinone bromadiolone, difenacoum, brodifacoum, difetialone e flocoumafen o loro miscele. According to an embodiment of the invention, a particularly useful chronic action rodenticide is of the anticoagulant type selected from warfarin, coumachloro, coumatetralil, coumafuril, pivaldione, difacinone, chlorofacinone, bromadiolone, difenacoum, brodifacoum, difethialone and floelecoumafen or their mixtures .
Un rodenticida particolarmente idoneo in accordo con la presente invenzione il difenacoum IUPAC name 2-idrossi- 3-[3-(4- fenilfenil)- 1 tetralinil]- 4-cromenone. A particularly suitable rodenticide according to the present invention is the IUPAC name 2-hydroxy- 3- [3- (4-phenylphenyl) - 1 tetralinyl] - 4-chromomenone diphenacoum.
Secondo una forma di realizzazione dell’invenzione, una formulazione vantaggiosa include esche sfarinate, cereali, blocchi estrusi paraffinati, pallets o pasta fresca. According to an embodiment of the invention, an advantageous formulation includes floured baits, cereals, paraffinized extruded blocks, pallets or fresh pasta.
Una forma di realizzazione dell’invenzione particolarmente vantaggiosa include esche di blocchi estrusi paraffinati o di pasta fresca. Esperimenti di appetibilità comparata fra esca con colorazione tradizionale e colorazione fluorescente vengono illustrati qui di seguito. A particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention includes baits of paraffinized extruded blocks or fresh pasta. Comparative palatability experiments between bait with traditional dye and fluorescent dye are illustrated below.
1. Organizzazione della prova 1. Organization of the test
Per il test di appetibilità sono state individuate 2 località con accertata infestazione di Rattus norvegicus indicata dalla presenza di tane, escrementi e camminamenti. For the palatability test, 2 locations were identified with an ascertained infestation of Rattus norvegicus indicated by the presence of burrows, excrements and walkways.
Per la prova sono state utilizzate delle postazioni fisse tutte di eguale forma e dimensione in modo tale da simulare la realtà operativa, queste postazioni sono state posizionate una settimana prima dell’inizio del test (prive di esca rodenticida) per ridurre la neofobia, tipica dei ratti; pertanto cosi facendo i roditori presenti nell’area infestata sono giunti a riconoscere i contenitori contenenti l’esca come oggetti. For the test, fixed stations were used, all of the same shape and size in order to simulate the operational reality, these stations were positioned one week before the start of the test (without rodenticide bait) to reduce neophobia, typical rats; therefore in doing so the rodents present in the infested area have come to recognize the containers containing the bait as objects.
2. Postazioni 2. Workstations
Le 3 postazioni preparate sono state collocate nelle vicinanze delle tane o comunque nelle aree dove maggiori erano i segni di presenza in quanto i ratti normalmente cercano di percorrere il minor tragitto possibile tra le tane e la sorgente di alimento. The 3 prepared positions were placed in the vicinity of the burrows or in any case in the areas where the signs of presence were greater as the rats normally try to travel the shortest possible route between the burrows and the source of food.
All’interno delle singole postazioni sono state posizionate 4 vaschette contenenti una quantità nota di pasta fresca (100 g) da testare. In questo modo il ratto aveva la possibilità di scegliere l’esca più appetibile o comunque quella che maggiormente poteva soddisfare le proprie necessità . A intervalli settimanali si eseguivano le verifiche per valutare il consumo di esca. 4 trays containing a known quantity of fresh pasta (100 g) to be tested were positioned inside the individual stations. In this way the rat had the possibility to choose the most attractive bait or in any case the one that could best satisfy its needs. Checks were performed at weekly intervals to assess the consumption of bait.
I tempi di inizio prova e di controllo delle postazioni sono di seguito riportati: The start of the test and control times of the stations are as follows:
T0: T0:
T1: T0+2 settimane T1: T0 + 2 weeks
T2: T0+4 settimane T2: T0 + 4 weeks
T3: T0+5 settimane. T3: T0 + 5 weeks.
I dati raccolti sono stato sottoposti all’analisi della varianza e al test del chiquadrato. The collected data was subjected to the analysis of variance and the chi-square test.
3. Risultati 3. Results
L’andamento dei consumi d’esca (espressi in grammi) per ogni singola posizione sono riassunti nelle tabelle 1-3 ed illustrati nelle figure 1-3. The trend in bait consumption (expressed in grams) for each single position is summarized in tables 1-3 and illustrated in figures 1-3.
Tabella 4 e Figura 4 rappresentano il consumo complessivo delle esche delle postazione 1-3 espresso in grammi ad un certo tempo T3. Table 4 and Figure 4 represent the overall consumption of the baits of stations 1-3 expressed in grams at a certain time T3.
La formulazione delle esche campione i A-D, contenenti il principio attivo rodenticida difenacoum (0,005%), con le seguenti differenze: The formulation of the sample baits A-D, containing the active principle rodenticide difenacoum (0.005%), with the following differences:
Campione A comprende con colorazione rossa tradizionale non fluorescente. Sample A includes traditional non-fluorescent red staining.
Campione B comprende con colorazione rossa fluorescente colorazione Laser Red 3. Sample B includes Laser Red 3 staining with fluorescent red dye.
Campione C comprende con colorazione gialla fluorescente Lunar Yellow 27. Sample C includes Lunar Yellow 27 with fluorescent yellow dye.
Campione D comprende con colorazione verde fluorescente Stellar Green 8. Sample D includes Stellar Green 8 fluorescent green dye.
Tabella 1 Table 1
POSTAZIONE 1 STATION 1
CAMPIONE Tempo 0 Consumo T1 Consumo T2 Consumo T3 SAMPLE Time 0 Consumption T1 Consumption T2 Consumption T3
Campione A<0 0 4 12>Sample A <0 0 4 12>
Campione B<0 12 27 34>Campione C<0 15 26 37>Campione D<0 21 29 39>Sample B <0 12 27 34> Sample C <0 15 26 37> Sample D <0 21 29 39>
Tabella 2 Table 2
POSTAZIONE 2 STATION 2
CAMPIONE Tempo 0 Consumo T1 Consumo T2 Consumo T3 Campione A<0 3 12 21>Campione B<0 21 34 49>Campione C<0 27 33 42>Campione D<0 32 39 47>SAMPLE Time 0 Consumption T1 Consumption T2 Consumption T3 Sample A <0 3 12 21> Sample B <0 21 34 49> Sample C <0 27 33 42> Sample D <0 32 39 47>
Tabella 3 Table 3
POSTAZIONE 3 STATION 3
CAMPIONE Tempo 0 Consumo T1 Consumo T2 Consumo T3 Campione A<0 12 24 39>Campione B<0 19 37 50>Campione C<0 27 39 44>Campione D<0 31 31 42>SAMPLE Time 0 Consumption T1 Consumption T2 Consumption T3 Sample A <0 12 24 39> Sample B <0 19 37 50> Sample C <0 27 39 44> Sample D <0 31 31 42>
Tabella 4 Table 4
CONSUMO COMPLESSIVO FORMULATI al tempoT3 CAMPIONE Consumo complessivo al T3 in grammi Campione A<72>TOTAL CONSUMPTION FORMULATED at time T3 SAMPLE Total consumption at T3 in grams Sample A <72>
Campione B<133>Sample B <133>
Campione C<123>Sample C <123>
Campione D<128>Sample D <128>
Dagli esperimenti sopra illustrati si evince che l’esca con colorazioni fluorescenti presenta una appetibilità migliorata pari a circa il 70-80%. The experiments illustrated above show that the bait with fluorescent colors has an improved palatability of about 70-80%.
I seguenti esempi sono forniti a mero scopo illustrativo della presente invenzione e non devono essere intesi in senso limitativo dell’ambito di protezione. The following examples are provided purely for illustrative purposes of the present invention and must not be construed as limiting the scope of protection.
Esempio 1 Example 1
Campioni di esca in pasta (o esca fresca) sono stati preparati in porzioni dosate da 10 g utilizzando colore Astral Pink 1 prodotto dalla ditta Inglese Swada la cui composizione à ̈ riportata in Tabella 5. Samples of paste bait (or fresh bait) were prepared in dosed portions of 10 g using Astral Pink 1 color produced by the English company Swada whose composition is shown in Table 5.
Le materie, previa pesatura, sono state caricate nell’impastatore. Alla miscela cosi ’ottenuta si sono aggiunti quantita’ determinate di un legante liquido o semisolido ( come ad esempio olio e strutto centrifuga con antiossidante). Il composto e’ stato miscelato per un tempo non inferiore a 3 ore e comunque fino ad ottenimento di una pasta di colorazione e consistenza omogenea. The materials, after weighing, were loaded into the mixer. Determined quantities of a liquid or semi-solid binder (such as oil and centrifugal lard with antioxidant) were added to the mixture thus obtained. The mixture was mixed for not less than 3 hours and in any case until a homogeneous color and consistency paste was obtained.
Tabella 5 Table 5
COMPONENTE QUANTITA’ % COMPONENT QUANTITY%
dolcificante saccarina sodica BP 0,100 sweetener sodium saccharin BP 0.100
difenacoum 2,5% glicole 0,210 diphenacoum 2.5% glycol 0.210
olio di soia 10,000 10,000 soybean oil
denatonium benzoate 5% 0,0200 denatonium benzoate 5% 0.0200
amido di frumento CHAMTOR 8,570 wheat starch CHAMTOR 8,570
strutto centrifugato con antiossidante 15,000 centrifuged lard with antioxidant 15,000
zucchero a velo 2,00 powdered sugar 2.00
latte magro in polvere 10,000 low-fat milk powder 10,000
farina fiore "00" 53,460 flower flour "00" 53,460
anoxid a-bht food grade 0,04 anoxid a-bht food grade 0.04
trietanolammina 85% 0,100 triethanolamine 85% 0.100
colore fluorescente ASTRAL PINK T1 0,400 fluorescent color ASTRAL PINK T1 0.400
acido sorbico PV E 200 "CN" 0,100 sorbic acid PV E 200 "CN" 0.100
Esempio 2 Example 2
Campioni in blocco estruso paraffinato da 25 , 100 e 140 grammi sono stati preparati utilizzando colore Astral pink prodotto ditta Inglese Swada, La cui composizione à ̈ riportata in Tabella 6. Extruded paraffinized block samples of 25, 100 and 140 grams were prepared using Astral pink color produced by the English company Swada, whose composition is shown in Table 6.
Le materie, previa pesatura, sono state caricate nell’impastatore. Alla miscela cosi ’ottenuta si sono aggiunti quantità determinate di un legante liquido o semisolido ( come ad esempio olio e strutto centrifuga con antiossidante). Il composto e’ stato miscelato per un 60 min. circa da ottenere un semilavorato omogeneo nell’aspetto e nel colore e privo di grumi. Il formulato così ottenuto e’ stato trasferito attraverso un nastro trasportatore alla vasca riscaldata dell’estrusore regolando di volta in volta i valori delle temperature dell’ olio, dell’acqua, delle trafile, di pressione e di velocità del taglio a seconda della formulazione da effettuarsi. The materials, after weighing, were loaded into the mixer. Determined quantities of a liquid or semi-solid binder (such as oil and centrifugal lard with antioxidant) were added to the mixture thus obtained. The mixture was mixed for 60 min. about to obtain a semi-finished product homogeneous in appearance and color and free of lumps. The formulation thus obtained was transferred through a conveyor belt to the heated tank of the extruder by adjusting the temperature values of the oil, water, dies, pressure and cutting speed each time. depending on the formulation to be made.
Tabella 6 Table 6
COMPONENTE QUANTITA’ % dolcificante saccarina sodica BP 0,100 difenacoum 2,5% 0,21000 olio di soia 2,000 denatonium benzoate 5% 0,020 zucchero a velo 1,000 COMPONENT QUANTITY% sweetener sodium saccharin BP 0.100 difenacoum 2.5% 0.21000 soybean oil 2,000 denatonium benzoate 5% 0.020 icing sugar 1,000
latte magro in polvere 5,000 Farina fiore “00†48,63 anoxid a-bht food grade 0,04 trietanolammina 85% 0,100 colore fluorescente ASTRAL PINK T1 0,300 Cera vegetale di palma 12,500 acido sorbico PV E 200 "CN" 0,100 Paraffina in granuli 30,000 skimmed milk powder 5,000 Flower flour â € œ00â € 48,63 anoxid a-bht food grade 0,04 triethanolamine 85% 0,100 fluorescent color ASTRAL PINK T1 0,300 Vegetable palm wax 12,500 sorbic acid PV E 200 "CN" 0,100 Paraffin in granules 30,000
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