IT201600086257A1 - INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF WOODEN SYSTEMS WITH LOADING PANELS WITH DETECTION OF THE STRUCTURE HUMIDITY CONDITIONS - Google Patents

INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF WOODEN SYSTEMS WITH LOADING PANELS WITH DETECTION OF THE STRUCTURE HUMIDITY CONDITIONS

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Publication number
IT201600086257A1
IT201600086257A1 IT102016000086257A IT201600086257A IT201600086257A1 IT 201600086257 A1 IT201600086257 A1 IT 201600086257A1 IT 102016000086257 A IT102016000086257 A IT 102016000086257A IT 201600086257 A IT201600086257 A IT 201600086257A IT 201600086257 A1 IT201600086257 A1 IT 201600086257A1
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IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
wooden
structural
humidity conditions
xlam
integrated
Prior art date
Application number
IT102016000086257A
Other languages
Italian (it)
Inventor
Romina Paolucci
Luca Chinzari
Ferdinando Chinzari
Antonio Razionale
Francesco Veglio'
Vincenzo Stornelli
Rocco Alaggio
Mirco Muttillo
Giuseppe Ferri
Leonardo Pantoli
Gianluca Barile
Fabrizio Mancini
Stefano Ricci
Andrea Pelliccione
Original Assignee
Romina Paolucci
Antares Innovation Srls
L E R Srl
Biomaterials & Engineering Srl – Localita Monteluco Di Roio 67100 L’Aquila C/O Diparti
Vincenzo Stornelli
Gianluca Barile
Leonardo Pantoli
Mirco Muttillo
Fabrizio Mancini
Stefano Ricci
Antonio Razionale
Giuseppe Ferri
Rocco Alaggio
Andrea Pelliccione
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Romina Paolucci, Antares Innovation Srls, L E R Srl, Biomaterials & Engineering Srl – Localita Monteluco Di Roio 67100 L’Aquila C/O Diparti, Vincenzo Stornelli, Gianluca Barile, Leonardo Pantoli, Mirco Muttillo, Fabrizio Mancini, Stefano Ricci, Antonio Razionale, Giuseppe Ferri, Rocco Alaggio, Andrea Pelliccione filed Critical Romina Paolucci
Priority to IT102016000086257A priority Critical patent/IT201600086257A1/en
Publication of IT201600086257A1 publication Critical patent/IT201600086257A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H15/00—Measuring mechanical or acoustic impedance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G01N29/032—Analysing fluids by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2437—Piezoelectric probes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2475—Embedded probes, i.e. probes incorporated in objects to be inspected
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/01—Indexing codes associated with the measuring variable
    • G01N2291/018—Impedance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/023—Solids
    • G01N2291/0231—Composite or layered materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/023—Solids
    • G01N2291/0238—Wood
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02845—Humidity, wetness

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
  • Examining Or Testing Airtightness (AREA)
  • Patch Boards (AREA)

Description

“SISTEMA INTEGRATO E METODO PER IL MONITORAGGIO STRUTTURALE DI SISTEMI LIGNEI A PANNELLI PORTANTI CON RILEVAMENTO DELLE CONDIZIONI DI UMIDITÁ DELLA STRUTTURA” "INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF WOODEN SYSTEMS WITH BEARING PANELS WITH DETECTION OF THE STRUCTURE HUMIDITY CONDITIONS"

DESCRIZIONE DESCRIPTION

Il mantenimento in esercizio delle opere civili richiede un’attenta strategia che permetta di mantenere efficiente la struttura con un alto livello di sicurezza e, al tempo stesso, ne limiti i costi di manutenzione. Il processo di monitoraggio prevede la misura di alcune grandezze nel tempo, in continuo o con un intervallo di tempo prestabilito, attraverso una serie di sensori posti in posizioni strategiche sulla struttura che possano poi fornire le informazioni necessarie alla valutazione del comportamento strutturale. Le moderne metodologie di monitoraggio strutturale sfruttano lo sviluppo di nuove tecniche numeriche d’identificazione strutturale e l’adozione di sensori sempre più sofisticati ed intelligenti capaci non solo di eseguire l’acquisizione dei dati, ma anche di elaborare direttamente questi ultimi mediante tecniche di filtraggio, eseguire localmente identificazioni di modelli e fornire direttamente all’utente informazioni sullo stato della struttura. Le sfide tecnologiche in atto stanno via via permettendo costi di installazione sempre ridotti con performance di elevato livello in grado di garantire una corretta interpretazione dei fenomeni che stanno interessando eventualmente la struttura. Al pari le rilevazioni di fumo, di calore e del gas rappresentano elementi determinanti per cogliere sul nascere fenomeni di incendio e prevenire l’aggravarsi delle conseguenze degli stessi sia sulle persone che sulle cose; ciò vale anche per il rilevamento di variazioni dei parametri iniziali di insonorizzazione delle pareti. Infine il controllo della conducibilità termica delle pareti assicura nel tempo che il contenimento dei consumi energetici sia in linea con le normative di settore. Keeping civil works in operation requires a careful strategy that allows the structure to be kept efficient with a high level of safety and, at the same time, limits its maintenance costs. The monitoring process involves the measurement of certain quantities over time, continuously or with a predetermined time interval, through a series of sensors placed in strategic positions on the structure which can then provide the information necessary for the evaluation of the structural behavior. Modern structural monitoring methodologies exploit the development of new numerical techniques for structural identification and the adoption of increasingly sophisticated and intelligent sensors capable not only of performing data acquisition, but also of processing the latter directly through filtering techniques. , perform model identifications locally and provide the user with information on the state of the facility directly. The technological challenges in progress are gradually allowing installation costs that are always reduced with high-level performance capable of guaranteeing a correct interpretation of the phenomena that are possibly affecting the structure. Likewise, the detections of smoke, heat and gas are crucial elements for catching fire phenomena in the bud and preventing the aggravation of the consequences of the same on both people and things; this also applies to the detection of variations in the initial soundproofing parameters of the walls. Finally, the control of the thermal conductivity of the walls ensures over time that the containment of energy consumption is in line with sector regulations.

In questo contesto si inquadra il “monitoraggio strutturale (Structural Health Monitoring o SHM)” con il qual termine si intende quel processo di caratterizzazione delle opere esistenti, o in fase di realizzazione, con il quale ci si propone di identificare e analizzare alcune proprietà della struttura in modo da ottenere informazioni con le quali poter mettere a punto modelli analitici per la valutazione dello stato della costruzione o per poter valutare cambiamenti nel comportamento strutturale (danneggiamenti del materiale o di elementi strutturali, modifiche del comportamento dei vincoli e dei sistemi di connessione o altre modifiche che possono causare variazioni tecniche che a loro volta influiscono sulla risposta della struttura). Da qui, dunque, il primo (e più intuitivo) vantaggio dell’utilizzo del monitoraggio strutturale: la possibilità di monitorare e valutare tutti quei parametri capaci di garantire l’affidabilità di strutture e infrastrutture, sia esistenti che di nuova costruzione, permettendone, in tal modo, un utilizzo più prolungato e sicuro. In this context, the "Structural Health Monitoring or SHM" is framed with which term we mean that process of characterization of existing works, or in the construction phase, with which we propose to identify and analyze some properties of the structure in order to obtain information with which to be able to develop analytical models for the evaluation of the state of the construction or to be able to evaluate changes in structural behavior (damage to the material or structural elements, changes in the behavior of the constraints and connection systems or other changes that may cause technical changes which in turn affect the response of the structure). Hence, therefore, the first (and most intuitive) advantage of using structural monitoring: the possibility of monitoring and evaluating all those parameters capable of guaranteeing the reliability of both existing and newly built structures and infrastructures, allowing them, in thus, a longer and safer use.

L’altro grande merito del monitoraggio strutturale è quello economico, apprezzabile maggiormente nel medio e lungo termine. Infatti, a fronte di un investimento iniziale dovuto all’acquisto e all’installazione della strumentazione necessaria al monitoraggio stesso (che comunque, grazie all’evoluzione tecnologica in atto, presentano costi sempre più ridotti a fronte di performance di livello sempre più elevato), i costi di manutenzione risultano sostanzialmente costanti, e comunque nettamente inferiori a quelli che si avrebbero in strutture non monitorate in cui, si è rilevato, il costo degli interventi cresce rapidamente all’aumentare dell’età dell’opera giacché i fenomeni di degrado, non considerati correttamente nel tempo, possono portare a spese di manutenzione e gestione notevoli. The other great merit of structural monitoring is the economic one, which is more appreciable in the medium and long term. In fact, against an initial investment due to the purchase and installation of the instrumentation necessary for the monitoring itself (which in any case, thanks to the technological evolution in progress, have increasingly reduced costs in the face of increasingly higher level performance), maintenance costs are substantially constant, and in any case significantly lower than those that would occur in unmonitored structures in which, it has been found, the cost of interventions grows rapidly as the age of the work increases since the phenomena of deterioration do not considered correctly over time, they can lead to significant maintenance and management costs.

Per “sistemi lignei a pannelli portanti” si intendono strutture e infrastrutture realizzate mediante pannelli pieni di tipo XLAM, acronimo inglese che significa Cross Laminated Timber (viene infatti indicato anche come CLT). Scendendo nel dettaglio, tali pannelli (generalmente realizzati in abete, pino o larice) sono composti da strati di tavole sovrapposti a fibratura incrociata in maniera che la fibratura di ogni strato (nel piano del pannello), sia ruotata di 90 gradi rispetto agli strati confinanti. I singoli strati di tavole hanno spessore variabile. L'elemento piano che si ottiene alla fine del processo di produzione è generalmente di forma quadrata o rettangolare. Tale tipologia costruttiva presenta diversi vantaggi rispetto a quelle più tradizionali: risulta infatti essere particolarmente salubre, caratterizzata da bassa trasmittanza, elevata inerzia termica e ottima traspirabilità, oltre a garantire qualità e sicurezza del costruito, anche nel lungo periodo. Dal punto di vista costruttivo, i pannelli XLAM possono essere utilizzati sia in verticale che in orizzontale, consentendo così la realizzazione sia di pareti che di solai. In particolare, le prime vengono ancorate mediante apposite staffe al cosiddetto “dormiente” o “radice”, che funge da base. Questo è generalmente realizzato da un unico corpo in legno massello oppure può essere realizzato con la stessa tecnica mostrata per il sistema XLAM. Per una migliore comprensione si veda la fig.1. By "wooden systems with load-bearing panels" we mean structures and infrastructures made with solid panels of the XLAM type, an English acronym which means Cross Laminated Timber (it is in fact also referred to as CLT). Going into detail, these panels (generally made of fir, pine or larch) are composed of layers of overlapping cross-grain boards so that the grain of each layer (in the plane of the panel) is rotated 90 degrees with respect to the neighboring layers . The individual layers of boards have variable thickness. The flat element obtained at the end of the production process is generally square or rectangular in shape. This type of construction has several advantages compared to the more traditional ones: it is in fact particularly healthy, characterized by low transmittance, high thermal inertia and excellent breathability, as well as guaranteeing quality and safety of the building, even in the long term. From the construction point of view, XLAM panels can be used both vertically and horizontally, thus allowing the construction of both walls and floors. In particular, the former are anchored by means of special brackets to the so-called "sleeper" or "root", which acts as a base. This is generally made from a single solid wood body or can be made with the same technique shown for the XLAM system. For a better understanding see fig. 1.

Dal connubio tra i due elementi innanzi descritti, “monitoraggio strutturale” da una parte e “sistemi lignei a pannelli portanti” dall’altra, nasce il presente brevetto: la creazione di un sistema integrato pannello / sensore che consenta di misurare il grado di umidità del legno e indirettamente, come di seguito meglio argomentato, dare informazioni sullo stato di salute dell’intera struttura. Tale misura infatti, oltre a fornire, com’è ovvio, informazioni sulla conducibilità termica delle pareti, e dunque sul contenimento dei consumi energetici (che verrà più facilmente mantenuto in linea con le normative di settore), fornirà anche informazioni sull’eventuale stato di degrado della struttura stessa (il problema dell’umidità è sempre stato un punto estremamente critico dal punto di vista delle prestazioni strutturali di lungo periodo) e, di conseguenza, sugli interventi di manutenzione più urgenti e adeguati. From the combination of the two elements described above, "structural monitoring" on the one hand and "wooden systems with load-bearing panels" on the other, this patent is born: the creation of an integrated panel / sensor system that allows measuring the degree of humidity of wood and indirectly, as better argued below, to provide information on the health of the entire structure. In fact, this measure, in addition to providing, as is obvious, information on the thermal conductivity of the walls, and therefore on the containment of energy consumption (which will be more easily kept in line with sector regulations), will also provide information on the possible state of deterioration of the structure itself (the problem of humidity has always been an extremely critical point from the point of view of long-term structural performance) and, consequently, on the most urgent and adequate maintenance interventions.

Partendo dai concetti sopra esposti, e con particolare riferimento alla Fig.2, il sistema proposto (100) ha come riferimento il classico pannello XLAM (101) poggiato sulla radice (102) e assicurato alla stessa per tramite di appositi ancoraggi (103). Durante la fase di produzione di detto pannello (101) e detta radice (102), tra uno strato e l’altro del legno, vengono inseriti degli elementi piezoelettrici (104), caratterizzati dall’avere dimensioni estremamente ridotte e spessore submillimetrico, in maniera tale da risultare praticamente “invisibili” sia al pannello (101) sia alla radice (102), e quindi tali da non modificarne in alcun modo la resistenza e il comportamento. Detti elementi piezoelettrici (104), opportunamente eccitati a una data frequenza (dell’ordine dei kHz) da un elemento a microcontrollore di gestione, lettura e controllo, saranno in grado di restituire informazioni sulla base dell’impedenza prodotta, che andrà confrontata con quella iniziale misurata immediatamente prima e immediatamente dopo la posa. Il sistema di gestione e controllo (105) sarà opportunamente connesso ad una rete dati per permettere la trasmissione dei dati elaborati ad un server remoto (106). Starting from the concepts set out above, and with particular reference to Fig. 2, the proposed system (100) has as its reference the classic XLAM panel (101) resting on the root (102) and secured to it by means of special anchors (103). During the production phase of said panel (101) and said root (102), between one layer and the other of the wood, piezoelectric elements (104) are inserted, characterized by having extremely small dimensions and submillimetric thickness, in a manner such as to be practically “invisible” both to the panel (101) and to the root (102), and therefore such as not to modify in any way its resistance and behavior. Said piezoelectric elements (104), suitably excited at a given frequency (of the order of kHz) by a management, reading and control microcontroller element, will be able to return information on the basis of the impedance produced, which will be compared with that initial measured immediately before and immediately after installation. The management and control system (105) will be suitably connected to a data network to allow the transmission of the processed data to a remote server (106).

Analogamente, con riferimento ai concetti sopra esposti, e con particolare riferimento alla Fig.3, il sistema (107) che prevede una radice (108) in legno massello permetterà le rilevazioni strutturali e di umidità con l’inserimento del sensore (104) nell’interstizio di collegamento tra pannello (101) e radice (108). Similarly, with reference to the concepts set out above, and with particular reference to Fig. 3, the system (107) which provides a root (108) in solid wood will allow structural and humidity measurements with the insertion of the sensor (104) in the 'interstice for connection between panel (101) and root (108).

Anche in questo caso, il sistema di gestione e controllo (105) sarà opportunamente connesso ad una rete dati per permettere la trasmissione dei dati elaborati ad un server remoto (106). Also in this case, the management and control system (105) will be suitably connected to a data network to allow the transmission of the processed data to a remote server (106).

Tale metodo ed apparato quindi consente, a valle della stima delle informazioni descritte da parte di un sistema di lettura (105), per il quale sarà previsto un apposito alloggiamento prefabbricato, così come per i sensori, nel pannello stesso (101), di descrivere permanentemente nel tempo le condizioni fisiche del materiale che costituisce il sistema (100) e (107). La lettura dei dati avverrà a una cadenza predeterminata essendo prevista la possibilità di invio dei dati a un sistema remoto (106). This method and apparatus therefore allows, downstream of the estimation of the information described by a reading system (105), for which a special prefabricated housing will be provided, as well as for the sensors, in the panel itself (101), to describe permanently over time the physical conditions of the material constituting the system (100) and (107). The reading of the data will take place at a predetermined rate since it is possible to send the data to a remote system (106).

Il presente trovato consente dunque di creare un sistema integrato in fase di produzione del legno che, oltre a sfruttare una tecnologia costruttiva estremamente all’avanguardia, consente di effettuarne, contestualmente e senza costi aggiuntivi, il monitoraggio strutturale. The present invention therefore allows to create an integrated system in the wood production phase which, in addition to exploiting an extremely advanced construction technology, allows structural monitoring to be carried out simultaneously and without additional costs.

Claims (4)

“SISTEMA INTEGRATO E METODO PER IL MONITORAGGIO STRUTTURALE DI SISTEMI LIGNEI A PANNELLI PORTANTI CON RILEVAMENTO DELLE CONDIZIONI DI UMIDITÁ DELLA STRUTTURA” RIVENDICAZIONI 1. Metodo ed apparato integrato per il monitoraggio strutturale di sistemi lignei a pannelli portanti con rilevamento delle condizioni fisico strutturali e di umiditá della struttura comprendente: - un sistema ligneo di tipo XLAM di varie forme ed una radice di struttura per la posa dello stesso. - Sensori e/o Trasduttori di tipo piezoelettrico posti all’interno degli strati lignei dell’XLAM in generiche posizioni e profondità - Sensori e/o Trasduttori di tipo piezoelettrico integrati all’interno degli strati lignei della radice, se quest’ultima realizzata in XLAM - Sistema elettronico in grado di eccitare i Sensori e/o Trasduttori con segnali sinusoidali a frequenze dell’ordine del kHz. - Sistema per la lettura dei dati provenienti dall’eccitazione dei sensori secondo il punto precedente - Sistema elettronico per l’invio delle informazioni ad un server remoto. "INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF WOODEN SYSTEMS WITH BEARING PANELS WITH DETECTION OF THE STRUCTURE HUMIDITY CONDITIONS" CLAIMS 1. Integrated method and apparatus for structural monitoring of wooden systems with load-bearing panels with detection of the physical, structural and humidity conditions of the structure comprising: - a wooden system of the XLAM type of various shapes and a root structure for its installation. - Piezoelectric sensors and / or transducers placed inside the wooden layers of XLAM in generic positions and depths - Piezoelectric sensors and / or transducers integrated within the wooden layers of the root, if the latter is made of XLAM - Electronic system able to excite the Sensors and / or Transducers with sinusoidal signals at frequencies of the order of kHz. - System for reading data from sensor excitation according to the previous point - Electronic system for sending information to a remote server. 2. Metodo ed apparato secondo le rivendicazioni precedenti in cui detti sensori, integrati nella struttura XLAM, sono collegati, attraverso opportuni collegamenti pre-lavorati nel legno stesso, a un microcontrollore che li eccita ed interpreta la risposta elettrica. 2. Method and apparatus according to the preceding claims in which said sensors, integrated in the XLAM structure, are connected, through suitable connections pre-machined in the wood itself, to a microcontroller which excites them and interprets the electrical response. 3. Metodo ed apparato secondo le rivendicazioni precedenti in cui le informazioni così prodotte vengono inviate ad un server remoto mediante connessione dati. 3. Method and apparatus according to the preceding claims in which the information thus produced is sent to a remote server by means of a data connection. 4. Metodo ed apparato secondo la rivendicazione 1, comprendente inoltre una interfaccia utente (applicazione) su piattaforma proprietaria in grado di monitorare le condizioni fisico strutturali e di umidità della struttura.4. Method and apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a user interface (application) on a proprietary platform capable of monitoring the physical, structural and humidity conditions of the structure.
IT102016000086257A 2016-08-30 2016-08-30 INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF WOODEN SYSTEMS WITH LOADING PANELS WITH DETECTION OF THE STRUCTURE HUMIDITY CONDITIONS IT201600086257A1 (en)

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US6260415B1 (en) * 1998-02-12 2001-07-17 Daimlerchrysler Ag System and method for material testing, material suitable for such testing and method for producing such material
US6370964B1 (en) * 1998-11-23 2002-04-16 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Diagnostic layer and methods for detecting structural integrity of composite and metallic materials

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4399701A (en) * 1980-06-03 1983-08-23 Unisearch Limited Method and means for detecting decay in wood
GB2333839A (en) * 1998-01-30 1999-08-04 Dimitris Katsanis Composite damage detection
US6260415B1 (en) * 1998-02-12 2001-07-17 Daimlerchrysler Ag System and method for material testing, material suitable for such testing and method for producing such material
US6370964B1 (en) * 1998-11-23 2002-04-16 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Diagnostic layer and methods for detecting structural integrity of composite and metallic materials

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
"ULTRASCHALLPRUEFUNG: GRUNDLAGEN UND INDUSTRIELLE ANWENDUNGEN", 1 January 1997, Springer Verlag Berlin, New York Heidelberg, ISBN: 978-3-540-62072-3, article VOLKER DEUTSCH ET AL: "6.7.1 Nichtmetallische Werkstoffe", pages: 300 - 301, XP055353769 *

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