IT201600096737A1 - Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocita' - Google Patents

Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocita'

Info

Publication number
IT201600096737A1
IT201600096737A1 IT102016000096737A IT201600096737A IT201600096737A1 IT 201600096737 A1 IT201600096737 A1 IT 201600096737A1 IT 102016000096737 A IT102016000096737 A IT 102016000096737A IT 201600096737 A IT201600096737 A IT 201600096737A IT 201600096737 A1 IT201600096737 A1 IT 201600096737A1
Authority
IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
motor vehicle
speed transmission
mechanical speed
performance simulator
simulator
Prior art date
Application number
IT102016000096737A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Samuele Mazzini
Enrico Venturi
Emilio Stopponi
Original Assignee
I E T S P A
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by I E T S P A filed Critical I E T S P A
Priority to IT102016000096737A priority Critical patent/IT201600096737A1/it
Priority to US16/327,442 priority patent/US11299048B2/en
Priority to PCT/IT2017/000207 priority patent/WO2018061047A2/en
Priority to CA3034872A priority patent/CA3034872A1/en
Priority to BR112019003948-1A priority patent/BR112019003948A2/pt
Priority to AU2017335805A priority patent/AU2017335805A1/en
Priority to EP17822474.7A priority patent/EP3519240A2/en
Priority to JP2019511524A priority patent/JP2019537406A/ja
Priority to RU2019107963A priority patent/RU2019107963A/ru
Priority to SG11201901439SA priority patent/SG11201901439SA/en
Publication of IT201600096737A1 publication Critical patent/IT201600096737A1/it
Priority to HK18107436.7A priority patent/HK1248012A1/zh
Priority to ZA2019/01791A priority patent/ZA201901791B/en
Priority to US17/678,211 priority patent/US11707991B2/en
Priority to US18/329,675 priority patent/US20230311670A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/12Dynamic electric regenerative braking for vehicles propelled by dc motors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2009Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for braking
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2054Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed by controlling transmissions or clutches
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/14Dynamic electric regenerative braking for vehicles propelled by ac motors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/22Microcars, e.g. golf cars
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/10Vehicle control parameters
    • B60L2240/12Speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/421Speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/423Torque
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/48Drive Train control parameters related to transmissions
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2250/00Driver interactions
    • B60L2250/24Driver interactions by lever actuation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/20Drive modes; Transition between modes
    • B60L2260/30Engine braking emulation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64Electric machine technologies in electromobility

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Transmission Device (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
  • Arrangement Or Mounting Of Propulsion Units For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Control Of Driving Devices And Active Controlling Of Vehicle (AREA)
  • Gear-Shifting Mechanisms (AREA)
  • Structure Of Transmissions (AREA)
IT102016000096737A 2016-09-27 2016-09-27 Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocita' IT201600096737A1 (it)

Priority Applications (14)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT102016000096737A IT201600096737A1 (it) 2016-09-27 2016-09-27 Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocita'
JP2019511524A JP2019537406A (ja) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 機械的変速機の性能のシミュレーターを備えた自動車
RU2019107963A RU2019107963A (ru) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 Транспортное средство с устройством моделирования работы механической коробки передач
CA3034872A CA3034872A1 (en) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
BR112019003948-1A BR112019003948A2 (pt) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 veículo motorizado com simulador de desempenho de uma caixa de câmbio mecânica
AU2017335805A AU2017335805A1 (en) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
EP17822474.7A EP3519240A2 (en) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
US16/327,442 US11299048B2 (en) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
PCT/IT2017/000207 WO2018061047A2 (en) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
SG11201901439SA SG11201901439SA (en) 2016-09-27 2017-09-26 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
HK18107436.7A HK1248012A1 (zh) 2016-09-27 2018-06-07 具有機械式變速箱的性能模擬器的機動車輛
ZA2019/01791A ZA201901791B (en) 2016-09-27 2019-03-22 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
US17/678,211 US11707991B2 (en) 2016-09-27 2022-02-23 Motor vehicle with simulator of performance of a mechanical gearbox
US18/329,675 US20230311670A1 (en) 2016-09-27 2023-06-06 Motor Vehicle with Simulator of Performance of a Mechanical Gearbox

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT102016000096737A IT201600096737A1 (it) 2016-09-27 2016-09-27 Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocita'

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
IT201600096737A1 true IT201600096737A1 (it) 2018-03-27

Family

ID=57909974

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IT102016000096737A IT201600096737A1 (it) 2016-09-27 2016-09-27 Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocita'

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (3) US11299048B2 (it)
EP (1) EP3519240A2 (it)
JP (1) JP2019537406A (it)
AU (1) AU2017335805A1 (it)
BR (1) BR112019003948A2 (it)
CA (1) CA3034872A1 (it)
HK (1) HK1248012A1 (it)
IT (1) IT201600096737A1 (it)
RU (1) RU2019107963A (it)
SG (1) SG11201901439SA (it)
WO (1) WO2018061047A2 (it)
ZA (1) ZA201901791B (it)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20210153776A (ko) * 2020-06-10 2021-12-20 현대자동차주식회사 전기자동차의 주행 제어 방법
KR20210153211A (ko) * 2020-06-10 2021-12-17 현대자동차주식회사 전기자동차의 가상 변속감 생성을 위한 제어 방법
JP7302547B2 (ja) * 2020-08-07 2023-07-04 トヨタ自動車株式会社 車両の駆動力制御装置
KR20220039183A (ko) * 2020-09-22 2022-03-29 현대자동차주식회사 전기자동차의 가상 내연기관 진동 구현 방법
CN113291160A (zh) * 2021-02-21 2021-08-24 易通共享技术(广州)有限公司 一种用于新能源教练车的离合控制方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101007510A (zh) * 2006-12-08 2007-08-01 奇瑞汽车有限公司 一种混合动力汽车用电机的控制方法
CN201559760U (zh) * 2009-10-15 2010-08-25 耀马车业(中国)有限公司 多功能调速转把

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6855016B1 (en) * 2002-07-16 2005-02-15 Patrick Lee Jansen Electric watercycle with variable electronic gearing and human power amplification
DE10356462A1 (de) * 2003-12-03 2005-07-14 Adam Opel Ag Kraftfahrzeug mit einem Elektromotor
US20080060861A1 (en) * 2006-09-12 2008-03-13 Andrew Baur Entertainment vehicle that simulates a vehicle with an internal combustion engine and multiple gear ratios
DE102010045996A1 (de) 2010-09-18 2012-03-22 Volkswagen Ag Fahrzeug mit Elektroantrieb
DE102011108956A1 (de) * 2011-07-29 2013-01-31 Audi Ag Verfahren zur Information eines Fahrers bezüglich des Betriebszustands eines Kraftfahrzeuges und Kraftfahrzeug
US20130294619A1 (en) * 2012-05-02 2013-11-07 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Engine Sound Enhancement ("ESE") System for a Continuously Variable Transmission ("CVT") Equipped Vehicle
US10315506B2 (en) * 2013-12-13 2019-06-11 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Selective shift transmission initial gear determination
US9333911B2 (en) * 2014-01-10 2016-05-10 Bose Corporation Engine sound management

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101007510A (zh) * 2006-12-08 2007-08-01 奇瑞汽车有限公司 一种混合动力汽车用电机的控制方法
CN201559760U (zh) * 2009-10-15 2010-08-25 耀马车业(中国)有限公司 多功能调速转把

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ANONYMOUS ANONYMOUS: "Direct drive motor and gear ratio to use - DIY Electric Car Forums", DIYELECTRICCAR FORUM, 19 January 2012 (2012-01-19), DIY Electric Car forum, XP055367895, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.diyelectriccar.com/forums/showthread.php/direct-drive-motor-and-gear-ratio-68468.html> [retrieved on 20170426] *
BENJI JEREW: "Do Electric Cars Have Gears? No. Here's Why", 11 February 2015 (2015-02-11), The Green Optimistic, XP055367902, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.greenoptimistic.com/electric-cars-gears/#.WQChjHpMfSi> [retrieved on 20170426] *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2018061047A3 (en) 2018-05-17
CA3034872A1 (en) 2018-04-05
SG11201901439SA (en) 2019-04-29
AU2017335805A1 (en) 2019-03-28
JP2019537406A (ja) 2019-12-19
BR112019003948A2 (pt) 2019-05-21
WO2018061047A2 (en) 2018-04-05
US20220176830A1 (en) 2022-06-09
HK1248012A1 (zh) 2018-10-05
US11707991B2 (en) 2023-07-25
US20210309113A1 (en) 2021-10-07
EP3519240A2 (en) 2019-08-07
ZA201901791B (en) 2020-10-28
RU2019107963A (ru) 2020-09-21
US11299048B2 (en) 2022-04-12
US20230311670A1 (en) 2023-10-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
IT201600096737A1 (it) Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocita&#39;
UY4631S (es) Motor scooter
FR3042009B1 (fr) Turbo moteur a soufflantes deportees avec un systeme differentiel
DK3351824T3 (da) Transmission til motor
ITUA20161901A1 (it) Sistema di raffreddamento potenziato per un motore a scoppio accoppiato ad un cambio automatico con rallentatore idraulico
DK3767088T3 (da) Motor
EP3297135A4 (en) Dynamo/motor with built-in speed converter
DK3300203T3 (da) Motordrev
FR3027607B1 (fr) Lubrifiant pour moteur marin
FR3015379B1 (fr) Ventilateur pour automobile comportant un stator en amont de l&#39;helice
DK3388325T3 (da) Skib med motor
FR3055837B3 (fr) Groupe de transmission pour vehicule a moteur
DK4138286T3 (da) Magnetisk-gearet motor
FR3030382B1 (fr) Moteur hydraulique couple
IT201800001308A1 (it) Veicolo da lavoro ibrido con cambio di velocità CVT
SMP201600339B1 (it) Veicolo a motore con simulatore di prestazioni di un cambio meccanico di velocità
DK3767089T3 (da) Motor
ES2722476A8 (es) Motor de explosion
IT201600130142A1 (it) Sistema di raffreddamento del motore di un motoveicolo
IT201700044349A1 (it) Veicolo con propulsione ibrida
DE102019118196A8 (de) Motor
ES1134706Y (es) Motor poliédrico magnético de propulsión de fluidos
ES1224201Y (es) Moto de trial con motor horizontal
IT201700042539A1 (it) Motore meccatronico con variatore di velocità per mezzi elettrici a pedalata assistita
ES1103580Y (es) Dispositivo eléctrico para variar las prestaciones de un motor eléctrico de imanes permanentes