ITCE20120002A1 - PROCESS FOR DEGRADATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS IN WATERS BY TITANIUM DIOXIDE ELECTROCATALYSIS - Google Patents

PROCESS FOR DEGRADATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS IN WATERS BY TITANIUM DIOXIDE ELECTROCATALYSIS Download PDF

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Publication number
ITCE20120002A1
ITCE20120002A1 IT000002A ITCE20120002A ITCE20120002A1 IT CE20120002 A1 ITCE20120002 A1 IT CE20120002A1 IT 000002 A IT000002 A IT 000002A IT CE20120002 A ITCE20120002 A IT CE20120002A IT CE20120002 A1 ITCE20120002 A1 IT CE20120002A1
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Prior art keywords
water
titanium dioxide
process according
provides
rotor
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IT000002A
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Italian (it)
Inventor
Adolfo Pastore
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Adolfo Pastore
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Priority to IT000002A priority Critical patent/ITCE20120002A1/en
Publication of ITCE20120002A1 publication Critical patent/ITCE20120002A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/725—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/34—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with mechanical oscillations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C02F2001/46152—Electrodes characterised by the shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/308—Dyes; Colorants; Fluorescent agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/10—Photocatalysts

Description

Descrizione del brevetto per invenzione industriale avente per titolo : Description of the patent for industrial invention entitled:

" PROCESSO PER LA DEGRADAZIONE DEI CONTAMINANTI CHIMICI E BIOLOGICI NELLE ACQUE MEDIANTE ELETTROCATALISI DEL BIOSSIDO DI TITANIO " "PROCESS FOR THE DEGRADATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS IN WATERS BY ELECTROCATALYSIS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE"

Descrizione dell'invenzione : Description of the invention:

La presente invenzione si riferisce ad un processo di degradazione di molecole organiche e di specie batteriche presenti nelle acque . The present invention refers to a degradation process of organic molecules and bacterial species present in water.

Il processo à ̈ basato sull'utilizzo del forte campo elettrico in corrispondenza della Zona di contatto tra le spazzole in grafite e il collettore in rame di una dinamo. Considerando lo spazio tra le asperità del contatto elettrico dell'elettrodo in grafite e del collettore in rame , dell'ordine dei micron, il campo elettrico generato in tale spazio à ̈ estremamente alto dell'ordine dei KV/m. Tale campo elettrico di forte intensità à ̈ sufficiente ad eccitare gli elettroni del biossido di titanio mescolato in acqua sottoforma di polvere micrometrica . The process is based on the use of the strong electric field in correspondence of the contact zone between the graphite brushes and the copper collector of a dynamo. Considering the space between the asperities of the electrical contact of the graphite electrode and the copper collector, of the order of microns, the electric field generated in this space is extremely high in the order of KV / m. This strong electric field is sufficient to excite the electrons of the titanium dioxide mixed in water in the form of micrometric powder.

In sostanza abbiamo una certa quantità di acqua contaminata con molecole organiche in un contenitore; a tale volume d'acqua viene mescolato una certa quantità di polvere di biossido di titanio ( 200-300 mg/litro di T1O2). La parte del rotore di una dinamo, relativa all'elettrodo in grafite e al collettore in rame à ̈ immersa in tale volume d'acqua .11 rotore della dinamo à ̈ messo in rotazione . Basically we have a certain amount of water contaminated with organic molecules in a container; a certain amount of titanium dioxide powder (200-300 mg / liter of T1O2) is mixed with this volume of water. The part of the rotor of a dynamo, relative to the graphite electrode and the copper collector, is immersed in this volume of water. The dynamo's rotor is set in rotation.

Π campo elettrico che si genera tra l'elettrodo in grafite e il collettore eccita gli elettroni dei biossido di titanio portandoli dalla banda di valenza a quella Πelectric field that is generated between the graphite electrode and the collector excites the electrons of the titanium dioxide, bringing them from the valence band to the

di conduzione . Infatti come à ̈ noto, il biossido di titanio ha un comportamento da semiconduttore con energia di gap di 3,2 eV .Una volta eccitato il biossido di titanio possono innescarsi delle reazioni di ossido riduzione ,come riportato dalla letteratura scientifica ,che portano alla frantumazione delle molecole organiche presenti in acqua, e all'adsorbimento dei frammenti di tali molecole sul particolato micrometrico dello stesso biossido di titanio che precipita, depurando l'acqua. In definitiva il processo richiama la fotocatalisi in cui, come noto, à ̈ la luce di opportuna frequenza che eccita gli elettroni del TÃŒ02, producendo successivamente reazioni redox . Nel caso specifico à ̈ il campo elettrico che promuove gli elettroni del T1O2 dalla banda di valenza a quella di conduzione . of conduction. In fact, as is well known, titanium dioxide has a semiconductor behavior with a gap energy of 3.2 eV. Once titanium dioxide is excited, redox reactions can be triggered, as reported by the scientific literature, which lead to crushing. of the organic molecules present in water, and to the adsorption of the fragments of these molecules on the micrometric particulate of the titanium dioxide itself that precipitates, purifying the water. Ultimately the process recalls the photocatalysis in which, as known, it is the light of a suitable frequency that excites the electrons of TÃŒ02, subsequently producing redox reactions. In the specific case it is the electric field that promotes the T1O2 electrons from the valence band to the conduction band.

Tale campo elettrico eccita gli elettroni delle molecole del biossido di titanio che si trovano in acqua sottoforma di polvere micrometrica in sospensione . This electric field excites the electrons of the titanium dioxide molecules found in water in the form of micrometric powder in suspension.

Secondo lostesso processo fisico abbiamo l'effetto di demolizione di specie batteriche presenti in acqua come à ̈ stato verificato sperimentalmente. La procedura à ̈ esattamente la stessa di quella descritta poc'anzi. Nel contenitore del reattore à ̈ presente dell'acqua contaminata con specie batteriche come : coliformi ,escherichia coli, enterococchi, pseudomonas Aeruginosa. According to the same physical process we have the demolition effect of bacterial species present in water as has been experimentally verified. The procedure is exactly the same as that described above. In the reactor container there is water contaminated with bacterial species such as: coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

A tale acqua contaminata da tali specie batteriche viene aggiunta della polvere di biossido di titanio ,200-300 mg/litro . Dopo un certo tempo di trattamento le specie batteriche presenti in acqua risultano demolite completamente, come le analisi microbiologiche hanno ampiamente dimostrato. Titanium dioxide powder, 200-300 mg / liter, is added to this water contaminated by these bacterial species. After a certain time of treatment, the bacterial species present in the water are completely demolished, as the microbiological analyzes have amply demonstrated.

In definitiva il sistema che intendiamo brevettare secondo la sopradescritta procedura fisica, si presta per la demolizione chimica e biologica. Per quanta riguarda la demolizione chimica di molecole organiche presenti in acqua si richiama il tipo di molecole a cui ci si riferisce : coloranti azoici utilizzati nell'industria tessile; molecole antibiotiche tipo Sulfamethoxazole utilizzate nell'industria farmaceutica, fitofarmaci come Atrazina. Inoltre con la stessa procedura vengono demolite molecole di idrocarburi alifatici come quelle degli oli minerali. Per quanto riguarda la demolizione biologica di specie batteriche come : coliformi, escherichia coli, enterococchi,pseudomonas Aeruginosa, presenti nelle acque, il processo fisico di demolizione di tali specie batteriche richiamate, Ã ̈ lo stesso di quello chimico. Ultimately, the system we intend to patent according to the physical procedure described above is suitable for chemical and biological demolition. As far as the chemical demolition of organic molecules present in water is concerned, the type of molecules referred to is recalled: azo dyes used in the textile industry; Sulfamethoxazole type antibiotic molecules used in the pharmaceutical industry, pesticides such as Atrazine. Furthermore, with the same procedure, molecules of aliphatic hydrocarbons such as those of mineral oils are demolished. As regards the biological demolition of bacterial species such as: coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, pseudomonas Aeruginosa, present in the waters, the physical process of demolition of these recalled bacterial species is the same as the chemical one.

Per quanto riguarda il particolato di biossido di titanio sottoforma di polvere da aggiungere all'acqua contaminata che funge da catalizzatore, si fa notare come à ̈ stato riscontrato, che il più efficace à ̈ L'Alderich con 325 mesh. Infatti in presenza di tale particolato in sospensione acquosa , in seguito al trattamento descritto, sì à ̈ riscontrato che la degradazione avviene più rapidamente e il particolato di biossido di titanio aggrega a se i frammenti delle molecole organiche degradate per azione del campo elettrico e precipita per effetto della gravità. As for the titanium dioxide particulate in the form of powder to be added to the contaminated water that acts as a catalyst, it should be noted that it has been found that the most effective is L'Alderich with 325 mesh. In fact, in the presence of this particulate in aqueous suspension, following the described treatment, it was found that the degradation occurs more rapidly and the titanium dioxide particulate aggregates to itself the fragments of the organic molecules degraded by the action of the electric field and precipitates due to gravity.

Il particolato di TÌO2 non si sgretola in frammenti più piccoli ma al contrario TÌO2 particulate matter does not crumble into smaller fragments but on the contrary

si macro-aggrega diventando più pesante e rendendo più facile la sua precipitazione. it macro-aggregates becoming heavier and making its precipitation easier.

Il Disegno 1 mostra lo schema di principio del reattore degradatore . La regione attiva à ̈ quella in corrispondenza degli elettrodi in grafite e del collettore in rame. Infatti il livello dell'acqua contaminata con molecole organiche o specie batteriche ricopre solo quella zona. E' evidente che il rotore messo in rotazione utilizzando la più conveniente forma di energia , mescola continuamente l'acqua contenente l'aggiunta polvere di biossido di titanio. La concentrazione del biossido di titanio in acqua à ̈ di 200 -300 milligrammi /litro. Il contenitore possiede una particolare geometria che consente più agevolmente alla miscela acqua e T1O2 di circolare preferibilmente in prossimità della regione attiva .Sono state trattate come detto ,con tale sistema numerose soluzioni di coloranti azoici (50 mg/L di Reactive blue, , Procion red mk58, Acid green 25, Alìzarin red) con 300 mg/L di Ti02in polvere ( Aldrich mesh 325). Inoltre sono state trattate come detto, con lo stesso sistema soluzioni contenenti molecole di uso farmaceutico e fitofarmaceutico . Le soluzioni (1000 mL) erano fatte circolare nello spazio del campo elettrico tra le spazzole in grafite e il collettore in rame, dal movimento dello stesso rotore parzialmente immerso in esse. Dopo 30 minuti di trattamento le soluzioni risultavano completamente decolorate e l'analisi allo spettrofotometro confermava l'abbattimento dei coloranti per oltre il 90%. Analoghe prove sono state fatte per l'atrazina e il sulfamethoxazole fornendo percentuali di degradazione dell'ordine 80-90 % .Infine à ̈ stata sottoposta allo stesso trattamento 1000 mi di acque contenenti in emulsione oli minerali con COD di 2000, ottenendo una degradazione dopo il trattamento per 30 min. di oltre il 90% . Drawing 1 shows the basic diagram of the degrading reactor. The active region is the one corresponding to the graphite electrodes and the copper collector. In fact, the level of water contaminated with organic molecules or bacterial species covers only that area. It is evident that the rotor, set in rotation using the most convenient form of energy, continuously mixes the water containing the added titanium dioxide powder. The concentration of titanium dioxide in water is 200-300 milligrams / liter. The container has a particular geometry that allows the mixture of water and T1O2 to circulate more easily in the vicinity of the active region. As mentioned, numerous solutions of azo dyes have been treated with this system (50 mg / L of Reactive blue,, Procion red mk58, Acid green 25, Alìzarin red) with 300 mg / L of Ti02 powder (Aldrich mesh 325). Furthermore, solutions containing molecules for pharmaceutical and phytopharmaceutical use were treated with the same system. The solutions (1000 mL) were circulated in the space of the electric field between the graphite brushes and the copper collector, by the movement of the same rotor partially immersed in them. After 30 minutes of treatment the solutions were completely discolored and the spectrophotometer analysis confirmed the reduction of the dyes by over 90%. Similar tests were carried out for atrazine and sulfamethoxazole providing degradation percentages of the order of 80-90%. the treatment for 30 min. by over 90%.

DEGRADAZIONE CHIMICA ( 1 LITRO SOLUZIONE-ACQUOSA 30 MIN.) { Molecola di Sulfamethoxazole ) CHEMICAL DEGRADATION (1 LITER WATER-SOLUTION 30 MIN.) {Sulfamethoxazole molecule)

A TO

i spettro suìfamethoxazole -non trattato i spectrum suìfamethoxazole - untreated

1.6 1.6

i the

! 1,6 ! 1.6

1.4 1.4

1,2 1.2

C C.

*9 1 ? * 9 1?

-e 0,8 -e 0.8

Ser»el 0,6 Ser »el 0.6

0,4 i· 0.4 i

0,2 0.2

0 -200 300 400 soo 0 -200 300 400 soo

λ <nm) Î »<nm)

ì spettro sulfamethoxazoie- Trattato ì f ì spectrum sulfamethoxazoie - Treated ì f

0,6 I 0.6 I

i ì i ì

0,5 1 0.5 1

ai 0.4 ai 0.4

\ . ao» i \. ao »i

0,3 ì 0.3 ì

o I A I »A o I A I »A

<0 0,2 —Sene! j 0.1 b 0<L><0 0.2 â € ”Sene! j 0.1 b 0 <L>

0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500

λ (nm) Π"(nm)

Spettrofotometria dì assorbimento di molecola di colorante azoico : Reactive blue 2. Absorption spectrophotometry of azo dye molecule: Reactive blue 2.

B B.

I.fete. Π7/2 ]/2(3W l ime. 13:10;» I. fete. Î 7/2] / 2 (3W l ime. 13:10; "

2 47 2 47

2.4 .. 2.4 ..

/ /

Λ THE>

M M.

l \ L \

·· " ·· "

A 1 -2 A 1 -2

\ A \ TO

0-2 J Λ 0-2 J Î ›

V. X V. X

000 000

1000 400 soo 1000 400 soo

PROVA4. SP - 07/2 T/2009 - Reattive blue 2-soIu* orig 50 rng/1 -cu vette I Omni TEST 4. SP - 07/2 T / 2009 - Reactive blue 2-soIu * orig 50 rng / 1 -cu vette I Omni

PROVAI SP*07/21/2009 - Reattive blue 2-adsod><'>im Ti02-cu vette I Owra TEST SP * 07/21/2009 - Reactive blue 2-adsod> <'> im Ti02-cu vette I Owra

PROVA6 SP «*07/21/2009 - Reattive bkie 2-trmtt Ti02 mag -divette [Omm TEST6 SP «* 07/21/2009 - Reactive bkie 2-trmtt Ti02 mag -divette [Omm

Legenda dall'atto in basso { 1 LITRO DI SOLUZIONE ACQUOSA PER 30 MIN.): Legend from the act below {1 LITER OF WATER SOLUTION FOR 30 MIN.):

PR0VA4.SP REACTIVE BLUE-2 SOLUZIONE PURA IN H2O 50 mg/litro PR0VA4.SP REACTIVE BLUE-2 PURE SOLUTION IN H2O 50 mg / liter

PR0VA5.SP REACTIVE BLUE-2 CON SOLO ADSORBIMENTO DI T1O2 PR0VA5.SP REACTIVE BLUE-2 WITH ONLY T1O2 ADSORPTION

PR0VA6.SP REACTIVE BLU-2 TRATTATO CON IL SISTEMA CON T1O2 PER 30 MIN. PR0VA6.SP REACTIVE BLU-2 TREATED WITH THE SYSTEM WITH T1O2 FOR 30 MIN.

DEGRADAZIONE BIOLOGICA BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION

Analisi microbiologica effettuata con campione trattato di un litro di acqua contaminata con le sotto-elencate specie batteriche per 30 min. di trattamento. Microbiological analysis carried out with a treated sample of one liter of water contaminated with the bacterial species listed below for 30 min. of treatment.

Tipo di prova metodo Unità di Risultato Risultato Valori di misura acqua acqua non parametro trattata trattata dlgs 31-UFC/ml Type of test method Unit of Result Result Measured values water non-treated treated water dlgs 31-UFC / ml

2001 2001

Carica Rapporti 200 >391 100 batterica istisan issn Load Reports 200> 391 100 bacterial istisan issn

UFC/100 mi UFC / 100 mi

totale 22 C total 22 C

1123-3117 1123-3117

Coliformi Rapporti UFC/100 mi 50 >200 0 totali istisan issn Coliforms UFC / 100 ratios 50> 200 0 total istisan issn

1123-3117 1123-3117

Escherichia Rapporti UFC/100 mi 30 7258 Dlgs 152 coli istisan issn Escherichia UFC / 100 ratios 30 7258 Legislative Decree 152 coli istisan issn

2006 1123-3117 2006 1123-3117

Lim.5000 Lim. 5000

Entero Rapporti UFC/100 mi 100 >200 0 Entero UFC ratios / 100 mi 100> 200 0

istisan issn istisan issn

cocchi cocci

1123-3117 1123-3117

Pseudomonas Rapporti UFC/100 mi 0 45 0 Pseudomonas UFC / 100 ratios 0 45 0

istisan issn istisan issn

aeruginosa aeruginosa

1123-3117 1123-3117

Claims (7)

Rivendicazioni. 1. Un processo per mezzo del quale si ottiene la decontaminazione delle acque da contaminanti chimici e biologici; detto processo comprende le fasi di introduzione nelle acque inquinate di 400 mg di biossido di titanio in polvere per litro d'acqua e di trattamento della stessa acqua contenente la polvere di Ti02 in sospensione, mediante un campo elettrico generato tra le spazzole in grafite e il collettore in rame di una dinamo il cui rotore à ̈ posto in rotazione. Claims. 1. A process by which the decontamination of water from chemical and biological contaminants is obtained; this process includes the steps of introducing 400 mg of titanium dioxide powder per liter of water into the polluted water and treating the same water containing the Ti02 powder in suspension, by means of an electric field generated between the graphite brushes and the copper collector of a dynamo whose rotor is set in rotation. 2. Il processo secondo la rivendicazione 1 prevede il collettore in rame e le spazzole in grafite. 2. The process according to claim 1 provides for the copper collector and the graphite brushes. 3. Il processo secondo la rivendicazione 1 in cui il biossido di titanio inteso come particolato à ̈ di 325 mesh. 3. The process according to claim 1 wherein the titanium dioxide intended as particulate is 325 mesh. 4. Il processo secondo la rivendicazione 1 prevede un rimescolamento continuo dell'acqua inquinata grazie alla stessa rotazione del rotore e alla particolare geometria del contenitore in modo da consentire il passaggio dello stesso liquido preferenzialmente tra le spazzole e il collettore. 4. The process according to claim 1 provides for a continuous mixing of the polluted water thanks to the rotation of the rotor itself and to the particular geometry of the container so as to allow the passage of the same liquid preferentially between the brushes and the collector. 5. Il processo secondo la rivendicazione 1 prevede di utilizzare un contenitore di acciaio inox in cui à ̈ posta l'acqua inquinata ed in cui à ̈ alloggiato il rotore della dinamo. 5. The process according to claim 1 provides for the use of a stainless steel container in which the polluted water is placed and in which the dynamo rotor is housed. 6. Il processo secondo la rivendicazione 1 prevede che il materiale di cui à ̈ composto l'asse del rotore della dinamo sia di acciaio inox. 6. The process according to claim 1 provides that the material of which the dynamo rotor axis is composed is of stainless steel. 7. Il processo secondo la rivendicazione 1 prevede un numero di giri del rotore di 500 giri/min.7. The process according to claim 1 provides for a rotor speed of 500 rpm.
IT000002A 2012-03-28 2012-03-28 PROCESS FOR DEGRADATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS IN WATERS BY TITANIUM DIOXIDE ELECTROCATALYSIS ITCE20120002A1 (en)

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040007539A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2004-01-15 Denes Ferencz S. Method for disinfecting a dense fluid medium in a dense medium plasma reactor
WO2010115904A1 (en) * 2009-04-06 2010-10-14 Sa Envitech S.R.L. Graphene based electrodes for electrochemical reactions, and electrooxidation process for the removal of contaminants from liquids using said electrodes
US20110303532A1 (en) * 2001-07-16 2011-12-15 Foret Plasma Labs, Llc System for treating a substance with wave energy from an electrical arc and a second source

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20110303532A1 (en) * 2001-07-16 2011-12-15 Foret Plasma Labs, Llc System for treating a substance with wave energy from an electrical arc and a second source
US20040007539A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2004-01-15 Denes Ferencz S. Method for disinfecting a dense fluid medium in a dense medium plasma reactor
WO2010115904A1 (en) * 2009-04-06 2010-10-14 Sa Envitech S.R.L. Graphene based electrodes for electrochemical reactions, and electrooxidation process for the removal of contaminants from liquids using said electrodes

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