IL96144A - Pharmaceutical compositions containing (n-phthalimidoalkyl)- piperidines, certain such novel compounds and their preparation - Google Patents

Description

nimD-tfi ,D> j 7>-i2>D( p^ n a N^Nno-N) D'^oan ninpn >-pvnn iriJ3ni ntwo mvrrn mo>noo Pharmaceutical compositions containing ( N-phthalimidoalkyl )-piperidines, certain such novel compounds and their preparation E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY C: 81¾5/8 - 1 - 96144/2 Field of the Invention This invention relates to novel (N-phthalimidoalkyl) piperidine compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and methods of using these compounds and compositions to treat physiological or drug induced psychoses in non-human mammals and also as antidyskinetic acids.

Prior ftrf U.S, Patent 4,849,431 (Sigimoto et al.) discloses compounds of the formula: R1-X-A-R2 wherein: R1 denotes a univalent group derived from one selected among substituted or uxiaubstituted benzene, pyridine, pyrazine, indole, anthraquinone, quinoline, substituted or unsubstituted phthalimide including specifically: pyridinecarboxylic acid imide, pyridine N-oxide, pyrazinedicarboxylic acid imide, substituted or unsubstltuted quinazollnedlone and pyromerylimide denotes a group of the formula -(CH2)n-, ~0(CH2)n-, -S(CH2)n-, -NH(CH2)n-, -S02NH (CH2) n-, -NH-C-(CH2) H 0 -NH(CH )n-C-, -C-0(CH2)n-, -CH2NH(CH2)n-, II II 0 0 -C-N-(CH2)n II I 0 R3 OH or -OCH2-CH-CH2 (in all the above formulas, n is an integer of 1 through 7 and R^ represents a lower alkyl group or a benzyl group); ring A denotes a group of the formula, R2 denotes hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstltuted benzyl, substituted or unsubstltuted benzoyl, pyridyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, pyridylmethyl or a group of the formula (wherein Z represents a halogen atom) .

These compounds are disclosed as being useful In the treatment and prevention of dementia and sequelae of cerebrovascular disease.

U.S. 4,495,194 and U.S. 4,600,758 describe 3- oxolsoindole derivatives having antihypertensive and/or diuretic properties characterized by a compound of the formula : wherein : X is halogen or trifluoromethyl; R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkenyloxy, lower alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, cyano, or nitro; ϊ is a single bond or a divalent straight or branched chain alkylene radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms inclusive .

U.S. 4,495,194 and U.S. 4,600,758 also describe the following compounds as intermediates: 3 GB 1,425,578 discloses compounds of the formula: and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, wherein: R1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or alkyl substituted by a heterocyclyl group; R2 and R3, which may be the same or different, are hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, nitro, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino or dialkylamino.

These compounds are disclosed as having anticonvulsant activity and in some cases, anti-inflammatory activity or anti-arrhythmic activity.

U.S. 4,269,781 (Bengtson et al.) describes compounds useful for the treatment of psychoses in man such compounds having the formula: 4 wherein : and R1 are the same or different and are each selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl having 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms, and trifluoromethyl; and R2 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms, and trifluoromethyl .

The compounds described in the prior art, cited above, do not show the sigma receptor selectivity demonstrated by the compounds of the present invention. It is this sigma receptor selectivity which makes the compounds of the present invention advantageous over compounds of the prior art. Traditionally, antipsychotic agents have been potent dopamine receptor antagonists. For example, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine and most butyrophenones such as haloperidol are potent dopamine receptor antagonists.

These dopamine receptor antagonists are associated with a high incidence of side effects, particularly Parkinson-like motor effects or extra-pyramidal side-effects (EPS), and dyskinesias including tardive dyskinesias at high doses. Many of these side effects are not reversible even after the dopamine receptor antagonist agent is discontinued.

The present invention is related to antipsychotic agents which are selective antagonists for the sigma receptor. Unlike dopamine receptor blockers known in the art, the compounds of the present invention have low potential for the typical movement disorder side-effect associated with the dopamine antagonist antipsychotic agents while they maintain the ability to antagonize aggressive behavior and antagonize hallucinogenic-induced behavior.

SUMMARY OF THE TNVENTTON The sigma-selective antipsychotic compounds of the present invention are (N-phthalimidoalkyl) piperidines of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an N-oxide thereof wherein: a is a single or double bond, provided that when a is a double bond then R^(CH2)n is attached at C-4 and R16 does not apply; n is 0- , provided that when (CH2>nR2 is attached to the 2-position of the piperidine ring then n is 2-4; R1 is (CH2)mR3 or (CH2)pAr, where m is 1-4 and p is 1-4; R2 is R3 is cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms; R4 is 1-4 substltuents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, Νθ2, NH2, haloalkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 to 7 halogen atoms, C1-C3 alkyl, NHCOR7, NHCO-phenyl, OH, OR8 and Ar1; R5 and R6 independently are H, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Ar'' or taken together are -CH-CH-CH-CH-; R7 and R8 independently are H or alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; X is O; H2 H, OH; R9, OH; Ar"', OH; H, R9; or H, OR9; Y is CH2, CHR10, C(R10)2» 0, CH2CH2, (CH2)3, Ar, Ar', Ar'' and Ar''' independently are phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolyl or isoquinolyl, each optionally substituted with 1-5 substltuents independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, alkoxy of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, NR R12, SH, S(0)tR13* where t is 0-2, haloalkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 to 7 halogen atoms, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, CO2H, carboalkoxy of' 2 to 6 carbon atoms, CN, HO2, S02NH2* SO3H, C02NR14R15 or phenyl; R9 and R10 independently are alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R11_R15 independently are H or alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and R16 is H, OH, O-alkyl of 1-6 carbons, 0-acyl of 1-8 carbons, alkyl of 1-12 carbons, 1- or 2-naphthyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or two substltuents independently selected from the group consisting of: F, CI, Br, I, alkyl, phenyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkoxy, perfluoroalkylthio, dialkylamino (where alkyl and alkoxy are from 1- 12 carbons and aryl is from 6-12 carbons) or 2- and 3-pyrrolyl, 2- and 3- furyl, 2- and 3- thienyl, 2,3, and 4-pyridyl, 2- and 3-benzolfuryl, 2- and 3- indolyl, 2- and 3- benzothienyl, 2, 3, and 4- quinolyl, and 1, 3, and 4-isoquinolyl; with the following provisos: (1) if n is 0 and R2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine then R2 cannot be: where there are two R4 substltuents and one is H2NS0¾ and the other is halogen or CF3; if R1 is (CH2)pAr and p is 1 and -(CH2)nR2 (n-1 to 4) is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring, then R2 cannot be : (3) if R1 is (CH2)pAr (where p is 1); R4 is H, alkyl, CF3, halogen or alkoxy; 11 (CH2)nR2, (n-0), is attached at the C-4 position on the piperidine ring; then X cannot be Η2 or 0; (4) if R1 is (CH2)pAr (p is >0) ; R2 is attached at the C-3 or C-4 position of the piperidine ring; and where R4 is H, halogen, CF3, alkyl, ; alkoxy, NH2, alkylamino and dialkylamino; then X cannot be 0; and (5) when (CH2)nR2 is attached to the 4-position of the piperidine ring R1 6 is H, OH, alkyl or aryl. Some compounds of the present invention can exist as optical isomers and both the racemic mixtures of these isomers as well as the individual optical isomers which confer activity are within the scope of the present invention. The racemic mixtures can be separated into their individual isomers by techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

In addition some compounds of the present invention can exist as els or trans isomers and although these are not all specifically set forth, the els and trans fused compounds as known to those skilled in the art, are within the scope of this invention.

Preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds of formula (I) wherein: n is 1-4; and/or R1 is (CH2)pAr; and/or p is 1-2; and/or 12 (CH2>nR2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring; and/or X is 0 or H2; and/or R4, R5 and R6 are all H; and/or Ar is phenyl; and/or Y is (CH2)3 or 0.

More preferred compounds of the present invention are the compounds of formula (I) wherein n is 1.

Specifically preferred compounds are compounds of formula (I) wherein: (1) (CH2)nR2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring; n is 1; X is 0; R4 is H; R1 is (CH2)pAr; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. 13 (CH2)NR2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring; n is 1; X is 0; Y is (CH2)3; R5 and R6 are H; R1 is (CH2)pAr; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl.

(CH2)N 2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring; n is 1; X is 0; Y is 0; R5 and R6 are H; R1 is (CH2)pAr; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. 14 - 15 - 96144/2 (CH2)nR2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring; n is 1; x is H2 R< is H R1 is (CH2)pAr; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl.

Also provider! are pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using them for the treatment of physiological or drug induced psychoses or dyskinesia in a non-human mammal, said compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an antipsychotic or an antidyskinetic effective amount of a compound having the formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an N-oxide thereof wherein: a is a single or double bond, provided that when a is a double bond, then R2(CH2)n s attached at C-4 and R16 does not apply; n is 0-4, provided that when (CH2)nR2 is attached to the 2-position of the piperidine ring then n is 2-4; R1 is (CH2)mR3 or Dftt.all ri Description of t-h» Tnvftntion Compounds of formula (I) may be made by various methods set forth herein.

Met.hod ft The reaction of amines of type 1 with the anhydrides corresponding to R2 (in which N- is replaced by 0) in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, toluene, or dimethylformamide at temperatures of about 0-100eC gives amide acid intermediates of type , These can be converted into the compounds of formula (I) , of this invention, by a number of methods including: heating to about 100-250°C in a high-boiling solvent such as dimethylfo mamide, xylene, or 2-methoxyethyl ether; treatment with an acid chloride such as acetyl chloride at temperatures of about 25-100°C; or treatment with anhydrides such as acetic anhydride, optionally in the presence of a base such as sodium acetate, at temperatures of about 50-200°C This method, which can be used to prepare the compounds of this invention where X-O, is illustrated by the following Scheme: fin eme ft Alternatively, the two reactions of Scheme A may be carried out in a single step by heating amines with anhydrides corresponding to R2 (where N- is replaced by 0) in high-boiling solvents, such as dimethylformamide or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or without solvents to temperatures of about 140 to 200°.

The amines 1 and the anhydrides corresponding to R2 where N- is replaced by 0 are known in the literature or can be prepared by standard methods: Harper, N.J., Chignell, C.F.; .τ. Med, chem. 1964. 2, 729; Abou-Gharbia, M. , et al., ibid.. I9fiftr 21, 1382.

Method R In a variation of Method A, amines are replaced by the corresponding pyridine derivatives 3..

Preparation of the imides of type is carried out in the same way as described in Method A. The intermediates of type are then reacted with an alkylating agent of type R^-Z, where Z is CI, Br, I or an activated ester group such as OS02~alkyl or OS02~aryl, at temperatures of about 0 to 200°C in solvents such as ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, alcohols such as 21 ethanol or n-butanol, or dimethylformamide . The quaternary pyridinium salts of type 5, so obtained are then reduced to the compounds of the invention by treatment with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as platinum at temperatures of about 0 to 200°C and hydrogen pressures of 1-100 atm. in solvents such as acetic acid or ethanol optionally in the presence of an acid such as hydrochloric acid. This method, which can be used to prepare compounds of this invention where X-0 that do not contain functionalities that are reduced under the conditions of the catalytic hydrogenation, is illustrated by the following Scheme: Amines 2. are known in the literature or can be prepared by standard methods: Satoh, T. and Suzuki, Tfttrahftrirnn Let . f 4555. 22 Method C Imides, R2H, are treated with a base, such as sodium hydride or potassium hydride in aprotic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethy formamide or dimethylsulfoxide at temperatures of about 0 to 100°C to give salts of type £. The salts are then reacted with pyridine derivatives of type 2 where Z is CI, Br, I or an activated ester such as 0S02~alkyl or OS02~aryl in the same solvents at temperatures of about 0 to 150°C to give intermediates of type fi. These are then treated with an alkylating agent R1Z and the quaternary pyridinium salts so obtained are reduced to the compounds of this invention as described in Method B.

This method, which can be used to prepare compounds of this invention where n-1-4, X«0 H2; H,R9; H,OR9 and that do not contain groups that are reduced under the conditions of the catalytic hydrogenation, is illustrated by the following scheme: Scheme C In a variation of this Method C, salts of type £ are reacted with alkylating agents of type 2. where Z is as defined above under the same conditions as described above to give the compounds of this invention where n<=0-4 and X«=0; H2 H,R9 or H,OR9, as illustrated by the following scheme: 24 1 The imides R2H are known in the literature or can be prepared from the corresponding anhydrides by methods well known in the literature: Kitahonoki, ; Kakehi, M. , U.S. Patent 3,126,395 (1964).

Method P Amines of type 1 (as specified in Method Ά) are allowed to react with maleic anhydride or maleic anhydrides substituted with one or two R^ groups to give maleamic acids of type 1£. The latter are converted into the maleimides of type H by well-known methods such as those given in Method A. The maleimides of type 11 are then subjected to the Diels-Alder reaction with dienes listed below which are optionally substituted with R5 and R^ in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, or aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene or xylene, or chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene or dichlorobenzene; at temperatures of 0-250°C and pressures of 1-15,000 atm. to give certain compounds of this invention. The Diels-Alder reaction is optionally carried out in the presence of a radical inhibitor such as hydroquinone or phenothiazine to prevent polymerization of the dienes. are obtained in situ by methods well known in the literature, for instance by heating compounds of respectively to temperatures of about 60-200°C. Dienes undergo the Diels-Alder reaction in the form of their valence isomers respectively to give compounds of this invention where 26 This method, which can be used to prepare compounds of this invention where X-0 and R^ is specified by the dienes listed above, is illustrated with the following scheme : Scheme D 11 The products of the Diels-Alder reaction are optionally subjected to catalytic hydrogenation in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, or ethanol, with catalysts such as palladium or platinium, at temperatures of about 0 to 200°C and hydrogen pressures of 1-100 atm. to give certain compounds of this invention as illustrated by the following example: 27 A variation of this method uses amines 2., as specified in Method B, as the starting materials. The pyridine imides of type 12. obtained in this way are converted into certain compounds of this invention by guaternization followed by reduction as described in Method B. The double bond introduced in the Diels-Alder reaction is also reduced in the last step, as illustrated in the following scheme: Method E Compounds of this invention where the (CH2>NR2 group is attached to the 2- or 4-positions of the piperidine ring, where n-2 and where X-0; H2; HR9 or H,OR9 can be prepared as follows: compounds R2H react with 2-vinylpyridine or 4-vinylpyridine in the presence of a base such as Triton B or sodium hydride in high-boiling solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone or, 28 preferably, using the vinylpyridines as solvents, at temperatures of about 100-250°C to give imides of type 12.. These are then converted into certain compounds of this invention, as specified above, by quaternization followed by reduction as described in Method B. The following scheme is an illustration of this method.

Snhftmfi E Variation of th X Si.hBtit.i n» Compounds of this invention where X-H, OH are made from compounds where Χ-Ό by reaction with hydride reducing agents such as sodium borohydride in methanol, or sodium borohydride in ethanol in the presence of a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, or lithium borohydride in an aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, at temperatures of about -20° to 60°C as shown in the following example: Phthalimides may also be reduced to compounds of type H by the action of zinc and acetic acid.

Compounds of this invention where X-H, OR9 are prepared from compounds where X-H, OH (such as 1 above) by reaction with an alcohol R^OH in the presence of an acid such as hydrochloric acid or methanesulfonic acid at temperatures of about 0-100°C. Alternatively, compounds where X=H, OH (such as 1A above) can be treated with a base such as sodium hydride in appropriate solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, or metal alkoxides such as sodium methoxide in alcohol solvents such as methanol, followed by addition of an alkylating agent R^Z where Z is CI, Br, I; 0S02~alkyl or 0S02_aryl, at temperatures of about 0-100°C, for instance: Compounds of this invention where X-R9, OH are made by allowing compounds where X-0 to react with organometallics such as R9Li or R9MgM where M-Cl, Br, I, in aprotic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether at temperatures of about -70 to +70°C followed by hydrolysis as shown in the following example: Compounds of this invention where X-R^,H are prepared from compounds where X-R9,OH (such as 15. above) by the action of hydride reducing agents such as sodium cyanoborohydride in the presence of a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid in solvents such as methanol at temperatures of about 0-100°C as illustrated in the following example: Compounds of this invention where X-H2 are prepared from compounds where X«0 or X«H,OH by reaction with metals such as zinc in acetic acid or tin in acetic acid in the presence of hydrochloric acid at temperatures of about 50-200°C, for instance: 31 Άη alternate method for the preparation of compounds of this invention where X-H2 uses anhydrides corresponding to R2 (N- replaced by 0) as starting materials. Reaction with amines 1 give the amide acids 2 as shown in Scheme A and described in Method Ά.

Selective reduction of compounds of type with diborane or with hydride reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride in aprotic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran at temperatures of about -30 to +30°C give the alcohols of type JJL. These are converted into activated esters 2 by the action of alkyl or arylsulfonyl halides such as methanesulfonyl chloride in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran or methylene chloride in the presence of a base such as pyridine or triethylamine at temperatures of about 0 to 50°C.

Treatment of compounds 12 with a base such as sodium hydride in aprotic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide gives compounds of the invention where X=H2 as illustrated in the following example: 32 Alternatively, the anhydrides corresponding to R2 (N-replaced by 0) are allowed to react with alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, or t-butanol at temperatures of about 0-100eC to give half esters of type JJL. These are reduced selectively with diborane in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran at temperatures of about -20° to 50°C to give the alcohols of type U£. These are converted into compounds 2∑L where Z-Cl, Br, I, S02~alkyl or S02-aryl by well known methods, such as treatment with thionyl chloride, phosphorus tribromide or alkyl- or arylsulfonyl halides in the presence of a base such as pyridine or triethylamine. Compounds 2J2 are then allowed to react with amines JL to give compounds of this invention where Χ-Η2· This method is illustrated by the following example: 33 Variation of the R1 Substituent The substituent R1 can be introduced as described in methods A-E above. Alternatively, a protecting group P may be used in place of R1. The group P is removed at the end of the synthesis and replaced by R1. For instance, a benzyl group may be used as shown in the following example. The benzyl group may be then replaced by hydrogen using well-known methods such as hydrogenolysis in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium and the R1 group may be introduced by treating the secondary amine with alkylating agents R*Z where Z is CI, Br, I, OSC-2-alkyl or 0S02~aryl in the presence of a base such as alkali carbonates at temperatures of about 0 to 150°C in solvents such as acetonitrile or dimethylformamide . 34 Alternatively, a methyl group may serve as a protecting group P. It may be removed by well-known methods such as reaction with cyanogen bromide followed by hydrolysis, or reaction with alkyl chloroformates followed by hydrolysis.

Preparation of 3.4-Unsaturateri Derivatives Compounds where R^(CH2)n is attached to C4 and a is a double bond are prepared by reduction of quaternary salts such as £ with metal borohydrides such as sodium or potassium borohydride in alcoholic solvents or lithium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran at low temperature (-50° to 0°) .

An alternate route, which avoids possible complications due to reduction of the imide, involves quaternlzation of the known 4-pyridinealkanols followed by reduction with metal borohydrldes in alcohol solvents at low temperatures (-50° to 25°) to give the unsaturated alcohols 21· These are then coupled to imides R^H by reaction with triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate in anhydrous solvents such as tetrahydrofuran at temperatures of -20° to 60° (Mitsuhobu et al., .τ. Am. ChPm. Snr.. 679 (1983)). 21 The invention can be further understood by the following examples in which temperatures are in degrees Centigrade and parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

Examplfi 1 ?-n-.f?-Phf>nylet-hyl 4-piperidlnvlmftt.hvn-cis-3a. 4. 7.

■Za-t.fitrahydro-lH-iflPlndple-1 , 3 (2ΗΪ -dione, fMet, hod A) (R1«CH2CH2Ph n-1; R2- chain attached to C-4 of piperidine) To 0.45 g (2.0 nunoles) of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-piperidinemethylamine was added 5 ml of dimethylformamlde and 0.32 g (2.0 mmoles) of cia-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride. After heating under reflux for 17 hours, the mixture was cooled, diluted with water, and made strongly basic with aqueous potassium hydroxide. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were washed with saturated solutions of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride, dried and evaporated to give 0.34 g of the title compound as a brown oil.

The fumaric acid salt had m.p. 179-181° after crystallization from 2-propanol. N R (CDCl3:DMSO-dg) : δ 7.04-7.34 (m, 5H) ; 6.63 (s, 2H) ; 5.78-5.90 (s, 2H) ; 3.19-3.45 (d, 2H); 2.97-3.17 (m, 4H) 2.72-2.85 The starting material, 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-piperidinemethylamine was prepared as follows: A mixture of 1.31 g (3.8 mmoles) of 2-[l-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidylmethyl]-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)- 37 dione (Example 2) and 0.25 mL (7.6 mmoles) of hydrazine in 20 mL of ethanol was heated under reflux for 4 hours. The solvent was removed and the residue was made basic with aqueous potassium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform to give 0.90 g of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-piperidinemethylamine as an oil. NMR (CDCI3) : δ 7.14- 7.35 (m, 5H) 2.93-3.10 (d, 2H) ; 2.72- 2.85 (m, 2H) ; 2.52-2.65 (m, 4H) ; 1.92-2.05 (t, 2H) ; 1.61-1.87 (m, 2H) ; 1.08-1.48 (m, 5H) .

Example 2 M_ ( 9-PhPnylPthyl 1 -4-plperl ril nvlmethvll -1H- iRoinrio.,ft-l,3 (2H)-diQne (R1=CH2CH2Ph; n-1; R2= chain attached to C-4 of piperidine) A mixture of 10.11 g of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4- [ (2, 3-dihydro-1, 3-dioxo-lH-isoindol-2-yl) methyl] pyridinium bromide, 150 mL of acetic acid and 0.51 g of prereduced platinum (IV) oxide was shaken under 52 psi initial hydrogen pressure at room temperature for 6 hours. Most of the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was made strongly alkaline with 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide. Methylene chloride was added and the mixture was filtered. Separation of the layers in the filtrate, extraction of the aqueous layer with methylene chloride and removal of the solvent from the dried organic layers gave 8.04 g of the crude title compound. 38 The hydrochloride had m.p. 277-278° after crystallization from 90% ethanol.

Anal. Calcd. for C22H25CIN2O2 : C, 68.65; H, 6.55; N, 7.28. Found: C, 68.52; H, 6.63; N, 7.33.

NMR spectrum (DMSO-dg) : δ 7.9 (m, 4H) ; 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H) ; 1.5-3.6 (m, 15H) .

The starting material, 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4- [ (2, 3-dihydro-1, 3-dioxo-lH-isoindol-2-yl) methyl] pyridinium bromide, was prepared as follows: A mixture of 74 g (0.5 mole) of phthalic anhydride, 60 g (0.56 mole) of 4-pyridinemethylamine and 200 mL of dimethylformamide was heated under reflux for 2 hours . The cooled mixture was filtered and the solids were washed with ether and dried to give 85.1 g of 2- (4-pyridinylmethyl)-lH-isoindole-l,3 (2H)-dione, m.p. 164- 165°. Another 24.0 g was obtained by crystallization of the concentrated mother liquors from dimethylformamide . Combined yield: 99.1 g (83%).

The above compound (25.1 g) , 2-bromoethylbenzene (50 mL) and 100 mL of dimethylformamide were stirred at 85° bath temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum, and the residue was stirred with ether. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with ether, dried, and crystallized from 95% aqueous 2-propanol to give 34.68 g of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4- [ (2, 3-dihydro-1, 3-dioxo-lH-isoindol-2-yl) methyl]pyridinium bromide, m.p. 206-208°.

NMR (DMSO-d6) : 9.0 (d, 2H) ; 8.2 (d, 2H) ; 7.8-8.0 (m, 4H); 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H) ; 5.0 (s, 2H) ; 4.8 (t, 2H) and 3.2 (t, 2H) . 39 Example 3 2-r -f?-PhgnylethYl¾-4-piperldinYlmethyl 1-eis-3a .4.5.6.7.7a-hgxahyriro-lH-lgolndole-1.3 < ?H¾ -dlone (R!-CI^CI^Ph; n-1; R2- chain attached to C-4 of piperidine) To 10.0 g (23 mmoles) of 4- [ (£i-3.-octahydro-l, 3-dioxo-lH-isoindol-2-yl ) methyl ] -1- (2-phenylethyl) pyridinium bromide was added 200 mL of glacial acetic acid and 1.0 g of platinum (IV) oxide. The mixture was hydrogenated at 50 p.s.i. and room temperature for 2.5 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in water. The aqueous solution was made strongly basic with aqueous sodium hydroxide, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried and evaporated to afford 7.61 g (92% yield) of the title compound. The fumaric acid salt was crystallized from 2-propanol and had m.p. 199-200°; NMR (DMSO-d6) : 67.17-7.48 (m, 5H) ; 6.6 (s, 2H) ; 3.23-3.34 (d, 2H); 3.07-3.22 (d, 2H) ; 2.90-3.00 (m, 2H) ; 2.69-2.86 (m, 4H); 2.21-2.40 (t, 2H) ; 1.48-1.89 (m, 7H) ; 1.14-1.48 (m, 6H) .

Anal. Calcd. for C26H3 N2O6. C, 66.36; H, 7.28; N, 5.95. Found: C, 66.35; H, 7.41; N, 5.94.

The starting material, 4-[ (£ia-octahydro-l,3-dioxo-lH-isoindol-2-yl) methyl]-l- (2-phenylethyl) pyridinium bromide was prepared as follows.

To 17.0 g (157 mmoles) of 4-aminomethylpyridine was added 40 mL of dimethylformamide and 24.2 g (157 mmoles) of cis-1, 2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride. The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours. The cooled solution was diluted with water, made basic with aqueous potassium hydroxide, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried and evaporated to afford 16.6 g of 2-(4-pyridinylmethyl) -£ia-3a, 4, 5, 6,7, 7a-hexahydro-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)-dione, m.p. 91-92°; NM (CDCI3) : δ 8.53-8.63 (d, 2H) ; 7.19-7.29 (d, 2H) ; 4.63 (s, 2H) ; 2.80-3.00 (m, 2H) ; 1.78-2.00 (m, 2H) ; 1.63-1.78 (m, 2H) ; 1.33-1.58 (m, 4H) .

To 16.8 g (68 mmoles) of the above compound was added 70 mL of 2-propanol and 12.6 g (68 mmoles) of 2-bromoethylbenzene . The mixture was heated under reflux for 24 hours, and then cooled in an ice bath. The precipitated solid was collected by suction filtration and washed with cold ethyl ether to afford 19.85 g (67% yield) of 4- [ (£±a-octahydro-l, 3-dioxo-lH-isoindol-2-yl) methyl ] -1 (2-phenylethyl) pyridinium bromide, m.p. 208°; NMR (DMSO-dg) : δ 9.03-9.10 (d, 2H) ; 7.96-8.07 (d, 2H); 7.20-7.37 (m, 5H) ; 4.82-4.97 (m, 4H) ; 3.22-3.36 (t, 2H); 3.08-3.20 (m, 2H) / 1.72-1.90 (m, 2H) ; 1.54-1.72 (m, 2H) ; 1.26-1.54 (m, 4H) . ?-r-¾..n-fph^nYlmethvH-3-plpf>rlriinv prnPYn-1H-isQindPle-1.3(2H)-riiQne (R!-C!^Ph n-3; R2- 41 4 chain attached to C-3 of piperidine) A mixture of 1.10 g (2.5 mmol) of 3-13- (2,3-dihydro-l,3-dioxo-lH-isoindol-2-yl) propyl] -1- (phenylmethyl) pyrldinium bromide, 50 mL of glacial acetic acid and 0.11 g of platinum oxide was hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure for 6 hours with rapid stirring. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in water. The aqueous solution was made strongly basic with aqueous potassium hydroxide and extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried and evaporated to give 0.77 g of 2- [3- [1- (phenylmethyl) -3-piperidinyl ] propyl] -1H-isoindole-1, 3 (2H) -dione as a yellow oil.

The fumaric acid salt had m.p. 151-152° after crystallization from 2-propanol.

Anal. Calcd. for C23H30 2O6: C, 67.77; H, 6.32; N, 5.85. Found: C, 67.50; H, 6.29 N, 6.01.' The starting material, 3- [3- (2, 3-dihydro-l, 3-dioxo-l-H-isoindol-2-yl) propyl] -1- (phenylmethyl) pyrldinium bromide, was prepared as follows: To 17.0 g (124 nunoles) of 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propanol was added 240 mL of 46% hydrobromic acid. The mixture was heated under reflux for 4 hours, and then evaporated to dryness to afford the hydrobromide salt of 3- (3-pyridyl)-l-bromopropane as an oil in quantitative yield.

NMR (CDCI3): 816.40-16.94 (bs, 1H) ; 8.76-9.00 (m, 2H); 8.29-8.46 (d, 1H) 7.96-8.18 (m, 1H) ; 3.32-3.53 (t, 2H); 3.00-3.19 (t, 2H) ; 2.16-2.41 To 7.9 g (28 mmoles) of 3- (3-pyridyl) -1- bromopropane HBr was added 150 mL of dlmethylformamide , and 27.0 g (145 mmoles) of potassium phthalimide. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hours. The mixture was cooled, diluted with water, and made basic with aqueous potassium hydroxide. The product was then extracted with ethyl acetate, and the extracts were washed with saturated solutions of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride, dried and evaporated to give 11.0 g of 2-[3-(3-pyridinyl)propyl]-lH- isoindole-1, 3 (2H) - dione, m.p. 88-90°; NMR (CDCI3) δ 8.36-8.50 (m, 2H) ; 7.75-7.90 (m, 2H) ; 7.57-7.75 (m, 2H) ; 7.47-7.56 (d, 1H) ; 7.13-7.32 (m, 1H) ; 3.63-3.29 (t, 2H) ; 2.53-2.71 (t, 2H) ; 1.94-2.10 (m, 2H) ..

A mixture of 2.00 g (7.5 mmoles) of 2-[3-(3- pyridinyl) propyl] -lH-isoindole-1, 3 (2H) -dione, 8 mL of 2- propanol, and 1.71 g (10 mmoles) of benzyl bromide was heated under reflux for 1 hour. The solution was cooled to 0°, and the precipitated product was collected by suction filtration, washed with cold ethyl ether, and dried to afford 3.08 g of 3-[3-(2,3-dihydro-l,3-dioxo- lH-isoindol-2-yl)propyl]-l- (phenylmethyl) pyridinium bromide .

NMR (CDCl3/DMSO-dg) δ 59.45-9.56 (d, 1H) ; 9.39-9.44 (s, 1H); 8.18-8.29 (d, 1H) ; 7.90-8.00 (t, 1H) ; 7.12- 7.91 (m, 6H); 7.29-7.46 (m, 3H) ; 6.28 (s, 2H) ; 3.58- 3.77 (t, 2H); 2.78-2.97 (t, 2H) ; 2.04-2.23 (m, 2H) .

Exam le R cA B-Qetahyrfro-3-hyrirr>yy-.>- f f 1- ( ethyl ¾ -4- (R1-CH2CH2P ; n-1; R2- chain attached to C-4 of piperidine) To 2.25 g (6.3 mmoles) of 2- [1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-piperidinylmethyl1-cis-3a. .5.6, 7, 7a-hexahydro-lH-isoindole-1,3 (2H)-dione (Example 3) dissolved in 10 mL of methanol was added 0.42 g (11 mmoles) of sodium borohydride in portions with stirring at 0°. The mixture was stirred at 0° for 2.5 hours. To the reaction mixture was added 15 mL of precooled water and the product was extracted with chloroform. The dried organic phase was evaporated to afford 1.90 g of the title compound.

The fumaric acid salt had m.p. 211-213°C after crystallization from 2-propanol.

Anal. Calcd. for C26H36N2°6: c' 66.08; H, 7.68; N, 5.93. Found: C, 66.13; H, 7.72; N, 5.81 NMR (DMSO-dg) 6 7.13-7.22 (m, 5H) : 6.63 (s, 2H) ; 5.04-5.10 (d, 1H); 2.96-3.33 (m, 4H) ; 2.83-2.93 (m, 4H) ; 2.37-2.58 (m, 2H) ; 2.29-2.37 (m, 2H) ; 1.12-1.93 (m, 13H) . 44 Example fi 2.3,4.5, 6.7-hexahydrp-2- ί n-(2-phenylfith,yl)-4- (Ri-Ci^CI^Ph; n-1; R2 - chain attached to C-4 of piperidine) Concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to 0.85 g (2.4 mmoles) of £ia-octahydro-3-hydroxy-2- [ [1-(2-phenylethyl) -4-piperidinyl]methyl] -lH-isoindol-l-one (Example 5) dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol until the solution maintained a pH of 3- . The mixture was stirred at 0° for 40 minutes, and was then evaporated to dryness. The residual oil was dissolved in water, and the mixture was made strongly basic with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform and the extracts were dried and evaporated to give 0.75 g of the title compound as a clear oil.

NMR (CDCI3) : 7.13-7.36 The salt with fumaric acid had m.p. 211-212° after crystallization from 2-propanol. Anal. Ca cd. for C26N2°5H34*°«5H20: c' 67.36; H, 7.61; N, 6.04. Found: C, 67.74; H, 7.47; N, 6.05. 13C NMR (DMSO-dg): δ 19.9; 21.4; 21.6; 23.4; 27.7; 30.9; 33.7; 46.3; 53.3; 57.7; 51.4; 126.1; 128.2; 128.5; 130.1; 134.5; 138.7; 150.4; 167.1; 170.9. / 45 K..nmplfi 7 2..?-DihVrirn--¾-hyrir»¾fy-2-rr - . i?"T tlPnYT ftt.hY3.

(R!-Ci^CI^Ph; n-1; R2- ■ chain attached to C-4 of piperidine) To a mixture of 2.0 g (5.7 mmoles of 2-[l-(2- phenyl«thyl)-4-piperidinylmethyl]-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)- dione (Example 2) and 2.04 g (31 mmoles) of zinc dust in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. The excess solvent was removed from the filtered mixture by evaporation, and aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added to the residue.

The aqueous mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried and evaporated to afford 0.85 g of the title compound as a foam.

N R (CDC13) : δ 7.41-7.75 (m, 4H) 7.14-7.35 (m, 5H) 5.83 (s, 1H) ; 3.40-3.52 (m, 1H) ; 3.15-3.27 (m, 1H) ; 2.68-2.90 (m, 4H) 2.43-2.58 The fumaric acid salt had m.p. 219-221° after crystallization from 2-propanol.

Example ft riB-O frahyrirn-3-hyrfroxY-3-m«>1-hyT-9-r ΓΊ- f2-phenylethvli 4- To 0.90 g (2.5 nunol) of 2- (1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-piperidinylmethyl]-cis-3a, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7a-hexahydro-lH-isoindole-1, 3 (2H) -dione under nitrogen was added 10 ml dry THF. The mixture was cooled to 0° and 2.0 ml (2.8 mmol) of 1.4 M methyllithium in ether was slowly added to the stirring solution. Stirred at 0° continued for 35 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched by the slow addition of saturated ammonium chloride solution, and the product extracted with methylene chloride . The organic extracts were dried over MgS04 and evaporated to afford 0.72 g of the title compound as a clear oil which solidified upon standing. The fumaric acid salt had m.p. 140-142 after crystallization from 2-propanol.

Anal. Calcd. for C27H38N2O6: C, 66.64/ H, 7.87; N, 5.76. Found: C, 66.47; H, 7.92, N, 5.54. NMR (DMSO-d6) 7.15-7.32 (m, 5H) ; 6.56 (s, 2H) ; 3.01-3.18 (m, 3H) ; 2.69-2.91 (m, 5H) ; 2.38-2.47 (m, 1H) ; 2.16-2.33 (m, 2H) ; 1.97-2.11 (m, 1H) ; 1.72-1.92 (m, 2H) ; 1.53-1.71 (m, 4H) ; 1.00-1.50 (m, 10H) .

In the following tables, N denotes the carbon atom of the piperidine ring to which the (CH2)nR2 group is attached. 47 Table 1 4 1 (CH2)2Ph 211-213 (a) 48 Table 1 (continued) 10 4 1 -(CH2)2- 0 212 (dec) Hydrochloride salt. 49 Stereo- chemistry 12 4 0 CH2Ph H eis 198-199 13 4 0 (CH2)2Pn H cis 217 14 4 1 CH2Ph H cis 181-183 15 4 1 CH2C6Hn H cls 217-219 16 4 1 (CH2)3Ph H els 196-197 17 4 1 (CH2)2C6Hll H cis 217-218 18 4 1 CH2C6H4CF3-3 H cis 179-180 19 4 1 (CH2)2C6H40H-4 H cis 215-217 20 4 1 CH2C6H4F-4 H cis 179-180 21 4 1 CH2~cyclopropyl H cis 159-161 22 4 1 CH2CH2Ph H trans 192-193 23 4 1 CH2CH2Ph Me cis 170-171 24 4 CH2CH2P H ci 207-208 25 4 1 -220 35 4 1 CH2C6H4F-3 >220 36 4 1 CH2C6H4F-4 >220 37 4 1 CH2-cyclopropyl 194-196 38 4 2 CH2C6H5 163-165 39 4 2 (CH2)2C6H5 183-185 40 4 2 CH2CgH4F-3 179-181 41 4 2 CH2CgH4F-4 177-178 42 4 2 CH2-cyclopropyl 119-121 43 4 3 CH2C6H5 180-182 44 4 3 (CH2)2C6H5 161-162 45 3 0 CH2C6H5 188-191 46 3 0 (CH2)2C6H5 171 (dec.) 47 3 1 CH2C6H5 214-216 48 3 1 -lH-isoinrinle-l .3 (2H¾ -diong R16 -= Ph; R2(CH2)n attached to C-4 of the piperidine) .

A mixture of 0.67g (2.3 mmoles) of l-(2-phenylethyl) -4-phenyl-4-piperidinemethylamine, 0.70g (4.5 mmole) of cis-1, 2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride and 2 mL of dimethylfonnamide was heated under reflux for 8 hours. The solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in toluene. The solution was stirred with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with toluene. Concentration of the dried toluene layers gave 0.85 g (87%) of the title compound. NMR (CDC13)6 7.0- 66 7.4 (m, 10H) 3.6 (s, 2H) and 1.2-2.8 (m, 22H) . The fumaric acid salt had mp 220-221° (dec.) after crystallization from 90% aqueous 1-propanol.

Anal. Calcd. for C32H38N2O6: C, 70.31; H, 7.01; N, 5.12. Found: C, 70.05; H, 6.99; N, δ!θ4.

The starting material, l-(2-phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinemethylamine, was prepared as follows: To a solution of 20. Og (95 mmoles) of N-(2-phenylethyl) diethanolamine in 40 mL of chloroform was added/ over a period of 1 hour, 20 mL of thionyl chloride in 20 mL of chloroform. The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours and concentrated to give N-(2-phenylethyl) -Ν,Ν-bis (2-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride as an oil. NMR (CDCI3) 87.2-7.4 (m, 5H) ; 4.1 (t, 4H) ; 3.6 (t, 4H); 3.5 (m, 2H) and 3.2 (m, 2H) .

A mixture of 4.25g (15 mmoles) of the above hydrochloride, 25 mL of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, 2.0g (17 mmoles) of benzyl cyanide and 0.5g of hexadecyltributylphosphonium bromide was stirred for 30 minutes and then heated in a 100° oil bath, with stirring, for 1 hour. The cooled mixture was washed with 25 mL of water and extracted with toluene. The extracts were stirred with 20mL of 10% hydrochloric acid and the precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with toluene and water, and made basic with sodium hydroxide. Extraction with methylene chloride, removal of the solvent from the dried extracts, and short-path distillation of the residue (175-210° bath temperature, 1 micron) gave 2.19g (50%) of 1- (2-phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarbonitrile, NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.2-7.6 (m, 10H); 3.2 (d, 2H) ; 2.9 (m, 2H) ; 2.8 (m, 2H) ; 2.6 (m, 2H) and 2.2 (m, 4H) .

To a solution of 2.18g (7.5 mmoles) of the above compound in 5 mL of toluene was added with cooling 5 mL (17 mmoles) of sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum 67 68 hydride in toluene. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then heated, with stirring, in a 60° oil bath for one hour. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (15 mL) was added with cooling, and the mixture was extracted with toluene. Removal of the solvent from the dried extracts and short-path distillation of the residue (165-190° bath temperature, 2 micron) gave 2.00g (91%) of l-(2-phenylethyl) -4-phenyl-4-piperidinemethylamine . NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.1-7.4 (m, 10H), 2.7-2.8 (m, 6H) 2.5 (m, 2H) 2.3 (m, 4H) 1.8 (t, split further, 2H) and 1.3 (br, 2H) . \ 68 69 Table 7 Ex ♦ £2 Bl* m.p. (°C) 3-CIC6H4 221-222° (dec.) 124 4-CIC6H4 217-218° (dec.) 125 3-MeOC6H4 217-218° (dec.) 69. 70 Table 7 (continued) 131 0 3-CIC6H4 253° (dec.) a HC1 salt 70 71 Exampl i 13? 2- M - ( ?-PhPnylP hyl \ -4- < 4-methyl) plperidinylmPl-hyΠ -rH s-3a. 4. S.6.7.7a-hex»hydro-lH-lsoindole-l .3 (2H\ -fiin p Method B R1 - CH2CH2Ph R16 - CH3; n - 1; R2 - To 0.44 g (1.9 mmol) of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-methyl- 4-aminomethylpiperidine was added 5 mL of DMF and 0.29 g (1.9 mmol) of cis-1, 2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride. The mixture was refluxed for 4 hours, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried and evaporated to give 0.51 g (73% yield) of the title compound as a yellow oil.

The fumaric acid salt had m.p. 165° after crystallization from 2-propanol; NMR (DMSO-d6) : δ 7.17 - 7.45 (m, 5H) 6.58 (s, 2H) 3.27 (s, 2H) 2. 71 - 2.90 The starting material, 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-methyl- 4-aminomethylpiperidine, was prepared as follows: A mixture of 5.00 g (33 mmol) of ethyl isonicotinate, 6.12 g (33 mmol) of 2-bromoethylbenzene and 25 mL of 2-propanol were heated at reflux for 17 hours. The mixture was evaporated to dryness and triturated 3 x 75 mL with ether. The excess ether was removed by evaporation and there was obtained 8.91 g of 71 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-carboethoxypyridinium bromide as a yellow solid. NMR (CDCI3) δ 8.97 (d, 2H) 8.34 (d, 2H) 7.13 - 7.26 A mixture of 5.90 g (17.5 mmol) of l-(2-phenylethyl) -4-carboethoxypyridinium bromide, 0.60 g of platinum (IV) oxide and 100 mL of methanol was hydrogenated at 50 p.s.i. and room temperature for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and the residue dissolved in water. The aqueous solution was made alkaline to pH 9 - 10 with aqueous potassium carbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, saturated sodium chloride solution, dried and evaporated to afford 4.11 g of l-(2-phenylethyl) -4-carboethoxypiperidine as a yellow oil. NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.16 - 7.32 (m, 5H) ; 4.08 - 4.19 (q, 2H) ; 2.91 - 3.02 (m, 2H) ; 2.77 - 2.88 (m, 2H) ; 2.53 - 2.65 (m, 2H) 2.23 - 2.35 (m, 1H) ; 2.03 - 2.15 (m, 2H) 1.87 - 1.98 (m, 2H); 1.72 - 1.88 (m, 4H) 1.20 - 1.30 (t, 3H) .

To 2.64 mL (18.9 mmol) of diisopropylamine in 30 mL of dry THF at -78° was added 6.9 mL (17.3 mmol) of 2.5 M n-butyllithium in hexanes. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and then was cooled once again to -78°. To the stirred solution was added 4.11 g (15.7 mmol) of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-carboethoxypiperidine in 25 mL of dry THF. The mixture was allowed to warm to -40° and 0.98 mL (15.7 mmol) of iodomethane was added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred at -40° for 15 minutes and then allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in water. The aqueous solution was extracted with methylene chloride and the 72 extracts were dried and evaporated to give 3.70 g of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-methyl-4-carboethoxypiperidine as a yellow oil. NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.15 - 7.21 (m, 5H) ; 4.11 - 4.20 (q, 4H); 2.71 - 2.94 (in, 4H) : 2.52 - 2.61 (m, 2H) : 2.11 - 2.24 To a suspension of 0.51 g (13.4 mmol) of lithium aluminum hydride in 20 mL of THF under nitrogen was added dropwise a solution of 3.70 g (13.4 mmol) of l-(2-phenylethyl)-4-methyl-4-carboethoxypiperidine in 15 mL of THF. The solution was heated at reflux for 3 hours. To the cooled reaction mixture (ice bath) was slowly added 0.5 mL of water, followed by 0.5 mL of 15% sodium hydroxide followed by 1.5 mL of water. The precipitated lithium salts were removed by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted in methylene chloride, washed with a small amount of water, dried and evaporated to afford 2.97 g of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-piperidine as a yellow oil. NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.16 - 7.23 (m, 5H) 3.40 (s, 2H) 2.79 - 2.87 (m, 2H) ; 2.57 - 2.71 (m, 4H) ; 2.31 - 2.42 (m, 2H) 1.57 - 1.63 (m, 5H) ; 0.97 (s, 3H) .

A solution of 10 mL of methylene chloride and 0.4 mL (4.4 mmol) of oxalyl chloride was cooled under nitrogen to -60°. A solution of 0.68 mL of dimethylsulfoxide in 2 mL of methylene chloride was added dropwise to the solution. After stirring for 2 minutes 0.95 g (4 mmol) of 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-methy1-4-hydroxymethyl-piperidine was added in 2-3 mL of methylene chloride. Stirring was continued for an additional 15 minutes. Triethylamine (2.8 mL, 20 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for 5 min, then the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. Hater (20 mL) was added and the aqueous mixture was extracted with methylene 73 chloride. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried and evaporated to give 1- (2-phenylethyl) -4-methyl-4-formyl-piperidine as a clear oil in quantitative yield. NMR (CDCI3) δ 9.46 (s, 1H) 7.16 - 7.27 (m, 5H) ; 2.84 - 3.00 To 0.40 g (6.1 mmol) of potassium hydroxide in 3 mL of water was added 0.42 g (6.1 mmol) of hydroxylamine hydrochloride. After stirring for 5 minutes at room temperature, a solution of 0.94 (4.1 mmol) of l-(2-phenylethyl)-4-methyl-4-formylpiperidine in 20 mL of 2-propanol was added. The reaction was refluxed for 4 hours. The mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in 10 mL of water. The aqueous mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic extracts were dried and evaporated to give 0.85 g of the oxime as a clear oil. The oxime was chromatographed on silica gel using chloroform:methanol (95:5) to elute. There was recovered 0.58 g of l-(2-phenylethyl) -4-methyl-4-oximinomethyl-piperidine as a white solid. NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.28 (s, 1H) ; 7.17 - 7.24 (m, 5H) 2.80 - 2.84 (t, 2H) 2.48 - 2.70 (m, 6H) 1.88 - 2.00 (m, 2H); 1.58 - 1.65 (m, 2H) / 1.11 (s, 3H) .

A mixture containing 0.58 g (2.4 mmol) of l-(2-phenylethyl) -4-methyl-4-oximinomethylpiperidine, 100 mL of methanol, 80 mg of platinum (IV) oxide and 0.75 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid was hydrogenated at 40 p.s.i. for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in water and made alkaline with aqueous potassium carbonate. The aqueous mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic extracts were dried and evaporated to give 0.44 g of 1- (2-phenylethyl)-4-methy1-4-aminomethyl-piperidine. NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.18 - 7.28 (m, 5H) ; 5.22 - 74 75 5.45 (br, 2H) ; 2.89 (s, 2H) 2.78 - 2.88 Table 8 *fumarate UTILITY The compounds of this invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof possess psychotropic properties, particularly antipsychotic activity of good duration with selective sigma receptor antagonist activities while lacking the typical movement disorder side-effects of standard dopamine receptor antagonist antipsychotic agents.

These compounds may also be useful as antidotes for 75 76 certain psychotomimetic agents, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and as antidyskinetic agents.

In Vitro Sioma Receptor Binding Assay Male Hartley guinea pigs (250-300 g, Charles River) were sacrificed by decapitation. Brain membranes were prepared by the method of Tarn (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 6703-6707, 1983). Whole brains were homogenized (20 sec.) in 10 vol (wt/vol) of ice-cold 0.34 M sucrose with a Brinkmann Polytron (setting 8) . The homogenate was centrifuged at 920 x g for 1Q min. The supernatant was centrifuged at 47,000 x g for 20 min. The resulting membrane pellet was resuspended in 10 vol (original wt/vol) of 50 mM Tris HC1 (pH 7.4) and incubated at 37°C for 45 min to degrade and dissociate bound endogenous ligands. The membranes were then centrifuged at 47,000 x g for 20 min and resuspended in 50 mM Tris HC1 (50 ml per brain) . 0.5 ml aliquots of the membrane preparation were incubated with unlabeled drugs, 1 nM (+)-[3H]SKF 10,047 in 50 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.4, in a final volume of 1 mL. Nonspecific binding was measured in the presence of 10 μΜ (+)-SKF 10,047. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for (+)-t3H]SKF 10,047 is 50 nM. After 45 min of incubation at room temperature, samples were filtered rapidly through Whatman GF/C glass filters under negative pressure, and washed 3 times with ice-cold Tris buffer (5 mL) .

IC50S were calculated from log-logit plots.

Apparent K^s were calculated from the equation, K± -IC50/U + (L/Kjj) ] (4), where L is the concentration of radioligand and is its dissociation constant. Data are shown in Table I. 76 noparrd nP pr«>p1-nr B nri ng Membranes were prepared from guinea pig striatum by the method described for sigma receptor binding. The membranes were then resuspended in 50 mM Tris HC1 (9 mL per brain) . 0.5 mL aliquots of the membrane preparation were incubated with unlabeled drugs, and 0.15 nM [3H] spiperone in a final volume of 1 mL containing 50 mM Tris HC1, 120 mM NaCl and 1 mM gCl2 (pH 7.7) .

Nonspecific binding was measured in the presence of 100 nM (+)-butaclamol. After 15 min of incubation at 37°C, samples were filtered rapidly through Whatman GF/C glass filters under negative pressure, and washed three times with ice-cold binding buffer (5 mL) . Data are shown in Table I .

The data in Table I indicate that haloperidol, a typical antipsychotic drug, has potent binding affinity for both the sigma and dopamine receptors. This binding profile of haloperidol reflects the therapeutic activity as well as the motor side effects caused by antagonism of the dopamine receptors. In contrast, the examples of this invention shown in Table I indicate potent and selective binding affinity for sigma receptors without binding to the dopamine receptors . Therefore these compounds are not expected to produce the extrapyramidal symptoms that are typical of that produced by haloperidol and other typical antipsychotics that are dopamine receptor antagonists. in vivft TBolatlon-Tnrinr!Pd Agression in iff** This is a modification of the method of Yen et al. (Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 123: 179-185, 1959) and Jannsen et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 129: 471-475, 1960). Male Balb/c mice (Charles River) were used. After 2 77 weeks of isolation in plastic cages (11.5 x 5.75 x 6 in) the mice were selected for aggression by placing a normal group-housed mouse in the cage with the isolate for a maximum of 3 min. Isolated mice failing to consistently attack an intruder were eliminated from the colony .

Drug testing was carried out by treating the isolated mice with test drugs or standards. Fifteen min after dosing with drugs by the oral route (po) , one isolated mouse was removed from its home cage and placed in the home cage of another isolate. Scoring was a yes or no response for each pair. Ά maximum of 3 min was allowed for an attack and the pair was separated immediately upon an attack. Selection of home cage and intruder mice was randomized for each test. Mice were treated and tested twice a week with at least a 2 day washout period between treatments.

As shown in Table II, haloperidol and Examples 3, 6, 23, 34 and 39 all have potent activities in inhibiting the isolation-induced aggressive behavior indicating psychotropic activities. ΡΠΡ-Tnrinrprf Turning Bphavlor in Rats Male Sprague-Dawley rats (CD/CR, Charles River) , weighing 190-290 g, were used for surgery. In order to spare nonadrenergic neurons, rats were injected with 25 mg/kg imipramine intraperitoneal (i.p.) 30 min before surgery. The rats were anesthetized with a 1:1.2 ratio mixture of XylazinerKetamine given 0.1 mL/100 g body weight intramuscular (i.m.). A Ringers-Wydaze (100:0.01) solution was given to prevent dehydration. Dopamine was depleted in the right striatum by injecting the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra of the right cerebral hemisphere. Five mg of 6-OHDA was dissolved in 5 mL of a 0.04% ascorbic 78 acid solution which had been deoxygenated with nitrogen. Five \IL of the 6-OHDA solution was injected into the substantia nigra through a 26 gauge needle over a five min period. Stereotaxic injection coordinates were -2.5 nun posterior to bregma, -2.1 mm right of the midsagittal suture, and -8.6 mm below the skull surface with the incisor bar set at +5.0 mm. Following surgery they were given 10 days to recover while housed four per cage (45.0 L x 20.0 H x 26.0 W) with ALPHA-drl bedding and ad lib access to Pro-Lab rodent chow and deionized water. Following recovery, the wood clips were removed, the rats were individually housed in suspended cages, and they were placed on a restricted diet so that their weight did not exceed 375 g. At all times they were housed in the animal care facility under a 12-12 hour light/dark cycle (light on at 6:00 h, light off at 18:00 h) .

Rotation rate and direction were determined with Coulbourn Instruments Rotometry Monitors., Clockwise and counter clockwise rotations were recorded at 30 and 60 min intervals. The rats were examined for correct lesion location by testing for rotational activity induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of 3.0 mg/kg D-amphetamine SO4, and 2.0 mg/kg PCP HC1, respectively. These drugs were administered in the following sequence: Amphetamine was given 30 sec before testing. Seven days later, the rats were injected with PCP 30 sec before testing. Only those rats with an ipsilateral rotation rate of 2.5 turns per min or higher were used in subsequent tests.

Methocel® or test drugs were administered p.o. 20 min before testing. Phencyclidine (1.5 mg/kg) was given s.c. immediately before testing.

The data was analyzed with an analysis of variance statistical test, and individual comparisons of each 79 80 dose of test drug to control were made with Dunnett's multiple range test. The ED50 was calculated with a Litchfield and Wilcoxon test using percent of control values. Data are shown in Table III.

Tntiwftt-. . ηη of Cat a l epsy This is a modification of the method of Costall and Naylor (Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 43, 69-74, 1975). Male CO rats (Charles River) weighing 250-300 g were treated with test drugs and standards and tested for the presence of catalepsy 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min after treatment. To test for catalepsy, each rat is placed with its front paws over a 10 cm high horizontal bar. The intensity of catalepsy is measured by the length of time it takes the animal to move both forelegs to the table. A time of 20 sec is considered maximal catalepsy. Data are shown in Table III.

As shown in Table III, both haloperidol and Example 3 have potent activity in inhibiting the potent hallucinogen PCP-induced turning behavior in rats, supporting their use for treatment of psychosis. In the catalepsy test which is a model for extrapyramidal symptoms, haloperidol is very potent in producing catalepsy and this agrees well with the side-effect profile of haloperidol in the clinic. In contrast, Example 3 does not produce catalepsy and suggests very low potential for extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia . 80 Tn vitrn Receptor Binding Affinity Dopamine Example Sigma 1 ++ - 2 ++ - 3 +++ - 4 +++ - 5 + - 6 ++ - 7 + - 12 +++ - 13 ++ - 14 +++ - 15 +++ - 16 ++ - 17 +++ - 18 ++ - 19 + + 20 +++ - 21 + - 22 ++ - 23 +++ - 24 +++ - 34 +++ - 35 ++ - 36 +++ - 37 + - 38 +++ - 39 +++ - 40 +++ - 41 +++ - 42 +++ - 43 +++ _ 81 TahlP T Innnt inued) Dopami Example Siyma fD-2) 44 +++ - 47 +++ - 48 +++ - 49 +++ - 50 ++ - 52 +++ - 53 +++ + 54 ++ - 55 ++ - 56 +++ - 58 +++ - 59 +++ - 60 ++ - 61 +++ - 62 +++ - 63 - - 9 +++ + 10 +++ ++ 8 + - 25 + + 26 +++ - 27 +++ - 28 +++ - 29 ++ - 30 +++ + 31 + - 32 + - 33 +++ - 64 ++ - 65 ++ + 66 ♦+ - 67 + — 82 83 Tab!I P T front inued) Dopamine Example S pma (Ώ-2 ) 68 + 69 +++ 70 + + 71 +++ 72 +++ + 73 ++ 86 + + 113 ++ 115 +++ 116 ++ 117 +++ 118 +++ 119 +++ 120 +++ 121 +++ 74 + 75 +++ 76 ++ 77 ++ 122 +++ 123 +++ 124 +++ 125 ++ 126 +++ 127 ++ 128 +++ 129 +++ + 130 +++ 131 ++ 132 +++ 133 +++ 83 84 Inhibition of Isolation-induced F.vaTTiplP Aggression Haloperidol +++ 3 ++ 6 + 23 + 34 ++ 39 + Table III Inhibition of PCP-induced Example Turning ra-alp sy Haloperidol +++ +++ 3 + 84 nr>sa?P Forms Daily dosage ranges from 1 mg to 2000 mg. Dosage forms (compositions) suitable for administration ordinarily will contain 0.5-95% by weight of the active ingredient based on the total weight of the composition.

The active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups, and suspensions; it can also be administered parenterally in sterile liquid dosage forms.

Gelatin capsules contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours . Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric-coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance.

In general, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose) , and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions.

Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents. 85 86 Also used are citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA. In addition, parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol .

Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remi niton's Pharma Piif < r.n Ί Scign es. Mac* Publishing Co., a standard reference text in this field. 86

Claims (9)

1. 87 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound having the formula : „R< or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an N-oxide thereof wherein: a is a single or double bond, provided that when a is a double bond, 2(CH2>n is attached at C-4 and R16 does not apply; n is 0-4, provided that when (CH2)n 2 is attached to the 2-position of the piperidine ring then n is 2-4; R1 is (CH2)mR3 or (CH2)pAr, where m is 1-4 and p is 1-4; R2 is 87 88 R3 is cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms; R4 is 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, Ν02> NH2, haloalkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 to 7 halogen atoms, C1-C3 alkyl, NHCOR7, NHCO- phenyl, OH, OR8 and Ar»; R5 and R6 independently are H, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Ar'1 or taken together are -CH-CH-CH-CH-; R7 and R8 independently are H or alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; X is O; H2; H, OH; R9, OH; Ar1", OH; H, R9; or H, OR9; Y is CH2, CHR10, C(R10)2/ 0, CH2CH2, (CH2)3, 89 90 Ar, Ar', Ar'' and Ar'11 independently are phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolyl or isoquinolyl, each optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, alkoxy of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, NRNR12, SH, S(0)tR13# where t is 0-2, haloalkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 to 7 halogen atoms, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, CO2H, carboalkoxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, CN, HO2, SO2NH2, SO3H, C02NR14R15 or phenyl; R9 and R10 independently are alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R!!-R15 independently are H or alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and R16 is H, OH, 0-alkyl of 1-6 carbons, O-acyl of 1-8 carbons, alkyl of 1-12 carbons, phenyl or 1- or 2- naphthyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: F, CI, Br, I, alkyl, phenyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkoxy, perfluoroalkylthio, dialkylamino (where alkyl and alkoxy are from 1-12 carbons and aryl is from 6-12 carbons) or 2- and 3- pyrrolyl, 2- and 3- furyl, 2- and 3- thienyl, 2,3, and 4-pyridyl, 2- and 3-benzolfuryl, 2- and 3- indolyl, 2- and 3- benzothienyl, 2, 3, and 4- quinolyl, and 1, 3, and 4-isoquinolyl; with the following provisos: (1) if n is 0 and R2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring, 90 91 then R2 cannot be: if X is 0; H2; or H, OH; where there are two R4 substituents and one H2 SO2 and the other is halogen or CF3; if R1 is (CH2>pAr and p is 1 and -(CH2)NR2 (n-1 to 4) is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring, then R2 cannot be: (3) if R1 is (CH2)pAr (where p is 1); R4 is H, alkyl, CF3, halogen or alkoxy; (CH2)nR2» (n-0), is attached at the C-4 91 92 position on the piperidine ring; then X cannot be H2 or 0/ if R1 is (CH2)pAr (p is X»; R2 is attached at the C-3 or C-4 position of the piperdine ring; where R4 is H, halogen, CF3, alky1, alkoxy, ΝΗ2» alkylamino and dialkylamino, then X cannot be 0; and (5) When (CH2)n*2 is attached to the 4-position of the piperidine ring, R16 is H, OH, alkyl or aryl .

2. A compound of Claim 1 wherein n is 1-4.

3. A compound of Claim 1 wherein R1 is (CH2>pAr. . A compound of Claim 1 wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of where X, Y, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined in Claim 1. 92 93 A compound of Claim 1 wherein (CH2)nR2 is attached at the C-4 position of the plperldlne ring . A compound of Claim 1 wherein X is 0 or H . A compound of Claim 1 wherein R*, R^ and R^ are all H. A compound of Claim 1 wherein p is 1 or 2. A compound of Claim 1 wherein Ar is phenyl. A compound of Claim 1 wherein Y is (CH2)3 or 0. A compound of Claim 1 wherein: R1 is (CH2)pAr; (CH2)nR2 is attached at the C-4 position of the plperldlne ring; n is 1-4; R2 is selected from the group consisting of X is 0 or H2; R4, R5 and R6 are all H; p is 1 or 2; 93 94 Ar is phenyl; and Y is (CH2)3 or 0. 12. Ά compound of Claim 2 wherein n is 1. 13. A compound of Claim 11 wherein n is 1. A compound of Claim 4 wherein compound of Claim 11 wherein 16. A compound of Claim 6 wherein X is 0. 17. A compound of Claim 11 wherein X is 0. 18. A compound of Claim 14 wherein X is 0. 19. A compound of Claim 15 wherein X is 0. 20. A compound of Claim 6 wherein p is 2. 21. A compound of Claim 11 wherein p is 2. 22. The compound of Claim 11 wherein n is 1; 94 X is 0; R4 is H; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. 23. A compound of Claim 4 wherein A compound of Claim 11 wherein 25. A compound of Claim 23 wherein X is 0. 26. A compound of Claim 24 wherein X is 0. 27. A compound of Claim 10 wherein Y is (01*2)3. 28. A compound of Claim 11 wherein Y is (01*2)3. 29. A compound of Claim 23 wherein Y is (01*2)3. 30. A compound of Claim 24 wherein Y is (01*2)3. 95 96 The compound of Claim 11 wherein n is 1; X is 0; Y is (CH2)3; R5 and R6 are H p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. 32. A compound of Claim 10 wherein Y is 0 33. A compound of Claim 11 wherein Y is 0 3

4. A compound of Claim 23 wherein Y is 0 3

5. A compound of Claim 24 wherein Y is 0 3

6. The compound of Claim 11 wherein: n is 1; X is 0; Y is 0; 96 97 R5 and R6 are H; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. A compound of Claim 4 wherein A compound of Claim 11 wherein 39. A compound of Claim 6 wherein X is 40. A compound of Claim 11 wherein X is H2 41. A compound of Claim 37 wherein X is ¾ 42. A compound of Claim 38 wherein X is H2 43. The compound of Claim 11 wherein: X is H2; R4 is H 97 is 2; and is phenyl. 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an antipsychotic or antidyskinetic effective amount of a compound having the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an N-oxide thereof wherein: a is a single or double bond/ provided that when a is a double bond, R2(CH2)n is attached at C-4 and R16 does not apply; n is 0-4, provided that when (CH2)n is attached to the 2-position of the piperidine ring then n is 2-4; R1 is (CH2)mR3 or (CH2)pArf where m is 1-4 and p is 1-4 R2 is 98 99 100 R3 is cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms; R4 is 1-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, NO2, NH2, haloalkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 to 7 halogen atoms, C1-C3 alkyl, NHCOR7, NHCO- phenyl, OH, OR8 and Ar'; R5 and R6 independently are H, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Ar'' or taken together are -CH-CH-CH-CH-; R7 and R8 independently are H or alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; X is 0; H2 H, OH; R9, OH; Ar'", OH; H, R9; or H, OR9; 101 102 H2)3, Ar, Ar', Ar' ' and Ar''' independently are phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolyl or isoquinolyl, each optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, alkoxy of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, NRnR12, SH, S(0)tR13 where t is 0-2, haloalkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 to 7 halogen atoms, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, C02H, carboalkoxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, CN, N02, S02NH2, SO3H, C02NR14R15 or phenyl; R9 and R10 independently are alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms ; R11_R15 independently are H or alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and R16 is H, OH, O-alkyl of 1-6 carbons, 0-acyl of 1-8 carbons, alkyl of 1-12 carbons, phenyl or 1- or 2- naphthyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: F, CI, Br, I, alkyl, phenyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkoxy, perfluoroalkylthio, and dialkylamino (where alkyl and alkoxy are from 1-12 carbons and aryl is from 6-12 carbons), or 2- and 3- pyrrolyl, 2- and 3- furyl, 2- and 3- thienyl, 2,3, and 4-pyridyl, 2- and 3- benzolfuryl, 2- and 3- indolyl, 2- and 3- benzothienyl, 2, 3, and 4- quinolyl; and 1, 3, and 4-isoquinolyl; provided however that : 102 - 103 - 96144/2 (1) when R1 is 45. A composition of Claim 44 wherein n is 1-4. 46. A composition of Claim 44 wherein R1 is (CH2>pAr. 4

7. A composition of Claim 44 wherein R2 is s ng of where X, Y, R4, R5 and R^ are as defined in Claim 44 104 A composition of Claim 44 wherein (CH2>nR2 is attached at the C-4 position of the piperidine ring . 49. A composition of Claim 44 wherein X is 0 or H2. 50. A composition of Claim 44 wherein R4, and R6 are all H. 51. A composition of Claim 44 wherein p is 1 or 2. 52. A composition of Claim 44 wherein Ar is phenyl . 53. A composition of Claim 44 wherein ϊ is (CH2>3 or 0. 54. A composition of Claim 44 wherein: R1 is (CH2)pAr; 55. A composition of Claim 45 wherein n is 1. 56. A composition of Claim 54 wherein n is 1. 57. A composition of Claim 47 wherein R2 is 5

8. A composition of Claim 54 wherein R2 is 5

9. A composition of Claim 49 wherein X is 0. 60. A composition of Claim 54 wherein X is O. 61. A composition of Claim 57 wherein X is 0. 62. A composition of Claim 5Θ wherein Xis 0. 63. A composition of Claim 51 wherein p is 2. 64. A composition of Claim 54 wherein p is 2. 105 106 Ά composition of Claim 54 wherein X is 0; R4 is H; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. composition of Claim 47 wherein composition of Claim 54 wherein A composition of Claim 66 wherein X is 0. 69. - A composition of Claim 67 wherein X is 0. 70. A composition of Claim 53 wherein Y is (CH2>3 71. A composition of Claim 54 wherein Y is (CH2>3 106 107 72 A composition of Claim 66 wherein Y is (CH2>3 73 A composition of Claim 67 wherein Y is (CH2>3 74 A composition of Claim 54 wherein: X is 0; Y is (CH2)3; R5 and R6 are H; p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. 75 A composition of Claim 53 wherein Y is 0. 76 A composition of Claim 54 wherein Y is O. 77 A composition of Claim 66 wherein Y is 0. 78 A composition of Claim 67 wherein Y is 0. 79 A composition of Claim 54 wherein: X is 0; Y is 0; 107 108 R5 and R6 are H p Is 2; and Ar is phenyl. A composition of Claim 47 wherein 81 4 wherein 82 A composition of Claim 49 wherein X is H2 83 A composition of Claim 54 wherein X is H2 84 A composition of Claim 80 wherein X is H2 85 A composition of Claim 61 wherein X is H2 86 A composition of Claim 54 wherein: x is H2; R4 is H; 108 - 109 96144/2 p is 2; and Ar is phenyl. 87. A method of treating physiological or drug induced psychosis or dyskinesia in a non-human mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of any of the compositions of Claims 44-86. 88. A process for preparing the compounds of Claim comprising: (a) reacting a pyridinylalkylamine of the (n is 0-4) with an anhydride corresponding to R2 (where ced by 0) such as to yield imides of the formula: (where n and R2 are as defined in Claim 1 and X-O) ; (b) reacting the imides of step (a) with alkylating agents of the formula: R!Z (where Z is CI, Br, I or an activated ester group) in an appropriate solvent at temperatures between about 0-200eC to yield quaternary 110 pyridinium salts of the formula: reducing the Z- salts of step (b) to the compounds of Claim 1 by catalytic hydrogenatlon in an appropriate solvent and optionally in the presence of an appropriate acid. For the Applicant! 110