IL289978B2 - Sex pheromones and their uses - Google Patents

Sex pheromones and their uses

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Publication number
IL289978B2
IL289978B2 IL289978A IL28997822A IL289978B2 IL 289978 B2 IL289978 B2 IL 289978B2 IL 289978 A IL289978 A IL 289978A IL 28997822 A IL28997822 A IL 28997822A IL 289978 B2 IL289978 B2 IL 289978B2
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Israel
Prior art keywords
certain embodiments
composition
ratio
synthetic
insect
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IL289978A
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Hebrew (he)
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IL289978A (en
IL289978B1 (en
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The State Of Israel Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development Agricultural Res Organization Aro Vo
Univ Iowa State Res Found Inc
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Application filed by The State Of Israel Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development Agricultural Res Organization Aro Vo, Univ Iowa State Res Found Inc filed Critical The State Of Israel Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development Agricultural Res Organization Aro Vo
Publication of IL289978A publication Critical patent/IL289978A/en
Publication of IL289978B1 publication Critical patent/IL289978B1/en
Publication of IL289978B2 publication Critical patent/IL289978B2/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/10—Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/14—Insects
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/02—Stationary means for catching or killing insects with devices or substances, e.g. food, pheronones attracting the insects
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/10—Catching insects by using Traps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/14—Catching by adhesive surfaces
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/20—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects
    • A01M1/2022—Poisoning or narcotising insects by vaporising an insecticide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
    • A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
    • A01N57/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C07C69/02—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen
    • C07C69/12—Acetic acid esters
    • C07C69/14—Acetic acid esters of monohydroxylic compounds
    • C07C69/145—Acetic acid esters of monohydroxylic compounds of unsaturated alcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/58—Pyridine rings

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Description

WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 SEX PHEROMONES AND USES THEREOF BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION id="p-1" id="p-1" id="p-1" id="p-1"
[0001] ןיhe "Pink boHworm’7 moth (Pectinophora gossyptelld*) is a harmful insect which inflicts serious damage to the cotton plant. Mating disruption (MD) techniques have been proposed for controlling the insect by the use of sex pheromones of the pink boll worm or analog thereof. In general, MD is a pest management technique designed to control certain insect pests by introducing artificial stimuli that confuse the individuals and disrupt mate localization and/or courtship, thus preventing mating and blocking the reproductive cycle. id="p-2" id="p-2" id="p-2" id="p-2"
[0002] For example, LK Gaston et al. disclosed a method which makes use of gossyplure (a 1:1 mixture of Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE)), which is the sex pheromone of the pink bollworm, as an effective agent (Science, 20 May 1977, Vol. 196, Issue 4292, pp. 904-905). id="p-3" id="p-3" id="p-3" id="p-3"
[0003] However, studies have shown that there are intraspecific variations in female moths’ sex pheromones, that the sex pheromone is subjected to changes in quantity and quality in the life of the female, and that female sex pheromones are affected by the female’s condition. All of the above suggests that a fixed 1:1 mixture of the ZZ and ZE may not be optimal for attracting male moths. id="p-4" id="p-4" id="p-4" id="p-4"
[0004] There remains a need in the field of pest control for compositions and methods to efficiently attract male pest insects and disrupt pest mating. id="p-5" id="p-5" id="p-5" id="p-5"
[0005] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION id="p-6" id="p-6" id="p-6" id="p-6"
[0006] ויhe present disclosure is based, in part, on the surprising finding that female moths of different phenotypes are emitting different variations of their sex pheromone. More specifically, It has been surprisingly found that male moths, which are known pest of cotton plants, are highly sensitive to subtle variabilities in female moths’ sex pheromones. Those new findings are now harnessed, to manipulate the behavior of male moths e.g. in order to decrease their number, prevalence and/or damage to crops. id="p-7" id="p-7" id="p-7" id="p-7"
[0007] ןיhe present disclosure provides, in one aspect, a composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11- 1 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. id="p-8" id="p-8" id="p-8" id="p-8"
[0008] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the synthetic ZZ and. the synthetic ZE in a ratio of 5:95 to 52:48, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio of 95:5 to 99:1, respectively. id="p-9" id="p-9" id="p-9" id="p-9"
[0009] In certain embodiments, the composition releases the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic Z؛■ at a ratio of 52:48 to 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 53:47 to 59:41, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 54:46 to 55:45, respectively. id="p-10" id="p-10" id="p-10" id="p-10"
[0010] In certain embodiments, the mixture is released in a rate of 1.5 mg/day. id="p-11" id="p-11" id="p-11" id="p-11"
[0011] ןיhe present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a kit, comprising a first composition comprising a synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising a synthetic Z,E-7, Il-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic. ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions. id="p-12" id="p-12" id="p-12" id="p-12"
[0012] In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio of 5:95 to 52:48, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio of 95:to 99:1, respectively. id="p-13" id="p-13" id="p-13" id="p-13"
[0013] In certain embodiments, the kit releases the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit releases the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 53:47 to 59:41, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit releases the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 54:46 to 55:45, respectively.
WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-14" id="p-14" id="p-14" id="p-14"
[0014] In certain embodiments, the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE are released in a rate of 1.5 mg/day in total. id="p-15" id="p-15" id="p-15" id="p-15"
[0015] The present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a pesticide fonnulation, comprising (a) a composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,1I- hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,1.1-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively; or (b) a kit, comprising a first composition comprising a synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a. second composition comprising a synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions; and a pesticide. id="p-16" id="p-16" id="p-16" id="p-16"
[0016] In certain embodiments, the pesticide is a moth pesticide. In certain embodiments, the pesticide is selected from the group consisting of Deliamethrin (CAS Number 52918- 63-5) and Divipan (CAS Number 95828-55-0). In certain embodiments, the pesticide is Divipan. In certain embodiments, the pesticide is Divipan. id="p-17" id="p-17" id="p-17" id="p-17"
[0017] The present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a pheromone trap, comprising (a) a. composition, comprising a. mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a. ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively; (b) a. kit, comprising a first composition comprising a synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising a synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions; or (c) a pesticide fonnulation comprising (i) a composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively; or (ii) a kit, comprising a first composition comprising a synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and. a second composition comprising a synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions, and a. pesticide.
WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-18" id="p-18" id="p-18" id="p-18"
[0018] In certain embodiments, the pheromone trap further comprises an adhesive surface capable of contacting an insect. In certain embodiments, the composition or kit is in contact with the adhesive surface. id="p-19" id="p-19" id="p-19" id="p-19"
[0019] The present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method to attract an insect to a predetermined location, wherein the insect is drawn to Z,Z-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ), to Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), or to a mixture of both ZZ and ZE, comprising the step of placing (a) a composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z- 7,11-hexadecadienyi acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively; (b) a kit, comprising a first composition comprising a synthetic Z,Z-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a. second composition comprising a synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadi enyl acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions; or (e) a pesticide formulation comprising (i) a composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, or (ii) a. kit, comprising a first composition comprising a. synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and. a second composition comprising a synthetic Z,E-711־ -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions, and a. pesticide; or (d) or a pheromone trap, comprising (a) a composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadi enyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11.-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively; (b) a kit, comprising a first composition comprising a synthetic Z,Z- 7,11-hexadecadi enyl acetate (ZZ) and a. second composition comprising a synthetic Z,E- 7,11-hexadecadienyi acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions, or (c) a. pesticide formulation comprising (i) a. composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively; or (ii) a kit, comprising a first composition comprising a synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising 4 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 a synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), releasing the synthetic ZZ and. the synthetic ZE at a. ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the first composition and the second composition are different compositions, and a pesticide; in the predetermined location. id="p-20" id="p-20" id="p-20" id="p-20"
[0020] In certain embodiments, the insect is a pest. In certain embodiments, the insect is a pest of cotton. In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Order Lepidoptera. In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Family Gelechiidae. In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Genus Pectinophora. In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Species Pectinophora gossypiella. id="p-21" id="p-21" id="p-21" id="p-21"
[0021] In certain embodiments, the composition, kit, pheromone trap or pesticide formulation is releasing the ZZ and the ZE in a rate in the range of 4 mg/hour/hectare to mg/hour/hectare. id="p-22" id="p-22" id="p-22" id="p-22"
[0022] ןיhe present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method to produce a composition comprising Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and ZE-7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), wherein the ratio between ZZ and ZE is 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, comprising the steps of obtaining a female insect which is large or on a high- calorie diet, and extracting the ZZ and ZE from the pheromone glands of the female insect. id="p-23" id="p-23" id="p-23" id="p-23"
[0023] In certain embodiments, the female insect is large and on a high-calorie diet. id="p-24" id="p-24" id="p-24" id="p-24"
[0024] In certain embodiments, the method, further comprises removing the pheromone glands from the female insect prior to extracting the ZZ and ZE pheromones. id="p-25" id="p-25" id="p-25" id="p-25"
[0025] The present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method, to produce a composition comprising Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), wherein the ratio between ZZ and. ZE is 52:48 to 95:5, comprising the steps of obtaining ZZ; obtaining ZE; and mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. id="p-26" id="p-26" id="p-26" id="p-26"
[0026] In certain embodiments, the ZZ or the ZE is synthetic. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic. In certain embodiments, the ZZ or the ZE is extracted WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 from an organism. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are extracted from an organism. In certain embodiments, the organism is an insect. In certain embodiments, the organism is a bacterium. id="p-27" id="p-27" id="p-27" id="p-27"
[0027] In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 80:20, respectively. id="p-28" id="p-28" id="p-28" id="p-28"
[0028] The present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a composition obtained, or obtainable by a method described above. id="p-29" id="p-29" id="p-29" id="p-29"
[0029] The present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a. composition or formulation as described above, formulated for controlled release. id="p-30" id="p-30" id="p-30" id="p-30"
[0030] The present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a composition or formulation as described above, formulated for delayed release. id="p-31" id="p-31" id="p-31" id="p-31"
[0031] The present, disclosure provides, in another aspect, a composition or formulation as described above, formulated for immediate release. id="p-32" id="p-32" id="p-32" id="p-32"
[0032] Further aspects and embodiments of the disclosure are set forth in the following drawings, detailed description, and claims. id="p-33" id="p-33" id="p-33" id="p-33"
[0033] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS id="p-34" id="p-34" id="p-34" id="p-34"
[0034] The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention is best be understood in view of the accompanying drawings in which: id="p-35" id="p-35" id="p-35" id="p-35"
[0035] FIGURE 1is a bar graph, illustrating the Z,Z-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) to Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE) ratio in pheromones extracted from the glands of large females (0.535 ± 0.048), small females (0.504 ± 0.012), small fed females (0.5± 0.006), and small starved females (0.493 ± 0.012). * p < 0.05. id="p-36" id="p-36" id="p-36" id="p-36"
[0036] FIGURE 2is a bar graph, illustrating the preference of males (in absolute number) between large females (70), small females (14), small fed females (28), and small starved females (9). *** p < 0.0001.
WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-37" id="p-37" id="p-37" id="p-37"
[0037] FIGURE 3is a bar graph, illustrating the percentage of males of the indicated population attracted to females of the indicated population. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.0001. id="p-38" id="p-38" id="p-38" id="p-38"
[0038] FIGURE 4is a dot graph, illustrating the ZZ/ZE ratios in glands of laboratory- (no MD) and field- (MD) collected females. Minimum and maximum ZZ/ZE ratios for each population are indicated. id="p-39" id="p-39" id="p-39" id="p-39"
[0039] It will be appreciated that for the sake of clarity, elements shown in the Figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and reference numerals may be repeated among the Figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. id="p-40" id="p-40" id="p-40" id="p-40"
[0040] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION id="p-41" id="p-41" id="p-41" id="p-41"
[0041] The present disclosure is based on several surprising findings in the field of moth sex pheromones. First, it is now surprisingly found that female moths produce different variations of their sex pheromones and are not limited to producing a 1:1 mixture of Z,Z- 7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). Next, it is now surprisingly found that female moths send a reliable massage on their reproductive potential to male moths via these variations - while female moths of relatively low' reproductive potential produce a 1:1 mixture of ZZ to ZE, and in some cases even mixtures in which the ZE content is higher that the ZZ content, female moths of relatively high reproductive potential produce mixtures in which the ZZ content is higher that the ZE content. It is further surprisingly found that male moths are highly sensitive to ZZ/ZE ratio variations in females' sex pheromones, and that they prefer and drawn to female moths of relatively high reproductive potential, which produce mixtures in which the ZZ content is higher that the ZE content. Based e.g. on these findings, the present disclosure provides compositions, formulations and methods to manipulate male moths. id="p-42" id="p-42" id="p-42" id="p-42"
[0042] The present disclosure provides, in one aspect, a composition, comprising a mixture of Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,1 l-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). id="p-43" id="p-43" id="p-43" id="p-43"
[0043] A person of skill in the art would understand that the term "‘composition’" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, synthetic composition such as man-made WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 composition and machine-made compositions, and naturally occurring compositions such as compositions produced naturally in a living cell, tissue or organism. id="p-44" id="p-44" id="p-44" id="p-44"
[0044] In certain embodiments, the composition consists of the Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). In certain embodiments, the composition is devoid of other moth pheromones. id="p-45" id="p-45" id="p-45" id="p-45"
[0045] In certain embodiments, the composition is synthetic. A person of skill in the art would understand that the term ‘‘synthetic" means "not found in nature". In certain embodiments, a synthetic composition is selected from any one of a container, a vessel, a tube, a dosage form, a dispenser, a puffer, a solvent, a carrier, a slow-release formulation, an extended-release formulation, and a delayed release formulation. id="p-46" id="p-46" id="p-46" id="p-46"
[0046] In certain embodiments, a composition is formulated as a formulation selected from any one of a spray, drops, steam, a powder, droplets, and airborne volatiles. id="p-47" id="p-47" id="p-47" id="p-47"
[0047] In certain embodiments, a composition is made from any one of plastic, rubber, laminate, microcapsules, ropes, rubber septum, and polyethylene. id="p-48" id="p-48" id="p-48" id="p-48"
[0048] In certain embodiments, the synthetic composition is a synthetic container. In certain embodiments, the synthetic composition is a. synthetic dispenser. In certain embodiments, the synthetic dispenser is a female-equivalent dispenser. In certain embodiments, the synthetic composition is a synthetic propellent. In certain embodiments, the synthetic composition is a synthetic solvent. In certain embodiments, the synthetic solvent comprises ethanol. In certain embodiments, the synthetic solvent comprises hexane. In certain embodiments, the synthetic solvent comprises hexane and tridecyl acetate. id="p-49" id="p-49" id="p-49" id="p-49"
[0049] In certain embodiments, the composition is naturally occurring or natural. A person of skill in the art would understand that the term "natural" means "found, in nature". id="p-50" id="p-50" id="p-50" id="p-50"
[0050] In certain embodiments, the natural composition is a pheromone gland. In certain embodiments, the natural composition is an extract of a pheromone gland.
WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-51" id="p-51" id="p-51" id="p-51"
[0051] In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 51:49 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic, and the composition releases the ZZ ami the ZE at a ratio of 51:49 to 95:5, respectively. id="p-52" id="p-52" id="p-52" id="p-52"
[0052] In certain embodiments, the ZZ ami the ZE are synthetic. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic, and the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE at a. ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. id="p-53" id="p-53" id="p-53" id="p-53"
[0053] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio lower than 51:49, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio lower than 52:48, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 45:55 to 5:95, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 45:55, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 40:60, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 35:65, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 30:70, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 25:75, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 20:80, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 15:85, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 10:90, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 5:95, respectively. id="p-54" id="p-54" id="p-54" id="p-54"
[0054] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio in the range of 51:49 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio in the range of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 52:48, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 55:45, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 65:35, respectively. In certain embodiments, 9 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 70:30, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 75:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 80:20, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 85:15, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 90:10, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 95:5, respectively. id="p-55" id="p-55" id="p-55" id="p-55"
[0055] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio higher than 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 96:4, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 97:3, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 98:2, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 99:1, respectively. id="p-56" id="p-56" id="p-56" id="p-56"
[0056] In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and. the ZE at a ratio of 51:49 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and. the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 90:10, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:to 85:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 80:20, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 75:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 70:30, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 66:34, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and. the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 65:35, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 55:45, respectively. id="p-57" id="p-57" id="p-57" id="p-57"
[0057] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.482. In certain to WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.487. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.492. In certain embodiments, die composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.493. In certain embodiments, die composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.504. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.516. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and. the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from die total ot'ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.5.35. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.540. In certain embodiments, die composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.546. In certain embodiments, die composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.552. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.583. It should be understood that the fraction of ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.99 at most, therefore, for example, the phrase "the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is at least 0.-482" is equivalent to the phrase "the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.482 to 0.99". id="p-58" id="p-58" id="p-58" id="p-58"
[0058] In certain embodiments, die composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.482 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.487 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.492 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and. ZE comprised is 0.493 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.5to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises die ZZ and the ZE wherein 11 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.516 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.535 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.540 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and. ZE comprised is 0.546 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.5to 0.583. id="p-59" id="p-59" id="p-59" id="p-59"
[0059] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.5 to 0.6. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.6 to 0.7. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.7 to 0.8. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.8 to 0.9. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised, is 0.9 to 0.99. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.5 to 0.9. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.6 to 0.9. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE comprised is 0.7 to 0.9. id="p-60" id="p-60" id="p-60" id="p-60"
[0060] In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and. ZE released is at least 0.482. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.487. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.492. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 at least 0.493. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.504. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.516. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.535. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.540. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.546. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.552. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.583. It should be understood that the fraction of ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.99 at most, therefore, for example, the phrase "the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is at least 0.482" is equivalent to the phrase "the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.482 to 0.99". id="p-61" id="p-61" id="p-61" id="p-61"
[0061] In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and. ZE released is 0.482 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.487 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.492 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released, is 0.493 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein die traction of die ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.504 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.516 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.535 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.540 to 0.583. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.546 to 0.583. In 13 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.552 to 0.583. id="p-62" id="p-62" id="p-62" id="p-62"
[0062] In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.5 to 0.6. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE. wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.6 to 0.7. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.7 to 0.8. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.to 0.9. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.9 to 0.99. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.5 to 0.9. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE released is 0.6 to 0.9. In certain embodiments, the composition releases the ZZ and. the ZE wherein the fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and. ZE released is 0.to 0.9. id="p-63" id="p-63" id="p-63" id="p-63"
[0063] It should be understood that the phrase ‘Ihe fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE" is equivalent to a ratio between ZZ and. ZE. For example, a fraction of the ZZ from the total of ZZ and ZE being 0.50 Is equivalent to a 50:50, or a 1:1, ratio between ZZ and ZE. id="p-64" id="p-64" id="p-64" id="p-64"
[0064] In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 0.5 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released, from the composition in a rate of 1.0 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 1.5 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released, from the composition in a rate of 2.0 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 2.5 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 3.0 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 3.5 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 4.0 mg/day. In certain embodiments, WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 4.5 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the composition in a rate of 5.0 mg/day. id="p-65" id="p-65" id="p-65" id="p-65"
[0065] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a kit, comprising a. first composition comprising a Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising a Z,E-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). id="p-66" id="p-66" id="p-66" id="p-66"
[0066] In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic. In certain embodiments, the kit releases the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 51:49 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic. In certain embodiments, the kit releases the ZZ and the ZE at. a. ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic, and the kit releases the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively id="p-67" id="p-67" id="p-67" id="p-67"
[0067] In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio lower than 51:49, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio lower than 52:48, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 45:55 to 5:95, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 45:55, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 40:60, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 35:65, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 30:70, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 25:75, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 20:80, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 15:85, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 10:90, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 5:95, respectively. id="p-68" id="p-68" id="p-68" id="p-68"
[0068] In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio in the range of 51:49 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio in the range of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 52:48, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 ratio of 55:45, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 65:35, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 70:30, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 75:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 80:20, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 85:15, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 90:10, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 95:5, respectively. id="p-69" id="p-69" id="p-69" id="p-69"
[0069] In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE in a ratio higher than 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 96:4, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 97:3, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 98:2, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio of 99:1, respectively. id="p-70" id="p-70" id="p-70" id="p-70"
[0070] In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 51:to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 90:10, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 85:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 80:20, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 75:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 70:30, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 66:34, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and. the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 65:35, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 55:45, respectively. id="p-71" id="p-71" id="p-71" id="p-71"
[0071] In certain embodiments, the mixhire is released from the kit in a rate of 0.mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 1.016 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 1.5mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 2.0mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 2.5mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 3.0mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 3.5mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 4.0mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a. rate of 4.5mg/day. In certain embodiments, the mixture is released from the kit in a rate of 5.0mg/day. id="p-72" id="p-72" id="p-72" id="p-72"
[0072] In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a mechanism to control the release of the first composition comprising ZZ from the kit or the release of the second composition comprising the ZE from the kit. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a mechanism to control the release of the first composition comprising ZZ and the release of the second composition comprising the ZE from the kit. id="p-73" id="p-73" id="p-73" id="p-73"
[0073] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a pheromone trap, comprising a composition comprising a mixture of Z,Z-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E7,11״ -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). id="p-74" id="p-74" id="p-74" id="p-74"
[0074] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a pheromone trap, comprising a. kit comprising a first composition comprising a Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising a Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). id="p-75" id="p-75" id="p-75" id="p-75"
[0075] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a pheromone trap, comprising a pesticide formulation. id="p-76" id="p-76" id="p-76" id="p-76"
[0076] In certain embodiments, the pheromone trap further comprises an adhesive surface capable of contacting an insect. In certain embodiments, the composition or kit is in contact with the adhesive surface. id="p-77" id="p-77" id="p-77" id="p-77"
[0077] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a pesticide formulation, comprising a composition comprising a mixture of Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), and a. pesticide.
WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-78" id="p-78" id="p-78" id="p-78"
[0078] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a pesticide formulation, comprising a kit comprising a first composition comprising a Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising a Z,E-7,11 ״hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), and a pesticide. id="p-79" id="p-79" id="p-79" id="p-79"
[0079] In certain embodiments, the pesticide is any one of a Pyrethroids insecticide such as Bifenthrin and/or Cypermethrin, an Organo-phosphate insecticide such as chlorpyrifos, and a Carbamate insecticide such as methomyl. id="p-80" id="p-80" id="p-80" id="p-80"
[0080] In certain embodiments, the composition(s) and/or formulation(s) provided herein further comprise a carrier. In certain embodiments, the carrier is formulated for extended release. In certain embodiments, the carrier is formulated for delayed release. In certain embodiments, the carrier is formulated for immediate release. In certain embodiments, the carrier is an organic solvent. In certain embodiments, the carrier is a hydrophobic solvent. In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic solvent is hexane. In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic solvent is hexane and tridecyl acetate. In certain embodiments, the carrier is a hydrophilic solvent. In certain embodiments, the carrier is an aqueous solvent. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solvent is water. id="p-81" id="p-81" id="p-81" id="p-81"
[0081] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a. method to attract an insect to a predetermined location, wherein the insect is drawn to Z,Z ״ 7,11 ״ hexadecadienyi acetate (ZZ), to Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyi acetate (ZE), or to a mixture of both ZZ and ZE, comprising the step of placing a composition comprising a mixture of Z.Z-7 :1-hexadecadienyi acetate (ZZ) and Zd>7 :1-hexadecadienyi acetate (ZE) in the predetermined location. id="p-82" id="p-82" id="p-82" id="p-82"
[0082] T'he present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a method to attract an insect to a predetermined location, wherein the insect is drawn to Z,Z-7,11- hexadecadienyi acetate (ZZ), to Z,E-7,11 -hexadecadienyi acetate (ZE), or to a mixture of both ZZ and. ZE, comprising the step of placing a kit comprising a first composition comprising a Z,Z-7,11 -hexadecadienyi acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising a Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyi acetate (ZE) in the predetermined location.
WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-83" id="p-83" id="p-83" id="p-83"
[0083] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a method to attract an insect to a predetermined location, wherein the insect is drawn to Z,Z-7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ), to Z,E-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), or to a mixture of both ZZ and ZE, comprising the step of placing a pheromone trap comprising a. composition comprising a mixture of Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E- 7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE) in the predetermined location. id="p-84" id="p-84" id="p-84" id="p-84"
[0084] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a method to attract an insect to a predetermined location, wherein the insect is drawn to Z,Z-7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ), to Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), or to a mixture of both ZZ and ZE, comprising the step of placing a pheromone trap comprising a. kit comprising a first composition comprising a Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and a second composition comprising a Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE) in the predetermined location. id="p-85" id="p-85" id="p-85" id="p-85"
[0085] In certain embodiments, the insect is a pest. In certain embodiments, the insect is a pest of cotton. In certain embodiments, the insect is a male. id="p-86" id="p-86" id="p-86" id="p-86"
[0086] In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Order Lepidopiem. In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Family Gelechiidae. In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Genus Pectinophora. In certain embodiments, the insect is of the Species Peclmophora gossypieda. id="p-87" id="p-87" id="p-87" id="p-87"
[0087] In certain embodiments, the composition is releasing the ZZ and the ZE in a rate in the range of 4 mg/hour/hectare to 80 mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, the kit is releasing the ZZ and the ZE in a rate in die range of 4 mg-hour/hectare to mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, the pheromone trap is releasing the ZZ and the ZE in a rate in the range of 4 mg/hour/hectare to 80 mg/hour/hectare. id="p-88" id="p-88" id="p-88" id="p-88"
[0088] In certain embodiments, the release rate is 10 mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, the release rate is 20 mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, the release rate is 30 mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, die release rate is 40 mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, the release rate is 50 mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 the release rate is 60 mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, the release rate is mg/hour/hectare. In certain embodiments, the release rate is 80 mg/hour/hectare. id="p-89" id="p-89" id="p-89" id="p-89"
[0089] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a method to produce a composition comprising Z,Z-7, I l-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,1I- hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). id="p-90" id="p-90" id="p-90" id="p-90"
[0090] In certain embodiments, the ratio between ZZ and ZE is 51:49 to 95:5, respectively, the method comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a female insect which is large or on a high-calorie diet; and (b) extracting the ZZ and ZE from the pheromone glands of the female insect. id="p-91" id="p-91" id="p-91" id="p-91"
[0091] In certain embodiments, the ratio between ZZ and ZE is 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, the method comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a female insect which is large or on a high-calorie diet; and (b) extracting the ZZ and ZE from the pheromone glands of the female insect. id="p-92" id="p-92" id="p-92" id="p-92"
[0092] In certain embodiments, the female insect is large and on a high-calorie diet. id="p-93" id="p-93" id="p-93" id="p-93"
[0093] T'he term '"large female" as used herein refers to females weighting 15mg to 30mg. id="p-94" id="p-94" id="p-94" id="p-94"
[0094] ןיhe term "small female'’ as used herein refers to females weighting less than 15mg, typically 5mg to 8mg. id="p-95" id="p-95" id="p-95" id="p-95"
[0095] The term " high-calorie diet" as used herein refers to a diet calorically-equivalent to being fed 10% sucrose solution ad HbUuin. id="p-96" id="p-96" id="p-96" id="p-96"
[0096] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises removing the pheromone glands from the female Insect prior to extracting the ZZ and ZE pheromones. id="p-97" id="p-97" id="p-97" id="p-97"
[0097] In certain embodiments, the ratio is in the range of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 52:48, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 55:45, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 65:35, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 70:30, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 75:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 80:20, respectively. In. certain embodiments, the ratio is 85:15, WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 90:10, respectively. In certain embodiments, the ratio is 95:5, respectively. id="p-98" id="p-98" id="p-98" id="p-98"
[0098] The present disclosure further provides, in another aspect, a further method to produce a composition comprising Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE). id="p-99" id="p-99" id="p-99" id="p-99"
[0099] In certain embodiments, the ratio between ZZ and ZE is 51:49 to 95:5,the method comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a ZZ; (b) obtaining a. ZE, and (c) mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. id="p-100" id="p-100" id="p-100" id="p-100"
[0100] In certain embodiments, the ratio between ZZ and ZE is 52:48 to 95:5,the method comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a ZZ; (b) obtaining a ZE; and (c) mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 95:5, respectively. id="p-101" id="p-101" id="p-101" id="p-101"
[0101] In certain embodiments, the ZZ or the ZE is synthetic. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic. Tn certain embodiments, the ZZ or the ZE is extracted from an insect. In certain embodiments, the ZZ and the ZE are extracted from an insect. id="p-102" id="p-102" id="p-102" id="p-102"
[0102] In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 90:10, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 85:15, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:to 80:20, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 75:25, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a. ratio between 52:48 to 70:30, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 66:34, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 65:35, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 60:40, respectively. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing the ZZ ami the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 55:45, respectively. id="p-103" id="p-103" id="p-103" id="p-103"
[0103] In certain embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a synthetic composition. The term "synthetic composition" means a composition obtained by 21 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 chemical and/or biological means, which can be chemically identical to the naturally occurring composition, outside the body of an insect for examples the body of a female moth. A composition is said to be synthetic as soon as at least one of its components is obtained by chemical and/or biological means outside the body of an insect. id="p-104" id="p-104" id="p-104" id="p-104"
[0104] The term "synthetic composition" further designates a composition which is artificially prepared and preferably means a composition containing at least one compound that is produced ex-vivo chemically and/or biologically, e.g. by means of chemical reaction, enzymatic reaction or recombinantly. id="p-105" id="p-105" id="p-105" id="p-105"
[0105] A "synthetic composition" comprises one or more pheromones combined by human endeavor. In some embodiments, the term "synthetic composition" means one or more pheromone components combined by human endeavor with an isolated, purified molecules. In some embodiments, said composition is mechanically or manually applied, artificially inoculated or disposed in a manner that is not found in nature. id="p-106" id="p-106" id="p-106" id="p-106"
[0106] The term "kit" as used herein, refers to a packaged set of related components, typically one or more compounds or compositions. The term "kit" as used herein further refers to a. collection of aforementioned means, for example , provided in separate form within a. single container. The container, for example, comprises instructions for carrying out the methods of the present invention. id="p-107" id="p-107" id="p-107" id="p-107"
[0107] In pheromone-based methods, traps baited with a pheromone related to the intended insect, in particular a sexual pheromone, in synthetic form, are used. Using "pheromone trap", even very low population densities can be detected. Since pheromones are highly specific with respect to the attracted, insect species, traps baited with such pheromones catch predominantly the targeted species, which greatly facilitates the analysis of the traps content and the detection of the respective species. id="p-108" id="p-108" id="p-108" id="p-108"
[0108] In pesticide formulations, the biological activity of a pesticide is determined by its active ingredient. Formulations usually improves the properties of a chemical for handling, storage, and/or application. Formulation terminology follows a 2-lett.er convention: (e.g. GR: granules) listed by CropLife International in the Catalogue of Pesticide Formulation Types (Monograph 2). According to the principles of the present WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 invention, the composition and formulations provided by the present invention may be formulated in any desirable formulation allowing dispersion of the embedded molecules. id="p-109" id="p-109" id="p-109" id="p-109"
[0109] The term ,,extended release", as regards to pheromone release, includes the terms "controlled release", "prolonged release", "sustained release", or "slow release", as these terms are used in science. The term ,,controlled release" as used herein is intended to include any nonimmediate release formulation, including but not limited to sustained release, delayed release, and pulsatile release formulations. The term "sustained release" is used in its conventional sense to refer to a pheromone formulation that provides for gradual release of pheromone over an extended period of time. id="p-110" id="p-110" id="p-110" id="p-110"
[0110] The term "delayed release" is used in its conventional sense to refer to a pheromone formulation in which there is a time delay provided between placing a pheromone composition and the release of the pheromone therefrom. "Delayed release" may or may not involve gradual release of pheromone over an extended period of time, and thus may or may not be "sustained release". id="p-111" id="p-111" id="p-111" id="p-111"
[0111] The term "immediate release" as used herein in relation to compositions and formulations according to the invention or used in any other context means release which is not modified release and releases at least 90% of the active ingredient within 1 day. id="p-112" id="p-112" id="p-112" id="p-112"
[0112] In the following detailed description, specific details are set forth in order to facilitate understanding of the invention; however, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. Furthermore, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been omitted to highlight the invention. id="p-113" id="p-113" id="p-113" id="p-113"
[0113] EXAMPLES id="p-114" id="p-114" id="p-114" id="p-114"
[0114] Methods id="p-115" id="p-115" id="p-115" id="p-115"
[0115] Moth propagation id="p-116" id="p-116" id="p-116" id="p-116"
[0116] Pectinophora gossypiella larvae were reared at the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel in climatic rooms at 27 ± 1° C, 14 light: 10 darkness, and reared on an artificial diet WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 (Stonefly Heliothis diet, Ward’s Science). Males and females were sexed in the last larval stage by a black line on the 6th abdominal segment representing the developing testicles. id="p-117" id="p-117" id="p-117" id="p-117"
[0117] Males and females were housed separately, and newly emerged moths were removed daily, and placed into age cohort single-sex cages. Male moths were fed on -10% sucrose solution provided ad libitum. id="p-118" id="p-118" id="p-118" id="p-118"
[0118] Upon emergence, females were separated into treatments: (1) Size: large (range 0.015-0.030, average=0.023 gr) vs. small (range 0.0050-0.008, average=0.012 gr.) both at 3-days-old and fed with sucrose solution ad libitum (-10%). (2) Starvation level: sucrose solution fed ad libitum vs. water fed females until 3-days-old. Pheromone glands were removed and extracted from 3-day-old or 7-day-old females and analyzed as described below. id="p-119" id="p-119" id="p-119" id="p-119"
[0119] Pheromone extracts id="p-120" id="p-120" id="p-120" id="p-120"
[0120] Pheromone glands from females of different treatments were extracted to quantitatively assess both the ratio of components and absolute amounts of the pheromone. Pheromone glands from virgin P. gossypiella females, representing the different treatments were extracted 2 hours after the start of the scotophase in hexane with 25ng tridecyl acetate as an internal standard and removed after twenty minutes. Gland extracts were analyzed with a Hewlett Packard 5890 GC coupled to a 5972 mass selective detector. The column used to separate the extracts was a DB Wax (J&W Scientific, 30mx0.25mm). The GC was programmed at 60 °C for one minute, subsequently ramping at 5 °C/min to the final temperature of 230 °C which was held for 15 minutes. The mass spectrometer was set in single ion monitor mode for ions 43, 55, 67 and 81 (the 4 most abundant ions of Z,Z- and Z,E- 7,1 l-16:OAc) and 43, 55, 61, and 69 (the 4 most abundant ions of tridecyl acetate). id="p-121" id="p-121" id="p-121" id="p-121"
[0121] Male mate preference id="p-122" id="p-122" id="p-122" id="p-122"
[0122] A Y-tube olfactometer (Bine, Israel) was used to test the attraction of virgin male P. gossypiella to the odor of virgin females under different treatments. The olfactometer consisted of a central tube (29 cm long, 5cm diameter) and two lateral arms (45°, 7 cm long, 5cm diameter), each connected to a glass jar containing females via Teflon tubing (20 cm long, 0.5cm diameter). A sieve was inlayed in the connecting glass tube, between the Teflon 24 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 and glass tubing to prevent the escape of female insects. Charcoal purified and humidified air was passed into the olfactometer through a Teflon connection at 100 mL/min. To avoid visual distraction for the moths, the jars containing the females were hidden from the males in the Y-tube. The male moth walked up to the two arm’s junction and his choice of arm was recorded. Moths that did not make a choice within 3 min of release were removed and discarded. Between every few runs, the olfactometer arms were flipped (180°) to minimize positional effect. Tests were conducted in a dark room, 26 C°, 2-4 hrs. into the scotophase, as was verified in preliminary ob servation as the time of courtship and mating. id="p-123" id="p-123" id="p-123" id="p-123"
[0123] Males’ preference of females was tested as follows: (1) young vs old females, (2) young, small and fed vs young, small and starved females as described above. id="p-124" id="p-124" id="p-124" id="p-124"
[0124] Statistical analyses id="p-125" id="p-125" id="p-125" id="p-125"
[0125] The ratio of the two components, Z,Z-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E- 7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), was compared between treatments using T-test (a=0.05) as Levene’s test for equal variance supported the equal variance hypothesis in all comparisons. id="p-126" id="p-126" id="p-126" id="p-126"
[0126] Chi Square test (DF=1) after testing for G-test goodness of fit for the homogeneity of the repeats was used to analyze the results of male preference to females in the olfactometer. id="p-127" id="p-127" id="p-127" id="p-127"
[0127] Example 1. id="p-128" id="p-128" id="p-128" id="p-128"
[0128] Analyses of the ratio between the pheromone’s two components (ZZ and ZE) revealed higher proportion of ZZ to ZE in glands of large moth females (Mean + SEM: 0.535 ± 0.048, n=14) than in glands of small moth females (0.504 ± 0.012, n=10) (Levene’s Test: p>0.05, T-test: t=2.18, p=0.04). A higher ZZ ratio was also found in small fed moth females (0.546 ± 0.006, n=24) vs. small starved moth females (0.493 ± 0.011, n=ll) (Levene’s Test: p>0.05, T-test: 3.42, p<0.01) (FIGURE 1). id="p-129" id="p-129" id="p-129" id="p-129"
[0129] The data presented in Example 1suggest that populations of large and/or high- calorie diet moth females emit more ZZ per ZE than small and/or starved moth females. id="p-130" id="p-130" id="p-130" id="p-130"
[0130] Example 2. 25 WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-131" id="p-131" id="p-131" id="p-131"
[0131] In olfactometer tests, more moth males chose the arm leading to large moth females than to the arm leading to small moth females (70 vs 14 males, respectively, G- test p<0.001, ChiSq=40.75, p<0.0001). Similarly, more moth males preferred small fed moth females over small starved moth females (28 vs 9 males, respectively, G-test p<0.001, ChiSq=20.48, p<0.0001) (FIGURE 2). id="p-132" id="p-132" id="p-132" id="p-132"
[0132] The data presented in Example 2suggest that moth males are (a) sensitive to the ZZ/ZE ratio they sense, and (b) show a preference to large and/or high-calorie diet moth females over small and/or starved moth females. id="p-133" id="p-133" id="p-133" id="p-133"
[0133] Example 3. id="p-134" id="p-134" id="p-134" id="p-134"
[0134] Young (3 day old) moth females were collected from either a field under mating disruption (MD, ZZ:ZE ratio 1:1) conditions ("Ein Shemer"), or grown in a lab (no MD, "Gilat"). Under mating disruption (MD) conditions, moth males from the two different populations were attracted to more trapped moth females from the "Ein Shemer" population (FIGURE 3). id="p-135" id="p-135" id="p-135" id="p-135"
[0135] The data presented in Example 3suggest that (a) moth males sample the available females (ZZ:ZE options), and (b) prefer higher ZZ/ZE ratios. id="p-136" id="p-136" id="p-136" id="p-136"
[0136] Males that are looking only for higher ratios may lose opportunities to mate. In "Gilat" the population distributed around 1:1 (FIGURE 4)thus males, although preferring higher ratios, may accept lower than 1:1 ratios in the absence of higher option. In "Ein Shemer", males experienced ratios higher than 1:1, and thus search more for higher ratios and will accept lower ZZ if not found higher/better options. id="p-137" id="p-137" id="p-137" id="p-137"
[0137] Example 4. id="p-138" id="p-138" id="p-138" id="p-138"
[0138] The distribution of ZZ/ZE ratios in moth females of the two populations ("Ein Shemer" and "Gilat") is illustrated in FIGURE 4. id="p-139" id="p-139" id="p-139" id="p-139"
[0139] The data presented in Example 4suggest that moth females kept under MD conditions produce a higher ZZ/ZE ratio than moth females kept without MD conditions. id="p-140" id="p-140" id="p-140" id="p-140"
[0140] Example 5.
WO 2021/014442 PCT/IL2020/050810 id="p-141" id="p-141" id="p-141" id="p-141"
[0141] The olfactometer is a y-maze in which two volatiles are released to each of the Y’s short arms and converged into the long arm. In the experiment one arm holds 1:ratio of ZZ:ZE (the commercial lure) with different ratios in the other arm. Individual males are released against the wind at the y’s long arm and move to either one of the short arms. A preference for one volatile is scored if significantly (Chi square goodness of fit test) more males reached the arm holding the preferred volatile. Table 1illustrates alternative experiments. id="p-142" id="p-142" id="p-142" id="p-142"
[0142] Table 1 Test ZZ:ZE Commercial 1:0 1:19:1 1:18:2 1:17:3 1:16:4 1:14:6 1:13:7 1:12:8 1:11:9 1:1 id="p-143" id="p-143" id="p-143" id="p-143"
[0143] Example 6. id="p-144" id="p-144" id="p-144" id="p-144"
[0144] In a net house (12m*6m), traps baited with different ratios of ZZ:ZE are posted. Laboratory reared virgin males (-1000) will be released at night. Males trapped are then counted the following morning. id="p-145" id="p-145" id="p-145" id="p-145"
[0145] The traps’ spatial arrangement is changed every day to control for position effect. id="p-146" id="p-146" id="p-146" id="p-146"
[0146] The following exemplary ZZ:ZE ratios are tested: 1:1, 7:3, 6:4, 4:6, 3:7. id="p-147" id="p-147" id="p-147" id="p-147"
[0147] It should be appreciated that embodiments formed from combinations of features set forth in separate embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention. id="p-148" id="p-148" id="p-148" id="p-148"
[0148] While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, modifications, substitutions, and equivalents are included within the scope of the invention.

Claims (31)

289978/ CLAIMS
1. A composition, comprising a mixture of synthetic Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and synthetic Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), at a ratio of 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, wherein the mixture is released in a rate of 1.5 mg/day.
2. The composition of claim 1, comprising the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 52:48 to 60:40, respectively.
3. The composition of claim 2, comprising the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 53:47 to 59:41, respectively.
4. The composition of claim 3, comprising the synthetic ZZ and the synthetic ZE at a ratio of 54:46 to 55:45, respectively.
5. A pesticide formulation, comprising a composition according to any one of claims 1-4 , and a pesticide.
6. The pesticide formulation of claim 5, wherein the pesticide is selected from the group consisting of Deltamethrin and Divipan.
7. A pheromone trap, comprising a composition according to any one of claims 1-4, or a pesticide formulation according to claim 5 or claim 6.
8. The pheromone trap of claim 7, further comprising an adhesive surface capable of contacting an insect.
9. The pheromone trap of claim 8, wherein the composition or formulation is in contact with the adhesive surface.
10. A method to attract an insect to a predetermined location, wherein the insect is drawn to Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ), to Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), or to a mixture of both ZZ and ZE, comprising the step of placing a composition according to any one of claims 1-4, a pesticide formulation according to claim 5 or claim 6, or a pheromone trap according to any one of claims 7-9, in the predetermined location. 289978/
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the insect is a pest.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the insect is a pest of cotton.
13. The method of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the insect is of the Order Lepidoptera.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the insect is of the Family Gelechiidae.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the insect is of the Genus Pectinophora.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the insect is of the Species Pectinophora gossypiella.
17. The method of any one of claims 10-16, wherein the composition, pheromone trap or pesticide formulation releases the ZZ and the ZE in the range of 4 mg/hour/hectare to mg/hour/hectare.
18. A method to produce a composition comprising Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), wherein the ratio between ZZ and ZE is 52:48 to 95:5, respectively, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a female insect which is large or on a high-calorie diet; and (b) extracting the ZZ and ZE from the pheromone glands of the female insect.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the female insect is large and on a high-calorie diet.
20. The method of claim 18 or claim 19, further comprising removing the pheromone glands from the female insect prior to extracting the ZZ and ZE pheromones.
21. A method to produce a composition comprising Z,Z-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZZ) and Z,E-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (ZE), wherein the ratio between ZZ and ZE is 52:48 to 95:5, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining ZZ; (b) obtaining ZE; and 289978/ (c) mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 95:5, respectively.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the ZZ or the ZE is synthetic.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the ZZ and the ZE are synthetic.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein the ZZ or the ZE is extracted from an organism.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the ZZ and the ZE are extracted from an organism.
26. The method of claim 24 or claim 25, wherein the organism is an insect.
27. The method of any one of claims 21-26, comprising mixing the ZZ and the ZE in a ratio between 52:48 to 80:20, respectively.
28. A composition obtainable by the method of any one of claims 18 to 27.
29. A composition or formulation according to any one of the preceding claims, formulated for controlled release.
30. A composition or formulation according to any one of the preceding claims, formulated for delayed release.
31. A composition or formulation according to any one of the preceding claims, formulated for immediate release.
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