IT201800020872A1 - REVERSE EMULSIONS USEFUL AS THICKENERS FOR COSMETICS - Google Patents
REVERSE EMULSIONS USEFUL AS THICKENERS FOR COSMETICS Download PDFInfo
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- IT201800020872A1 IT201800020872A1 IT102018000020872A IT201800020872A IT201800020872A1 IT 201800020872 A1 IT201800020872 A1 IT 201800020872A1 IT 102018000020872 A IT102018000020872 A IT 102018000020872A IT 201800020872 A IT201800020872 A IT 201800020872A IT 201800020872 A1 IT201800020872 A1 IT 201800020872A1
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- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K8/06—Emulsions
- A61K8/064—Water-in-oil emulsions, e.g. Water-in-silicone emulsions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K8/81—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- A61K8/8141—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- A61K8/8158—Homopolymers or copolymers of amides or imides, e.g. (meth) acrylamide; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/32—Polymerisation in water-in-oil emulsions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/52—Amides or imides
- C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
- C08F220/58—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine
- C08F220/585—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine and containing other heteroatoms, e.g. 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid [AMPS]
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/48—Thickener, Thickening system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/54—Polymers characterized by specific structures/properties
- A61K2800/548—Associative polymers
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Description
Descrizione Description
EMULSIONI INVERSE UTILI COME ADDENSANTI PER COSMETICI REVERSE EMULSIONS USEFUL AS THICKENERS FOR COSMETICS
La presente invenzione riguarda emulsioni inverse utili come addensanti in formulazioni cosmetiche. The present invention relates to reverse emulsions useful as thickeners in cosmetic formulations.
Le emulsioni inverse della presente invenzione comprendono un addensante polimerico reticolato ottenuto polimerizzando, mediante polimerizzazione in emulsione inversa entro la stessa emulsione, acido 2-acrilammido-2-metilpropansolfonico, un monomero associativo acrilico non ionico e un agente reticolante. The reverse emulsions of the present invention comprise a cross-linked polymeric thickener obtained by polymerizing, by reverse emulsion polymerization within the same emulsion, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, a non-ionic acrylic associative monomer and a cross-linking agent.
Le suddette emulsioni sono caratterizzate da una eccellente efficacia addensante e stabilizzante e dalla loro versatilità, specialmente nei cosmetici sotto forma di emulsione olio-in-acqua. The above emulsions are characterized by an excellent thickening and stabilizing efficacy and by their versatility, especially in cosmetics in the form of oil-in-water emulsion.
CAMPO DELL'INVENZIONE FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Un problema tecnico spesso riscontrato nell'industria cosmetica è quello di ottenere formulazioni molto viscose (paste, gel) stabili nel tempo, in un'ampia gamma di pH fisiologico, possibilmente in presenza di sali inorganici e fasi grasse, che presentino elevata compatibilità con pelle e capelli e piacevoli proprietà sensoriali. A technical problem often encountered in the cosmetic industry is that of obtaining very viscous formulations (pastes, gels) stable over time, in a wide range of physiological pH, possibly in the presence of inorganic salts and fatty phases, which are highly compatible with the skin. and hair and pleasant sensory properties.
I prodotti cosmetici ad elevata compatibilità con la pelle e con i capelli sono prodotti che vengono facilmente assorbiti attraverso i substrati cheratinici apportando cambiamenti al tatto, nell’idratazione e traspirazione e migliorando le caratteristiche sensoriali generali senza alterare il pH fisiologico. Cosmetic products with high compatibility with the skin and hair are products that are easily absorbed through the keratin substrates, making changes to the touch, hydration and perspiration and improving the general sensory characteristics without altering the physiological pH.
Una caratteristica essenziale degli addensanti impiegati nelle formulazioni cosmetiche è che manifestino la loro capacità di addensamento senza alterare negativamente le altre proprietà delle formulazioni. An essential feature of the thickeners used in cosmetic formulations is that they show their thickening capacity without negatively altering the other properties of the formulations.
È anche altamente desiderabile nel campo cosmetico avere addensanti liquidi sotto forma di emulsione inverse stabili che, durante la formulazione, non richiedano alcuna fase di neutralizzazione per sviluppare la viscosità. It is also highly desirable in the cosmetic field to have stable reverse emulsion liquid thickeners which, during formulation, do not require any neutralization step to develop viscosity.
La letteratura specializzata riporta molti metodi per addensare e regolare le proprietà reologiche di diverse formulazioni, incluso l'uso di polimeri di emulsione inversa (cioè polimeri ottenuti mediante polimerizzazione in emulsione inversa) The specialized literature reports many methods for thickening and regulating the rheological properties of different formulations, including the use of reverse emulsion polymers (i.e. polymers obtained by reverse emulsion polymerization)
Infatti, molti addensanti poliacrilici preparati mediante polimerizzazione in emulsione inversa (addensanti poliacrilici in emulsione inversa) sono già presenti sul mercato e cercano di rispondere alle esigenze dei formulatori cosmetici. In fact, many polyacrylic thickeners prepared by reverse emulsion polymerization (reverse emulsion polyacrylic thickeners) are already on the market and try to meet the needs of cosmetic formulators.
Sfortunatamente, ciascuno di essi ha almeno un inconveniente: alcuni hanno una scarsa stabilità della viscosità a pH acido; alcuni di essi possono contenere tracce di monomeri tossici indesiderati, come l'acrilammide; alcuni altri soffrono per la scarsa stabilità a pH elevato o in qualche modo per un’efficienza limitata anche ad alta concentrazione e in presenza di sali (come NaCl). Unfortunately, each of them has at least one drawback: some have poor viscosity stability at acidic pH; some of them may contain traces of unwanted toxic monomers, such as acrylamide; some others suffer from poor stability at high pH or in some way from limited efficiency even at high concentration and in the presence of salts (such as NaCl).
Abbiamo ora trovato che i polimeri di emulsione inversa ottenuti dalla polimerizzazione dell'acido 2-acrilammido-2-metilpropansolfonico, un monomero associativo acrilico non ionico e un agente reticolante mostrano eccellenti proprietà ispessenti in soluzioni acquose e in emulsioni olio-in-acqua dove mostrano anche ottime prestazioni di stabilizzazione. We have now found that reverse emulsion polymers obtained from the polymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, a non-ionic acrylic associative monomer and a cross-linking agent exhibit excellent thickening properties in aqueous solutions and in oil-in-water emulsions where they exhibit also excellent stabilization performance.
Questi polimeri di emulsione inversa sono molto poco sensibili al pH, mantengono un'efficienza soddisfacente come addensanti in presenza di sali e il loro sviluppo di viscosità, in funzione della concentrazione di polimero, è vantaggiosamente direttamente proporzionale su un ampio intervallo di dosaggio. These reverse emulsion polymers are very little sensitive to pH, they maintain a satisfactory efficiency as thickeners in the presence of salts and their viscosity development, as a function of the polymer concentration, is advantageously directly proportional over a wide dosage range.
Complessivamente, la loro elevata compatbilità con la pelle ed i capelli, unita alle loro eccellenti proprietà ispessenti ed emulsionanti, li rendono particolarmente adatti per la formulazione di cosmetici, specialmente in presenza di sali inorganici e di fasi organiche. Overall, their high compatibility with skin and hair, combined with their excellent thickening and emulsifying properties, make them particularly suitable for the formulation of cosmetics, especially in the presence of inorganic salts and organic phases.
STATO DELL'ARTE STATE OF THE ART
Nel campo degli addensanti poliacrilici IN emulsione inversa per uso cosmetico, citiamo i seguenti brevettI: In the field of polyacrylic thickeners IN reverse emulsion for cosmetic use, we mention the following patents:
• EP 503853, che descrive i polimeri in emulsione inversa contenenti unità derivanti dall'acrilammide, dall’acido 2-acrilammido-2-metilpropansolfonico e da un monomero reticolante. Uno svantaggio delle emulsione inverse di EP 503853 è il fatto che possono contenere tracce di acrilammide, una sostanza tossica; • EP 503853, which describes the reverse emulsion polymers containing units deriving from acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and a cross-linking monomer. A disadvantage of the reverse emulsions of EP 503853 is the fact that they can contain traces of acrylamide, a toxic substance;
• US 5.721.313, che descrive polimeri acrilici in emulsione acqua-in-olio (inversa) che sono i prodotti di reazione di: 50-90% in peso di un monomero carbossilato, 5-48% in peso di un monomero non ionico, 1-20% in peso di un monomero solfonato, dallo 0,01 al 5% in peso di un monomero avente proprietà attive tensioattive e dallo 0,01 al 5% in peso di un agente reticolante; le emulsioni hanno molti usi, ad esempio nella viscosizzazione di inchiostri, composizioni di coloranti pigmenti e anche nei cosmetici. Uno svantaggio di questi polimeri acrilici è che i monomeri carbossilati forniscono scarse prestazioni di viscosizzazione a basso pH. • US 5,721,313, which describes acrylic polymers in water-in-oil (inverse) emulsion which are the reaction products of: 50-90% by weight of a carboxylate monomer, 5-48% by weight of a non-ionic monomer 1-20% by weight of a sulfonated monomer, from 0.01 to 5% by weight of a monomer having surfactant active properties and from 0.01 to 5% by weight of a crosslinking agent; emulsions have many uses, for example in the viscosity of inks, compositions of dyes, pigments and even in cosmetics. A disadvantage of these acrylic polymers is that the carboxylated monomers provide poor viscosity performance at low pH.
• WO 99/36445, che descrive poliacrilati reticolati in emulsione inversa basati su monomeri fortemente acidi in combinazione con monomeri debolmente acidi (acido acrilico) o monomeri neutri (idrossietil acrilato). Gli svantaggi di questi poliacrilati sono che le unità di acido acrilico forniscono scarse prestazioni di viscosizzazione a pH inferiore a 6, mentre le unità di idrossietil acrilato hanno scarsa stabilità a pH alcalino. • WO 99/36445, which describes cross-linked polyacrylates in reverse emulsion based on strongly acidic monomers in combination with weakly acidic monomers (acrylic acid) or neutral monomers (hydroxyethyl acrylate). The disadvantages of these polyacrylates are that the acrylic acid units provide poor viscosity performance at pH below 6, while the hydroxyethyl acrylate units have poor stability at alkaline pH.
• WO 99/42521, che descrive omopolimeri dell'acido 2-acrilammido-2-metilpropansolfonico preparati mediante polimerizzazione in emulsione inversa utili come addensanti per prodotti per la cura della persona; i polimeri di emulsione inversa di WO 99/42521 sono meno sensibili alla variazione di pH rispetto ai polimeri di WO 99/36445. • WO 99/42521, which describes 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid homopolymers prepared by reverse emulsion polymerization useful as thickeners for personal care products; the reverse emulsion polymers of WO 99/42521 are less sensitive to pH variation than the polymers of WO 99/36445.
- WO 2004/063228, che descrive polimeri acrilici ottenuti mediante polimerizzazione in emulsione inversa di uno o più monomeri acrilici anionici di cui almeno uno contenente un gruppo funzionale fortemente acido e un monomero acrilico idrofobo insolubile in acqua da utilizzare come addensanti per prodotti per la cura della persona. I polimeri in emulsione inversa di WO 2004/063228 sono poco sensibili alla variazione di pH e hanno una stabilità migliorata ma, ad alto dosaggio, le loro prestazioni di viscosizzazione sono inferiori a quanto atteso. - WO 2004/063228, which describes acrylic polymers obtained by reverse emulsion polymerization of one or more anionic acrylic monomers of which at least one containing a strongly acid functional group and a hydrophobic acrylic monomer insoluble in water to be used as thickeners for care products of the person. The reverse emulsion polymers of WO 2004/063228 are not very sensitive to pH variation and have an improved stability but, at high dosage, their viscosity performances are lower than expected.
EP 1636273 ed EP 1889856, che si riferiscono a polimeri acrilici in emulsione inversa ottenuti da acido acrilico e / o metacrilico, acido 2-acrilammido-2-metilpropansolfonico e un monomero cationico. Questi polimeri, oltre ad avere un'elevata compatibilità con la pelle ed i capelli e a presentare buone proprietà di viscosizzazione e stabilizzazione nel tempo, mostrano un'elevata efficienza di ispessimento non solo in soluzioni acquose, ma anche in emulsioni olio in acqua; queste proprietà li rendono particolarmente adatti per la preparazione di formulazioni cosmetiche neutre o leggermente alcaline. Sfortunatamente, sono poco efficaci come addensanti a pH acido; EP 1636273 and EP 1889856, which refer to acrylic polymers in reverse emulsion obtained from acrylic and / or methacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and a cationic monomer. These polymers, in addition to having a high compatibility with the skin and hair and having good viscosity and stabilization properties over time, show a high thickening efficiency not only in aqueous solutions, but also in oil-in-water emulsions; these properties make them particularly suitable for the preparation of neutral or slightly alkaline cosmetic formulations. Unfortunately, they are not very effective as thickeners at acidic pH;
• WO 2011/138533, che si riferisce a polimeri acrilici in emulsione inversa concentrata ottenuti in presenza di uno specifico emulsionante olio in acqua da: almeno un monomero contenente un gruppo funzionale acido, almeno un monomero neutro scelto in una lista ristretta e almeno un monomero associativo. Nella domanda di brevetto sono effettivamente descritti solo copolimeri associativi dell'acrilammide (indesiderati in cosmetici a causa della tossicità dell'acrilammide) e dell’idrossietil acrilato (che presentano scarsa stabilità ad alto pH). • WO 2011/138533, which refers to acrylic polymers in concentrated reverse emulsion obtained in the presence of a specific oil-in-water emulsifier from: at least one monomer containing an acid functional group, at least one neutral monomer selected from a shortlist and at least one monomer associative. In the patent application, only associative copolymers of acrylamide (undesirable in cosmetics due to the toxicity of acrylamide) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (which have poor stability at high pH) are actually described.
-WO 2006/064151, che si riferisce ad emulsioni inverse concentrate contenenti fino al 5% in peso di acqua e un polimero acrilico costituito da almeno un monomero associativo e da altri monomeri scelti indipendentemente tra monomeri neutri e monomeri contenenti un gruppo funzionale acido o un gruppo cationico. I polimeri effettivamente preparati in WO 2006/064151 sono fatti da acrilammide e / o acido acrilico, reticolante e monomero associativo e tutti loro soffrono di almeno uno degli inconvenienti sopra riportati (presenza di acrilammide e sensibilità al pH basso). -WO 2006/064151, which refers to concentrated inverse emulsions containing up to 5% by weight of water and an acrylic polymer consisting of at least one associative monomer and other monomers independently selected from neutral monomers and monomers containing an acid functional group or an cationic group. The polymers actually prepared in WO 2006/064151 are made from acrylamide and / or acrylic acid, cross-linker and associative monomer and all of them suffer from at least one of the above mentioned drawbacks (presence of acrylamide and low pH sensitivity).
SOMMARIO SUMMARY
E' un oggetto fondamentale della presente invenzione un'emulsione inversa, utile come ingrediente per la preparazione di formulazioni cosmetiche, contenente una fase acquosa interna, una fase olio esterna, un emulsionante acqua-in-olio e contenente dal 20 al 45% in peso, sul peso dell'emulsione inversa, di un polimero acrilico preparato mediante polimerizzazione in situ di: A fundamental object of the present invention is a reverse emulsion, useful as an ingredient for the preparation of cosmetic formulations, containing an internal aqueous phase, an external oil phase, a water-in-oil emulsifier and containing from 20 to 45% by weight , on the weight of the reverse emulsion, of an acrylic polymer prepared by in situ polymerization of:
i) da 95 a 99,89% in peso, preferibilmente da 98 a 99,89% in peso, di acido 2-acrilammido-2-metilpropansolfonico, i) 95 to 99.89% by weight, preferably 98 to 99.89% by weight, of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid,
ii) da 0,1 a 4,99% in peso, preferibilmente da 0,1 a 1,99% in peso, di almeno un monomero insaturo polietossilato contenente un gruppo idrofobico C14-C22 solubile nella fase acquosa ii) from 0.1 to 4.99% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.99% by weight, of at least one unsaturated polyethoxylated monomer containing a C14-C22 hydrophobic group soluble in the aqueous phase
iii) da 0,01 a 1% in peso di almeno un monomero insaturo polifunzionale, iii) 0.01 to 1% by weight of at least one polyfunctional unsaturated monomer,
in cui il rapporto in peso tra fase acquosa e fase olio è da 1 a 3. wherein the weight ratio between aqueous phase and oil phase is from 1 to 3.
Un altro scopo della presente invenzione è l'uso della stessa emulsione inversa come ingrediente nella preparazione di composizioni cosmetiche. Another object of the present invention is the use of the same reverse emulsion as an ingredient in the preparation of cosmetic compositions.
DISEGNI DRAWINGS
Fig. 1: efficienza dell'addensamento dell'Esempio 1, Esempio comparativo 2 e addensanti della tecnica anteriore, in acqua a vari pH Fig. 2: efficienza dell'addensamento dell'Esempio 1, Esempio comparativo 2 e addensanti della tecnica anteriore, in acqua in presenza di NaCl Fig. 1: Thickening efficiency of Example 1, Comparative Example 2 and prior art thickeners, in water at various pHs Fig. 2: Thickening efficiency of Example 1, Comparative Example 2 and prior art thickeners, in water in the presence of NaCl
Fig. 3: efficienza dell'addensamento dell'Esempio 1, Esempio comparativo 2 e addensanti della tecnica anteriore, in funzione della concentrazione di polimero Fig. 3: thickening efficiency of Example 1, Comparative Example 2 and prior art thickeners, as a function of polymer concentration
Fig. 4: efficienza dell'addensamento degli Esempi 1, 4 e 5, dell'Esempio comparativo 2 e addensanti della tecnica anteriore, in olio in emulsioni acquose Fig. 4: thickening efficiency of Examples 1, 4 and 5, of Comparative Example 2 and prior art thickeners, in oil in aqueous emulsions
DESCRIZIONE DETTAGLIATA DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Nella preparazione del polimero in emulsione inversa, l'acido 2-acrilammido-2-metilpropansolfonico può essere usato in forma acida (non dissociata), o in forma parzialmente o totalmente neutralizzata; è preferibilmente usato in forma neutralizzata sotto forma di sale di sodio. In the preparation of the polymer in reverse emulsion, the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid can be used in an acid form (not dissociated), or in a partially or totally neutralized form; it is preferably used in neutralized form in the form of sodium salt.
Il monomero insaturo polietossilato contenente un gruppo idrofobico C14-C22 (monomero associativo) è non ionico, solubile nella fase acquosa dell'emulsione e preferibilmente solubile in tutti i rapporti in acqua. The polyethoxylated unsaturated monomer containing a C14-C22 hydrophobic group (associative monomer) is non-ionic, soluble in the aqueous phase of the emulsion and preferably soluble in all ratios in water.
Il monomero associativo è scelto tra gli eteri allilici e gli esteri dell'acido (met)acrilico, più preferibilmente tra gli esteri dell'acido (met)acrilico, di monoeteri C14-C22 alchilici o alchenilici di un glicole polietilenico avente almeno 10 unità ossietileniche, più preferibilmente avente da 10 a 50 unità ossietileniche, o ancora più preferibilmente da 15 a 30 unità ossietileniche e in particolare da 20 a 25 unità ossietileniche. The associative monomer is selected from allyl ethers and esters of (meth) acrylic acid, more preferably from esters of (meth) acrylic acid, of C14-C22 alkyl or alkenyl monoethers of a polyethylene glycol having at least 10 oxyethylene units , more preferably having from 10 to 50 oxyethylene units, or even more preferably from 15 to 30 oxyethylene units and in particular from 20 to 25 oxyethylene units.
In accordo con le forme di realizzazione preferite, i gruppi idrofobici sono alchili C14-C22, cioè gruppi alchilici lineari o ramificati, preferibilmente lineari, aventi da 14 a 22 atomi di carbonio, più preferibilmente sono gruppi alchilici da C16-C22, ad esempio gruppi alchilici C18, C20, C22; i gruppi alchilici lineari C16-C18 sono particolarmente preferiti. In accordance with the preferred embodiments, the hydrophobic groups are C14-C22 alkyls, i.e. linear or branched, preferably linear alkyl groups, having from 14 to 22 carbon atoms, more preferably they are C16-C22 alkyl groups, for example groups C18, C20, C22 alkyls; the linear C16-C18 alkyl groups are particularly preferred.
I monomeri insaturi polietossilati altamente preferiti sono gli esteri dell'acido (met)acrilico dei monoeteri alchilici C16-C18 di un glicole polietilenico avente da 20 a 25 unità ossietileniche, quali l'estere metacrilico di alcool stearilico etossilato 25 moli. The highly preferred polyethoxylated unsaturated monomers are the (meth) acrylic acid esters of the C16-C18 alkyl monoethers of a polyethylene glycol having 20 to 25 oxyethylene units, such as the methacrylic ester of 25 moles ethoxylated stearyl alcohol.
Possono essere usati diversi monomeri associativi e non tutti i loro gruppi idrofobici devono essere uguali. Different associative monomers can be used and not all their hydrophobic groups need to be the same.
Il monomero insaturo polifunzionale iii) contiene due o più gruppi reattivi insaturi ed è tipicamente scelto tra metilenebisacrilammide, triallilammina, etilene glicole dimetacrilato, tetraalliilossietano, etilene glicole diacrilato, diallilurea, trimetilolpropano triacrilato, o una miscela di questi composti. The polyfunctional unsaturated monomer iii) contains two or more unsaturated reactive groups and is typically selected from methylenebisacrylamide, triallylamine, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraalliiloxyethane, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diallylurea, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, or a mixture of these compounds.
Preferibilmente, il monomero polifunzionale è metilenebisacrilammide, usato in concentrazione da 0,05 a 0,3% in peso sul peso totale dei monomeri. Preferably, the polyfunctional monomer is methylenebisacrylamide, used in a concentration from 0.05 to 0.3% by weight of the total weight of the monomers.
Secondo le forme di realizzazione preferite, il polimero in emulsione inversa è ottenuto solo dai monomeri di cui ai punti i), ii) e iii), cioè solo da essi o in presenza di quantità trascurabili di altri monomeri monoinsaturi (0,01-1% in peso), che non influenzerebbero sensibilmente l'efficienza di viscosizzazione del polimero, in acqua e nelle emulsioni acqua in olio (W / O). According to the preferred embodiments, the reverse emulsion polymer is obtained only from the monomers referred to in points i), ii) and iii), i.e. only from them or in the presence of negligible quantities of other monounsaturated monomers (0.01-1 % by weight), which would not significantly affect the viscosity efficiency of the polymer, in water and in water-in-oil (W / O) emulsions.
La fase olio delle emulsioni inverse comprende un mezzo organico liquido che è insolubile in acqua (olio) e l'emulsionante acqua-in-olio. Tra gli oli adatti, citiamo: oli minerali contenenti idrocarburi saturi come paraffine, isoparaffine o cicloparaffine con punto di ebollizione da circa 150 °C a circa 300 °C, ad esempio Isopar® M, MARCOL® 52 o MARCOL® 82, venduti da Exxon Chemical; idrocarburi, esteri ed eteri di origine vegetale, come Cetiol® Ultimate (nome INCI: Undecane (and) Tridecane), Cetiol® C5 (INCI: Coco Caprylate) e Cetiol® OE (INCI: Dicaprylyl Ether), venduti da BASF; oli vegetali, come metil- o glicerolesteri di acidi grassi di origine vegetale; oli sintetici come isoesadecano, poliisobutene idrogenato o polidecene idrogenato; miscele di questi oli. The oil phase of the reverse emulsions comprises a liquid organic medium which is insoluble in water (oil) and the water-in-oil emulsifier. Suitable oils include: mineral oils containing saturated hydrocarbons such as paraffins, isoparaffins or cycloparaffins with a boiling point of approximately 150 ° C to approximately 300 ° C, for example Isopar® M, MARCOL® 52 or MARCOL® 82, sold by Exxon Chemical; hydrocarbons, esters and ethers of plant origin, such as Cetiol® Ultimate (INCI name: Undecane (and) Tridecane), Cetiol® C5 (INCI: Coco Caprylate) and Cetiol® OE (INCI: Dicaprylyl Ether), sold by BASF; vegetable oils, such as methyl- or glycerolesters of fatty acids of vegetable origin; synthetic oils such as isohexadecane, hydrogenated polyisobutene or hydrogenated polydecene; blends of these oils.
Gli idrocarburi di origine vegetale e l'isoesadecano sono gli oli preferiti. La fase acquosa dell'emulsione inversa comprende acqua, il polimero e, eventulamente, uno o più emulsionanti olio-in-acqua e altri composti idrosolubili. Plant-based hydrocarbons and isohexadecane are the preferred oils. The aqueous phase of the reverse emulsion comprises water, the polymer and, optionally, one or more oil-in-water emulsifiers and other water-soluble compounds.
Nell'emulsione inversa della presente invenzione, il rapporto in peso tra la fase acquosa e la fase oleosa è da 1 a 3, preferibilmente da 1,5 a 2,5. In the reverse emulsion of the present invention, the weight ratio between the aqueous phase and the oily phase is from 1 to 3, preferably from 1.5 to 2.5.
Nell'emulsione inversa, l'emulsionante acqua-in-olio consiste in un singolo emulsionante o in una miscela di emulsionanti aventi un basso valore di HLB, in grado di stabilizzare emulsioni acqua-in-olio. In the reverse emulsion, the water-in-oil emulsifier consists of a single emulsifier or a mixture of emulsifiers having a low HLB value, capable of stabilizing water-in-oil emulsions.
Gli emulsionanti acqua-in-olio sono quelli normalmente usati per questo scopo. Water-in-oil emulsifiers are those normally used for this purpose.
Esempi di emulsionanti acqua-in-olio che possono essere utilizzati sono sorbitan esteri, ad esempio sorbitan oleato, sorbitan isostearato, sorbitan monolaurato, sorbitan monopalmitato, sorbitan stearato; esteri di sorbitano polietossilato, ad esempio monooleato di sorbitano pentaetossilato o isostearato di sorbitano pentaetossilato; dialcanol ammidi grasse; poliesteri a basso peso molecolare prodotti dalla condensazione di un acido poli(isobutenil)succinico o della sua anidride, come Hypermer® 2296 venduto dalla società Croda. Examples of water-in-oil emulsifiers which can be used are sorbitan esters, for example sorbitan oleate, sorbitan isostearate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan stearate; polyethoxylated sorbitan esters, for example pentaethoxylated sorbitan monooleate or pentaethoxylated sorbitan isostearate; dialcanol fatty amides; low molecular weight polyesters produced by the condensation of a poly (isobutenyl) succinic acid or its anhydride, such as Hypermer® 2296 sold by the company Croda.
L'emulsione inversa generalmente contiene tra 0,5% e 10% in peso, preferibilmente tra 2 e 5% in peso, di emulsionanti acqua-in-olio. The reverse emulsion generally contains between 0.5% and 10% by weight, preferably between 2 and 5% by weight, of water-in-oil emulsifiers.
L'emulsione inversa può opzionalmente contenere uno o più emulsionanti olio in acqua (ad alto HLB); tra gli emulsionanti olio in acqua utilizzabili, citiamo gli alcoli grassi etossilati lineari o ramificati, gli esteri grassi di poligliceroli e gli alchil poliglicosidi. The reverse emulsion can optionally contain one or more oil-in-water (high HLB) emulsifiers; among the usable oil-in-water emulsifiers, we mention linear or branched ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty esters of polyglycerols and alkyl polyglycosides.
L'emulsione inversa generalmente contiene tra 1% e 10% in peso, preferibilmente tra 1,5% e 5% in peso, degli emulsionanti olio in acqua. The reverse emulsion generally contains between 1% and 10% by weight, preferably between 1.5% and 5% by weight, of the oil-in-water emulsifiers.
La procedura per la preparazione delle emulsioni inverse è nota nella tecnica e comprende tipicamente le seguenti fasi: The procedure for preparing the reverse emulsions is known in the art and typically comprises the following steps:
a. si prepara una soluzione acquosa contenente tipicamente dal 30 al 65% in peso dei monomeri i), ii) e iii); to. an aqueous solution is prepared, typically containing from 30 to 65% by weight of the monomers i), ii) and iii);
b. opzionalmente si aggiunge alla soluzione una base per regolare il pH tra 4 e 10; b. optionally a base is added to the solution to adjust the pH between 4 and 10;
c. si prepara una fase olio contenente l'olio e uno o più emulsionanti acqua in olio; c. an oil phase is prepared containing the oil and one or more water-in-oil emulsifiers;
d. si introduce la soluzione ottenuta in a. oppure in b. nella fase organica preparata in c., o viceversa, ed si emulsionano le due fasi mediante vigorosa agitazione; d. the solution obtained in a is introduced. or in b. in the organic phase prepared in c., or vice versa, and the two phases are emulsified by vigorous stirring;
e. si aggiungono all'emulsione gli iniziatori di polimerizzazione radicalica; And. the radical polymerization initiators are added to the emulsion;
f. si inizia la polimerizzazione e la si completa a temperatura tipicamente tra 30 °C e 95 °C; f. polymerization is started and completed at a temperature typically between 30 ° C and 95 ° C;
g. si raffredda la miscela di reazione e opzionalmente si aggiunge un emulsionante olio-in-acqua. g. the reaction mixture is cooled and optionally an oil-in-water emulsifier is added.
Tra gli iniziatori di polimerizzazione radicalica utilizzabili per la preparazione del polimero acrilico vi sono il perossido di ammonio, potassio o sodio, perossidi organici idrosolubili, a titolo di esempio perossido di idrogeno e acido peracetico, azobisisobutironitrile, coppie redox e altri iniziatori noti nella tecnica. Among the radical polymerization initiators that can be used for the preparation of the acrylic polymer are ammonium, potassium or sodium peroxide, water-soluble organic peroxides, by way of example hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, azobisisobutyronitrile, redox couples and other initiators known in the art.
Le emulsioni inverse dell'invenzione possono contenere ulteriormente gli additivi comunemente usati nella polimerizzazione radicalica; a titolo di esempio agenti sequestranti, come sodio dietilentriammina pentaacetato. The reverse emulsions of the invention can further contain the additives commonly used in radical polymerization; by way of example sequestering agents, such as sodium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate.
Le emulsioni inverse della presente invenzione sono particolarmente utili come viscosizzanti ed emulsionanti in composizioni cosmetiche. Possono essere presenti nelle composizioni cosmetiche in concentrazioni preferibilmente comprese tra 1% e 10% in peso rispetto al peso totale delle composizioni, e più preferibilmente tra 2% e 8% in peso. The reverse emulsions of the present invention are particularly useful as viscosifiers and emulsifiers in cosmetic compositions. They can be present in the cosmetic compositions in concentrations preferably between 1% and 10% by weight with respect to the total weight of the compositions, and more preferably between 2% and 8% by weight.
Le emulsioni inverse possono essere utilizzate in composizioni cosmetiche per le loro proprietà di miglioramento della viscosità e di stabilizzazione, specialmente nella preparazione di composizioni cosmetiche per la cura della pelle. Reverse emulsions can be used in cosmetic compositions for their viscosity enhancing and stabilizing properties, especially in the preparation of cosmetic skin care compositions.
Esempi di composizioni cosmetiche che possono essere viscosizzate e stabilizzate dalle emulsioni inverse sono creme e lozioni per il corpo, mani e viso, condizionanti per la pelle, composizioni per la protezione solare, fluidi detergenti, idratanti e anti-traspiranti, profumi, saponette, ma anche gel e lozioni per capelli (come lozioni e balsami modellanti e fissativi per capelli,), coloranti per capelli e creme decoloranti, shampoo, shampoo due-in-uno, e altri prodotti per applicazioni simili. Le emulsioni inverse possono essere facilmente incorporate nelle composizioni cosmetiche, senza la necessità di alcuna regolazione del pH, e il loro effetto addensante non è compromesso dalla presenza di tensioattivi, che sono normalmente presenti nelle composizioni cosmetiche e per la cura della casa. Examples of cosmetic compositions that can be viscous and stabilized by reverse emulsions are creams and lotions for the body, hands and face, skin conditioners, sunscreen compositions, cleansing, moisturizing and anti-perspirant fluids, perfumes, soaps, but also hair gels and lotions (such as styling and fixative lotions and conditioners), hair dyes and bleaching creams, shampoos, two-in-one shampoos, and other products for similar applications. Reverse emulsions can be easily incorporated into cosmetic compositions, without the need for any pH adjustment, and their thickening effect is not compromised by the presence of surfactants, which are normally present in cosmetic and home care compositions.
Le composizioni cosmetiche, accanto alle emulsioni inverse dell'invenzione, contengono gli ingredienti usuali, quali tensioattivi, idratanti, emollienti, filtri solari, attivi idrofili o lipofili quali ceramidi, agenti anti-radicali liberi, repellenti per insetti, rinfrescanti per la pelle, deodoranti, attivi antitraspiranti, agenti per il trattamento dei capelli, agenti per la cura dell'igiene orale, agenti dimagranti, battericidi, agenti sequestranti, agenti antiforfora, antiossidanti, conservanti, agenti basificanti o acidificanti, profumi, cariche, coloranti, altri polimeri ed emulsionanti, agenti gelificanti, agenti schiumogeni. The cosmetic compositions, alongside the inverse emulsions of the invention, contain the usual ingredients, such as surfactants, moisturizers, emollients, sunscreens, hydrophilic or lipophilic actives such as ceramides, anti-free radical agents, insect repellents, skin refreshers, deodorants , active antiperspirants, agents for hair treatment, agents for the care of oral hygiene, slimming agents, bactericides, sequestering agents, anti-dandruff agents, antioxidants, preservatives, basifying or acidifying agents, perfumes, fillers, dyes, other polymers and emulsifiers , gelling agents, foaming agents.
Le composizioni cosmetiche di solito contengono anche un mezzo liquido idoneo; il mezzo idoneo può rappresentare dal 5% al 98% del peso totale delle composizioni. Il tipico mezzo idoneo è l'acqua. Cosmetic compositions usually also contain a suitable liquid medium; the suitable medium can represent from 5% to 98% of the total weight of the compositions. The typical suitable medium is water.
Solventi organici idonei possono sostituire o sostituire parzialmente l'acqua. Suitable organic solvents can replace or partially replace water.
I solventi organici possono essere solventi organici idrofili, solventi organici lipofili, solventi anfifilici o loro miscele. The organic solvents can be hydrophilic organic solvents, lipophilic organic solvents, amphiphilic solvents or mixtures thereof.
Esempi di solventi organici idrofili sono monoalcoli corti lineari o ramificati aventi da 1 a 8 atomi di carbonio, come etanolo, propanolo, butanolo, isopropanolo e isobutanolo; polietilenglicoli aventi da 6 a 80 unità da ossidi di etilene; polioli come glicole propilenico, glicole butilenico, glicerolo e sorbitolo; mono- o dialchil isosorbidi in cui i gruppi alchilici hanno da 1 a 5 atomi di carbonio, come dimetil isosorbide; glicol eteri come il dietilene glicol monometiletere o monoetil etere e il glicole dipropilenico metil etere. Examples of hydrophilic organic solvents are short linear or branched mono-alcohols having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, isopropanol and isobutanol; polyethylene glycols having from 6 to 80 ethylene oxide units; polyols such as propylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitol; mono- or dialkyl isosorbides in which the alkyl groups have 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as dimethyl isosorbide; glycol ethers such as diethylene glycol monomethyl ether or monoethyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.
Tra i solventi organici anfifilici utilizzabili citiamo polioli come i derivati di polipropilene glicole (PPG), come esteri di acidi grassi di glicole polipropilenico ed eteri di alcool grasso di PPG. Among the usable amphiphilic organic solvents we mention polyols such as the derivatives of polypropylene glycol (PPG), such as fatty acid esters of polypropylene glycol and fatty alcohol ethers of PPG.
Solventi organici lipofili utilizzabili sono, ad esempio, esteri grassi come diisopropil adipato, diottil adipato e alchil benzoati. Usable lipophilic organic solvents are, for example, fatty esters such as diisopropyl adipate, dioctyl adipate and alkyl benzoates.
Le emulsioni inverse sono particolarmente utili per addensare e stabilizzare composizioni cosmetiche contenenti ingredienti grassi, come oli, vitamine ed emollienti, preservando la persistenza dei loro profumi e fragranze pur fornendo un efficace effetto viscosizzante. Reverse emulsions are particularly useful for thickening and stabilizing cosmetic compositions containing fatty ingredients, such as oils, vitamins and emollients, preserving the persistence of their perfumes and fragrances while providing an effective thickening effect.
Vantaggiosamente, le emulsioni inverse vengono quindi utilizzate nella preparazione di composizioni cosmetiche che contengono un olio, in particolare almeno il 5% in peso di un olio, come un olio minerale, un olio vegetale, un olio animale, un olio sintetico, un olio di silicone, un olio di origine vegetale, una miscela di questi. Esempi specifici di oli utilizzabili sono paraffine, gel di petrolio, olio di jojoba, olio di cocco, olio di mandorle dolci, olio di oliva, olio di colza, olio di ricino, olio di sesamo, olio di avocado, olio di arachidi, isoparaffine, amodimeticoni, dimeticonoli, ciclopentasilossani, e miscele degli stessi. Advantageously, the reverse emulsions are therefore used in the preparation of cosmetic compositions which contain an oil, in particular at least 5% by weight of an oil, such as a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, an animal oil, a synthetic oil, a silicone, an oil of vegetable origin, a mixture of these. Specific examples of usable oils are paraffin, petroleum gel, jojoba oil, coconut oil, sweet almond oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, peanut oil, isoparaffin , amodimethicones, dimethiconols, cyclopentasiloxanes, and mixtures thereof.
Le composizioni cosmetiche contenenti le emulsioni inverse dell'invenzione possono essere sotto forma di soluzione, emulsione, dispersione, gel, crema, pasta, barretta o salviettina umida; a causa delle eccellenti proprietà emulsionanti dell'emulsione inversa, sono preferibilmente nella forma di emulsione, in particolare di emulsione olio in acqua. The cosmetic compositions containing the inverse emulsions of the invention can be in the form of solution, emulsion, dispersion, gel, cream, paste, bar or wet wipe; because of the excellent emulsifying properties of the reverse emulsion, they are preferably in the form of an emulsion, in particular an oil-in-water emulsion.
Le emulsioni inverse sono normalmente compatibili con gli altri ingredienti usuali delle composizioni cosmetiche. The reverse emulsions are normally compatible with the other usual ingredients of the cosmetic compositions.
Nei seguenti esempi sono riportate emulsioni inverse secondo l'invenzione e varie emulsioni inverse secondo la tecnica nota, insieme ad alcuni test che mostrano l'elevatissima efficienza viscosizzante e la versatilità delle emulsioni della presente invenzione, in soluzione acquosa e specialmente in sistemi emulsionati olio-in-acqua. In the following examples, reverse emulsions according to the invention and various reverse emulsions according to the known art are reported, together with some tests which show the very high viscosity efficiency and versatility of the emulsions of the present invention, in aqueous solution and especially in oil-based emulsified systems. in water.
ESEMPI EXAMPLES
Sono utilizzate le seguenti abbreviazioni: The following abbreviations are used:
AMSA: acido 2-acrilammide-2-metilpropansolfonico AMSA: 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid
AMSA-Na: acido 2-acrilammide-2-metilpropansulfonico, sale di sodio SMA 25EO: estere metacrilico dell’alcool stearilico etossilato 25 moli LMA 4EO: estere metacrilico dell’alcool laurilico etossilato 4 moli MBA: metilenebisacrilammide AMSA-Na: 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropansulfonic acid, sodium salt SMA 25EO: methacrylic ester of ethoxylated stearyl alcohol 25 moles LMA 4EO: methacrylic ester of lauryl alcohol ethoxylated 4 moles MBA: methylenebisacrylamide
IHD: isoesadecano IHD: isohexadecane
C11-13: Cetiol® Ultimate di BASF (Nome INCI: Undecane (and) Tridecane) C11-13: Cetiol® Ultimate from BASF (INCI name: Undecane (and) Tridecane)
La sostanza secca viene misurata mediante analisi termogravimetrica a 160 °C. Dry matter is measured by thermogravimetric analysis at 160 ° C.
ESEMPI 1-5 EXAMPLES 1-5
Le emulsioni inverse degli Esempi 1-5 sono state preparate usando il metodo descritto nell'Esempio 1 di EP 186361. The reverse emulsions of Examples 1-5 were prepared using the method described in Example 1 of EP 186361.
La polimerizzazione è stata effettuata a pH 9,2. The polymerization was carried out at pH 9.2.
Dopo la polimerizzazione, una parte dell'acqua è stata distillata via per ottenere una concentrazione di sostanza secca di circa 42-44% in peso, come riportato nella Tabella 1 e un alchilpoliglucoside è stato aggiunto come emulsionante olio-in-acqua. After polymerization, some of the water was distilled off to obtain a dry matter concentration of about 42-44% by weight, as reported in Table 1, and an alkyl polyglucoside was added as an oil-in-water emulsifier.
La Tabella 1 riporta anche le composizioni polimeriche e altre caratteristiche delle emulsioni inverse degli Esempi 1-5. L'effetto dell'uso anche di una quantità molto piccola di SMA 25EO è un notevole aumento delle prestazioni di viscosizzazione del polimero; l'uso di LMA Table 1 also reports the polymeric compositions and other characteristics of the reverse emulsions of Examples 1-5. The effect of using even a very small amount of SMA 25EO is a notable increase in the viscosity performance of the polymer; the use of LMA
4EO, invece, non ha prodotto alcun effetto sensibile. 4EO, on the other hand, did not produce any noticeable effect.
Tabella 1 Table 1
*Comparativo *Comparative
1) sostanza secca 1) dry matter
2) sale di sodio 2) sodium salt
3) rapporto in peso fase acquosa/fase olio 3) aqueous phase / oil phase weight ratio
Valutazione delle proprietà delle emulsioni inverse degli esempi mediante confronto con addensanti in emulsione inversa commerciali Gli addensanti commerciali testati sono i seguenti: Evaluation of the properties of the reverse emulsions of the examples by comparison with commercial reverse emulsion thickeners The commercial thickeners tested are as follows:
SML-EG, un'emulsione inversa contenente un polimero in emulsione inversa a base di acido acrilico e AMS. SML-EG, a reverse emulsion containing a reverse emulsion polymer based on acrylic acid and AMS.
SML-INS e SML-NS, emulsioni inverse contenenti polimeri di emulsione inversa di idrossietilacrilato e AMS. SML-INS and SML-NS, reverse emulsions containing reverse emulsion polymers of hydroxyethylacrylate and AMS.
SPL-305, un'emulsione inversa contenente un polimero ottenuto da AMS e acrilammide. SPL-305, a reverse emulsion containing a polymer made from AMS and acrylamide.
SPS-S, un'emulsione inversa concentrata contenente un polimero in emulsione inversa ottenuto da idrossietilacrilato, AMS e alcol laurilico etossilato 4 moli acrilato. SPS-S, a concentrated reverse emulsion containing a reverse emulsion polymer made from hydroxyethyl acrylate, AMS and 4 mol acrylate ethoxylated lauryl alcohol.
a) Efficienza della viscosizzazione in acqua a vari pH a) Efficiency of viscosity in water at various pH
Le viscosità Brookfield® di soluzioni acquose all’ 1,3% in peso di sostanza secca delle emulsioni inverse, a 25 ° C, rotore 6, 5 giri al minuto e vari pH, sono state misurate e riportate nella Tabella 1 e in Fig. 1. The Brookfield® viscosities of aqueous solutions at 1.3% by weight of dry matter of the reverse emulsions, at 25 ° C, rotor 6, 5 revolutions per minute and various pH, were measured and reported in Table 1 and in Fig. 1.
L'emulsione inversa dell'Esempio 1 ha la massima efficienza viscosizzante e un'eccellente stabilità nell'intero intervallo di pH. The reverse emulsion of Example 1 has the highest viscosifying efficiency and excellent stability over the entire pH range.
Tabella 1 – Viscosità (mPa*s), effetto del pH Table 1 - Viscosity (mPa * s), effect of pH
*comparativo *comparative
b) Efficienza viscosizzante in presenza di NaCl b) Viscosizing efficiency in the presence of NaCl
La Tabella 2 e la Fig. 2 riportano la viscosità Brookfield® delle soluzioni acquose delle emulsioni inverse con 1,3% in peso di sostanza secca a 25 °C, in presenza di 0, 0,10 e 0,25% in peso di NaCl. Table 2 and Fig. 2 report the Brookfield® viscosity of the aqueous solutions of the reverse emulsions with 1.3% by weight of dry matter at 25 ° C, in the presence of 0.10 and 0.25% by weight of NaCl.
Solo l'SPL-305 (che è a base di acrilammide) ha una prestazione migliore dell'emulsione inversa dell'Esempio 1 allo 0,1% in peso di sale e vicina ad esso allo 0,25% in peso di sale. Only SPL-305 (which is acrylamide based) has a better performance than the reverse emulsion of Example 1 at 0.1% by weight of salt and close to it at 0.25% by weight of salt.
Tabella 2 - Viscosità (mPa*s), effetto del sale Table 2 - Viscosity (mPa * s), effect of salt
c) Efficienza viscosizzante in funzione della concentrazione del polimero La Tabella 3 e la Fig. 3 riportano le viscosità Brookfield® delle soluzioni acquose dei prodotti a varie concentrazioni (sostanza secca, percentuale in peso) a 25 °C. c) Viscosity efficiency as a function of the polymer concentration Table 3 and Fig. 3 report the Brookfield® viscosities of the aqueous solutions of the products at various concentrations (dry matter, weight percentage) at 25 ° C.
L'effetto viscosizzante del polimero in emulsione inversa dell'Esempio 1 ha una migliore risposta all'aumento della concentrazione nell'intero gruppo di prodotti testati. The viscosifying effect of the reverse emulsion polymer of Example 1 has a better response to increasing the concentration in the whole group of products tested.
Tabella 3 - Viscosità (mPa*s), effetto della concentrazione del polimero Table 3 - Viscosity (mPa * s), effect of the polymer concentration
d) Efficienza di addensamento nelle emulsioni olio in acqua d) Thickening efficiency in oil-in-water emulsions
Le emulsioni olio in acqua (o/w) vengono preparate con ciascuno dei prodotti commerciali, con le emulsioni inverse degli Esempi 1-2, 4-5, con la seguente composizione (%peso): The oil-in-water (o / w) emulsions are prepared with each of the commercial products, with the inverse emulsions of Examples 1-2, 4-5, with the following composition (weight%):
Acqua 78% Water 78%
Fase olio 20% Oil phase 20%
Prodotti degli esempi a 0,86% di sostanza secca Products of the examples at 0.86% dry matter
La Tabella 4 riporta le viscosità Brookfield® delle emulsioni. Table 4 reports the Brookfield® viscosities of the emulsions.
Le emulsioni inverse degli esempi secondo l'invenzione hanno le migliori prestazioni viscosizzanti in tutti gli oli, nonostante la loro diversa polarità. The reverse emulsions of the examples according to the invention have the best viscosifying performance in all oils, despite their different polarity.
Tabella 4 – Viscosità (mPa*s) emulsioni o/w - effetto dell'olio Table 4 - Viscosity (mPa * s) o / w emulsions - oil effect
e) Stabilità delle emulsioni addensate e) Stability of thickened emulsions
La stabilità delle emulsioni testate sopra al punto d) viene valutata con il test di separazione nella centrifuga, a 25 ° C e 6000 rpm per 1 ora. The stability of the emulsions tested above in point d) is evaluated with the separation test in the centrifuge, at 25 ° C and 6000 rpm for 1 hour.
La Tabella 5 riporta l'indice di stabilità delle emulsioni. Table 5 reports the stability index of the emulsions.
Tabella 5 - Indice di stabilità dell'emulsione<1)>, effetto dell'olio Table 5 - Emulsion stability index <1)>, oil effect
1) 0 = nessuna separazione di fase 1) 0 = no phase separation
1 = separazione di fase <2 mm 1 = phase separation <2 mm
2 = separazione di fase tra 3 e 5 mm 2 = phase separation between 3 and 5 mm
3 = separazione di fase tra 6 e 10 mm 3 = phase separation between 6 and 10 mm
4 = separazione di fase > 10 mm 4 = phase separation> 10 mm
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