IT202000017995A1 - NANOPARTICLES, NANOFUNCTIONALISED SUBSTRATE AND DEVICE WITH ANTIVIRAL PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY - Google Patents

Description

DESCRIPTION

Attached to a patent application for INDUSTRIAL INVENTION having the title

?Nanoparticles, nanofunctionalized substrate and device with active? antiviral photocatalytic?

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the sector of photocatalytic degradation for applications in disinfection and/or sanitation. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, a substrate nanofunctionalized with said nanoparticles and a device comprising said substrate for killing viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria. The present invention also relates to a method for killing said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria.

STATE OF ART

Infectious diseases, or those diseases caused by pathogens that come into contact with an individual, still represent one of the main causes of disability today. and/or global death. In particular, viruses, fungi and bacteria, which can be transmitted from person to person or from animals to people, are increasingly becoming a problem. heard in society? today. Just think, for example, of infections acquired in the healthcare setting (such as in hospitals, long-term care facilities, outpatient clinics, home care, etc.) and which often constitute the most common complication. frequent and serious in the health sector even in the most? developed and with high standards of hygiene. In particular, with regard to bacteria, the spread of bacteria resistant to antibiotics is particularly worrying, both in hospitals where the use of antibiotics? often high and contacts between staff/visitors (potentially carrying bacteria) and patients (often immunosuppressed) are close together, which, for example, at the level of livestock farms. In this case, in fact, antibiotics are often administered in massive even to healthy animals in order to prevent infections that could compromise their growth or cause disease. In this case, bacteria resistant to antibiotics can therefore develop which are potentially transmissible also to humans, for example through the ingestion of food products deriving from the animals themselves. Among these, for example, both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are often responsible for this phenomenon of resistance, and may play a role in transferring this resistance to humans through food. In order to have a complete picture of the situation and the risks related to the spread of infectious diseases, ? It is also important to consider that, in recent decades, globalization, the concentration of a large number of people in urban spaces increasingly? crowded and the increasingly great ease? in international travel, it has contributed significantly to the spread of pathogens, in a short time and in different parts of the world. Just think, for example, of coronaviruses (CoVs), responsible for several epidemics from 2002 to today, caused by SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and, currently, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), the causative agent of more recent pandemic (2019/2020). In particular, SARS-CoV-2 also due to its high virulence and its ability to of mortality?, ? become an unprecedented global public health emergency. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA positive viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family and to the order Nidovirales and are considered the most? large RNA positive viruses, with genomes ranging from 27 to 32 kb. CoVs are the cause of a variety of respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous system diseases in both humans and animals and are able to adapt to new environments through mutation and recombination. The transmission of these viruses, so? as for bacteria or fungi, pu? occur through contact or close proximity to an infected person, or through contact with infected objects or surfaces and subsequent transmission of the pathogen through contact with the nose, mouth or eyes. These pathogens are in fact able to survive in the environment for hours or days (and in some cases for months) by contaminating surfaces, medical equipment or environmental matrices such as water or air in general. Furthermore, the transmission pu? also take place through asymptomatic individuals, thus making? the control of the spread of the disease extremely difficult. In the light of the foregoing, it appears clear that the emergence of new diseases, such as SARS, MERS or COVID-19 or increasingly more resistant to antibiotics, has created new global paradigms of public health and has challenged even the health systems most? effective due to lack of specific drugs and/or potential therapies. For this reason, in the current state of the art, in the absence of effective drugs and/or therapies for the treatment of patients, the interventions to combat the onset of these new diseases are mostly based on on the control and prevention of the spread of related pathogens. In this area, it appears to be more and more? growing need? to be able to quickly disinfect and sanitize both public and private environments and spaces, such as means of transport, hospitals, schools, offices, shops, restaurants, etc. In particular, the challenge remains of being able to provide a method that allows the abatement of viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria whether they are deposited on surfaces or present in the air transported by aerosol droplets in closed environments quickly, inexpensively and without risks and/or contraindications for the operator. At the state of the art, there are numerous publications concerning the study of the action of photocatalysis against viruses and bacteria. In this context, as reported for example by H. A. Foster et al. (?Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity?, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 90, 1847-1868 (2011)), numerous studies have been conducted on the potential activity antiviral and antibacterial titanium dioxide (TiO2), one of the most? known photocatalysts normally used for the abatement of polluting agents such as nitrogen oxides (NO, NOx, NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Titanium dioxide-based photocatalysts have many advantages including low cost, high availability, non-toxicity, stability and stability. chemical and thermal properties and the high oxidative power of TiO2. However, the most big drawback of the use of such photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide ? that these are active only if irradiated by a suitable light source having a wavelength in the range of the ultraviolet region (?=350-400 nm) due to the relatively wide band gap energy of TiO2 (Eg = 3 0-3.2 eV), which absorbs light only with a wavelength of less than about 387 nm. because until recently the know-how relating to photocatalysis led to the prevailing use of activation via ultraviolet light (UVA/UVB), nothing is found in the state of the art in relation to the killing of viruses and bacteria by carbon dioxide titanium with light having wavelength also in the visible spectrum. The only publications relating to the abatement of viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria using photocatalysis with visible light are in fact related to photocatalysts which include other substances such as, for example, described by K. Takehara (?Inactivation of avian influenza virus H1N1 by photocatalyst under visible light irradiation?, Virus Research, Vol. 151(1), 2010, pp. 102-103) in which platinum-doped tungsten oxide is used for the inactivation of the H1N1 avian influenza virus. In this context, the technical task underlying the present invention ? propose an optimized alternative to photocatalysts for the killing of viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria, in particular by providing a photocatalyst that works with both UV, visible and solar light, which has the same or higher efficacy than the photocatalysts known in the art and which may be suitable for coating different substrates. In particular, the present invention allows to solve the critical points of the prior art through the use of a photocatalyst based on nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-N) with activity? photocatalytic for killing viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria, in a short time, without emissions of contaminants (as instead, for example, in the case of ozone sanitizing devices) and active in both the UV and the visible, thus surpassing ? the high costs and accessibility problems? linked to the use of UV lamps, such as for example the production of O3.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the use of nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, of a substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles, of a device comprising at least one substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, for killing a virus and/or fungi, said fungi being selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium and a combination thereof; and/or bacteria, said bacteria being selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae and a combination thereof.

The present invention also relates to a method for killing said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria comprising the steps of:

(A) providing said TiO2-N nanoparticles or (A?) said nanofunctionalized substrate or (A??) said device; (B) placing said nanoparticles or (B?) said nanofunctionalized substrate or (B??) said device in contact with said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria; And

(C) irradiating said nanoparticles or (C?) said substrate with a light source of UV and/or visible light and/or solar; or (C??) irradiating said at least one substrate comprised within said device with said light source.

According to any of the embodiments of the invention, said virus ? preferably selected from the group consisting of: Coronaviridae, Bacteriophages, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Anelloviridae, Pramixoviridae, Poxviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, hepatitis viruses, and a combination thereof. Preferably, said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are comprised within a fluid, preferably air and/or water and/or a body fluid, or are present on a surface, preferably adsorbed on said surface. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, said TiO2-N nanoparticles comprise at least one brookite crystalline phase in an amount from 10 to 99% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles and a rutile crystalline phase in quantity? from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles, more? preferably said TiO2-N nanoparticles further comprise an anatase crystalline phase in an amount from 1 to 10% by weight or from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. Preferably, said TiO2-N nanoparticles have a doping nitrogen content of between 1 and 5% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, said substrate ? selected from the group consisting of: a substrate of ceramic, polymeric, textile, non-woven, metallic, glassy, paper, cardboard, or a combination thereof. Preferably, said substrate comprises a plurality of channels and/or cells suitable for the passage of a fluid, said channels and/or cells having a section preferably selected from circular, hexagonal, square, triangular, rectangular and a combination thereof, and identifying a path for the fluid having a variable geometry; preferably said substrate having a structure selected from: stratified structure, interlaced weft structure, fabric weft structure, honeycomb structure, preferably characterized by a CPSI value from 40 to 120, and a combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, of a substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles, of a device comprising at least one substrate nanofunctionalized with said nanoparticles and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, for killing a pathogen, said pathogen being preferably selected from viruses and/or bacteria and/or mushrooms as described in the present patent application. According to one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method for killing said pathogen comprising the steps of:

(A) providing said TiO2-N nanoparticles or (A?) said nanofunctionalized substrate or (A??) said device; (B) contacting said nanoparticles, or (B2?) said nanofunctionalized substrate, or (B??) said device, with said pathogen; And

(C) irradiating said nanoparticles or (C?) said substrate with a light source of UV and/or visible light and/or solar; or (C??) irradiating said at least one substrate comprised within said device with said light source.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figures 1A and 1B show SEM images, at two different magnifications, of a detail of the surface of the nanofunctionalized substrate, i.e. of the substrate covered with nanoparticles of TiO2-N obtained as described in Example 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For the purposes of the present invention, the expression ?nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N)? or ?nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-N)?, refers to (photocatalytic) nanoparticles doped exclusively with nitrogen. These expressions therefore exclude the so-called ?co-doping?, i.e. the simultaneous presence of two or more? dopant elements/agents, such as for example in the case of a nitrogen-rare earth co-doping or the like.

The terms ?suspension of nanoparticles? and ?nanoparticle suspension?, for the purposes of the present invention, are considered as synonyms and refer to a mixture in which finely divided solid nanoparticles are dispersed in a solvent, for example water and/or alcohol and/or glycol and/or mixtures thereof, so that they are not sedimentable or that, after possible sedimentation, they are easily re-dispersible.

The term ?nanoparticle coating?, for the purposes of the present invention means a coating comprising nanoparticles or which consists of nanoparticles.

With the term ?polymeric material? or ?plastic material? for the purposes of the present invention is meant a wide range of high molecular weight polymeric organic compounds, synthetic or semi-synthetic, which are malleable and can therefore be molded into solid objects. Said polymeric organic compounds can be pure (co)polymers or include other substances aimed at improving their properties. and reduce costs, such as for example organic and/or inorganic additives.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term ?(co)polymer? ? used to indicate both the polymers, also? called homopolymers, or macromolecules whose polymer chain contains units? obtained from the union of monomers of a single type, both copolymers, or macromolecules whose polymeric chain contains units? repetitive obtained from? union of monomers of two the pi? different types.

For the purposes of the present invention the term ?transparent? does it refer to the property? physics of transparency, or the property? which allows light to pass through a material. In particular, for the purposes of the present invention a material ? defined ?transparent? if it transmits light and allows an object to be seen clearly through it.

The term ?translucent? does it refer to the property? physics of translucency that allows light to pass through a material in a diffuse way.

In particular, for the purposes of the present invention a material ? defined ?translucent? if it transmits the light by spreading it but not ? transparent, or if said material does not allow clear observation of an object observed through it.

The term ? opaque?, refers to the property? physics of? opacity? which does not allow light to pass through a material.

In particular, for the purposes of the present invention, a material ? defined ?opaque? if it does not transmit light, or if it is impenetrable to light and therefore completely prevents the observation of an object through it.

With the term ?substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles? and synonyms means a substrate comprising said nanoparticles. Said nanoparticles can be present within the material/materials which form/form the substrate or they can form/be present within a nanoparticle coating which covers (entirely or partially) at least one surface, whether internal and/or external of the substrate.

With the expression ?internal and/or external surface of the substrate? for the purposes of the present invention, it is meant any surface of the substrate, whether it is visible from the outside (external surface) or whether it, in the case of a geometry and/or shape more? complex of the substrate including for example cavities, channels and/or interstices, is not visible from the outside (inner surface). By way of example, a substrate made with the shape and geometry of a hollow sphere, will have an external surface visible to the observer and an internal surface facing the hollow internal space and therefore not directly visible to the observer.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the term ?substrate? ? to be understood as a synonym of ?support?. Similarly, expressions containing the term ?substrate? described in the present patent application (i.e. ?nanofunctionalized substrate? etc.), according to an embodiment of the invention, are to be understood as containing the term ?support? (i.e. ?nanofunctionalized support? etc.). With the term ?macroroughness?? do you mean the property? which has a surface of a body made up of geometric micro-imperfections, intrinsic or resulting from mechanical processing; these imperfections, measured with a roughness meter or by observation under an electron microscope, generally appear in the form of furrows and/or scratches, with a shape, depth and and variable direction and having dimensions in the order of micrometers or millimeters.

With the term ?nanorugosit?? means the property, measured by an electron microscope, linked to the presence of nanoparticles inside and/or as a coating on the surface of a material and which make its surface ?rough? at the nanometric level, i.e. a surface that presents imperfections in the form of bumps, hills and valleys having dimensions in the order of nanometres.

With the term ?UV light? means ultraviolet radiation, i.e. the range of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength immediately lower than the light visible to the human eye and immediately higher than that of X-rays, i.e. with a wavelength between about 10 and about 380 nm .

With the term ?visible light? means visible radiation, i.e. the range of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength immediately higher than ultraviolet radiation and immediately lower than infrared radiation, i.e. with a wavelength between about 380 and about 720 nm.

With the term ?sunlight? means solar radiation, or rather the radiant energy emitted into interplanetary space by the sun which includes electromagnetic radiation at various wavelengths. In particular, about 50% of solar radiation is emitted in the infrared region (NIR, near visible and between about 750 nm and about 1500 nm), about 5% in the ultraviolet region and the rest in the visible.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term ?fluid? refers to a material (i.e. a substance or a mixture of several substances) that deforms indefinitely (flows) when subjected to a shear stress, regardless of the entity? of the latter. The term ?fluid? ? therefore used to indicate the state of matter which includes liquids, gaseous substances (gases), plasma and plastic solids.

The present invention relates to the use of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light for the killing of a virus and/or for killing fungi selected in the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light for the elimination of a pathogen, said pathogen being preferably selected from among said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, as described in the present patent application. According to an embodiment of the invention, said nanoparticles of TiO2-N which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light are in the form of a powder, preferably calcined powder. For the purposes of the present invention the expressions ?nanoparticles in the form of powder (calcined)? or ?nanoparticulate (calcinated) powder? are to be understood as synonyms. According to another embodiment of the invention, said nanoparticles of TiO2-N activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light are in the form of a suspension in a solvent, preferably selected from the group consisting of: an organic solvent, water or a mixture thereof. Preferably said organic solvent ? selected from the group consisting of: ethyl alcohol, acetone, glycol, preferably selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol (DEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (MPG), ethylene glycol (MEG), and a combination thereof; or a mixture thereof. Preferably, said organic solvent comprises a mixture of ethyl alcohol and at least one glycol, or a mixture of acetone and at least one glycol; said at least one glycol being preferably selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol (DEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (MPG), ethylene glycol (MEG), and a combination thereof. According to one embodiment said solvent comprises a mixture of said organic solvent and water, preferably a mixture of at least one glycol and water; said at least one glycol being preferably selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol (DEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (MPG), ethylene glycol (MEG), and a combination thereof. Preferably, said TiO2-N nanoparticles are present in said suspension in an amount between 0.1 and 20% by weight, preferably between 1 and 10% by weight with respect to the total weight of the suspension. Preferably, in the embodiment wherein said solvent does not or does not include made up of glycol, said suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light has a density? between 0.6 and 1 g/cm<3>, pi? preferably between 0.7 and 0.9 g/cm<3 > and, preferably, from a viscosity? between 0.8 and 1.3 mPa?s, more? preferably between 0.9 and 1.1 mPa?s, measured at 25?C. Preferably, in the embodiment wherein said solvent comprises or? made up of glycol, said suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light has a density? between 0.6 and 1.1 g/cm<3>, more? preferably between 0.7 and 0.9 g/cm<3 > and, preferably, from a viscosity? between 30 and 80 mPa?s, more? preferably between 35 and 75 mPa?s, measured at 25?C. According to an embodiment of the invention, said nanoparticles of TiO2-N which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light are included within a color or a paint. Preferably, according to any of the embodiments described above, said TiO2-N nanoparticles have dimensions between 30 and 150 nm, more than preferably between 35 and 100 nm, even more? preferably between 48 and 150 nm, even more? preferably between 48 and 100 nm, even more? preferably between 30 and 50 nm, even more? preferably between 30 and 80 nm, even more? preferably between 48 and 90 nm, measured as Z-average with DLS technique (Dynamic Light Scattering, Malvern Instruments). The 30-150 nm range means that the nanoparticles have a Z-average equal to an integer or decimal number between 30 and 150 nm, with a polydispersion index lower than 0.3, preferably between 0.21 and 0, 29, more preferably between 0.216 and 0.286. These polydispersion values indicate an? excellent uniformity? of nanoparticle size. Therefore, if for example the Z-average value of nanoparticles ? equal to 49.9 with a polydispersion index of 0.221, there? this means that the nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in terms of size and that almost all have an average diameter of about 49.9 nm. Preferably the quantity? of doping nitrogen present in said nanoparticles of TiO2-N ? between 1 and 5% by weight, preferably between 1.5 and 3% by weight with respect to the total weight of the nanoparticles. Without wanting to be bound to a specific theory, the Applicant has nevertheless found that said nanoparticles of TiO2-N which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, have a high activity? photocatalytic, in particular a? High activity? of oxidative photocatalysis, since, under irradiation (with UV and/or visible and/or solar light), said nanoparticles become a powerful oxidant and are surprisingly and particularly effective in killing a virus and/or fungi selected from the group made up by: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or bacteria, said bacteria being selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and a combination thereof. According to an embodiment even more? preferred, said nanoparticles of TiO2-N show, to an X-ray diffractometric analysis, at least one brookite crystalline phase in quantity? from 10 to 99% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. Said TiO2-N nanoparticles further preferably have a rutile crystalline phase. even more preferably said TiO2-N nanoparticles which have at least one brookite crystalline phase and a rutile crystalline phase, furthermore also have an anatase crystalline phase. In one embodiment, said TiO2-N nanoparticles have a brookite crystalline phase in an amount from 90 to 99% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles and the remaining quantity? 100% being rutile and/or anatase crystalline phase. In one embodiment said TiO2-N nanoparticles have at least two crystalline phases of TiO2: a brookite crystalline phase in quantity from 10 to 99% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles and a rutile crystalline phase (or an anatase crystalline phase) in quantity? from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. In one embodiment, said TiO2-N nanoparticles have at least two crystalline phases of TiO2: a brookite crystalline phase in quantity from 10 to 75% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles and a rutile crystalline phase (or an anatase crystalline phase) in quantity? from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. In one embodiment, said TiO2N nanoparticles have a rutile crystalline phase (or an anatase crystalline phase) and a brookite crystalline phase, preferably each present in an amount? equal to about 50% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. In a particularly preferred embodiment, said TiO2-N nanoparticles have three crystalline phases of TiO2: a brookite crystalline phase in quantity from 20 to 75%, a crystalline phase anatase in quantity? from 35 to? 80% and a rutile crystalline phase in quantity? from 35 to 40% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use, for killing a virus and/or killing fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and a combination thereof, of nanoparticles of TiO2 doped with nitrogen that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light comprising at least one brookite crystalline phase in quantity? from 10 to 99% by weight, preferably from 10 to 75% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles and a rutile crystalline phase in an amount? from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles, more? preferably said nanoparticles of TiO2-N further comprising an anatase crystalline phase in an amount from 1 to 10% by weight or from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. The presence of quantity of brookite crystalline phase within the (photocatalytic) nanoparticles of TiO2-N according to the embodiments described above, carries with it? significant advantages regarding the properties? photocatalytic properties of said nanoparticles when used to kill a virus and/or to kill fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a their combination; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and a combination thereof, according to present invention. Without wanting to bind to a specific theory, the best activity? of the brookite phase compared to the other two crystalline phases of the TiO2 pu? be connected to the fact that, since? the activity? photocatalytic depends on the number of molecules of TiO2 per unit? cell, having the brookite phase a larger cell volume, it has a greater quantity? of surface oxygen available for photocatalysis and therefore for killing said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria. According to one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light for the killing of a virus and/or for the ?killing of fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and a combination thereof, called nanoparticles being in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent, preferably selected from: a source of silver (in the form of a silver salt, such as for example a silver nitrate or sulphate, or silver nanoparticles), manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, a source of copper (in the form of a copper salt, such as a nitrate or sulfate, or copper nanoparticles), and a their combination. Preferably, in said embodiment, said TiO2-N nanoparticles are as previously described. Preferably, in said embodiment, said TiO2-N nanoparticles are in combination with said at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent in the form of a mixture (suspension) in a solvent, preferably in an organic solvent, for example ethyl alcohol, acetone, glycol preferably selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol (DEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (MPG), ethylene glycol (MEG), and a combination thereof, or mixtures thereof, or in water, or in a mixture of water and organic solvent, or in the form of a mixture of powders. Preferably, said organic solvent comprises a mixture of ethyl alcohol and at least one glycol, or a mixture of acetone and at least one glycol. According to one embodiment said solvent comprises a mixture of said organic solvent and water, preferably a mixture of water and at least one glycol. Preferably, said at least one glycol ? selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol (DEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (MPG), ethylene glycol (MEG), and a combination thereof. In this way ? is it possible to get an? activity? antiviral and/or antibacterial and/or antifungal, due to the presence of silver and/or MnO2 and/or zinc oxide and/or copper, even in the absence of UV and/or visible light and/or sunlight. In this embodiment, the amount of silver and/or MnO2 and/or ZnO and/or Cu present in the final suspension or mixture of powders (in combination with said TiO2-N nanoparticles) ? preferably higher than 20 ppm. Preferably, according to one embodiment, said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light as previously described are obtained/obtainable in the form of calcined powder by the process described in WO2019/211787 by the same Applicant , incorporated herein entirely by reference, which includes the steps of:

a) preparing a suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles in water;

b) adding a nitrogen dopant to the suspension and mixing until homogeneity;

c) drying the suspension with the addition of nitrogen dopant until obtaining a powder with an aqueous residue ranging from 0 to 15% by weight;

d) subjecting the dried powder to calcination at a temperature ranging from 400 to 600°C to obtain nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light in the form of calcined powder.

Preferably, said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light are obtained/obtainable in suspension form, if, in addition to steps a)-d) described above, the process comprises the further steps Of:

e) subjecting the calcined powder obtained in step d) to grinding in a solvent obtaining a suspension of nanoparticles of TiO2-N activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light in solvent;

f) dilute the suspension of point e) with further solvent.

Preferably, the suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles in water of step a) is a stable suspension prepared according to the process described in WO200788151 by the same Applicant, incorporated herein entirely by reference.

In particular, the suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles in water of point a) ? a suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles having dimensions between 30 and 50 nm measured with methods known in the field, such as FEG-SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). The polydispersion index of the nanoparticles ? less than 0.3, preferably between 0.21 and 0.29, plus? preferably between 0.216 and 0.286. The concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles suspended in water? between 1 and 10% by weight, preferably between 2 and 8% by weight with respect to the weight of the suspension. The suspension of nanoparticles ? stable for very long periods without showing coagulation and conglomeration phenomena. Therefore, this suspension can be preferably prepared with the process of WO200788151 and then stored for even long times before being used in step (a). The process for obtaining the suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles in water, preferably in the crystalline anatase form, comprises a first step in which a titanium alkoxide in water ? subjected to acid hydrolysis at a temperature ranging from 15 to 95?C and for a time ranging from 12 hours to 72 hours, in the presence of a non-ionic surfactant, preferably Triton X-100. Titanium alkoxide? preferably selected from titanium methoxide, titanium ethoxide, titanium normal propoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium normal butoxide and titanium isobutoxide. The favorite alkoxide? titanium propoxide. The mineral acid used for the acid hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide is preferably selected from: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, hydrobromic acid and hydrogen iodide. To the suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles in water, preferably in crystalline anatase form, a nitrogen dopant selected from an inorganic ammonium salt and an organic nitrogen compound is added in step b). Preferably, the nitrogenous dopant is selected from ammonium citrate and triethanolamine. Did ammonium citrate give the best results in terms of process and ease of use? of drying of the suspension with respect to triethanolamine and ? hence, the preferred nitrogenous dopant. The nitrogen doping agent ? added to the aqueous suspension of nanoparticles of TiO2 in quantity? preferably between 2 and 6% by weight, preferably between 3 and 5% by weight. Preferably, the addition of the nitrogenous dopant to the aqueous suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles takes place under stirring and the formation of a white gel is observed. The suspension is then kept under stirring for a time preferably ranging from 4 to 24 hours, i.e. until a homogeneous white suspension is obtained. The obtained suspension preferably comprises from 4 to 8% by weight of TiO2 and from 6 to 30% by weight of nitrogen with respect to the weight of TiO2. Preferably the suspension comprises from 5 to 7% by weight of TiO2 and from 8 to 25% by weight of nitrogen with respect to the weight of TiO2. Preferably, the obtained suspension comprises nanoparticles of TiO2 having dimensions comprised between 48 and 150 nm, measured as Z-average with DLS (Dynamic light scattering, Malvern Instruments). The 48-150 nm range means that the nanoparticles have a Z-average equal to an integer or decimal number between 48 and 150 nm, with a polydispersion index lower than 0.3, preferably between 0.21 and 0, 29, more preferably between 0.216 and 0.286. These polydispersion values indicate an? excellent uniformity? of size of the nanoparticles of the suspension. Therefore, if for example the Z-average value of nanoparticles ? equal to 49.9 with a polydispersion index of 0.221, there? This means that the suspension comprises very uniform nanoparticles almost all of which have a diameter of about 49.9 nm. The suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles also comprising the nitrogenous dopant so? obtained is subjected to drying in phase c) by means of a spray-drying technique, electric or gas ovens, or by heating with microwaves. This last treatment? to be preferred as the process is more? efficient and fast compared to the use of the conventional spray-drying technique; moreover, the treatment with microwaves allows to obtain a powder with a lower degree of aggregation/agglomeration which makes it more? any subsequent grinding phase (phase e)). The drying temperature? preferably between 100 and 150?C, preferably between 110 and 140?C. Drying can last 10 to 24 hours, preferably 15 to 20 hours. At the end of drying, a powder is obtained with a water residue between 0 and 15% by weight, very fine and with good flowability. The particle size of the powder? preferably less than 20? m, more? preferably less than 15 ?m, calculated with laser diffraction using a Sympatec Laser Model HELOS (H0969). Preferably, 99% of the powder particles have a particle size smaller than 15 µm and 90% of the powder particles have a particle size smaller than 11 µm. Pi? preferably, 50% of the powder particles have a particle size smaller than 5.5 µm and 10% of the powder particles have a particle size smaller than 2 µm. The calcination of step d) preferably takes place at a temperature ranging from 450 to 500°C. Preferably, the heating is carried out by treating the dried powder in a muffle or by microwaves. This last treatment? to be preferred as the process is more? efficient and fast compared to the use of conventional muffle heating; moreover, the treatment with microwaves allows to obtain a powder with a lower degree of aggregation/agglomeration which makes it more? any subsequent grinding phase (phase e)). Preferably, the calcination is carried out for a time of between 1 and 2 hours, more? preferably with a ramp of 1 or 2 hours to reach the calcination temperature. The heating gradient can be between 7 and 14 ?C per minute. During the calcination phase, the doping of the TiO2 with nitrogen takes place, which penetrates inside the TiO2 nanoparticles, positioning itself in a substitution position inside the crystalline lattice of the TiO2 and/or in an interstitial position, ie? within the crystalline planes of TiO2. The calcined powder appears as a powder of nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) and, for the purposes of the present invention, is also called ?nanoparticulate powder?. The calcined powder appears as an aggregated powder of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) which, in an X-ray diffractometric analysis, has at least one brookite crystalline phase in quantity from 10 to 99% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder. In one embodiment said calcined powder further comprises a rutile crystalline phase. In one embodiment, the calcined powder comprising at least one brookite crystalline phase and one rutile crystalline phase, further also comprises an anatase crystalline phase. In one embodiment, the calcined powder comprises 90 to 99% by weight based on the weight of the brookite crystalline phase TiO2 calcined powder, the remaining amount to 100% being rutile and/or anatase crystalline phase. In one embodiment, the calcined TiO2-N powder comprises at least two crystalline phases of TiO2: a brookite crystalline from 10 to 99% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder and a rutile crystalline phase (or an anatase crystalline phase) in quantity? from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder. In one embodiment, the calcined TiO2-N powder comprises at least two crystalline phases of TiO2: a brookite crystalline from 10 to 75% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder and a rutile crystalline phase (or an anatase crystalline phase) in quantity? from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder. In one embodiment, the calcined powder comprises a rutile crystalline phase (or an anatase crystalline phase) and a brookite crystalline phase, preferably each present in equal to about 50% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder. In one embodiment, the calcined powder comprises three crystalline phases of TiO2: a brookite crystalline phase in from 20 to 75%, a crystalline phase anatase in quantity? from 35 to 80% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder and a rutile crystalline phase in quantity? from 35 to 40% by weight with respect to the weight of the calcined powder. The calcined powder has a degree of purity higher than 95% by weight, preferably equal to or higher than 99% by weight since the diffractometric analysis did not reveal the presence of phases other than the crystalline phases of TiO2 described above. Preferably, said calcined powder obtained in step d) has an amount of doping nitrogen present in the TiO2 between 1 and 5% by weight, preferably between 1.5 and 3% by weight with respect to the total weight of the calcined powder. Without being bound to any theory, the Applicant believes that the formation of a calcined powder of nitrogen-doped TiO2 comprising at least one brookite crystalline phase is mainly due to the use of the TiO2 suspension obtained with the process of WO200788151, but also, probably , to a combination between the use of this starting product, and the drying and calcining phases as just described. The presence of the brookite phase ? a surprising and unexpected result considering that the starting product? preferably consisting essentially of TiO2 in the anatase phase. The brookite phase carries with it? significant advantages regarding the properties? photocatalytic properties of the TiO2-N nanoparticles, in particular resulting particularly efficient in the use for the killing of a virus and/or for the killing of fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof. In use for the killing of a virus and/or for the killing of fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and a combination thereof, according to present invention, the calcined powder as previously described can be used as such or subjected to further treatments. Preferably, said calcined powder can be subjected to wet grinding and then re-dispersed in solvent, according to steps e) and f) described below.

Alternatively, the calcined powder can be finely dispersed with or without pre-treatment of grinding and dilution according to steps e) and f), within colors and paints used to coat floors, walls or external and/or internal surfaces for example of buildings in order to make them antiviral and/or antibacterial and/or antifungal, and therefore capable of killing viruses and/or fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof ; and/or bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof.

Preferably, said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light are obtained/obtainable in suspension form, if, in addition to steps a)-d) described above, the process comprises the further steps Of:

e) subjecting the calcined powder obtained in step d) to grinding in a solvent obtaining a suspension of nanoparticles of TiO2-N activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light in solvent;

f) dilute the suspension of point e) with further solvent.

In step e) the calcined powder is preferably subjected to grinding in a high-energy ball mill with the aid of a solvent, for example water, acetone, ethyl alcohol or mixtures thereof. The grinding takes place at a speed? preferably between 1000 and 2000 rpm for a time between 30 and 120 minutes, plus? preferably between 80 and 100 minutes. At the end of the grinding a very concentrated suspension in solvent is obtained, with concentration values of the nanoparticles of TiO2-N ranging for example from 15 to 30% by weight. In particular, the suspension obtained after grinding ? a suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles in organic solvent, for example ethyl alcohol or acetone or mixtures thereof, or in water, or in mixtures of water and organic solvent. The dimensions of the nanoparticles are preferably between 48 and 150 nm, measured as Z-average with DLS (Dynamic light scattering, Malvern Instruments). The 48-150 nm range means that the nanoparticles have a Z-average equal to an integer or decimal number between 48 and 150 nm, with a polydispersion index lower than 0.3, preferably between 0.21 and 0, 29, more preferably between 0.216 and 0.286. These polydispersion values indicate an? excellent uniformity? of size of the nanoparticles of the suspension. Therefore, if for example the Z-average value of nanoparticles ? equal to 49.9 with a polydispersion index of 0.221, there? This means that the suspension comprises very uniform nanoparticles almost all of which have a diameter of about 49.9 nm. The suspension obtained at the end of phase e) can? be too concentrated and have a rheology not suitable for some industrial applications, especially for applications on substrates. For this reason, the process as described above preferably also includes a subsequent step f) in which the suspension is further diluted in the same solvent, preferably in an organic solvent or water or mixtures thereof, such as for example ethyl alcohol, acetone, water or their blends. The final concentration of the TiO2-N powder in the solvent is then brought to values preferably ranging from 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably from 1 to 10% by weight. For applications on substrates, in particular, the rheology of the suspension ? preferably characterized by a density? between 0.6 and 1 g/cm<3>, pi? preferably between 0.7 and 0.9 g/cm<3 > and, preferably, from a viscosity? between 0.8 and 1.3 mPa?s, more? preferably between 0.9 and 1.1 mPa?s, measured at 25?C. In the event that from the grinding and subsequent dilution a suspension with these rheological characteristics is not obtained, ? is it possible to modulate the density? and the viscosity? adding suitable additives known in the art for this type of function, for example carboxymethylcellulose and glycols. The rheology of the suspension ? important to be able to use the suspension, preferably at an industrial level, in particular to be able to apply the suspension to substrates of different nature by means of ?spray coating?, ?flow coating?, ?dip coating?, ?spin coating?, ?Meyer bar coating?, ?gravure coating?, ?knife coating?, ?kiss coating?, ?die coating? or ?film transfer?. In one embodiment of the invention, during step f) of dilution of the suspension, ? It is possible to add at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent to the suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles, such as a source of silver (in the form of a silver salt, such as a silver nitrate or sulphate, or nanoparticles of silver), manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, a source of copper (in the form of a copper salt, such as a nitrate or sulfate, or copper nanoparticles ), or a mixture thereof. In this way a suspension in solvent is obtained which has antiviral and/or antibacterial and/or antifungal, due to the presence of silver and/or zinc oxide and/or copper, even when not irradiated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light. In this embodiment, the amount of silver and/or MnO2 and/or ZnO and/or Cu present in the final suspension ? preferably higher than 20 ppm. The suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles obtained at the end of the process as described above comprises nanoparticles with the same crystalline phases highlighted in the calcined powder. The percentages by weight indicated are percentages by weight of crystalline phase with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. Preferably, the TiO2-N nanoparticles in suspension have a doping nitrogen content preferably between 1 and 5% by weight, preferably between 1.5 and 3% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. The suspension of nanoparticles of TiO2-N ? a suspension in a solvent, preferably ethyl alcohol, acetone, water or mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment, the TiO2-N nanoparticles are present in suspension in an amount between 0.1 and 20% by weight, preferably between 1 and 10% by weight, preferably in alcoholic organic solvent, water or mixtures thereof, such as for example ethyl alcohol or mixtures of the latter with water. The solvent? therefore present in quantity? between 80 and 99.9% by weight. The suspension of nanoparticles of TiO2-N can be defined as a ready-to-use suspension (?ready to use?) as it has such chemical-physical characteristics, such as rheology for example, which allow it to be used without further treatments to coat substrates using the coating techniques listed above. Furthermore, the suspension cos? obtained ? stable for over 6 months without precipitation or phase separation. The present invention also relates to the use of a substrate nanofunctionalised with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light for the killing of a virus and/or for the killing of fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the present invention also relates to the use of a substrate nanofunctionalised with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light for the removal of an pathogen, said pathogen being preferably selected from among said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, as described in the present patent application. Preferably, said nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light are as previously described. Preferably, said nanofunctionalized substrate ? entirely or partially coated with said nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, and/or comprises inside said nanoparticles. Pi? specifically, with the expression ?entirely or partially coated with nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2?, it is meant that said nanoparticles form/are present within a nanoparticulate coating which covers entirely or partially at least one surface, whether internal and/or external, of the substrate. For ?Fully Coated? it is understood that the substrate has all the internal and/or external surfaces coated with the nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2. In other words, the internal and/or external surfaces of the substrate, as a whole, have a covering percentage higher than 95%, preferably higher than 98%. By "partially coated", it is meant that the internal and/or external surfaces of the substrate, as a whole, have a coating percentage lower than 95%, preferably lower than 98%. In this case, for example, only some of the substrate surfaces can be coated with the nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Preferably, the nanoparticle coating has a thickness, measured by means of an electron microscope, of between 1 and 5 ?m, preferably between 1.5 and 3 ?m, more? preferably between 1.8 and 2.6 µm. With the expression ?comprising inside nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2?, it is meant that said nanoparticles are present inside the material/materials which forms the substrate. Preferably, both in the embodiment in which said nanofunctionalized substrate is entirely or partially coated with said nanoparticles of TiO2-N which in the embodiment in which it comprises them inside, said nanofunctionalized substrate comprises an amount of nanoparticles of TiO2-N between 1 and 10 g/m<2>, preferably between 2 and 8 g/m<2>, even more? preferably between 4 and 7 g/m<2>. According to one embodiment, said substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light further comprises at least one virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent preferably selected from : a source of silver (in the form of a silver salt, such as a silver nitrate or sulfate, or silver nanoparticles), manganese(IV) oxide nanoparticles (MnO2), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO), a source of copper (in the form of a copper salt, such as a nitrate or sulfate, or copper nanoparticles); and a combination thereof. Preferably, said at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent ? comprised together with the nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles within a nanoparticulate coating which fully or partially covers at least one surface, whether internal and/or external, of the substrate. Alternatively, said at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent in turn forms an integral or partial coating on said nanoparticulate coating of TiO2-N. Alternatively, said at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent ? comprised together with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles within the material(s) forming the substrate. In this way a nanofunctionalized substrate is obtained which has antiviral and/or antibacterial and/or antifungal, due to the presence of silver and/or MnO2 and/or zinc oxide and/or copper, even when not irradiated by UV and/or visible light and/or solar. In this embodiment, the amount of silver and/or MnO2 and/or ZnO and/or Cu present as a coating of and/or included within the substrate? preferably higher than 20 ppm. Preferably, said substrate ? selected from the group consisting of: a substrate of ceramic material, preferably said ceramic material being selected from cordierite, mullite, alumina and a combination thereof; a substrate of polymeric material, preferably said polymeric material comprising at least one (co)polymer selected from: PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PA (polyamide), PC (polycarbonate), PLA (polylactic acid), PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PE (polyethylene ), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PS (polystyrene), acrylo-nitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-g), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene ( PP), copolyester, and a combination thereof; a substrate of textile, non-woven, metallic, glassy, paper, cardboard, or a combination thereof. According to a preferred embodiment, said substrate ? a substrate selected from: cordierite, mullite, alumina, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-g), preferably acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Preferably, said nanofunctionalized substrate can be obtained/obtainable by any process known in the art which allows its full or partial coating with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (as previously described, optionally in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent ), or which allows the inclusion of said nanoparticles within the material/materials which form/form the substrate itself, preferably said process being selected from the techniques of: ?spray coating?, ?flow coating?, ?dip coating? , ?spin coating?, ?Meyer bar coating?, ?gravure coating?, ?knife coating?, ?kiss coating?, ?die coating? or ?film transfer?, possibly followed by a calcination phase; 3D printing, injection molding, extrusion, or a combination thereof. Preferably said nanofunctionalized substrate ? opaque, translucent or transparent. According to a preferred embodiment, said nanofunctionalized substrate ? translucent or transparent so as to be able to advantageously exploit up to 100% of the light radiation (i.e. UV and/or visible and/or solar light) when it is accident on the substrate and that can? therefore be respectively diffused by or passing through the substrate and thus obtain? superior photocatalytic performances (of killing of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria) of the TiO2-N nanoparticles which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light as previously described. According to an embodiment even more? favorite, the nanofunctionalized substrate ? transparent. Preferably, according to any of the embodiments described above, said nanofunctionalized substrate comprises a plurality of of channels and/or cells suitable for the passage of a fluid. Preferably, said channels and/or cells have a variable geometry section, preferably selected from circular, hexagonal, square, triangular, rectangular and a combination thereof. Pi? preferably said channels and/or cells identify a path for a fluid, said path having a variable geometry. Preferably said path ? chosen from linear, winding, spiral or a combination thereof. According to one embodiment, said nanofunctionalized substrate has a structure selected from the group consisting of: stratified structure, interwoven weft structure, fabric weft structure, honeycomb structure, preferably with number, and/or shape of variable cells, said shape being for example selected from circular, hexagonal, square, triangular, rectangular and a combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the nanofunctionalized substrate can understand more layers in variable number and dimensions, each layer preferably having a structure as previously described. Preferably the nanofunctionalized substrate according to this embodiment comprises at least two layers joined together by interlocking or pin system. The selection of the number of layers, their assembly and their structure varies according to the fluid dynamics characteristics to be obtained. According to a preferred embodiment, the nanofunctionalized substrate has a honeycomb (Honeycomb) structure. In other words, said substrate with a honeycomb structure comprises a wall matrix, preferably of thin walls, which define a plurality of of parallel ducts, open at both ends? in such a way as to allow the passage of a fluid, preferably air and/or water. Advantageously said plurality? of ducts defines a plurality? of oxidation sites in which, through the activation of the properties? photocatalytic properties of TiO2-N nanoparticles that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, included within the material/s that form/s the substrate itself and/or in the form of coating of said walls, by a incident photon, effectively kills a virus and/or fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof. Preferably, said honeycomb structure ? characterized by a CPSI (cells per square inch) value between 40 and 120, preferably between 50 and 100, plus? preferably between 50 and 70, even more? preferably between 55 and 65. According to an embodiment of the invention, said nanofunctionalized substrate ? a substrate of polymeric material characterized by a nano-roughness, measured by an electron microscope, between 10 and 50 nm and by a macro-roughness, measured by an electron microscope, between 100 and 600 ?m, in which said nano- and macro-roughness ? ? internally and/or superficially diffused. Preferably called nanorugosit? ? between 20 and 40 nm and called macrorugosit? ? between 200 and 300 ?m. With the expression ?nano-/macro-roughness? internally and/or superficially diffused? it is understood that said substrate pu? present said nanorugosit? and macroroughness? in each of its parts, or both on at least one internal and/or external surface of the substrate and incorporated within the polymeric material which forms the substrate (appreciable and measurable, in the latter case, by sectioning the substrate). Without wanting to bind to a specific theory? possible to hypothesize that said macrorugosit? is connected to the polymeric material and its processing to obtain the substrate itself. Preferably, said processing ? choice in the group consisting of: 3D printing technique, injection printing or extrusion possibly further followed by further operations aimed at creating macro-roughness. As for the nanoroughness?, ? instead, it is possible to hypothesize that this nanorugosit? derives from the functionalization of the substrate with the TiO2-N nanoparticles as described above (possibly in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent as previously described) which, once in contact with the polymeric material characterized by said macrorugosit?, are organized to create a nanorugosit? characteristic. As regards the embodiments which provide that said TiO2-N nanoparticles are present (i.e. included) inside said polymeric material or that they are present both inside and in the form of nanoparticle coating, in this case it is possible to talk about nanoroughness? both internally and superficially diffused. As regards the embodiment which provides that said TiO2-N nanoparticles are present only in the form of nanoparticle coating on at least one internal and/or external surface of said substrate, in this case it is possible to speak only of nanorugosit? superficially widespread. Without wanting to be bound to a specific theory, the Applicant has surprisingly found that thanks to the combination of said nanoroughness between 10 and 50 nm and of said macroroughness?, measured by electron microscope, between 100 and 600 ?m? Is it possible to obtain a nanofunctionalised substrate of polymeric material in which there is? a perfect compatibility? between the TiO2-N nanoparticles as described above (possibly in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent as previously described) with which the substrate is nanofunctionalized and the polymer material itself. Said compatibility? ? connected to the quantity? of TiO2-N nanoparticles as described above (possibly in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent as previously described) which can effectively functionalize the substrate and, consequently, the photocatalytic performance of the same. Said compatibility? it allows in fact to have a better anchorage of said nanoparticles to the substrate and allows not only to be able to effectively functionalize the substrate with high quantities of TiO2-N nanoparticles as described above (possibly in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent as previously described) but also to keep the latter effectively adhered to the same thus guaranteeing an activity photocatalytic with high performance and prolonged over time, resulting in the effective killing of a virus and/or fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a their combination; and/or bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof. Furthermore, thanks to the specific values of nano- and macro-roughness? according to this preferred embodiment of the substrate, ? possible to ensure an effective dosage of said TiO2-N nanoparticles (possibly in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent as previously described) both present inside it and in the form of nanoparticle coating on at least one surface internal and/or external substrate. In particular, according to a particularly preferred embodiment, thanks to the nanoroughness values? and macroroughness? previously described, said substrate can? effectively be coated with a nanoparticulate coating with the aforementioned thickness which is advantageously compatible and adhered to the underlying polymeric material in a prolonged manner over time. Preferably, according to the embodiment in which said nanofunctionalized substrate is a substrate of polymeric material, said nanofunctionalized substrate can be obtained/obtainable by a process which comprises the steps of:

(i) preparing a substrate of polymeric material, having at least one internal and/or external surface, by a technique selected from the group consisting of: 3D printing, injection printing or extrusion of a polymeric material, said polymeric material optionally being a polymeric material comprising the TiO2-N nanoparticles as described above therein;

(ii) applying on at least one internal and/or external surface of the substrate obtained in step (i), a suspension of nanoparticles of TiO2-N as previously described, in which said nanoparticles are preferably present in the suspension at a concentration between 1 ?1 and 30% weight/weight, using a technique selected from the group consisting of: ?spray coating?, ?flow coating?, ?dip coating?, ?spin coating?, ?Meyer bar coating?, ?gravure coating?, ?knife coating?, ?kiss coating?, ?die coating? and ?film transfer?; with the proviso that, in case the TiO2-N nanoparticles are present inside the polymeric material in phase (i), phase (ii) can? be optionally omitted. In the embodiments wherein said TiO2-N nanoparticles are present within the polymeric material forming the substrate or wherein said TiO2-N nanoparticles are present both within the polymeric material and in the form of a nanoparticulate coating, the polymeric material comprising nanoparticles of TiO2-N used in step (i) ? preferably a nano-composite polymeric material. Said nano-composite polymer material ? preferably obtained by compounding, i.e. by adding a powder comprising the nanoparticles of TiO2-N as previously described to the polymeric material, preferably in the form of pellets, and subsequent extrusion of either the nanofunctionalized substrate of polymeric material or, alternatively, a nano polymeric yarn -composite what ? subsequently processed by 3D printing or injection technique for the realization of the nanofunctionalized substrate of polymeric material as previously described. In the embodiment where the substrate is further nanofunctionalized with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent, ? it is possible to add in said compounding, said at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent selected from: a source of silver (in the form of a silver salt, such as for example a silver nitrate or sulphate, or silver nanoparticles) , manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, a copper source (in the form of a copper salt, such as a nitrate or sulfate, or copper nanoparticles); and a combination thereof. Advantageously, the possibility of being able to functionalize the polymeric material before processing it for the realization of the nanofunctionalized substrate, allows to be able to standardize the production obtaining different nanofunctionalized substrates comprising the same quantity? of TiO2-N nanoparticles and use them effectively to kill a virus and/or to kill fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium , and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof. Advantageously, this embodiment also allows possibly carrying out a second functionalization by coating the substrate (already nanofunctionalized in phase (i) in which the TiO2-N nanoparticles are present within the polymeric material), with a nanoparticle coating by application of a suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles, as previously described. Preferably, the substrate prepared according to step (i) can be subjected to a further treatment capable of imparting further macro-roughness. Preferably said further treatment ? chosen from the group consisting of: laser treatment, die embossing, and a combination thereof. The mold itself can be studied and designed in such a way that it is precisely during the mechanical action of pressing and subsequent extraction of the mold that the roughness is formed? wanted. This is particularly advantageous if the substrate is prepared with injection or extrusion printing techniques, techniques which impart macroroughness values to the substrate. generally lower than those required by the present invention. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, in step (i) described above, the substrate is prepared by 3D printing. Advantageously, the operation of molding the substrate by 3D printing effectively produces macro-roughness? which, while in the case of traditional applications it represents a problem as it is not desired, in this case it constitutes an advantage as it allows to effectively increase the compatibility? between the polymer material of the substrate and the nanoparticles of TiO2-N and thus increase the activity? of killing said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria by means of the nanofunctionalized substrate according to the present invention. Preferably, the suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles of step (ii) described above, is as previously described. In order to guarantee better applications on the substrate, the rheology of this suspension is ? preferably characterized by a density? between 0.6 and 1 g/cm<3>, pi? preferably between 0.7 and 0.9 g/cm<3 > and from a viscosity? between 0.8 and 1.3 mPa?s, more? preferably between 0.9 and 1.1 mPa?s, measured at 25?C. Without wishing to be bound to a specific theory, the Applicant has however surprisingly found that on equal terms of weight of suspension of nanoparticles of TiO2-N applied, the quantity? of nanoparticles effectively adhering to the substrate and, therefore, functionalizing the substrate, is considerably higher (preferably between 1 and 5 g/m<2>, preferably between 1.5 and 3 g/m<2>, more preferably between 1 .8 and 2.6 g/m<2>) in the case of the nanofunctionalized substrate as described above, or characterized by a nanoroughness, measured by an electron microscope, between 10 and 50 nm and by a macroroughness, measured by an electron microscope , between 100 and 600 ?m, in which it dictates nano and macro-roughness? ? internally and/or superficially diffused, with respect to a substrate, of the same polymeric material, but having nanoroughness values? and macroroughness? different. In the embodiment where the substrate is further nanofunctionalized with at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent, ? It is possible to add to the suspension of TiO2-N nanoparticles of step (ii) at least one further virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent selected from: a source of silver (in the form of a silver salt, such as a nitrate or sulphate of silver, or silver nanoparticles), manganese(IV) oxide nanoparticles (MnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, a source of copper (in the form of a copper salt, such as a nitrate or sulfate , or copper nanoparticles), or a combination thereof. Preferably, before step (ii) as described above, according to a preferred embodiment, it can be a further phase (ii?) be carried out. Said phase (ii?) ? a step of pre-activating the substrate obtained in step (i) previously described by immersion in an organic solvent, for an immersion time ranging from 0.1 to 50 minutes and subsequent heat treatment at a temperature ranging from 30 to 60°C . Preferably said organic solvent ? selected from the group consisting of: acetone, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and a combination thereof. Pi? preferably said organic solvent ? acetone. Preferably said immersion time ? between 1 and 10 minutes. Preferably said heat treatment ? performed at a temperature between 35 and 55 ?C. Advantageously, said pre-treating step (ii?) turns out to be effective in further increasing the compatibility between the polymeric material of the substrate and the subsequent nanoparticle coating thus increasing? further the adhesion of said coating to the substrate and, consequently, improve, over time, the photocatalytic and killing performance of a virus and/or fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus , Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, after step (ii), can? be carried out a further phase (iii). Said phase (iii) ? a step of subjecting the obtained substrate to a heat treatment at a temperature ranging from 30 to 90°C, for a treatment time ranging from 0.5 to 3 hours. Preferably said temperature? between 35 and 55 ?C. Preferably said treatment time ? between 0.5 and 2 hours. Advantageously, this heat treatment step (iii) allows to ensure a further improved adhesion of the nanoparticle coating to the substrate. Advantageously, the choice of substrate material according to this preferred embodiment allows not only to obtain, by means of 3D printing, injection or extrusion printing techniques, a substrate with variable and modular geometries, thickness and shape according to requirements, but also to adjust the its properties? optics. In particular, according to a particularly preferred embodiment, the nanofunctionalized substrate ? translucent or transparent, even more? preferably transparent. The Applicant has found that the modulation of the parameters listed above (shape, thickness, geometry, degree of opacity/translucency/transparency of the substrate, degree of roughness conferred to the substrate by the presence of nanoparticles of TiO2-N included within it and/ or in the form of nanoparticle coating), allows you to vary and optimize the properties? and the abatement performance of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria of the substrate itself as ? possible to modulate the contact time of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria with the nanofunctionalized substrate, the quantity? of TiO2-N nanoparticles present in and/or on the substrate and the percentage of light radiation which it possibly radiates when crossing the substrate itself or being diffused by it. Furthermore, the Applicant has found that the modulation of the nano- and macro-roughness values? allows to ensure an effective adhesion of the nanoparticle coating which, generally, ? otherwise incompatible with a polymeric material substrate and has a tendency to flake and detach, thus deteriorating? the abatement performance of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria by the substrate over time. Preferably, according to the embodiment in which said nanofunctionalized substrate is a ceramic material substrate, preferably selected from the group consisting of: cordierite, mullite, alumina and a combination thereof, said nanofunctionalized substrate can be obtained/obtainable by the process described in WO2018/207107 by the same Applicant, incorporated herein entirely by reference, comprising the steps of:

(1) synthesizing an aqueous suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles;

(2) adding a nitrogen dopant to said slurry to form a slurry comprising said TiO2 nanoparticles and said nitrogen dopant;

(3) applying said slurry to at least one application surface of a substrate, forming a nanoparticulate coating, said coating being a partial or integral coating;

(4) subjecting said substrate to a heating cycle.

Preferably, said steps (1) and (2) correspond to steps a) and b) of the process described in WO2019/211787 by the same Applicant, as previously described.

According to an embodiment, step (3) comprises a first sub-step (3a) of applying said suspension comprising said TiO2 nanoparticles and said nitrogen dopant, to at least one application surface of the substrate, for example by a process of spraying, and a second sub-step (3b) of applying a stream of compressed air on said at least one application surface so as to remove any nanoparticulate coating deposited in excess. Alternatively ? It is possible to apply the suspension comprising said TiO2 nanoparticles and said nitrogen dopant agent (also called ?dopant suspension?) by means of dip coating, flow coating processes or typical applications of the ceramic field such as sail, screen printing, bell, airbrush or digital inject. Preferably, the heating cycle of step (4) of subjecting the substrate to a heating cycle is performed after a period of rest of the substrate itself, heating it to a temperature between 490 ?C and 510 ?C. During the heating cycle (also called calcination phase) the doping of the titanium dioxide advantageously takes place with the nitrogen coming from the nitrogen dopant which penetrates inside the TiO2 nanoparticles positioning itself in the substitution position inside the lattice crystalline of the TiO2 and/or in an interstitial position, the cio? within the crystalline planes of TiO2. If a static oven is used, the heating cycle is preferably carried out with a coefficient of variation of the temperature of 50 ?C/h for a duration of ten hours, thus reaching the maximum temperature of about 500 ?C. If, on the other hand, a continuous scroll oven is used, it can be implement a heating cycle lasting three hours, with a pre-heating phase, a heating phase at 500 ?C and a cooling phase, with a speed? flow of about 4m/h. In general, can you? observe how the heating cycle lasts substantially between 2 and 11 hours depending on the type of heating device used. The present invention also relates to a device for killing a virus and/or killing fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium , and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof; said device comprising at least one nanofunctionalised substrate and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm. According to one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a device for killing a pathogen; said pathogen agent being preferably selected from among said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, as described in the present patent application; said device comprising at least one nanofunctionalised substrate and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm. Preferably, said at least one nanofunctionalized substrate and said at least one light source are arranged in such a way that the radiation emitted by said at least one light source irradiates at least partially, preferably entirely, the nanofunctionalized substrate. In other words, can you? say that said device comprises said at least one nanofunctionalized substrate ?associated? dictates at least one light source. Preferably, said nanofunctionalized substrate ? as previously described. Preferably said nanofunctionalized substrate ? ?activated? by irradiation with light (i.e. radiation) having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm, preferably when the device, and therefore the at least one light source, are switched on. Without wanting to bind to a specific theory, ? however, it can be argued that irradiation with a radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm, determines the activation of the properties? photocatalytic reactions of the TiO2-N nanoparticles which are present as a coating (full or partial) of the substrate and/or included within it, thus allowing the killing of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria. In one embodiment, said device ? a filtration device which allows the decontamination of a fluid, preferably air and/or water and/or a body fluid, from said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria included within said fluid. According to this embodiment, said filtration device further comprises at least one system for ventilation and/or distribution of a fluid, preferably air and/or water and/or a body fluid, configured to allow the passage of said fluid inside said filtration device, preferably favoring its contact with and/or its passage through the at least one nanofunctionalized substrate. In one embodiment, said filtration device comprising at least one nanofunctionalized substrate as described above and at least one light source, ? characterized in that said at least one nanofunctionalized substrate completely surrounds and/or incorporates said at least one light source, said at least one light source being preferably positioned not to hinder the flow of the fluid, preferably air and/or water and/or a body fluid, while passing through the device. In one embodiment, said device ? a lighting system. Preferably, said lighting system comprises a substrate for one or more luminous elements, having internal and/or external light diffusion surfaces, characterized in that said internal and/or external surfaces are partially or entirely coated with the TiO2-N nanoparticles as previously described (possibly in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or biocidal as previously described).

According to this embodiment, therefore, the at least one nanofunctionalized substrate and the at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm, coincide. Alternatively, said lighting system can comprising at least one nanofunctionalized substrate as previously described and a support for one or more? luminous elements, having internal and/or external light diffusion surfaces, characterized in that said internal and/or external surfaces are partially or entirely coated with the TiO2-N nanoparticles as previously described (possibly in combination with at least one further virucidal and/or biocidal as previously described). According to this embodiment, therefore, not only does said device comprise the at least one nanofunctionalized substrate as described above, but also the at least one light source ? itself nanofunctionalized. Preferably, said lighting system as described above can also be integrated with a ventilation and/or distribution system for a fluid, preferably air and/or water and/or a body fluid, configured to allow the passage of said fluid within said device (i.e. lighting system), preferably favoring their contact with and/or their passage through the at least one nanofunctionalized substrate. According to this embodiment, said device can also be defined as a ?filtering lighting system?. Preferably, the lighting system as described above can be a LED panel, a projector, a light bulb or a piece of furniture, such as a ceiling light, a lamp (fixed or mobile) or a chandelier. In one embodiment, said lighting system comprises a plurality of of luminous elements (for example LEDs) organized in a chain succession. In one embodiment, light diffusion screens are present in a position below or above said chain of light elements. Preferably, according to any of the embodiments described above, said at least one light source ? choice between a light source, preferably LED, with a color temperature between 3000 and 7000K, preferably between 3000 and 6000K, plus? preferably between 6000 and 7000K. Preferably said at least one light source also has an irradiance of between 70 and 100 W/m<2>. Preferably said at least one light source also has an output in terms of luminous flux comprised between 500 and 1000 lm. In the embodiment where the substrate is further nanofunctionalized with at least one virucidal and/or bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent as previously described, said device therefore has, in addition to an active photocatalytic for the killing of said virus and/or of said bacteria and/or of said fungi even in the absence of irradiation by a light source (UV and/or visible and/or solar), or for example when at least one light source included in the device itself is not ? in action. Advantageously, the Applicant has found that, given the versatility of the process and materials used for the production of the nanofunctionalized substrate, according to one embodiment, ? it is possible advantageously to miniaturize said substrate and, consequently also the device, preferably the filtering device, which comprises it. Furthermore, the Applicant has found that, given the possibility of choice of thicknesses and the possibility? to vary the geometries of the substrate as described above (for example by designing a design inside the substrate which provides for a multiplicity of paths which advantageously allow to increase the contact time of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria present in the fluid to be treated), ? it is possible to obtain an optimization of the fluid dynamic system of the device and to obtain an effective reduction of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria. The present invention also relates to a method for killing a virus and/or killing fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium, and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof; said method comprising the steps of:

(A) providing nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light;

(B) contacting said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with said virus and/or with said fungi and/or with said bacteria;

(C) irradiating said nanoparticles with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source.

According to one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method for killing a pathogen; said pathogen agent being preferably selected from among said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, as described in the present patent application; said method comprising the steps of:

(A) providing nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light;

(B) contacting said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with said pathogen;

(C) irradiating said nanoparticles with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source.

Preferably, said TiO2-N nanoparticles are as previously described. Preferably step (B) of ?putting in contact? said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with said virus and/or with said fungi and/or with said bacteria, for the purposes of the present invention, ? to be understood as a phase in which said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria? spontaneously come into contact? or ?are they in contact? (for example by an operator/individual and/or by conveying on said nanoparticles a flow of a fluid comprising said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, etc.) or still ?are they casually in contact? with said nanoparticles, so that said nanoparticles of nitrogen-doped TiO2 which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light can be able to exert the their activities? of felling. In this context, for the purposes of the present invention, the expression ?viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria in contact with said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles?, means that said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria found on the surface of said nanoparticles, preferably being adsorbed thereon. According to one embodiment, the UV and/or visible and/or solar light source of phase (C) is a light source as previously described. The present invention also relates to a method for killing a virus and/or killing fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium , and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof;

said method comprising the steps of:

(A?) providing a nanofunctionalized substrate with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light;

(B?) contacting said nanofunctionalized substrate with said virus and/or with said fungi and/or with said bacteria;

(C?) irradiating said nanofunctionalized substrate with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source.

According to one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method for killing a pathogen; said pathogen agent being preferably selected from among said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, as described in the present patent application; said method comprising the steps of:

(A?) providing a nanofunctionalized substrate with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light;

(B?) contacting said nanofunctionalized substrate with said pathogen;

(C?) irradiating said nanofunctionalized substrate with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source.

Preferably, said nanofunctionalized substrate ? as previously described. Preferably the phase (B?) of ?putting in contact? said substrate nanofunctionalized with said virus and/or with said fungi and/or with said bacteria, for the purposes of the present invention, is to be understood as a phase in which said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria? spontaneously come into contact? or ?are they in contact? (for example by an operator/individual and/or by conveying on said nanoparticles a flow of a fluid comprising said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, etc.) or still ?are they casually in contact? with said substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, so that said nanoparticles can be able to exert against said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria their activity? of felling. In this context, for the purposes of the present invention, the expression ?viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria in contact with said nanofunctionalized substrate?, means that said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are found on at least one surface, both internal and/or external of said substrate nanofunctionalized with said nanoparticles, more? preferably being adsorbed on the surface of said nanoparticles. According to one embodiment, the phase (C?) UV and/or visible and/or solar light source is a light source as previously described. The present invention also relates to a method for killing a virus and/or killing fungi selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium, Microsporum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Exophiala, Candida, Fusarium , and a combination thereof; and/or for the killing of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Legionellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae, and any combination thereof;

said method comprising the steps of:

(A??) providing a device comprising at least one substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm ;

(B??) contacting said device with said virus and/or with said fungi and/or with said bacteria;

(C??) irradiating said at least one nanofunctionalized substrate with said light source.

According to one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method for killing a pathogen; said pathogen agent being preferably selected from among said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, as described in the present patent application; said method comprising the steps of:

(A??) providing a device comprising at least one substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm ;

(B??) contacting said device with said pathogen;

(C??) irradiating said at least one nanofunctionalized substrate with said light source.

Preferably, said device ? as previously described. Preferably the phase (B??) of ?make contact? said device with said virus and/or with said fungi and/or with said bacteria, for the purposes of the present invention, ? to be understood as a phase in which said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria? spontaneously come into contact? or ?are they in contact? (for example by an operator/individual and/or through a conveyance inside/on said device of a flow of a fluid comprising said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria, etc.) or again ?are found casually in touch? with said device comprising at least one substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, so that said nanoparticles can be able to exert against said virus and/or said fungi and/or of said bacteria their activity? of felling. In this context, for the purposes of the present invention, the expression ?viruses and/or fungi and/or bacteria in contact with said device?, means that said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are found on at least one surface , whether internal and/or external of said at least one substrate nanofunctionalized with said nanoparticles included in the device, plus? preferably being adsorbed on the surface of said nanoparticles. For the purposes of the present invention, in this embodiment, the light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm? ? to be understood as a synonym of ?UV and/or visible and/or solar light source?. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the step (C), (C?) or (C??) of irradiating ? carried out for a period of time between 0.5 and 48 hours, preferably between 1 and 12 hours, plus? preferably between 2 and 8 hours. Preferably, according to any of the embodiments described above, said virus ? chosen from the group consisting of: - Coronaviridae, preferably Orthocoronavirinae, pi? preferably alphacroronavirus (alpha-CoV), even more? preferably HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, betacoronavirus (beta-CoV), even more? preferably OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2;

- Bacteriophages, preferably Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, Cystoviridae, Microviridae, pi? preferably ?X174;

- Caliciviridae, preferably Norovirus;

- Picornaviridae, preferably Enterovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus and Coxsakievirus, even more? preferably more preferably Coxsakievirus B, Enterovirus C, even more? preferably poliovirus; - Reoviridae, preferably Rotavirus, pi? preferably Rotavirus A, Rotavirus B, Rotavirus C, Rotavirus D, Rotavirus E, Rotavirus F, Rotavirus G, Rotavirus H, Rotavirus I, Rotavirus J;

- Adenoviridae, preferably Adenovirus, pi? preferably Atadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, Ichtadenovirus, Mastadenovirus, Siadenovirus;

- Astroviridae, preferably Avastrovirus, pi? preferably Avastrovirus 1, Avastrovirus 2, Avastrovirus 3;

- Anelloviridae, preferably Alphatorquevirus, pi? preferably Torque teno virus 1;

- Pramixoviridae, preferably respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus;

- Poxviridae, preferably Orthopoxvirus, pi? preferably Variola virus;

- Filoviridae, preferably Ebolavirus;

- Orthomyxoviridae, preferably Alphainfluenzavirus, Betainfluenzavirus, Deltainfluenzavirus, Gammainfluenzavirus, Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, H1N1 and H5N1;

- hepatitis virus, preferably hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV );

and a combination thereof.

Preferably, said virus ? chosen from the group consisting of:

- Coronaviridae, preferably Orthocoronavirinae, pi? preferably alphacroronavirus (alpha-CoV), even more? preferably HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, betacoronavirus (beta-CoV), even more? preferably OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2;

- Poxviridae, preferably Orthopoxvirus, pi? preferably Variola virus;

- Filoviridae, preferably Ebolavirus;

- Orthomyxoviridae, preferably Alphainfluenzavirus, Betainfluenzavirus, Deltainfluenzavirus, Gammainfluenzavirus, Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, H1N1 and H5N1;

- hepatitis virus, preferably hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV );

and a combination thereof.

Preferably, said virus ? chosen from the group consisting of:

- alphacroronavirus (alpha-CoV), preferably HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, betacoronavirus (beta-CoV), preferably OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2;

- Orthopoxvirus, preferably Variola virus;

- Filoviridae, preferably Ebolavirus;

and a combination thereof.

Preferably, said virus ? selected from the group consisting of: HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, preferably SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus ( BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, even more? preferably SARSCoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, even more? preferably Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2.

Preferably, according to any of the embodiments described above, said mushrooms are selected from the group consisting of:

- Cladosporium, preferably Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium herbarum;

- Microsporum, preferably Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum felineum, Microsporum ferrugineum and Microsporum minutissimum; - Aspergillus, preferably Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus sydowii and Aspergillus usus;

- Penicillium, preferably Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium glabrum and Peniciullium corylophilum, Penicillium marneffei;

- Mucor, preferably Mucor hiemalis;

- Rhizopus, preferably Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus nigricans, - Cryptococcus, preferably Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus albidus;

- Exophiala, preferably Exophiala jeanselmei, Exophiala dermatitidis, Exophiala hongkongensis, Exophiala phaeomuriformis, Exophiala pisciphila, Exophiala werneckii;

- Candida, preferably Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis and Candida Tropicalis;

- Fusarium, preferably Fusarium oxysporum;

and a combination thereof.

Preferably, said fungi are selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium herbarum, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum felineum, Microsporum ferrugineum, Microsporum minutissimum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus usus, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium glabrum, Peniciul lium corylophilum, Penicillium marneffei, Mucor hiemalis, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus nigricans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus albidus, Exophiala jeanselmei, Exophiala dermatitidis, Exophiala hongkongensis, Exophiala phaeomuriformis, Exophiala pisciphila, Exophiala werneckii, Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata , Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida Tropicalis, Fusarium oxysporum and a combination thereof.

Preferably, according to any of the embodiments described above, said bacteria are selected from the group consisting of:

- Streptococcaceae, preferably Streptococcus, pi? preferably Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans;

- Bacillaceae, preferably Bacillus, pi? preferably Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus oleronius, and Bacillus cereus, - Clostridiaceae, preferably Clostridium, pi? preferably Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum;

- Enterococcaceae, preferably Enterococcus, pi? preferably Enterococcus spp. Vancomycin resistant (VRE), Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus Faecium;

- Staphylococcaceae, preferably Staphylococcus, pi? preferably Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, even more? preferably methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), even more? preferably coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), even more? preferably Staphylococcus epidermidis;

- Pseudomonadaceae, preferably Pseudomonas, pi? preferably Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens;

- Legionellaceae, preferably Legionella, more? preferably Legionella pneumophila;

- Campylobacteraceae, preferably Arcobacter, preferably Arcobacter butzleri;

- Moraxellaceae, preferably Acinetobacter, preferably Acinetobacter Baumannii;

- Enterobacteriaceae, preferably Enterobacter, Salmonella, pi? preferably Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella, pi? preferably Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella granulomatis, Shigella, pi? preferably Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri, Escherichia, pi? preferably Escherichia Coli;

- Micrococcaceae, preferably Micrococcus, pi? preferably Micrococcus luteus;

- Mycobacteriaceae, preferably Mycobacterium, pi? preferably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium ulcerans;

- Spirochaetaceae, preferably Treponema, preferably Treponema pallidum, Treponema carateum, Treponema pertenue and Treponema endemicum;

- Leptospiraceae, preferably Leptospira, preferably Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira kirschneri, Leptospira noguchii, Leptospira alexanderi, Leptospira weilii, Leptospira genomospecies 1, Leptospira borgpetersenii, Leptospira santarosai, Leptospira kmetyi;

and a combination thereof.

Preferably, said bacteria are selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus, preferably methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), preferably Staphylococcus epidermidis, Legionella pneumophila, Enterobacter, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella, preferably Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella granulomatis, Shigella, preferably Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri, Escherichia, preferably Escherichia Coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium ulcerans, Treponema pallidum, Treponema carateum, Treponema pertenue, Treponema endemicum, and a combination thereof. Preferably, said bacteria are selected from the group consisting of: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia, plus? preferably methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia Coli.

Preferably, according to any of the embodiments previously described, said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are comprised within a fluid, preferably air and/or water and/or a body fluid, preferably selected from blood , blood plasma, blood serum, earwax, feces, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, mucus, sebum, sweat, tears, pus, or a combination thereof. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are included within a stream/flow of air, preferably within an aerosol. According to a particularly preferred embodiment said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are comprised within a fluid selected from: sneeze, breath, cough, saliva of an individual and/or an animal. According to one embodiment, said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are present on a surface, preferably adsorbed on said surface. Without wanting to be bound to a specific theory, the Applicant has however found that the use of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, or of a substrate nanofunctionalized with said nanoparticles, or of a device comprising said nanofunctionalized substrate and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, as described above, according to the present invention, is particularly effective as it allows to obtain a reduction of said virus and /or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria (whether said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria are present on a surface or in a fluid/aerosol) higher than 80%, preferably higher than 95%, more preferably higher than 96%, even more? preferably higher than 97%, even more? preferably higher than 97.55%, even more? preferably higher than 97.99%, even more? preferably higher than 98%, even more? preferably higher than 98.55%, even more? preferably higher than 98.99%, even more? preferably greater than 99% even more? preferably higher than 99.55%, even more? preferably higher than 99.99%. Similarly, the method according to the present invention is also particularly effective as it allows to obtain a reduction of said virus and/or of said fungi and/or of said bacteria higher than 80%, preferably higher than 95%, more preferably higher than 96%, even more? preferably higher than 97%, even more? preferably higher than 97.55%, even more? preferably higher than 97.99%, even more? preferably higher than 98%, even more? preferably higher than 98.55%, even more? preferably higher than 98.99%, even more? preferably greater than 99% even more? preferably higher than 99.55%, even more? preferably higher than 99.99%. Preferably, said abatement is higher than 80%, preferably higher than 95%, plus? preferably higher than 96%, even more? preferably higher than 97%, even more? preferably higher than 97.55%, even more? preferably higher than 97.99%, even more? preferably higher than 98%, even more? preferably higher than 98.55%, even more? preferably higher than 98.99%, even more? preferably greater than 99% even more? preferably higher than 99.55%, even more? preferably higher than 99.99%, after 1 hour, preferably after 4 hours, of activation of said nanoparticles (or of said substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles) by UV and/or visible and/or solar light or, in other words , after irradiation of said nanoparticles (or of said substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles) with a source of UV and/or visible and/or solar light, preferably, with a light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm. Preferably, in the embodiment relating to killing a virus, more? preferably of a virus selected from HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, preferably SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus ( BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, even more? preferably SARS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, even more? preferably Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, said reduction is greater than 99% even more? preferably higher than 99.55%, even more? preferably higher than 99.99%, after 1 hour, preferably after 4 hours, of activation of said nanoparticles (or of said substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles) by UV and/or visible and/or solar light or, in other words , after irradiation of said nanoparticles (or of said substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles) with a source of UV and/or visible and/or solar light, preferably, with a light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm. For the purposes of the present invention, the expression ?irradiating TiO2-N nanoparticles with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source? it means that said TiO2-N nanoparticles, which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, are ?activated? and therefore able to carry out their activity? photocatalytic, in particular their activity? photocatalytic for killing said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria. Similarly, the expression ?irradiating a nanofunctionalized substrate with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source? it is equivalent to say that said substrate, being nanofunctionalized with said TiO2-N nanoparticles which can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, is ?activated?, or rather, said nanoparticles which wholly or partially coat said substrate and/or are comprised within it, are ?activated? and therefore able to carry out their activity? photocatalytic, in particular their activity? photocatalytic for killing said virus and/or said fungi and/or said bacteria. In the case of the embodiment of the present invention relating to the killing of viruses selected from the group consisting of: HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV -2, preferably SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, even more? preferably SARS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, even more? preferably Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, or a combination thereof, without wanting to be tied to a specific theory, ? however, it can be argued that the use according to the present invention of TiO2-N nanoparticles activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light (or of a substrate nanofunctionalised with said nanoparticles or of a device comprising at least one such nanofunctionalised substrate, such as described above) could be particularly effective for the prevention of the spread of respiratory diseases deriving from said virus thanks to the synergistic action of killing the virus but also killing other contaminants such as for example NOx, VOCs and SOVs, normally present in the air. air from both external and external environments. ? in fact, it is well known that exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution - and in particular to nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) - can determine a set of adverse health effects and create risk factors/predispositions for respiratory diseases, in some cases aggravating the situation of the patient who came into contact with the aforementioned viruses.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 ? Synthesis of an aqueous suspension comprising TiO2 nanoparticles and a nitrogen dopant.

To 19,194.00 g of a 6% aqueous suspension of titanium dioxide (PH000025), obtained through the synthesis described in document WO2007088151, 806.0 g of dibasic ammonium citrate. After 24 hours of mixing, the formation of a white suspension containing 0.498% nitrogen and 5.76% TiO2 (which corresponds to 8.6% by weight of nitrogen with respect to TiO2) is observed. The size of the nanoparticles in the obtained suspension? been evaluated through DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering, Malvern Instruments) measurements, and ? been obtained a value of Zaverage (which corresponds to the hydrodynamic diameter Dz, then to the size of the particle), equal to 49.9 nm with an index of polydispersit? (PdI) of 0.221.

EXAMPLE 2 ? Realization of a nanofunctionalized substrate 100.0 g of the suspension obtained as in example 1 were applied with the dip-coating technique on a 15x15x2 cm substrate of ceramic material (cordierite) with a honeycomb structure (Honeycomb) (having weight about 336 g). Said operation involves immersing the substrate in the suspension for about 1 minute which is then positioned on a grid so that the excess material (i.e. the suspension comprising nanoparticles of TiO2 and dibasic ammonium citrate) is collected and reused. The substrate what? prepared ? been subjected to a firing cycle in a continuous electric oven at 500 ?C for 3 hours with speed? tape speed set to 4m/h. After cooking, the quantity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles deposited ? of about 6 g, corresponding to about 1.75 ? 0.05% by weight with respect to the total weight of the nanofunctionalized substrate. Figures 1A and 1B show SEM images which show a detail of the surface of the nanofunctionalized substrate, ie of the substrate covered by TiO2-N nanoparticles, at two different magnifications. In particular, as can be appreciated from the enlargement of figure 1B, said TiO2-N nanoparticles which coat the substrate have dimensions of about 50 nm, according to the value of the nanoparticle dimension recorded in the suspension obtained according to Example 1. For the subsequent analyzes of virus and bacteria abatement, from this nanofunctionalized substrate, flat rectangular samples of dimensions 2x6 cm (12 cm<2>) were obtained.

EXAMPLE 3 ? Realization of a device comprising a nanofunctionalized substrate

The 15x15x2 cm substrate of ceramic material (cordierite) with a honeycomb structure (Honeycomb) functionalized with TiO2-N nanoparticles as described in Example 2 ? been inserted inside an air filtration device further comprising a COOL WHITE LED light with a power of 25 W (arranged in such a way as to completely irradiate the substrate) and a ventilation system (functional to facilitate the passage of air inside the inside the device favoring contact with and passage through the substrate having a honeycomb structure.

EXAMPLE 4 ? Virus and bacteria abatement test

The abatement tests were performed by the certified laboratories Eurofins Biolab Srl, Vimodrone (Milan), Italy. The tests were carried out using a COOL WHITE LED with a power of 25 W as a light source for irradiating the substrates.

EXAMPLE 4.1 ? Activity test? antibacterial against Escherichia coli K12 DSM11250 by contact

The activity reduction of Escherichia coli K12DSM11250 of the nanofunctionalized substrate according to the present invention (i.e. obtained as per Example 2) ? been tested according to the ISO 22196:2011 standard (measurement of antibacterial activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces) suitably modified and adapted shown here. The tests were performed by direct contact of Escherichia coli on samples obtained from nanofunctionalized substrates obtained as per Example 2 and on analogous substrates but not nanofunctionalized (control). The results were recorded at contact times (between Escherichia coli and substrates) equal to t=0 minutes (t0), t=1 hour (t1), t=4 hours (t4) and t=8 hours (t8).

Identification and maintenance of test strains.

The cultures of the following microorganisms were used: Escherichia coli K12 DSM11250. The bacterial strains were kept frozen. Before use, the strains were transplanted onto TSA slants up to 4 times and, after incubation, they were stored in a refrigerator at 5?C?3?C. Before use, the bacterial strains were transplanted onto TSA slants twice consecutively and incubated at 35?1?C for 18-24 hours.

Materials and methods

The validity? of culture media and reagents ? checked before starting the analyses. The following culture media and reagents were used for the tests:

- Tryptone Water (Tryptone Water)

- Water for Injection (WFI)

- TSB culture medium (Tryptone Soy Broth)

- TSA culture medium (Tryptone Soy Agar)

- CEN neutralizer

- Lecithin = 3 g

- Polysorbate 80 = 30 g

- Sodium thiosulfate = 5g

- L-histidine = 1 g

- Saponin = 30 g

- Tryptone-treated water = q.s. to 1000 ml

- Suspension medium = 1/500 dilution of TSB in WFI

The validity? of tools and equipment? been verified before starting the analyses. Ordinary microbiology laboratory equipment was used for the tests and in particular:

- Climatic chamber set at a temperature of 35 ?C ? 1 ?C and RH>90% (RH = relative humidity).

Preparation of the test inoculum

In the first two hours after the start of the test, a loop of the test bacterium ? was transferred to 20 ml of the suspension medium (1/500 dilution of TSB in WFI) and evenly dispersed. The suspension ? been adjusted to a concentration of about 1 ? 5 x 10<6 >cfu/ml, with a target concentration of 2.5 x 10<6 >cells/ml, the concentration ? been verified with the ?pour plate? method. Viable bacteria were quantified by serial 1:10 dilutions in Tryptone water and plated in duplicate in TSA at 35?C? 1 ?C for 24-72 hours.

Samples

The tests were performed on rectangular samples of 2cmx6cm obtained from nanofunctionalized substrates obtained as per Example 2 and from analogous substrates but not nanofunctionalized (control samples).

Analyses

Each sample? was separately placed in a sterile Petri dish. 0.1 ml of the previously prepared test inoculum was inoculated onto the surface of the samples. The test inoculum? been covered with a square film of about 324 mm<2>, which have been gently pressed to make s? that the test inoculum spreads to the edges of the film, but does not spill further. The Petri dishes with the inoculated samples were incubated at 35 ?C ? 1?C with an RH >90% (RH=relative humidity) for the preset contact time and exposed to the light of the COOL WHITE LED lamp so? to activate the antimicrobial surface. Non-nanofunctionalized samples used as controls were not exposed to lamp light. At t0 both non-functionalized and functionalized samples were immersed in 10 ml of neutralizer and after mechanical stirring, viable microorganisms were recovered in order to evaluate the baseline. Viable bacteria were quantified by serial 1:10 dilutions in Tryptone water and plated in duplicate in TSA at 35?C? 1 ?C for 24-72 hours At each designated contact time three samples were processed at the same time of t0.

Calculation method

For each sample, the number of viable bacteria recovered per cm<2>? was calculated according to the equation:

N = (100 ? C ? D ? V)/A

Where

N ? the number of viable bacteria recovered per cm<2 >per sample;

C? the average number of plates for duplicate plates;

D ? the dilution factor for counted plates;

V ? the volume, in ml, added to each sample;

TO ? the surface area, in mm2 , of the covering film.

The average number of viable bacteria recovered for each set of samples? been calculated and this value expressed in two significant figures.

Validity requirements? of the tests

Why? the conditions of validity? of the tests are satisfied, the logarithmic value of the number of viable bacteria recovered immediately after inoculation from the control samples must satisfy the following requirement:

(Lmax - Lmin)/(Laverage) ? 0.2

When the test? deemed valid, the activity? antibacterial is calculated with the following formula:

R = (Ut - U0) - (At - U0) = Ut - At

Where

R? the activity? antibacterial;

U0 ? the Log mean of the number of viable bacteria recovered at t0 from the control sample;

ut ? the log mean of the number of viable bacteria recovered at contact time t from the control sample

at ? the Log average of the number of viable bacteria recovered at contact time t from the nanofunctionalized sample according to the present invention.

Results

All the criteria of validity? listed above have been satisfied.

The number of viable bacteria in the test inoculum, the number of viable bacteria recovered from each sample, the number of viable bacteria per cm<2>, the values for U0, Ut, and At, and the activity? calculated antibacterial were reported in the following tables: Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1

Table 2

Based on the results obtained, since? the value of? the activity? antibacterial can be used to characterize the? effectiveness of an antibacterial agent, you can? affirm that the nanofunctionalized substrate obtained as per Example 2 has activity? against Escherichia coli K12 DSM 11250 and causes a reduction of the bacterial load equal to Log1.70 and > Log2.34 respectively after 4 and 8 hours of contact (between the substrate and the Escherichia coli), in the experimental conditions adopted.

EXAMPLE 4.2 ? Activity test? antibacterial against Escherichia coli K12 in aerosol

In addition to the contact abatement tests, reported in Example 4.1, ? was also tested? activity? reduction of Escherichia coli K12DSM11250 by the nanofunctionalized substrate according to the present invention (i.e. obtained as per Example 2) also in the case of a nebulization of Escherichia coli K12DSM11250. The tests were performed inside an Airlock chamber with a volume of 1 m<3 > for a nebulization time of 30 minutes. The tests were performed in triplicate (Replica 1, Replica 2 and Replica 3) using a device comprising a nanofunctionalized substrate obtained as per example 3 and a non-nanofunctionalized ceramic material substrate (cordierite) with a honeycomb structure (Honeycomb). as a control sample. The results were recorded at contact times (between Escherichia coli and the substrates, after nebulization) equal to t = 0 minutes (t0; immediately after nebulization) and t = 4 hours (t4; 4 hours after nebulization).

Identification and maintenance of test strains.

The cultures of the following microorganisms were used: Escherichia coli K12 DSM11250. The bacterial strains were kept frozen. Before use, the strains were transplanted onto TSA slants up to 4 times and, after incubation, they were stored in a refrigerator at 5?C?3?C. Before use, the bacterial strains were transplanted onto TSA slants twice consecutively and incubated at 35?1?C for 18-24 hours.

Materials and methods

The validity? of culture media and reagents ? checked before starting the analyses. The following culture media and reagents were used for the tests:

- Tryptone Water (Tryptone Water)

- Water for Injection (WFI)

- TSB culture medium (Tryptone Soy Broth)

- TSA culture medium (Tryptone Soy Agar)

- CEN neutralizer

- Lecithin = 3 g

- Polysorbate 80 = 30 g

- Sodium thiosulfate = 5g

- L-histidine = 1 g

- Saponin = 30 g

- Tryptone-treated water = q.s. to 1000 ml

- Suspension medium = 1/500 dilution of TSB in WFI

The validity? of tools and equipment? been verified before starting the analyses. Ordinary microbiology laboratory equipment was used for the tests and in particular:

- Climatic chamber set at a temperature of 35 ?C ? 1 ?C and RH>90% (RH = relative humidity).

Preparation and counting of the test bacterial suspension

For each replicate (Replica 1, Replica 2 and Replica 3), a bacterial suspension of Escherichia coli K12 DM11250 at a concentration of 1.5 -5.0 x10<7 >cfu/ml ? been diluted up to the decimal dilutions 10<-5 >and 10<-6>. The concentration of each dilution ? been verified with the ?pour plate? in duplicate (X and X?). The number of units? colony forming per ml ? was determined after incubation for 48 hours at 37 ?C ? 1?C and ? was the actual microbial test slurry count calculated, expressed as an N-value, and ? reported in the following Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3.

Table 3.1 ? Reply 1

Table 3.2 ? Reply 2

Table 3.3 ? Reply 3

Test chamber preparation (for each spray)

Test chamber surfaces were sanitized with wipes soaked in 6% H2O2 solution before and after each run of each trial, then dried with sterile wipes after 30 minutes of H2O2 exposure. 6 contact plates were used to check for microbial contamination after the sanitization treatment. The contact plates were incubated at 30?C-35?C for 2 days and then at 20?C-25?C for 5 days. The results of the microbial control of the test chamber after this sanitization treatment before and after each execution of each test are shown, by way of example, for Replica 1 and only for the tests with the device including the nanofunctionalized sample, in Table 4.1 and 4.2. For the other replicates of the experimental tests (Replica 2 and Replica 3) and in the case of the tests with the control sample, similar results were obtained and in all cases the microbial control test ? been passed.

Table 4.1 ? Microbial control of the test chamber after the sanitization treatment (before the start of the experimental tests; i.e. before the start of Replica 1 for tests with the device including the nanofunctionalized sample)

Table 4.2 ? Microbial control of the test chamber after the first test (Replica 1) with the device including the nanofunctionalized sample

Plate 6 19 0 19 Pass The Collison sterilized nebuliser - filled with bacterial suspension - ? been connected to the test chamber via a sterilized glass aerosol tube surrounded by thermostatic water, in order to obtain a temperature in the aerosol of 20?C ? 5?C. The Collison Nebulizer? been connected to the airflow system. The test chamber and its contents were exposed to the bacterial aerosol for 30 minutes. The level of environmental contamination after opening the test chamber and sanitizing was monitored during the experimental phase in order to validate the sanitizing procedure using 6 witness plates placed outdoors near the test chamber. The plates were incubated at 30°C-35°C for 2 days and then at 20-25°C for 5 days. The results of the microbial control of the environment outside the test chamber during nebulization are shown in Table 5. Also in this case the results of the microbial control are shown, by way of example, only for Replica 1 and only for the test with the device comprising the nanofunctionalized sample. For the other replicates of the experimental tests (Replica 2 and Replica 3) and in the case of the tests with the control sample, similar results were obtained and in all cases the microbial control test ? been passed).

Table 5 ? Microbial control outside the test chamber during the first test (Replication 1) with the device including the nanofunctionalized sample.

Evidence

The device obtained according to Example 3 ? been placed inside the test chamber near the nebulization delivery tube and ? been switched on (i.e. by activating the LED light and the ventilation system) for at least one hour before the start of the test. Subsequently, a bacterial suspension of Escherichia coli K12 as described above? been sprayed inside the test chamber for 30 minutes. 8 sterile TSA plates were inserted into the test chamber as sediment plates and distributed to cover the entire base area. The plates were opened just before closing the chamber to sample and record the bacteria touching the bottom surface of the chamber during the exposure time (assuming a sufficiently homogeneous dispersion of the aerosolized inoculum). After 30 minutes, the nebulization ? been stopped and the device ? been left on for a contact time of 4 hours. At the end of the set contact time, the 8 sedimentary plates were recovered and incubated for at least 48 hours at 37?C?1?C, in order to measure the contamination by microorganisms. ? the number of CFU/plate (Na) was determined. Three experimental tests were performed (Replica 1, Replica 2 and Replica 3). ? a control experiment was also performed using a substrate of ceramic material (cordierite) having a honeycomb structure (Honeycomb) but not functionalized and not inserted inside a device (Nc), to measure the initial microbial contamination at the interior of the test chamber. A bacterial suspension of Escherichia coli K12 as described above? been sprayed inside the test chamber for 30 minutes. 8 sterile TSA plates were inserted into the test chamber as sediment plates and distributed to cover the entire base area. The plates were opened just before closing the chamber to sample and record the bacteria touching the bottom surface of the chamber during the exposure time (assuming a sufficiently homogeneous dispersion of the aerosolized inoculum). After 30 minutes the nebulization ? was stopped and the 8 sedimentary plates were recovered and incubated for at least 48 hours at 37?C?1?C, in order to measure the contamination by microorganisms. ? the number of CFU/plate (Nc) was determined.

Calculations

The reduction of vitality? ? been calculated according to the following formula: R = Nc ? na

Where:

R = % Reduction of vitality?

Nc = number of cfu/plate in the non-functionalized control at time 0 Na = number of cfu/plate in the nanofunctionalized test sample at the set contact time.

Results

The results obtained, for each replicate, are shown in the following tables 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3.

Table 6.1 ? Reply 1

Table 6.2 ? Reply 2

Table 6.3 ? Reply 3

The percentage of reduction of vitality? after 4 hours of contact (following 30 minutes of nebulization of bacterial suspension) for each of the 3 replicates carried out with the device including the nanofunctionalized sample ? shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Based on the results obtained, it can be affirm that the device comprising a substrate nanofunctionalized with TiO2-N nanoparticles obtained as per Example 3 has activity? against Escherichia coli K12 DSM 11250 and causes a reduction of vitality? average of the microorganism, after 4 hours of contact time following 30 minutes of nebulization of a suspension containing said microorganism, equal to 99.14% in the experimental conditions adopted.

EXAMPLE 4.3 ? Activity test? antiviral against Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) by contact

The strain of virus used for the test ? the BCoV Bovine coronavirus; strain: S379 Riems; cell line: PCT cells (Ovis aries), code CCLV-RIE 11. The BCoV ? used as a surrogate virus for SARS-related viruses as it belongs to the same genus Betacoronavirus 1 and has shown a susceptibility similar to the formulations of? the world association of health? (WHO) in published studies. For this reason BCoV ? considered as a certified reference model for carrying out experimental tests and studying the behavior of the virus to chemical-physical agents. The activity of abatement of Bovine Coronavirus by the nanofunctionalized substrate according to the present invention (i.e. obtained as per Example 2)? It has been tested according to the ISO 21702:2019 standard (measurement of antibacterial activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces) suitably modified and adapted shown here. The tests were performed on BCoV direct contact with flat rectangular samples (2x6 cm) of 12 cm<2 > obtained from nanofunctionalized substrates obtained as in Example 2 and from analogous substrates but not nanofunctionalized (control samples). The tests were performed in triplicate (Replica 1, Replica 2 and Replica 3) for both nanofunctionalized substrates (nanofunctionalized samples) and control samples (non-functionalized). The results were recorded at contact times (between BCoV and substrates) equal to t=4 hours (t4). Were the tests performed at room temperature (25 ?C ? 1 ?C) and RH (relative humidity) conditions? 90%.

Validity criteria? and effectiveness

Cytotoxicity control? of the sample under test: the sample under test was not cytotoxic, i.e. its contribution in terms of CPE was not visible in the test. Assay of infectivity virus (virus titration): was the minimum titer of the starting viral suspension high enough to allow at least a reduction in virality? theory of 4 LogTCID50. Viral Recovery Control (Functionalized Substrate and Control): The dose of infectious particles recovered immediately after inoculation from the non-functionalized samples (Control) ranged from 5 to 6LogTCID50; the dose of infectious particles recovered from each non-functionalized sample (control) after contact for 24 hours was not more than 3LogTCID50. Susceptibility check? of host cells to the virus and suppression of the activity antiviral (neutralization): the difference of the mean TCID50 value between the cell cultures treated with the functionalized samples or with the control samples and then with the viral inoculum and between those treated only with the viral inoculum (negative control)? been < 0.5 LogTCID50. Virus control precision between the three replicates: the maximum difference of the TCID50 value between the cell cultures treated with the viral inoculum recovered from the 3 different control samples of the 3 different replicates? been < 0.5 Log. Antiviral efficacy: the LogTCID50(R) reduction factor? was calculated according to the ISO 21702:2019 standard, i.e. by subtracting the average LogTCID50 of the nanofunctionalized sample (At) from the average LogTCID50 of the control sample (Ut) at the chosen contact time (t4 = 4 hours). The LogTCID50 ? was calculated by the Spearman-Karber method.

Results

The average of the results obtained for each replication? shown in the following Table 8.

Table 8

Based on the results obtained, it can be affirm that the substrate nanofunctionalized with TiO2-N nanoparticles obtained as per Example 2 has activity? against BCoV and causes a complete reduction (i.e. ?99.9%) of the viral titre, after 4 hours of contact time in the experimental conditions adopted.

Claims (13)

1. Use of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light to kill a virus. 2. Use of a nanofunctionalized substrate with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light for the killing of a virus. 3. Use of a device for killing a virus, comprising at least one substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, and at least one configured light source to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm. 4. Method for killing a virus including the steps of: (A) providing nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light; (B) contacting said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with said virus; (C) irradiating said nanoparticles with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source. 5. Method for killing a virus including the steps of: (A?) providing a nanofunctionalized substrate with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) that can be activated by UV and/or visible and/or solar light; (B?) contacting said nanofunctionalized substrate with said virus; (C?) irradiating said nanofunctionalized substrate with a UV and/or visible and/or solar light source. 6. Method for killing a virus including the steps of: (A??) to provide a device comprising at least one substrate nanofunctionalized with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-N) activatable by UV and/or visible and/or solar light, and at least one light source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength between 10 and 1500 nm, preferably between 250 and 600 nm; (B??) contacting said device with said virus; (C??) irradiating said at least one nanofunctionalized substrate with said light source. 7. A method according to any one of claims 4-6 wherein said step (C), or (C?) or (C??) of irradiating ? carried out for a period of time between 0.5 and 48 hours, preferably between 1 and 12 hours, plus? preferably between 2 and 8 hours. 8. Use according to any of claims 1-3 or method according to any of claims 4-7 wherein said virus is selected from the group consisting of: Coronaviridae, Bacteriophages, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Anelloviridae, Pramixoviridae, Poxviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, hepatitis virus, or a combination thereof, preferably Coronaviridae, Poxviridae, Orthopoxvirus, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae , hepatitis viruses, and a combination thereof, preferably HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and SARS-CoV-2, Variola virus, Ebolavirus, Alphainfluenzavirus , Betainfluenzavirus, Deltainfluenzavirus, Gammainfluenzavirus, Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, H1N1 and H5N1, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis virus D (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), or a combination thereof. 9. Use according to any of claims 1-3 or 8, or method according to any of claims 4-8 wherein said virus is comprised within a fluid, preferably air and/or water and/or a body fluid. 10. Use according to any one of claims 1-3 or 8-9, or method according to any one of claims 4-9, wherein said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles comprise at least one brookite crystalline phase in from 10 to 99% by weight, preferably from 10 to 75% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles and a rutile crystalline phase in an amount? from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles, more? preferably said TiO2-N nanoparticles further comprise an anatase crystalline phase in an amount from 1 to 10% by weight or from 25 to 90% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. 11. Use according to any one of claims 1-3 or 8-10, or method according to any one of claims 4-10, wherein said nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have a doped nitrogen content of between 1 and 5% by weight, preferably between 1.5 and 3% by weight with respect to the weight of the nanoparticles. 12. Use according to any one of claims 2-3 or 8-11, or method according to any one of claims 5-11, wherein said nanofunctionalized substrate is a substrate selected from the group consisting of: a substrate of ceramic material, preferably said ceramic material being selected from cordierite, mullite, alumina and a combination thereof; a substrate of polymeric material, preferably said polymeric material comprising at least one (co)polymer selected from: PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PA (polyamide), PC (polycarbonate), PLA (polylactic acid), PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PE (polyethylene ), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PS (polystyrene), acrylo-nitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-g), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP) , copolyester, and a combination thereof; a substrate of textile, non-woven, metallic, glassy, paper, cardboard, or a combination thereof. 13. Use according to any one of claims 2-3 or 8-12, or method according to any one of claims 5-12, wherein said nanofunctionalized substrate is a substrate comprising a plurality? of channels and/or cells suitable for the passage of a fluid, said channels and/or cells having a section preferably selected from circular, hexagonal, square, triangular, rectangular and a combination thereof, and identifying a path for the fluid having variable geometry, preferably said path being selected from among linear, tortuous, spiral or a combination thereof; preferably said substrate having a structure selected from: stratified structure, woven weave structure, fabric weft structure, honeycomb structure, preferably characterized by a CPSI value from 40 to 120, preferably from 50 to 100, plus? preferably from 50 to 70, even more? preferably 55 to 65, and a combination thereof.