IT202000016903A1 - ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS WITH HIGH ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. - Google Patents
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS WITH HIGH ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. Download PDFInfo
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- IT202000016903A1 IT202000016903A1 IT102020000016903A IT202000016903A IT202000016903A1 IT 202000016903 A1 IT202000016903 A1 IT 202000016903A1 IT 102020000016903 A IT102020000016903 A IT 102020000016903A IT 202000016903 A IT202000016903 A IT 202000016903A IT 202000016903 A1 IT202000016903 A1 IT 202000016903A1
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- metal
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- copper
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- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007688 edging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002064 nanoplatelet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003878 thermal aging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005234 chemical deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005674 electromagnetic induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005289 physical deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing coils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
- H01F27/2847—Sheets; Strips
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
- B21C37/02—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of sheets
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Coils Of Transformers For General Uses (AREA)
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
Description
BREVE DESCRIZIONE DELL?INVENZIONE BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invenzione riguarda un procedimento per la realizzazione di conduttori elettrici per trasformatori di potenza ad elevata conducibilit? elettrica e termica, potenziati attraverso la deposizione di rame e grafene. The present invention relates to a process for making electrical conductors for high conductivity power transformers. electrical and thermal, enhanced through the deposition of copper and graphene.
In particolare la presente invenzione ? relativa un processo industriale per la produzione di conduttori rettangolari in rame e/o alluminio ricoperti da grafene GNP (Graphene NanoPlatelets) con differenti spessori al fine di aumentare la conducibilit? termica ed elettrica di detti conduttori rettangolari che vengono poi utilizzati in tutti gli avvolgimenti per le macchine elettriche, i trasformatori, i generatori, i motori ed in particolare i trasformatori di potenza. In particular the present invention ? is it an industrial process for the production of rectangular conductors in copper and/or aluminum covered by graphene GNP (Graphene NanoPlatelets) with different thicknesses in order to increase the conductivity? thermal and electrical of said rectangular conductors which are then used in all the windings for electric machines, transformers, generators, motors and in particular power transformers.
Applicando il grafene sulla superficie del conduttore rettangolare ? possibile aumentare la conducibilit? elettrica e quindi consentire lo stesso passaggio di corrente in una sezione pi? piccola e, al tempo stesso, migliorare la conducibilit? termica. Questo significa, poter realizzare un conduttore con le stesse prestazioni elettriche ma molto pi? piccolo di dimensioni e quindi molto meno costoso. Inoltre, la migliore conducibilit? termica consente una migliore dissipazione del calore e previene maggiormente i danni da hot spot e l?invecchiamento termico. By applying graphene on the surface of the rectangular conductor ? is it possible to increase the conductivity? electric and then allow the same passage of current in a section pi? small and, at the same time, improve the conductivity? thermal. This means being able to create a conductor with the same electrical performance but much more? small in size and therefore much less expensive. Furthermore, the best conductivity? Thermal insulation allows for better heat dissipation and better prevention of hot spot damage and thermal aging.
In particolare, per i trasformatori di potenza ? estremamente importante poter progettare e realizzare macchine sempre pi? efficienti e meno costose, nel nostro caso perch? il volume totale del trasformatori aventi un volume totale significativamente ridotto. In particular, for power transformers ? extremely important to be able to design and build machines more and more? efficient and less expensive, in our case why? the total volume of transformers having a significantly reduced total volume.
CAMPO DELL?INVENZIONE FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Il trasformatore ? una macchina elettrica statica alimentata a corrente alternata, basata sul fenomeno dell'induzione elettromagnetica, destinata a trasformare, tra il circuito primario (ingresso) e il circuito secondario (uscita) del trasformatore, i fattori tensione e corrente della potenza elettrica. The transformer? a static electric machine powered by alternating current, based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, intended to transform, between the primary circuit (input) and the secondary circuit (output) of the transformer, the voltage and current factors of the electric power.
Il trasformatore trasferisce quindi energia elettrica da un circuito elettrico a un altro che ha una tensione diversa, accoppiandoli induttivamente, senza che gli avvolgimenti del trasformatore vengano a contatto tra loro. The transformer then transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another that has a different voltage, by coupling them inductively, without the transformer windings touching each other.
Un trasformatore a corrente elettrica nell'avvolgimento primario genera un flusso magnetico variabile nel nucleo del trasformatore e di conseguenza un campo magnetico variabile attraverso l'avvolgimento secondario (legge di Faraday e legge di Lenz). Questo campo magnetico variabile induce una forza elettromotrice, o tensione, nell'avvolgimento secondario. Questo effetto ? chiamato mutua induzione. An electric current transformer in the primary winding generates a changing magnetic flux in the transformer core and consequently a changing magnetic field across the secondary winding (Faraday's law and Lenz's law). This changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force, or voltage, in the secondary winding. This effect? called mutual induction.
Il trasformatore ? dunque una macchina in grado di operare essenzialmente in corrente alternata, perch? in genere sfrutta i principi dell'elettromagnetismo legati ai flussi variabili. Il rendimento di un trasformatore ? molto alto e le perdite sono molto basse (nel ferro, per effetto dell'isteresi e delle correnti parassite, e nel rame per effetto Joule). The transformer? therefore a machine capable of operating essentially in alternating current, why? it generally exploits the principles of electromagnetism linked to variable flows. The efficiency of a transformer? very high and the losses are very low (in iron, due to the effect of hysteresis and eddy currents, and in copper due to the Joule effect).
Per ridurre la diminuzione del rendimento, un trasformatore deve avere le seguenti caratteristiche: To reduce the decrease in efficiency, a transformer must have the following characteristics:
? Avvolgimenti: ? windings:
o minor numero di spire possibile or as few turns as possible
o lunghezza minima: il filo dell'avvolgimento deve essere di lunghezza minore possibile; generalmente questo dipende dalla sezione e dalla forma del nucleo, quadrata o (meglio ancora, dove possibile) circolare. ? Nucleo: o minimum length: the winding wire must be as short as possible; generally this depends on the section and the shape of the core, square or (better still, where possible) circular. ? Nucleus:
o una sezione adeguata; or a suitable section;
o una lunghezza minore possibile; o as short a length as possible;
o in materiale ferromagnetico in modo tale da avere una resistenza elettrica il pi? possibile alta, per minimizzare le perdite per effetto Joule e una forza coercitiva il pi? possibile bassa, e per avere un ciclo di isteresi il pi? possibile stretto (e quindi delle perdite magnetiche minori possibili). or in ferromagnetic material in such a way as to have an electrical resistance as much as? possible high, to minimize losses due to the Joule effect and a coercive force as much as? possible low, and to have a hysteresis loop the pi? tight as possible (and therefore of the lowest possible magnetic losses).
? Raffreddamento: il raffreddamento ? necessario per evitare il surriscaldamento del trasformatore dovuta alla potenza dissipata. ? particolarmente importante nei trasformatori funzionanti a potenze elevate. Il raffreddamento pu? essere: ? Cooling: cooling ? necessary to avoid overheating of the transformer due to the dissipated power. ? particularly important in transformers operating at high powers. The cooling can to be:
o ad aria - soluzione tipica dei normali trasformatori civili e per le piccole potenze; o air - typical solution of normal civil transformers and for small powers;
o a bagno d'olio ? i trasformatori lavorano in un bagno di olio dentro involucri metallici opportunamente sagomati per facilitare la dispersione del calore; or in an oil bath? the transformers work in an oil bath inside suitably shaped metal casings to facilitate heat dispersion;
o a bagno d'olio forzata - rispetto al sistema in bagno d'olio sono previste anche delle pompe per la circolazione forzata dell'olio e un sistema di ventilatori esterni per aumentare l'asportazione di calore; o forced oil bath - compared to the oil bath system, there are also pumps for the forced circulation of the oil and a system of external fans to increase heat removal;
o in resina - rispetto agli altri sistemi, gli avvolgimenti sono immersi dentro un'apposita resina, che fa dissipare il calore agli stessi. Questa resina prende il posto dell'olio. Dal trasformatore in resina si possono trarre benefici sulle dimensioni, dato che sono leggermente pi? piccoli che un trasformatore ad olio. or in resin - compared to other systems, the windings are immersed in a special resin, which causes them to dissipate heat. This resin takes the place of oil. From the resin transformer you can get benefits on the dimensions, given that they are slightly larger? smaller than an oil transformer.
A tale scopo si riconoscono vari tipi di trasformatori in base al proprio metodo di raffreddamento. La tipologia di raffreddamento si riconosce tramite una sigla composta da due o quattro lettere (due se il trasformatore ha un raffreddamento unico, quattro se il raffreddamento ? doppio). Nello specifico, nella sigla la prima lettera mostra che tipo di sostanza si sta utilizzando per il raffreddamento (ad es. Olio, resina, aria), la seconda lettera fa vedere il tipo di circolazione del fluido all'interno del trasformatore (circolazione naturale o forzata). A tale scopo si riconoscono trasformatori di tipo: For this purpose, various types of transformers are recognized according to their cooling method. The type of cooling is recognized by an acronym made up of two or four letters (two if the transformer has a single cooling, four if the cooling is double). Specifically, in the acronym the first letter shows what type of substance is being used for cooling (e.g. oil, resin, air), the second letter shows the type of circulation of the fluid inside the transformer (natural circulation or forced). For this purpose, transformers of the type are recognised:
? AN: a circolazione di aria naturale (non forzatamente); ? AN: with natural air circulation (not forced);
? ON: a circolazione di olio naturale; ? ON: natural oil circulation;
? AF: a circolazione di aria forzata; ? AF: with forced air circulation;
? ONAN: a circolazione di aria ed olio naturale; ? ONAN: circulation of air and natural oil;
? OFAF: a circolazione di aria ed olio forzato. ? OFAF: with forced air and oil circulation.
TECNICA NOTA NOTE TECHNIQUE
In WO2014/141071 viene descritto un metodo per la preparazione di schiume metalliche rivestite (mediante un processo di elettrodeposizione) con una matrice metallica e grafene. WO2014/141071 describes a method for the preparation of coated metal foams (by an electrodeposition process) with a metal matrix and graphene.
In EP0859381A1 viene descritto un conduttore elettrico per gli avvolgimenti di bassa tensione (e correnti elevate) che consente un maggiore scambio termico, mantenendo le stesse prestazioni di un trasformatore che per? presenta un ingombro molto maggiore. Ci? consente di realizzare un trasformatore di potenza aventi dimensioni ridotte, risparmiando cos? grossi quantitativi di rame durante la di costruzione di detto trasformatore. EP0859381A1 describes an electrical conductor for low voltage windings (and high currents) which allows greater heat exchange, maintaining the same performance as a transformer which however? has a much larger footprint. There? allows you to create a power transformer with reduced dimensions, thus saving? large quantities of copper during the construction of said transformer.
Nell?arte non sono descritti o suggeriti conduttori elettrici e/o trasformatori di potenza oggetto della presente invenzione. No electric conductors and/or power transformers object of the present invention are described or suggested in the art.
DESCRIZIONE DELL?INVENZIONE DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invenzione riguarda un procedimento per la realizzazione di conduttori elettrici per trasformatori di potenza ad elevata conducibilit? elettrica e termica, potenziati attraverso la deposizione di rame e grafene. The present invention relates to a process for making electrical conductors for high conductivity power transformers. electrical and thermal, enhanced through the deposition of copper and graphene.
In particolare la presente invenzione ? relativa un processo industriale per la produzione di conduttori rettangolari in rame e/o alluminio ricoperti da grafene GNP (Graphene NanoPlatelets) con differenti spessori al fine di aumentare la conducibilit? termica ed elettrica di detti conduttori rettangolari che vengono poi utilizzati in tutti gli avvolgimenti per le macchine elettriche, i trasformatori, i generatori, i motori ed in particolare i trasformatori di potenza. In particular the present invention ? is it an industrial process for the production of rectangular conductors in copper and/or aluminum covered by graphene GNP (Graphene NanoPlatelets) with different thicknesses in order to increase the conductivity? thermal and electrical of said rectangular conductors which are then used in all the windings for electric machines, transformers, generators, motors and in particular power transformers.
Applicando il grafene sulla superficie del conduttore rettangolare, ? possibile aumentare la conducibilit? elettrica e quindi consentire lo stesso passaggio di corrente in una sezione pi? piccola e, al tempo stesso, migliorare la conducibilit? termica. Questo significa, poter realizzare un conduttore con le stesse prestazioni elettriche ma molto pi? piccolo di dimensioni e quindi molto meno costoso. Inoltre, la migliore conducibilit? termica consente una migliore dissipazione del calore e previene maggiormente i danni da hot spot e l?invecchiamento termico. By applying graphene to the surface of the rectangular conductor, ? is it possible to increase the conductivity? electric and then allow the same passage of current in a section pi? small and, at the same time, improve the conductivity? thermal. This means being able to create a conductor with the same electrical performance but much more? small in size and therefore much less expensive. Furthermore, the best conductivity? Thermal insulation allows for better heat dissipation and better prevention of hot spot damage and thermal aging.
? pertanto oggetto della presente invenzione la realizzazione di conduttori metallici rettangolari per trasformatori (piattine metalliche) elettrodepositati con grafene, ottenuto attraverso le seguenti fasi di lavorazione: ? therefore object of the present invention the realization of rectangular metal conductors for transformers (metal strips) electroplated with graphene, obtained through the following processing steps:
FASE 1 ? Trafilatura della vergella metallica. PHASE 1 ? Wire rod drawing.
La vergella metallica viene trafilata con apposite filiere in diamante sintetico e/o carburo di tungsteno, utilizzando un bagno di emulsione di acqua e olio. The metal rod is drawn with special dies in synthetic diamond and/or tungsten carbide, using an emulsion bath of water and oil.
La fase di trafilatura ? necessaria a ridurre il diametro di detta vergella metallica fino a raggiungere una sezione circolare avente un diametro di 1,8 mm. The drawing phase? necessary to reduce the diameter of said metal rod until it reaches a circular section having a diameter of 1.8 mm.
In accordo con la presente invenzione si definisce vergella metallica un tondino in materiale metallico, che presenta solitamente una forma cilindrica. In accordance with the present invention, metal rod is defined as a rod made of metallic material, which usually has a cylindrical shape.
Detta vergella metallica: Said wire rod:
? ? generalmente a sezione circolare, con un diametro compreso fra 8 mm e 20 mm; ? ? generally circular in section, with a diameter between 8 mm and 20 mm;
? ? fatta di un metallo scelto nel gruppo comprendente: alluminio, argento, nichel, oro, rame e/o loro leghe; preferiti sono rame e alluminio. ? ? made of a metal selected from the group comprising: aluminium, silver, nickel, gold, copper and/or alloys thereof; preferred are copper and aluminum.
FASE 2 ? laminazione e bordatura. PHASE 2 ? lamination and edging.
La vergella metallica ottenuta al termine della fase 1, attraverso un processo laminatura e bordatura viene modellata ottenendo un piattina metallica di forma ?rettangolare? che rispetta le norme di tolleranza IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ed avente le seguenti caratteristiche: The metal rod obtained at the end of phase 1 is modeled through a rolling and edging process obtaining a ?rectangular? which complies with the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) tolerance standards and has the following characteristics:
? larghezza compresa tra 2 mm e 25 mm; ? width between 2 mm and 25 mm;
? lunghezza compresa tra 2 mm e 25 mm; ? length between 2 mm and 25 mm;
? spessore compreso tra 0,9 mm e 8 mm. ? thickness between 0.9 mm and 8 mm.
FASE 3 ? cottura statica in atmosfera inerte (azoto). PHASE 3 ? static firing in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen).
La piattina metallica ottenuta al termine della fase 2 viene sottoposta ad un ciclo termico di cottura, caratterizzato dalle seguenti temperature e dai seguenti intervalli di tempo: cottura ad una temperatura di 550?C per un periodo di tempo di 4 ore (parametri solitamente utilizzati per piattine in rame) utilizzando un forno elettrico per cottura statica in atmosfera inerte (azoto), per riportare il metallo ad uno stato fisico morbido e malleabile. The metal strip obtained at the end of phase 2 is subjected to a firing thermal cycle, characterized by the following temperatures and time intervals: firing at a temperature of 550°C for a period of 4 hours (parameters usually used for copper strips) using an electric furnace for static firing in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen), to bring the metal back to a soft and malleable physical state.
FASE 4 ? elettrodeposizione delle piattine metalliche. PHASE 4 ? electrodeposition of the metal strips.
La piattina metallica ottenuta al termine della fase 3 viene rivestita attraverso step successivi: The metal strip obtained at the end of phase 3 is coated through successive steps:
Step 1 - la piattina metallica viene ricoperta con un ?primo strato metallico?, depositato utilizzando una tecnica di deposizione fisica (PVD/physical vapor deposition) oppure con una tecnica di deposizione chimica (CVD/chemical vapor deposition) come descritte in Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, No. 9; Step 1 - the metal strip is covered with a "first metal layer", deposited using a physical deposition technique (PVD/physical vapor deposition) or with a chemical deposition technique (CVD/chemical vapor deposition) as described in Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, No. 9;
Step 2 - sul primo strato metallico dello ?Step 1? viene deposto/stratificato un ?secondo strato di metallo (o sue leghe) e grafene?, utilizzando la tecnica di elettrodeposizione descritta in WO2014141071, in cui il metallo associato al grafene pu? essere uguale o diverso da quello utilizzato nello Step 1; Step 2 - on the first metal layer of ?Step 1? a ?second layer of metal (or its alloys) and graphene? is deposited/stratified, using the electrodeposition technique described in WO2014141071, in which the metal associated with the graphene can be the same or different from the one used in Step 1;
Step 3 - sul secondo strato di ?metallo e grafene? dello ?Step 2? viene deposto/stratificato un ?terzo strato metallico? (o sue leghe) attraverso un ulteriore processo di elettrodeposizione come descritto in WO2014141071, oppure un processo di deposizione chimica o fisica a vapore tramite la procedura PVD o CVD come descritto in http://www.mag-data.com/dettagli-tecnici/introduzione-aifilm-polimerici/; Journal of Materials Chemistry C Volume 4 Number 37, 7 October 2016, Pages 8585?8830; e/o Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, No. 9. Step 3 - on the second layer of ?metal and graphene? of ?Step 2? is a ?third metallic layer? deposited/stratified? (or its alloys) through a further electrodeposition process as described in WO2014141071, or a chemical or physical vapor deposition process through the PVD or CVD procedure as described in http://www.mag-data.com/technical-details /introduction-to-polymeric-films/; Journal of Materials Chemistry C Volume 4 Number 37, 7 October 2016, Pages 8585?8830; and/or Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, No. 9.
Il materiale metallico del primo, secondo e terzo strato viene scelto nel gruppo comprendente: alluminio, argento, nichel, oro, rame e/o loro leghe; il metallo del primo strato pu? essere uguale o diverso dal metallo del secondo strato, i quali a loro volta possono essere uguali o diversi dal metallo del terzo strato. The metallic material of the first, second and third layer is selected from the group comprising: aluminium, silver, nickel, gold, copper and/or their alloys; the metal of the first layer pu? be equal to or different from the metal of the second layer, which in turn can be equal to or different from the metal of the third layer.
FASE 5 ? isolamento delle piattine elettrodepositate attraverso nastratura. La piattina metallica elettrodepositata ottenuta al termine della fase 4 viene isolata attraverso un processo di nastratura utilizzando un materiale scelto nel gruppo comprendente: carta di pura cellulosa per impregnazione d'olio, carta aramidica, nastro micato e/o nastro poliammidico. PHASE 5 ? insulation of the electrodeposited strips through taping. The electrodeposited metal strip obtained at the end of step 4 is insulated through a taping process using a material selected from the group comprising: pure cellulose paper for oil impregnation, aramid paper, mica tape and/or polyamide tape.
FASE 6 ? Accoppiamento delle piattine metalliche con ottenimento del trasformatore di potenza. PHASE 6 ? Coupling of the metal strips with obtaining the power transformer.
Le piattine ottenute al termine della fase 5 vengono raggruppate/accoppiate (a seconda del trasformatore che si vuole realizzare) in avvolgimenti ad elica, avvolgimenti a disco o altre tipologie di avvolgimenti, con ottenimento del trasformatore di potenza desiderato. The strips obtained at the end of phase 5 are grouped/coupled (depending on the transformer to be made) in helical windings, disc windings or other types of windings, with the desired power transformer being obtained.
Detto trasformatore di potenza ? utilizzabile in ambito industriale, energetico, navale e/o aerospaziale ed avente migliori caratteristiche di conducibilit? elettrica, termica, di potenza dissipata e rendimento rispetto agli attuali trasformatori in commercio. Said power transformer ? usable in the industrial, energy, naval and/or aerospace fields and having better conductivity characteristics? electrical, thermal, power dissipation and efficiency compared to current transformers on the market.
L?aumento della conducibilit? elettrica delle piattine metalliche e del trasformatore di potenza, ottenuti al termine delle fase 5 e 6 del procedimento della presente invenzione, ha portato una riduzione della resistivit? del materiale iniziale (rame) compresa il 5% e il 9%. A detta riduzione di resistivit? si associa, a parit? di sezione, una diminuzione del calore generato per effetto Joule, anch?essa compresa tra il 5% e il 9%. Inoltre, un opportuno dimensionamento e ottimizzazione delle forme dei contatti e della geometria delle zone circostanti ha contribuito, oltre ad una ulteriore riduzione di almeno il 5% del carico termico, anche ad una omogeneizzazione delle temperature con una riduzione dei punti caldi. The increase in conductivity? electric power of the metal straps and of the power transformer, obtained at the end of phases 5 and 6 of the process of the present invention, has led to a reduction of the resistivity? of the initial material (copper) between 5% and 9%. To this reduction of resistivity? is associated, on an equal footing? section, a decrease in the heat generated by the Joule effect, also between 5% and 9%. Furthermore, an appropriate sizing and optimization of the shapes of the contacts and the geometry of the surrounding areas has contributed, in addition to a further reduction of at least 5% of the thermal load, also to a homogenization of the temperatures with a reduction of the hot spots.
? un ulteriore oggetto della presente invenzione la piattina metallica ottenuta al termine della fase 5, utilizzabile per la realizzazione di avvolgimenti di macchine elettriche, trasformatori, generatori e/o motori. ? a further object of the present invention is the metal strip obtained at the end of step 5, which can be used for making the windings of electric machines, transformers, generators and/or motors.
Claims (7)
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IT102020000016903A IT202000016903A1 (en) | 2020-07-13 | 2020-07-13 | ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS WITH HIGH ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. |
EP21743453.9A EP4179554A1 (en) | 2020-07-13 | 2021-07-12 | Electrical conductors for power transformers with high electrical and thermal conductivity |
PCT/EP2021/069298 WO2022013138A1 (en) | 2020-07-13 | 2021-07-12 | Electrical conductors for power transformers with high electrical and thermal conductivity |
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IT102020000016903A IT202000016903A1 (en) | 2020-07-13 | 2020-07-13 | ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS WITH HIGH ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. |
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GB1217703A (en) * | 1967-03-29 | 1970-12-31 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical winding structures |
EP0859381A1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 1998-08-19 | Invex Fili Isolati Speciali S.p.A. | Transposed cable for making windings in electric machines, manufacturing process of the same, and method of making a winding by said transposed cable |
US20070234542A1 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2007-10-11 | Joerg Eickemeyer | Method for Producing Metallic Flat Wires or Strips with a Cube Texture |
CN103943226A (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2014-07-23 | 浙江大学 | Electric wire and cable with nickel-graphene complex phase protection layer and preparation method of electric wire and cable |
WO2014141071A1 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2014-09-18 | Jaber Innovation S.R.L. | Electrodeposition on metal foams |
US20160228964A1 (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-11 | Agie Charmilles Sa | Graphene electrode |
WO2018167041A1 (en) * | 2017-03-14 | 2018-09-20 | Vincenzo Tagliaferri | Electric or data transmission cables having high electrical conductivity and/or high data transmission speed |
-
2020
- 2020-07-13 IT IT102020000016903A patent/IT202000016903A1/en unknown
-
2021
- 2021-07-12 WO PCT/EP2021/069298 patent/WO2022013138A1/en unknown
- 2021-07-12 EP EP21743453.9A patent/EP4179554A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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GB1217703A (en) * | 1967-03-29 | 1970-12-31 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical winding structures |
EP0859381A1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 1998-08-19 | Invex Fili Isolati Speciali S.p.A. | Transposed cable for making windings in electric machines, manufacturing process of the same, and method of making a winding by said transposed cable |
US20070234542A1 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2007-10-11 | Joerg Eickemeyer | Method for Producing Metallic Flat Wires or Strips with a Cube Texture |
WO2014141071A1 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2014-09-18 | Jaber Innovation S.R.L. | Electrodeposition on metal foams |
CN103943226A (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2014-07-23 | 浙江大学 | Electric wire and cable with nickel-graphene complex phase protection layer and preparation method of electric wire and cable |
US20160228964A1 (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-11 | Agie Charmilles Sa | Graphene electrode |
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