ITMI20080629A1 - PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT TO OBTAIN EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS, IN PARTICULAR FROM NICKEL AND HYDROGEN. - Google Patents

Description

Description of the Patent for Industrial Invention entitled:

"PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT TO OBTAIN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS, IN PARTICULAR FROM NICKEL AND HYDRO-GENO"

DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for obtaining exothermic reactions, in particular from nickel and hydrogen.

The present invention has been stimulated by the well-known need to find energy supply sources other than fossil ones, due to the known need not to increase the percentage of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere.

It is necessary to find energy sources that are non-polluting, not harmful to health, economically competitive with oil and readily available as well as abundant in nature.

Many of these alternative sources to oil have been explored, tested and implemented also on an industrial scale, from biomass, to solar energy both for heating and for the production of photovoltaic electricity, to wind energy, to the use of vegetable oils. o alcohols of agricultural origin for the production of fuels, geothermal energy, marine wave energy, etc.

A possible alternative to oil is also constituted by nuclear energy deriving from the fission of uranium, but there are numerous problems that, as known, derive from the related problems of safety and treatment of waste that remain radioactive for thousands of years (in certain cases even millions), hardly accepted by the populations living near the sites intended for conservation over time.

Nuclear fusion by laser-activated inertial confinement is still far from the possibility of practical realization of production plants.

The same can be said for the deuterium-tritium fusion process, as can be deduced from the estimated times for the ITER project which should demonstrate, by 2025, the feasibility of production plants so that a subsequent project called DEMO can be started to arrive in 2035 at the construction of the first fusion power plants. Cold fusion, after the initial announcement of Fleischmann and Pons in 1989 (M. Fleischmann, M. Hawkins, S. Pons: Journal E-lectroanal. Chem., 261,301-1989), has not found, despite numerous attempts in all over the world, the possibility of being realized in a repetitive, reliable way and with the ability to produce useful energy for normal, industrial or domestic use.

that the present inventor knows very well having studied it very carefully in the course of designing the present invention, is the study carried out by prof. Sergio Focardi, from the Physics Department of the University of Bologna, and by prof. Francesco Pianteli- !, of the Physics Department of the University of Siena: the bibliography of these two scientists is recalled below:

-S. Focardi, F. Piantelli: Energy production and nuclear reactions in Ni-H systems at 400 ° C, Proceedings of the National Conference on Energy Policy in Italy, University of Bologna, April 18-19, 2005.

- S. Focardi, R. Habel, F. Piantelli: Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems, Nuovo Cimento Voi. 107, pp 163-167, 1994

- S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi: Large excess in heat production in Ni-H systems, Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A pp. 1233- 1241, 1998

- A. Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi: Neutron emission in Ni-H systems, Nuovo Cimento Vol. 112 A pp 921-93 1, 1999

- S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi: On the Ni-H systems, Asti Workshop in Hydrogenldeuterium loaded metals, pp 35-47, 1997

- E.G. Campari, 5. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, E. Porcu, E.Tosti, S. Veronesi: Ni-H systems, Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Cold Fusion, pp 69-74, 2000 The inventor is well aware of the above publications, which he has carefully studied; he is also well aware of the numerous patents filed on the subject, the most representative of which are the following: US-6, 236,225, US-5,122,054; US-H466, US-4,014,168, US-5,5 52,155, US-5,195,157, US-4,782,303, US-4,341,730, US-A-20010024789.

The analysis of these technologies shows that:

1- all the experiments conducted on cold fusion have not generated a continuous and reliable production in an industrially acceptable and economically sustainable measure with profit 2- all the technologies that use uranium have not yet solved the problem of eliminating nuclear waste and still raise concerns about long-term safety plan

3- all technologies for nuclear fusion have not yet reached the capacity to produce energy, except in minimal quantities and without the ability to control the fusion

4- all technologies based on magnetic and inertial confinement, such as plasma fusion, are not manageable in an economically convenient way

5- the technologies based on the catalyzed fusion of negative muons cannot be used due to the short life of the muons. The aim of the present invention is to allow energy to be produced economically and conveniently in a reliable and repetitive way, without generating radiation and radioactive waste.

Within the scope of this aim, an object of the invention is to provide a method which is based on small, easily controllable systems, producing the heating of an environment at costs of an order of magnitude lower than those obtained with the best heating systems in trade currently.

This and other purposes, which will be better highlighted later, are achieved by a process and equipment capable of obtaining a highly efficient exothermic reaction between nickel atoms and hydrogen atoms, in a tube preferably, but not necessarily, of metal. filled with nickel powder and heated to a high temperature, preferably, but not necessarily, from 150 to 500 ° C; in the apparatus object of this patent, hydrogen is injected into the metal tube filled with nickel powder at high pressure, preferably, but not necessarily, from 2 to 20 bars.

The hydrogen nuclei, due to the high adsorption capacity of nickel towards them, compress around the nuclei of the metal atoms, the high temperature determines internuclear percussions made more violent by the catalytic action of any elements, triggering the capture of a proton by nickel, the consequent transformation of nickel into copper and the beta + decay of the latter into a nickel core with a mass one unit greater than that of the original nickel.

The present inventor believes that perhaps it may be the capture of a proton by a nickel core which transforms into a copper core and subsequent beta decay of the unstable copper that is formed (Cu 59 - 64) since the energy heat produced is higher, as will be shown later, than the energy introduced by the electrical resistance.

The transformation of nickel nuclei into copper is determined by the lower mass (energy) of the final state (copper isotope) compared to the total mass (overall energy) of the initial state (nickel proton isotope).

The approach to the problem of the exothermic reaction adopted by the inventor differs from those adopted by the researchers who preceded him in this matter due to the fact that here we have not tried to demonstrate the emission of elementary particles that testify to the validity of a theory, but rather is tried exclusively to produce more energy than consumed, both because this is the only useful purpose on a practical level, and because, for obvious reasons, the only way to produce more energy than consumed is to produce energy from nuclear processes using electrochemical energy.

For this reason, the invented apparatus has as its sole purpose the production of energy to a greater extent than the energy consumed, in a reliable, easily controllable, safe, repeatable way at any time there is a need to produce energy in a measured way.

The apparatus is externally coated with layers of boron and lead plates both to contain all possible radiation and to transform them into thermal energy, which is the purpose of the work of the invention.

there is no residual radiation, nor production of residual radioactive materials.

All the attempts made to date to create similar types of energy have obtained experimental prototypes that have produced small amounts of energy that cannot be reliably used on an industrial scale, especially due to the predominantly theoretical approach of the research carried out.

The aim of the present invention is to provide a machine that functions reliably, and can be reproduced in series, for any quantity of energy required, thanks to the possibility of placing the summations of the individual industrially manufactured modules in series and in parallel.

The amount of energy that can be produced is impressive, because bombarding a nickel atom with a hydrogen atom produces a copper atom with a significant loss of atomic mass which is transformed into energy according to the well-known Einstein equation, plus the energy of the beta decay of radioactive copper atoms.

The following discussion may be suitable for some (radioactive) Cu isotopes not for the two stable ones (<A> 63Cu and <A> 65Cu) which do not decay

When the copper atom decays, positive beta decay occurs, with energy emission, according to the equation:

P = N + and <A> + v,

where is it

N = neutron

and <A> + = positron

v = neutrino

The positron constitutes the antiparticle of the electron so when the positrons collide with the electrons present in the nickel, the electron-positron pairs annihilate each other, generating enormous energy.

A few grams of Ni and H produce the equivalent energy of thousands of tons of oil, as will be shown below, without producing either pollution, or greenhouse effect, or increases in carbon dioxide, or waste of any kind, nuclear or otherwise, because the radioactive isotopes of copper produced in the process decay into stable isotopes of nickel with beta processes in a very short time.

Before describing in detail how the equipment is built, a consideration is necessary: in order for nickel to transform into stable copper it is necessary to respect quantum laws; therefore it is essential that the Nickel isotope with mass number 62 is used for the exothermic reactions seen, so that it can transform into the 62 isotope of stable copper. All other Ni isotopes generate unstable Cu and consequently beta decay.

Since about 10 <Λ> 6 tons of nickel are produced per year and, as shown later in Table 1, from 1 gram of nickel the equivalent energy of 517 tons of oil is obtained, with nickel going through processes nuclear power can be obtained

1,000,000,000,000 * 517 / 10,000 = 51,700,000,000 tonnes of oil equivalent per year.

Not to mention that production can be easily increased if demand increases and that nickel, unlike oil, can be recovered and remelted from the scrap of previous uses in the steel industry, electronics, etc.

Keep in mind that nickel is one of the most abundant metals contained in the earth's crust.

Further characteristics and advantages of the object of the present invention will become more evident through an examination of the description of a preferred but not exclusive embodiment of the invention, illustrated by way of non-limiting example in the attached drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a construction diagram of the apparatus according to the present invention;

figure 2 is a photograph, taken with the electron microscope x 1,400, illustrating the nickel powder enlarged 1,400 times extracted from the apparatus;

Figures 3 and 4 are graphs drawn by the electron microscope relating to the atomic composition of the powders, in the two points indicated by the arrows in Figure 2;

With particular reference to the numerical symbols of the aforesaid figures, the apparatus according to the invention comprises an electric resistance 1 inserted in a metal tube 2 inside which the nickel powder 3 is inserted.

A solenoid valve 4 regulates the hydrogen injection pressure 5 in the metal tube.

Both the temperature generated by the electrical resistance and the hydrogen injection pressure can be adjusted to constant values or to pulsations.

The electrical resistance, or other source of heat, switches off when the state of excitation that generates the exothermic reaction is triggered; a thermostat keeps the heat source running according to the temperature reached by the circuit.

The group consisting of the electrical resistance and the copper tube containing the nickel is externally shielded with, respectively, from the inside to the outside:

a) a jacket of water and boron 7, or simply of boron

b) a lead jacket 8 also, but not necessarily, externally coated with steel 9.

The purpose of these coatings is to contain all the radiations emitted by the reaction and transform them into thermal energy.

The heat thus generated by the decay of the particles and by nuclear transformations heats the primary fluid consisting of borate water and this, in turn, exchanges heat with the secondary circuit which heats up at the expense of the primary fluid and conveys the thermal energy produced to the uses for which it is intended: electricity, heating, mechanical energy, etc.

If there is no primary fluid, the fluid to be heated exchanges heat directly with the lead and steel jacket.

According to a further version of the invention, the apparatus is completed as follows.

The nickel is inserted in a copper tube 100, internally heated by an electrical resistance 101, regulated by a thermostat that turns it off when the nickel is activated by the hydrogen contained in a cylinder 107.

A 102 boron steel armor, covered with a lead 103 armor, protect both the copper tube and its connection with the hydrogen cylinder 106, and the hydrogen cylinder 107 itself, so as to contain the radiation throughout the their life, until they are transformed into thermal energy.

Outside the lead armor flows the cooling water of the copper reactor, contained by an external 105 steel pipe, which brings the water to use the thermal energy thus obtained.

This prototype can be used as a heating module which, placed in series and / or in parallel, constitutes the fundamental brick for systems of any size.

A practical embodiment of the invention consists of an apparatus installed on October 16, 2007 and fully functional 24 hours a day, producing the heat to heat the EON plant, located in via Carlo Ragazzi 28 in Bondeno, in the province of Ferrara.

The characteristics of this equipment are outlined in Table 2.

This equipment, not disclosed, has shown that it is useful that the hydrogen injection is not at constant pressure, but that there are pressure variations.

The thermostat that regulates the temperature of the electric resistance, after 3-4 hours turns off the resistance for which the system is self-powered, continuously emitting thermal energy in excess of the thermal energy previously introduced by the electric resistance, which has no other explanation. except with the activation of the exothermic reaction.

As demonstrated in detail in the following table 1, it can be calculated that in the hypothesis of a complete transformation, one mole that is 58 g of nickel can produce the same amount of energy obtained by burning about 30,000 tons of oil.

Figures 2-5 illustrate the data collected on January 30, 2008 which basically testify to the cold nuclear fusion event faced by the present invention.

In the photograph of figure 2, taken with the electron microscope x 1,400, we see the nickel powder magnified 1,400 times extracted from the apparatus: note the flake shape of the granules: this conformation greatly favors the absorption of hydrogen atoms by the nickel cores.

The two arrows indicate the two positions of the dust sample in which the analyzes with the electron micrograph were carried out to detect the atomic composition.

The two graphs in figures 3 and 4 were drawn by the electron microscope of the Physics Department of the University of Bologna, under the supervision of Prof. Sergio Focardi, on January 30, 2008, and are related to the atomic composition of the powders, in two points highlighted above in the photograph of figure 2.

The reading of the graphs of figures 3 and 4 highlights the formation of zinc, which was completely absent from the nickel powder with which the device was charged: zinc can only have been formed by the fusion of a nickel atom with two hydrogen atoms.

This shows that in addition to fusion there is also a fission phenomenon of the nickel core, which generates lighter stable atoms.

Both copper and atoms lighter than nickel (such as sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium) were found in the powders that produced energy.

This demonstrates that in addition to fusion there is also a fission phenomenon of the nickel core which generates lighter stable atoms.

In practice it has been found that the invention achieves the intended aim and objects.

Table 1

Calculation of the energy produced by one mole of nickel

1 mol of nickel = 58 g

Avogadro's number 6,022 x 10Λ23 mol <'1> = number of nickel atoms in 58 g of nickel

The energy released in each hydrogen capture process was evaluated for each nickel isotope by the difference between the initial mass (nickel hydrogen) and the mass of the final reaction products.

A reasonable estimate, taking into account the different values for the various isotopes, is 10 MeV (the MeV, million electron volts is the unit of measurement of energy normally used in nuclear physics) Since 1 Mev equals a mass change of 1, 78 x 10 <"30> kg, the mass variation corresponding to an energy emission of 10 Mev is 1.78 x 10 <'29> kg

The mass loss corresponding to the transformation of an entire mole of Ni can be calculated by multiplying the Avogadro number (6.022 x 10 <23>) by the mass variation of the single reaction.

We thus obtain (for 58 g of Ni)

M = (6,022 x 10 <23>) x 1, 78 x 10 <'29> kg = 1, 07 x 10 <'5> kg.

From Einstein's relativity we will have

E = me <2> where c is the speed of light c = 3 x 10 <8> m / s.

Then substituting

J = 1.07 x 10 <'5> x (3 x 10 <8>) <2> = 9.63 x 10 <11> J approximating 0.3 x 10 <9> kcal (approximating down to reserve ).

This is the energy equivalent to about 30,000 tons of oil, considering a pei of 10,000 kcal / kg for oil; in short, 58 g of nickel produce the same energy as 30,000 tons of oil, or 517 tons / gram.

Claims (17)

R I V E N D I C AZ I O N I 1. Process for obtaining exothermic reactions from nickel and hydrogen characterized by the fact that the same involves injecting hydrogen on powder, even of nanometric dimensions, granules or bars of nickel, in a heated environment at high temperature and saturated with pressurized hydrogen gas, in order to get energy. 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the presence of catalysts. 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the environment is heated to a temperature preferably between 150 and 500 ° C. 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that hydrogen is injected into the metal tube filled with nickel at a pressure preferably between 2 and 20 bar. 5. Apparatus for carrying out the process according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a metal tube filled with nickel powder, suitably heated, into which hydrogen is injected. 6. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the nickel powder can contain catalysts. 7. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrogen can be inserted at pulsations rather than at constant pressure. 8. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the external heating temperature can be varied instead of being kept constant. 9. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the metal tube filled with nickel powder is externally coated with a jacket of water and boron or steel and boron and a layer of lead. 10. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the lead layer can be coated with a steel layer. 11. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that, in order to transform the products of the exothermic reaction into heat, a stream of water or other fluid flows in a steel pipe which exchanges heat with the reactor metallic. 12. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the nickel used for the nuclear reaction can be of any isotope. 13. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the nickel used for the nuclear reaction can also be replaced with other elements, in particular with copper. 14. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that it constitutes a module which can be combined in series and / or in parallel to form plants of any size. 15. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that the exothermic reactions are multiple and can form different types of atoms depending on the quantity of protons interacting with the nickel nuclei. 16. Apparatus according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises one or more characteristics described and / or illustrated. 17. Process according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises one or more characteristics described and / or illustrated.