IN187635B - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
IN187635B
IN187635B IN1578MA1997A IN187635B IN 187635 B IN187635 B IN 187635B IN 1578MA1997 A IN1578MA1997 A IN 1578MA1997A IN 187635 B IN187635 B IN 187635B
Authority
IN
India
Prior art keywords
pct
disclosed
gaseous mixture
component
cooling surface
Prior art date
Application number
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Manfred Dr Eschwey
Reiner Dr Hamm
Peter Dr Neu
Renate Schmidt
Georg Schroeder
Original Assignee
Messer Griesheim Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Messer Griesheim Gmbh filed Critical Messer Griesheim Gmbh
Publication of IN187635B publication Critical patent/IN187635B/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
    • F25J3/063—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0685—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of noble gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0087—Environmental safety or protection means, e.g. preventing explosion
    • A61M16/009—Removing used or expired gases or anaesthetic vapours
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0087—Environmental safety or protection means, e.g. preventing explosion
    • A61M16/009—Removing used or expired gases or anaesthetic vapours
    • A61M16/0093—Removing used or expired gases or anaesthetic vapours by adsorption, absorption or filtration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/002—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by condensation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D7/00—Sublimation
    • B01D7/02—Crystallisation directly from the vapour phase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B23/00—Noble gases; Compounds thereof
    • C01B23/001—Purification or separation processes of noble gases
    • C01B23/0036—Physical processing only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
    • F25J3/0695—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/08—Bellows; Connecting tubes ; Water traps; Patient circuits
    • A61M16/0808—Condensation traps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/105—Filters
    • A61M16/106—Filters in a path
    • A61M16/1065—Filters in a path in the expiratory path
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/105—Filters
    • A61M16/106—Filters in a path
    • A61M16/107—Filters in a path in the inspiratory path
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/22—Carbon dioxide-absorbing devices ; Other means for removing carbon dioxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/10—Single element gases other than halogens
    • B01D2257/11—Noble gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/20—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using solidification of components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
    • F25J2215/36—Xenon
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2280/00—Control of the process or apparatus
    • F25J2280/30—Control of a discontinuous or intermittent ("batch") process
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S62/00—Refrigeration
    • Y10S62/923—Inert gas
    • Y10S62/925—Xenon or krypton

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Ecology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
IN1578MA1997 1996-08-30 1997-07-14 IN187635B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19635002A DE19635002A1 (de) 1996-08-30 1996-08-30 Verfahren zur Online-Rückgewinnung von Xenon aus Narkosegas

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
IN187635B true IN187635B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 2002-06-01

Family

ID=7804068

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IN1578MA1997 IN187635B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1996-08-30 1997-07-14

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US6134914A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
EP (1) EP0921846B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
JP (1) JP2001504386A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
AT (1) ATE202001T1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
DE (2) DE19635002A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
IN (1) IN187635B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
TW (1) TW344671B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
WO (1) WO1998008583A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Families Citing this family (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19740280A1 (de) * 1997-09-13 1999-03-18 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Abtrennung von Xenon aus Gasgemischen
DE19749836A1 (de) 1997-11-11 1999-05-20 Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh Ausfrieren einer Gaskomponente aus einem Gasgemisch
EP1051602B1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2003-04-23 Medi-Physics, Inc. Process to solidify and thaw a polarized gas comprising xenon
AU2003203796B2 (en) * 1997-12-12 2006-10-12 Medi-Physics, Inc. Polarized gas accumulators and heating jackets and associated gas collection and thaw methods and polarized gas products
DE10044080A1 (de) 1999-10-02 2002-04-04 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Gassammeleinrichtung
DE19947453A1 (de) * 1999-10-02 2001-04-19 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Gaskompressor mit zweistufigem Kolben
JP2003526437A (ja) 2000-03-13 2003-09-09 メディ−フィジックス・インコーポレイテッド ガス状過分極１２９Ｘｅの直接注射を使用する診断処置並びに関連するシステムおよび生成物
US6729329B2 (en) * 2001-08-06 2004-05-04 James M. Berry System for removal of halocarbon gas from waste anesthetic gases
GB0300018D0 (en) * 2003-01-02 2003-02-05 Uws Ventures Ltd Gas control
US7137274B2 (en) * 2003-09-24 2006-11-21 The Boc Group Plc System for liquefying or freezing xenon
US20050155380A1 (en) * 2004-01-20 2005-07-21 Michael Rock Anesthetic agent recovery
EP1586806A1 (en) 2004-04-16 2005-10-19 Aga Ab Vessel with 2 compartments and coupling, one compartment is to be discharged, and the other to be filled
US7285154B2 (en) * 2004-11-24 2007-10-23 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Xenon recovery system
NZ563340A (en) * 2005-05-13 2011-03-31 Anesthetic Gas Reclamation Llc Receiving waste anesthetic gas in a chamber which is sent to a vacuum manifold on detection of the gas
US7644594B2 (en) * 2005-05-13 2010-01-12 Anesthetic Gas Reclamation, L.L.C. Method and apparatus for self-contained anesthetic gas reclamation
US7628034B2 (en) * 2005-05-13 2009-12-08 Anesthetic Gas Reclamation, Llc Method of low flow anesthetic gas scavenging and dynamic collection apparatus therefor
US7596965B2 (en) 2005-05-13 2009-10-06 Anesthetic Gas Reclamation, Llc Anesthetic gas reclamation system and method
DE102006034601B3 (de) 2006-07-26 2008-02-07 Schmidt, Klaus, Prof. Dr. Rückhaltung von Edelgasen im Atemgas bei beatmeten Patienten mit Hilfe von Membranseparation
JP2011514833A (ja) * 2007-05-23 2011-05-12 レール・リキード−ソシエテ・アノニム・プール・レテュード・エ・レクスプロワタシオン・デ・プロセデ・ジョルジュ・クロード ベンチレータからキセノンの回収および再利用のためのシステムおよび方法
WO2009143368A2 (en) * 2008-05-23 2009-11-26 University Of Utah Non-cryogenic storage cell for hyperpolarized 129xe
EP2307836A1 (en) * 2008-05-30 2011-04-13 J.C.R. Van Der Hart Holding B.v. Apparatus and method for purifying a gas
US8267081B2 (en) 2009-02-20 2012-09-18 Baxter International Inc. Inhaled anesthetic agent therapy and delivery system
CN108671695B (zh) 2009-09-01 2022-04-15 蓝区技术有限公司 用于气体处理的系统和方法
WO2011100826A1 (en) 2010-02-22 2011-08-25 Class 1 Inc. Apparatus, systems and methods for collecting and reclaiming anaesthetic agents and for removing nitrous oxide from exhaust gases
US10076620B2 (en) 2012-12-22 2018-09-18 Dmf Medical Incorporated Anesthetic circuit having a hollow fiber membrane
US10413642B2 (en) 2015-04-28 2019-09-17 James Michael Berry System for dynamic control of medical vacuum
IL269117B (en) * 2017-01-31 2022-09-01 Berta Zsolt Zoltan Apparatus for transcutaneous treatment by gas
CN106949377A (zh) * 2017-04-28 2017-07-14 马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司 一种稀有气体真空吸气回收的方法和装置
CN109126358B (zh) * 2017-06-27 2024-02-20 昆明先导新材料科技有限责任公司 特种气体的提纯工艺及提纯装置
US20230263975A1 (en) * 2022-02-24 2023-08-24 Peter Kahn Nebulizer gas scavenger system with medication recycling and consumption metering

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3853507A (en) * 1947-12-31 1974-12-10 Atomic Energy Commission Cold trap unit
DE3422417A1 (de) * 1984-06-16 1985-12-19 Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, 5170 Jülich Verfahren und vorrichtung zur abtrennung einer gaskomponente aus einem gasgemisch durch ausfrieren
DE3518283C2 (de) * 1985-05-22 1994-09-22 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Verfahren zur Entfernung leichter flüchtiger Verunreinigungen aus Gasen
DE4009850C1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * 1990-03-27 1991-11-07 Lambda Physik Gesellschaft Zur Herstellung Von Lasern Mbh, 3400 Goettingen, De
DE4025398A1 (de) * 1990-08-10 1992-02-13 Beinsen Hans Dieter Einrichtung fuer die entsorgung der ausatmungsluft des patienten am narkosegeraet
DE4411533C1 (de) * 1994-04-02 1995-04-06 Draegerwerk Ag Anästhesiegerät
DE4427184A1 (de) * 1994-08-01 1996-02-08 Lambda Physik Gmbh Verfahren zur cryogenischen Reinigung von XeF-Excimerlaser-Gasgemischen sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
US5626035A (en) * 1995-07-24 1997-05-06 Russian American Technology Alliance Apparatus and method for separation of helium and neon

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2001504386A (ja) 2001-04-03
DE59703812D1 (de) 2001-07-19
EP0921846A1 (de) 1999-06-16
WO1998008583A1 (de) 1998-03-05
DE19635002A1 (de) 1998-03-05
TW344671B (en) 1998-11-11
EP0921846B1 (de) 2001-06-13
ATE202001T1 (de) 2001-06-15
US6134914A (en) 2000-10-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
IN187635B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
SG76611A1 (en) System and method for controlled delivery of liquified gases
ES2160848T3 (es) Metodo de tratamiento de gases de escape de un horno por derivacion de cloro y aparato correspondiente.
EP0964215A3 (en) Method for carbon dioxide recovery from a feed stream
ES2040280T3 (es) Procedimiento y dispositivo para el tratamiento de preparacion de un gas a analizar.
DK312588A (da) Fremgangsmaade til ved fremstilling af svovlsyre at udkondensere svovlsyredampe
DE69738817D1 (de) Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur gesteuerten Abgabe von Flüssiggas
JPS57161129A (en) Production of carbon fiber and its derivative
MY108310A (en) Process for separating electrodeposited metal in electrolytic and refining apparatus for carrying out same process.
ATE289047T1 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zur abtrennung von kohlenmonoxid und wasserstoff aus einem gasgemisch
ES8608144A1 (es) Mejoras en un procedimiento para la separacion de aire de alimentacion por contacto vapor-liquido
IL108626A (en) Method for the recovery of fugitive organic vapors
MY112895A (en) Solder recovery
AU2003214509A1 (en) Method and system for desorption and recovery of desorbed compounds
MY103165A (en) Method for partial condensation of hydrocarbon gas mixtures
DE69724996D1 (de) Vorrichtung und verfahren zum rückgewinnenvon narkosemittel währenddes inhalierens von narkosemitteln
JPH01228586A (ja) Ｎｉ―Ｃｄ電池屑の処理方法
AU6085601A (en) A method and an apparatus for recovery of metals
DE50008559D1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kühlung eines Gasstroms
GB997402A (en) Thermal process of preparing magnesium
EP0806215A3 (en) Apparatus for recovering an anaesthetic agent
EP1415711A3 (en) Method of forming a (CFx)n containing adsorbent composition
TW357255B (en) Process for low temperature air separation
US3033653A (en) Preparation of carbon-free phosphorus
TH36056A (th) กระบวนการนำซีนอนจากก๊าซยาสลบกลับมาทันที