IL113754A

IL113754A - Labels and manufacture thereof

Info

Publication number: IL113754A
Application number: IL113754A
Authority: IL
Original assignee: Instance David John
Priority date: 1994-05-27
Filing date: 1995-05-17
Publication date: 1998-06-15
Also published as: DE69511458T2; CA2149388A1; DE69511458D1; GR3031586T3; EP0684130B1; ES2136797T5; IL113754A0; EP0684130A3; JPH082787A; DE69511458T3; ATE183436T1; EP0684130B2; ES2136797T3; AU2004995A; AU703248B2; BR9502571A; CN1118911A; EP0684130A2; DK0684130T3

Abstract

A method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, the method including the steps of: (a) digitally printing a succession of images on a web; and (b) die-cutting the web to form a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release material. There is also provided a method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, the method including the steps of:- (a) digitally printing a succession of images on a web; (b) cutting the printed web into a succession of labels; and (c)applying the succession of labels to a second web including a release material. There is further provided an apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release backing material, the apparatus comprising a digital printing unit for printing a web with a succession of images and a die-cutting device for cutting self-adhesive labels from the web.

Description

> 1 in mn LABELS AND MANUFACTURE THEREOF LABELS AND MANUFACTURE THEREOF The present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for producing self-adhesive labels and to self-adhesive labels.

The manufacture of printed and die-cut self-adhesive labels carried in succession on a length of release backing material, such as si licone-coated paper, has been known for many years. In such known processes, a reel of labelstock material, comprising a web of self-adhesive paper on. a backing of release material, is passed through a single or multicolour web printing machine so as to print a succession of label images on the upper surface of the paper web and then, downstream of the printing station or stations in the machine, the paper web is die-cut at a die-cutting station and the waste matrix of self-adhesive paper surrounding the labels is stripped off the release material. The release material carrying the succession of die-cut self-adhesive labels is then wound up into a reel.

Historically, such labels have been printed either by a flexographic printing process or by a rotary letterpress printing process. In these processes mechanical alteration of the printing press is necessary if different repeat lengths are printed. For both of these printing processes, when it is required to change the printed image or change the repeat length of the printed image, a significant amount of make ready time is required to set up the printing press. Thus both the flexographic and rotary letterpress printing processes for the manufacture of self-adhesive labels are only commercially suitable for the manufacture of high volumes of self-adhesive labels in long print runs and with fixed repeat lengths in the labels produced. A further problem in the use of these two printing processes, particularly the flexographic printing process, is that the printing quality is often not particularly high, and specifically not sufficiently high to enable high quality printed images, particularly pictures, to be printed on the labels .

In order to overcome these problems of the known flexographic and rotary letterpress self-adhesive label manufactu ing processes, in my EP-A-0098092' I devised a method and apparatus for producing self-adhesive labels in which a succession of individual lithographically-printed sheets were adhered to a length of labelstock material, and then the sheets themselves and the self-adhesive paper of the labelstock material were cut and the waste matrix removed thereby to form self-adhesive labels on a release material. These labels, in having lithographically printed images, enabled a higher quality printed image to be achieved than with the earlier flexographic and rotary letterpress printing techniques. In addition, the method and apparatus of that invention were particularly suitable for the manufacture of small volumes of labels. This is because the sheets were separately printed on an offset lithographic sheet printing press and then a selected number of the sheets were applied to the labelstock web. In addition, the use of a sheet printing process in combination with the subsequent adhesion of the sheets to the web enables the ultimate labels to have variable repeat lengths. However, this earlier label manufacturing process requires two separate manufacturing steps i.e. sheet printing and then label manufacture.

It would still be advantageous in the art for lithographically-printed self-adhesive labels to be made using a web printing process rather than by employing a sheet printing process with the subsequent sheets being assembled onto a web.

In recent years offset lithography label presses have become available in commerce. In order to manufacture labels having variable repeat lengths, it is required that the printing cylinders are retracted from the web after each printing cycle and are moved, for example by a servomotor, so as to be radially repositioned. This enables the printing repeat to be varied. However, these lithographic label presses are both complicated and expensive. Furthermore, the lithographic printing cylinders ' still require long make ready times when the label image is to be changed, making the web offset lithographic label presses only commercially suitable for long print runs.

There is thus still a need for. a method and apparatus for producing high quality printed self-adhesive labels on a length of release material which readily enables either short or long print runs to be manufactured efficiently and cost effectively. There is also still a need for such method and apparatus which enable variable print lengths and variable printed images to be utilised without significant make ready times.

The present invention aims at least partially to satisfy these needs.

In addition, the manufacture of multilayer self-adhesive labels has been known for some time. One type of multilayer labels consists of coupons which are typically used for promotional and marketing purposes on consumer products. The manufacture of coupons is disclosed, for example, in US-A-4359358 in the name of Hattemer. In this earlier method, a top paper web is printed and adhered to a bottom web of labelstock material comprising a web of self-adhesive paper carried on a web of release material such as silicone-coated backing paper. The combined, webs are die-cut to form a succession of two-layer coupons on the backing material and the waste skeleton formed of the waste portions of the top and self-adhesive paper webs is removed. Whilst this method is. suitable for the manufacture of simple multilayer coupon labels, it is not suitable for the manufacture of complicated label structures having multiple folds.

Such complicated labels incorporating multiple folds are a second type of multilayer labels which, although also they can be used as coupons, are also typically used for the labelling of agrochemical and pharmaceutical products in which a significant amount of statutory information is required to be provided on the packaging of the product. Such labels have a labelling area which is significantly larger than the footprint of the self-adhesive label. Moreover, such labels can be provided with a fold line which lies across the web of release material carrying the resultant label, which is a structure which cannot be provided by the method of US-A-4359358. Such labels are exemplified in EP-A-0087987 , EP-A-0130053 , EP-A-0252608 ; WO-A-89/05021, WO-A-90/02395 , EP-A-0180365 , EP-A-0232054 , WO-A-90/05631, WO-A-91/0 850 , WO-A-91/04851 and WO-A-92/04703 , all in the name of the present inventor David J. Instance. In the manufacture of these multilayer labels, a succession of individual label pieces is applied to a web. Methods and apparatus for the manufacture of such labels are disclosed in the patent specifications referred to above and also in GB-A-2127378 , EP-A-0098092 , EP-A-0179575, EP-A-0275670 and EP-A-0342006 , also all in the name of Instance.

In each of these prior proposals a succession of individual label pieces is applied to a web. In the labelling of products with the resultant self-adhesive labels, particularly pharmaceutical products, it is essential that the labels have been correctly manufactured so that the correct labelling information is present on the product which is labelled. This is particularly so in the case of pharmaceutical products where mis-labelling can result in severe consequences both for the ultimate user of the pharmaceutical product and the pharmaceutical manufacturer. In the methods referred to hereinabove in which individual pieces are applied to a web, it is therefore crucial to exercise careful manufacturing control so as to ensure that the correct pieces are applied to the correct base web. It is also important to ensure that on a resultant reel of many thousands of self-adhesive labels, there are no missing labels and no labels wherein the printing is incorrect or a piece has been mis-applied to the underlying web. It is customary for pharmaceutical manufacturers to demand that each reel of self-adhesive label contains no missing or incorrectly manufactured labels otherwise there is a serious risk of mis-labelling of the pharmaceutical product with serious product liability consequences for the pharmaceutical manufacturer.

These prior methods of applying individual pieces to a web require very careful supervision and checking during manufacture in order to minimize these risks as a result of a missing applied piece, or the application of an incorrectly printed piece to the web.

The present invention also aims to provide an improved method and apparatus for the manufacture of self-adhesive labels in order to provide greater security of manufacture of the self-adhesive labels.

The present invention provides a method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, the method including the steps of: (a) digitally printing a succession of images on a web; and (b) die-cutting the web to form a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release material.

The present invention further provides a method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, the method including the steps of:- (a) digitally printing a succession of images on a web; (b) cutting the printed web into a succession of labels; and (c) applying the succession of labels to a second web including a release material.

The present invention still further provides apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release backing material, the apparatus comprising a digital printing unit for printing a web with a succession of images and a die-cutting device for cutting self-adhesive labels from the web.

The present invention further provides apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release material, the apparatus comprising a digital printing unit for printing a succession of images on a web, a cutting device for cutting the web into a succession of labels, and label applying device for applying the labels to a web including a release material.

The present invention yet further provides a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, successive labels having at least two alternating digitally printed images.

The present invention also provides an apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release backing material, the apparatus comprising a web feed device for feeding a first web, a cutting device for cutting the first web into a succession of individual sheets, a folding device for folding the sheets to form folded labels, a label feeder for feeding the folded labels in succession onto a second web including a release backing material and a web conveyor for moving the second web past the label feeder.

The present invention further provides a method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release backing material, the method comprising the steps, of:- (a) feeding a first web to a cutting and folding unit in which the web is formed into a succession of folded labels; (b) feeding, with a label feeder, the. folded labels in succession from the cutting and folding unit onto a second web including a length of release backing . material ; and (c) moving the second web past the label feeder.

It is also known to manufacture self-adhesive multilayer labels in which folded labels are applied to a web, for example a labelstock web or a release web, which is not pre-printed or pre-cut.

The present invention in another aspect aims to provide an improved method and apparatus for the manufacture of die-cut self-adhesive labels utilising such a web.

The present invention still further provides an apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release backing material, the apparatus comprising a label feeder for feeding folded labels in succession onto a web including a release backing material, a web conveyor for moving the web past the label feeder, and a die-cutting station downstream in the direction of web movement from the label feeder at which self-adhesive labels are die-cut on the release backing material, wherein the label feeder is controlled with respect to the operation of a die-cutter of the die-cutting station .

The present invention yet further provides a method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release backing material, the method comprising the steps of:- (a) feeding, with a label feeder, a succession of folded labels in succession onto a web including a length of release backing material; (b) moving the web past the label feeder; and (c) die-cutting self-adhesive labels on the release backing material at a die-cutting station downstream in the direction of web movement from the label feeder, wherein the feeding of the labels by the label feeder is controlled with respect · o the operation of the die-cutter at the die-cutting station.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a schematic side view of an apparatus for producing self-adhesive labels in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 is a plan view of. self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release backing material produced in accordance with an embodiment of the invention using the apparatus of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a schematic side view of an apparatus for producing labels in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 is a section on line A-A of Figure 3 ; Figure 5 is a section on line B-B of Figure 3; Figure 6 is a schematic side view of an apparatus for producing self-adhesive labels in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 is a schematic representation of the control system of the apparatus of Figure 6; and Figure 8 is a schematic side view of an apparatus for producing self-adhesive labels in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to Figure 1, there is shown an apparatus, designated generally as 2, for the manufacture of printed self-adhesive labels in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention.

The apparatus 2 comprises a printing unit 4 and a die-cutting and waste removal unit 6. A roller 8 in the printing unit 4 is provided for mounting a supply reel 10 of labelstock material 12 to be printed, a rewind roller 13 is provided for mounting a reel 15 of the release backing material 14 of the labelstock material 12 carrying a succession of self-adhesive labels 16 thereon and a waste wind up roller 18 is provided for supporting a reel 19 of the waste matrix 20, formed from the self-adhesive paper web 22 of the labelstock material 12, which waste matrix 20 is removed from the release material 14 at the die-cutting and waste removal station 6. In accordance with the invention, the printing unit 4 is a digital printing apparatus which includes a plurality of printing stations in a printing engine 21. In the illustrated embodiment there are four printing stations 22,24,26,28 which are each arranged to print a respective colour, or black, on one or both sides of the labelstock material 12. The printing unit 4 also includes a drive system, including rollers 30,32,34,36,38, 40,42 for controllably conveying the web of labelstock material 12 through the printing unit 4 and to the die-cutting and waste removal unit 6. The printing stations 22,24,26,28 are digital printing stations, working preferably with a dry toner process (although optionally with a wet ink process) which typically are similar to those employed in colour photocopiers or laser printers. The printing process may be a direct or offset digital process. The printing stations 22,24,26,28 are controlled by a computer input 44 which, together with computer software, controls the printing engine 21 of the printing unit 4, and the drive system so as to ensure that the desired images are printed on the web 12. The computer input 44 may include computer terminals set up with commercially available publishing software. The printing unit 4 together with its associated computer input 44 are available in commerce from Agfa-Gevaert N.V. of Belgium under the trade name Chromapress. Alternative printing units are available from Xeikon N.V. of Belgium or Indigo of the Netherlands. The printing stations 22,24,26,28 employ an electrophotographic imaging process wherein a dry toner is · applied to the web 12 to be printed by a rotating drum. The- printed image is digitised and divided into an array of pixels which permits an extremely high quality image to be produced. The dry toner is fused onto the paper web at a heating station 46 downstream of the printing engine 21.

The printing stations 22,24,26,28 are, unlike the printing cylinders of known f lexographic , rotary letterpress and offset lithography self-adhesive label printing apparatus, seamless, i.e. there is no requirement for the printing drum to have a portion extending across its circumference which cannot be employed to print an image. This results in the significant technical advantage that the printing stations 22,24,26,28 can each print images having variable repeat lengths. In fact the printing stations 22,24,26,28 can be controlled to print an image of infinite length with an appropriate computer input. This means that the apparatus 2 for producing self-adhesive labels may be employed in a first run to produce a succession of self-adhesive labels having a first repeat length and then, with an appropriate command from the computer input 44, may then be used in a second run to produce different labels having a different repeat length, this being achieved without the requirement between the runs for make ready time to modify the printing unit as would be required in the known f lexographic , web offset or rotary letterpress label printing apparatus.

In addition, the apparatus 2 for producing labels can be employed to print different images along the length of the labelstock material 12. For example, as shown in Figure 2, the apparatus may be set up by appropriate commands from the computer input 44, to print, in alternation, front and back labels 48 , 50 on the release material 14, the front and back labels 48,50 being subsequently employed for labelling, a product such as a bottle.

Furthermore, the computer input 44 for the printing unit 4 can readily be operated so as to print continually variable information such as alpha numeric characters, bar codes or matrix codes on selected labels. For example, as shown in Figure 2, the apparatus 2 can readily be configured to print numerically varying serial, numbers on selected labels 48.

The apparatus shown in Figure 1 can be employed either to print only the upper surface of the self-adhesive paper web 20 of the labelstock web 12 or alternatively both sides of the labelstock web 12, including the release material 14 of the labelstock web 12. For example, the release material 14 may be printed on its lower surface with variable information, typically sequential numbers, codes or barcodes associated with the respective labels on the release material. In alternative embodiments of the present invention two labelstock webs may be passed through the printing unit 4 in back-to-back configuration so that the self-adhesive paper web of each labelstock web is printed. The die-cutting and waste removal unit 6 is configured so as to cut and remove the waste from both webs. Alternatively, a single labelstock web having a folded configuration so as to be of double thickness with a single longitudinal fold extending along the length thereof may be passed through the apparatus 2. The longitudinal fold is slit off from the web, for example at the die-cutting and waste removal section 6, so as to produce two separate reels of printed labels. In a further embodiment, a labelstock web comprising two self-adhesive paper webs adhered to a common web of release material which is coated with silicone, on both sides thereof could be employed.

In order to improve the colour fastness and durability of the printing on the upper surface of the labelstock web 12, as shown in Figure 1 a coating apparatus 49 for coating the upper printed surface of the labelstock web 12 with an overprinting varnish which is curable by ultra violet light may be disposed upstream of the die-cutting and waste removal unit 6. An ultra violet lamp 51 is disposed downstream of the coating apparatus 49. The lamp 51 emits ultra violet (UV) radiation which cures the varnish passing thereunder. A suitable UV-curable overprinting varnish is available in commerce from Coates Inks in the United Kingdom.

A further embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 3 in which an apparatus, designated generally as 52, for producing self-adhesive labels incorporates a printing unit 54 which is arranged to print a single paper web 56 which is then laminated to a web 58 of release material to which has been applied a I'ayer 60 of pressure-sensitive adhesive from an adhesive applicator 62. The release material web 58 may have been pre-printed, or may be simultaneously printed by a printing unit (not shown) similar to printing unit 54.

A reel 64 of the paper web is mounted in the printing unit 54 and is fed out by the web conveying system through a printing engine 66 of the printing unit in which desired single or multicolour images are formed on the web by an electrophotographic process employing a dry toner system in a manner similar to that described above with reference to Figure 1. The web 56 may be printed on one or both sides. The printing process is controlled by the computer input 68.

The printed web 56 then passes to a laminating station 70 comprising a pair of opposed rollers 72,74 at which the printed web 56 is adhered to the underlying web of release material 58 which is fed out from a reel 75 thereof and has been coated with the layer 60 of pressure-sensitive adhesive which has been applied by the adhesive applicator 62. The combined printed duplex labelstock web 76 is then conveyed to a die-cutting and waste removal unit 78 which die-cuts self-adhesive labels 80 from the printed paper web 56. The resultant self-adhesive labels 80 carried on the backing 58 of release material are wound into a reel 82 and the waste matrix 84 of the paper web 56 is also wound into a waste reel 86.

The apparatus of Figure 3 may be employed as described hereinabove to produce single layer self-adhesive labels 80 carried on a length of release material 58. This particular embodiment has an advantage over that of Figure 1 in that only a single paper web is conveyed through the printing unit 54, which facilitates control of the printing operation and also permits both sides of the self-adhesive labels to be printed if desired. This is advantageous when for example the label is to be applied to a transparent bottle where it is desirable for the rear surface of the label to carry a printed image.

However, the apparatus of Figure 3 may also be configured so as' to manufacture multilayer labels having at least one fold line. Such a modified configuration is provided by a plough folding device 88 as shown in Figure 3 which may be of a known construction. The plough folding device 88 is positioned between the printing unit 54 and the laminating station 70 and is adapted to introduce one or more (in the illustrated embodiment only one) longitudinal fold into the printed paper web 56. The folded paper web 56 is laminated to the underlying web of release material 58 carrying the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer 60 and after the die-cutting step the self-adhesive label has a multilayer configuration.

In a further modification of the embodiment of Figure 3, the labelstock web 76 is over laminated with a self-adhesive pressure-sensitive laminar material, for example a transparent plastics (e.g. polyester) self-adhesive web prior to die cutting.

Figure 4 shows a cross-section through the single printed paper web 56 upstream of the plough folding unit 88 of Figure 3 and Figure 5 is a cross-section through the resultant self-adhesive labels 80 prior to being wound onto the reel 82. It will be seen that each label 80 incorporates a longitudinal fold line 90 between a bottom panel 92 and a top panel 94 of the self-adhesive label 80. The top panel 94 is longer in the transverse direction than the bottom panel 92 so that the rear surface of the label consists of the rear surface of the bottom panel 92 and of an extending flap portion 96 of the top panel 94. After the label 80 has been adhered to a product, the top panel 94 can be releasably detached from the product by pulling the extending flap portion 96 thereby to reveal the previously hidden inwardly-directed surfaces of the bottom and top panels 92,94.

The apparatus of Figure 3 may be configured so as to form multilaminar labels having a variety of different folded configurations. For example, the adhesive layer 60 may be applied either continuously or as a succession of patches for adhering successive labels to the release material. The labels may be overlaminated with a self-adhesive transparent plastics web either before the die-cutting and waste-removal unit 78 or after the die-cutting and waste-removal unit 78, in which case a further die-cutting and waste-removal unit is required to cut the plastics web into a succession of over-laminate portions each covering a respective self-adhesive label.

A further embodiment of apparatus for producing self-adhesive labels is illustrated in Figures 6 and 7.

Referring to Figure 6, there is shown an apparatus, designated generally as 102, for producing a reel 104 carrying a succession of self-adhesive labels- 106'. The reel 104 comprises _ an indeterminate length of a backing web 108 of release material, typically comprising a silicone-faced backing paper. The backing web 108 is provided in a reel 110 of duplex labelstock material 119 comprising a self-adhesive web 112 of paper or plastics which is coated on its reverse side with pressure-sensitive adhesive and is carried on the release material web 108. The web 112 may have been pre-printed, for example with a succession of images, by a digital printing process using a digital printing unit either earlier or simultaneously with the printing of the web 164 as hereinbelow described. Alternatively, the self-adhesive web 112 may be omitted. The reel 110 is mounted in the apparatus 102 as a supply reel which is fed out over one or more guide rollers 114 to a label applying station, designated generally as 116, which includes a pair of opposed rollers 118,120 between which the labelstock material 119 is passed. At the label applying station 116, individual folded printed labels 122 are fed between the rollers 118,120 by a label feed system designated generally as 126, whereby the folded labels 122 are applied to the upper surface of the self-adhesive web 112. A self-adhesive laminate 128, typically of plastics, is fed out from a supply reel 130 and between the rollers 118,120 so as to be laminated by its self-adhesive surface over the folded labels 122 which have been applied to the underlying web 112 of self-adhesive material. The folded labels 122 are thereby adhered to the self-adhesive web 112. The combined web/label assembly 131 is conveyed to a die-cutting station designated generally as 132 which includes an upper die-cutting roller 134 with a lower opposed backing roller 136. The die-cutting station 134 is downstream in the direction of web movement from the label feed system 126. At the die-cutting station 132, the resultant self-adhesive labels 106 are cut out from the overlying laminar material 128, the folded labels 122 and the self-adhesive web 112. The release web 108 is not cut. The waste web skeleton 138 which may include waste pieces of the folded labels 122 is wound up on a waste reel 140 and the web of release backing material 108 carrying the succession of self-adhesive labels 106 is wound up on reel 104 as a take-up reel, the backing material web 108 having been fed over one or more guide rollers 142. · The label feed system 126 has an output end 44 past which the labelstock material 119. comprising the self-adhesive web 112 carried on the web 108 of release backing material is moved by a web conveying system comprising a drive unit (not shown) and the supply and take-up reels 104 and the guide rollers 114,142, the drive unit rotating at least the take-up reel 104 and optionally the supply reel 104 and/or one or more of the guide rollers 114,142. The label feed system 126 also includes an input end 146 which is disposed beneath a sheet folding unit designated generally as 148. The label feed system 126 has a conveying device which comprises upper and lower endless belts 150,152 which are mounted between respective pairs of rollers 154,156. The endless belts 150,152 are rotatably driven by the respective rollers 154,156 at least one of which is in turn driven by a feed motor 202 so as to move folded labels 122 in succession from the input end 146 at which folded labels 122 are received from the folding unit 148 to the output end 144 at which folded labels 122 are fed onto the self-adhesive web 112 between the rollers 118,120.

The folding unit 148 is of generally known construction and comprises a zig-zag array of folding rollers 158 together with a zig-zag array of folding pockets 160 on opposed sides of the array of rollers 158. In use, the folding rollers 158 rotate continuously to drive a sheet through the folding unit 148. In use, a sheet 162 is fed through the uppermost pair of rollers 158 and into the uppermost folding pocket 160. When the leading edge of the sheet 62 hits the end of the folding pocket 160,' the sheet 162 continues to be fed by the rollers 158 and the initially flat sheet 162 is then upset by this continued feeding so as to have a folded configuration with a single fold. The location of the fold in the sheet 162 is determined by the depth of the folding pocket 160. The single folded sheet 162 is then fed by the next pair of rollers 158 (i.e. the second and third rollers) in the zig-zag array into the second folding pocket 160 and in the same way a second fold line is formed. This process continues until the desired folded sheet 162 is achieved, the sheet having a number of fold lines corresponding to the number of folding pockets 160. The resultant fully folded label 122 is then fed out from the lowermost pair of rollers 158 between the endless belts 150,152 of the label feed system 126.

The folding unit 148 is supplied continuously with printed sheets 162 which have been formed from a single printed web 164 which is fed out from a printing unit 166 having the same configuration as the printing units of the embodiments of Figures 1 and 3. If desired, in order to provide additional pages in the ultimate label, the web 164 has been longitudinally plough folded prior to forming of the printed sheets. The printing unit 166 is controlled by a computer input 167. The web 164 is thus printed on one or both sides by a digital printing technique. The printed web 164 is fed to a festoon 170 at which a supply length of the printed web 164 is tensioned. The web 164 then passes between a drive roller 172 and an upper opposed roller 174 of a web feed system 171 which feeds the web intermittently to a cutting device 176 comprising a cutting roller 178 and an opposed backing roller 180. The cutting device 176 cuts off a desired length of the printed web to form a separate printed sheet 162 which is then fed into the folding unit 148. The operation of the web feed system 171 and of the printing unit 166 are coupled together whereby the printed web 164 is fed on demand to the web feed system as and when required.

In an alternative configuration of the apparatus and method in accordance with the invention, the printing unt is omitted and the folding unit 148 is supplied continuously with printed sheets 162 which have been formed from a single printed web 164 which has been fed out from a supply reel thereof. The web 164 has typically been printed on. one or both sides by a f lexographic , letterpress, digital offset or lithographic offset printing technique.

The drive roller 172 is driven by an electromagnetic clutch 175 which has its input shaft 177 continuously driven. The electromagnetic clutch 175 is actuated intermittently so as to rotate the drive roller 72 when the printed web 164 is required to be fed through the cutting device 176.

The feed motor 202 continuously drives not only at least one of rollers 154,156 thereby continuously rotating the endless belts 150,152 of the label feed .system 126 but also continuously drives the folding rollers 158 of the folding unit 148 and the input shaft 177 of the electromagnetic clutch 175 of the drive roller 172 for the printed web 164. Preferably, the driven roller or rollers 154,156, the folding rollers 158 and the input shaft 177 are mechanically geared together, thereby providing a mechanical coupling between the web feed system 171, the folding unit 148 and the label feed system 126.

The apparatus 102 includes a number of sensors, with associated control systems, for controlling and coordinating the operation of the various parts of the apparatus 102. A printed web sensor 182 is provided between the festoon 170 and the drive roller 172 for the printed web 164.' The sensor 172, which is typically a photodetector , is adapted to detect a series -of printed marks along the printed web 164. The detection of each printed mark causes a detection signal to be generated which switches off the electromagnetic clutch 175 for the drive roller 172 and actuates the cutting device 176 when the web 164 has stopped. The cutting device, and the web drive, are thereby operable in response to a detection signal from the sensor. This ensures that accurately cut printed sheets 162 are formed from the printed web 164, each printed sheet 162 having the required length and being registered with respect to the printing on the web 164. The web 164 is then moved again through the cutting device 176 after a short delay in the next cycle by actuation of the electromagnetic clutch 175 for the drive roller 172.

A second sensor 184 is provided in the label feed system 126 and is adapted to detect each folded label 122 as it passes along fhe label feed system 126. The sensor 184 is typically a photodetector which is adapted to detect either an edge, for example the leading edge, of each folded label 122 or a printed registration mark ' on each folded label 122. The second sensor is adapted to control the application of the folded label 122 to the self-adhesive web 112 so that it is in registry with the die-cutting roller 134. This registration is employed when the web 109 is not pre-printed, pre-cut or otherwise provided with a succession of registration points along the length of the web 109. The second sensor 184 controls the application of the folded label 122 by varying the speed of the feed motor 202 in the manner described below. The variation of the speed of the feed motor 202 causes corresponding speeding up or slowing down of the web feed system 171, the folding unit 148 and the label feed system 126 which are coupled together.

An embodiment of a control system for controlling and coordinating the operation of the label feed system 126, together with the web feed system 171 and the folding unit 148, the web conveying system and the die-cutting roller 134 of Figure 6 will now be described with reference to Figure 7. The web conveying system 186 comprises a main motor 188 which drives the take-up reel 104 and preferably at least one of the supply reel 110, the guide rollers 114,142 and the rollers 120 and 136. A speed setter 190 inputs a digital signal into the main motor 188 representative of the desired web speed. The main motor 188 is connected to an encoder 192 which is adapted continuously to output a series of pulses, the instantaneous rate of which is related to the actual speed of the main motor 188. The pulses are received by a motor control 194 which compares the instantaneous pulse rate with the rate of the desired set speed and if there is a difference in those two rates, the motor control 194 outputs a feedback signal which is received by the main motor 188 and instantaneously corrects the speed of the main motor 188.

This feedback control provides continuous instantaneous control of the speed of the main motor 188 so that at any given time the actual speed is the same as the desired set speed .

The encoder 192 also outputs a pulse signal, comprising a series of pulses at a particular rate, to a pulse counter 196. Each pulse is representative of a specific angular rotation of the main motor 188 and thus is representative of a specific distance which the labelstock web material has moved as a result of being driven by the main motor 188.

The pulse counter 196 outputs a series of pulses to a ratio selector 198. However, in an alternative arrangement, the series of pulses could be outputted directly to the ratio selector 198 from the encoder 192. The ratio selector 198 can be set to a predetermined ratio, typically to four decimal places, so that the pulse rate output therefrom is a predetermined ratio of the pulse rate input from the pulse counter 196. The output of pulses from the ratio selector 198 is fed to a motor control 200 for a feed motor^ 202 of the label feed system 126. The motor control 200 outputs a pulsed motor control signal to the feed motor 202 and the feed motor 202 rotates at a speed governed by the pulse rate of the pulsed motor control signal. In this way, the pulsed motor control signal controls the feed motor 202 and thereby the rate at which folded printed labels 122 are delivered onto the self-adhesive web 112 by the label feed system 126. The rate at which the printed web 164 is fed by the web feed system 171, thereby controlling the rate at which-printed sheets 162 are fed into the folding unit 148, and the rate of operation of the folding unit 148 are also correspondingly controlled because the web feed system 171 and the folding unit 148 are geared to the label feed system 126.

In a manner similar to that of the main motor 188, the feed motor 202 is connected to an encoder 204 which is adapted continuously to output a series of pulses, the instantaneous rate of which is related the actual speed of the feed motor 202. The pulses are received by the motor control 200 which compares the instantaneous pulse rate with the rate of the desired set speed. If there is a difference in the two pulse rates, the motor control 200 outputs a feedback signal which may be positive or negative depending on whether the feed motor 102 is running slow or fast. The feedback signal is added arithmetically to the pulsed input from the ratio selector 198 to form the pulsed motor control signal which is fed to the feed motor 202. Thus the pulsed motor control signal may be continuously varied to ensure that the feed motor 202 is running at a speed that is at the desired ratio of the speed of the main motor 188. It will be understood that the motor control 200 also acts as a pulsed signal accumulator.

In this way the web conveying system and the label feed system can be arranged to run at a set speed ratio, the speed ratio being related to the length of. each finished label, the length of each folded label which is applied to the web and the spacing between the folded labels on the web.

The label feed system 126 is also controlled with respect to the die-cutting roller 134 so as to ensure that when each folded printed label 122 is applied to the self-adhesive web 112, the folded printed label 122 is applied at substantially the correct position, irrespective of any fluctuations or variations in the position of the folded printed labels upstream of the sensor ],84 in the label feed system 126 and the folding unit 148, so that when the folded printed label 122 is cut by the die-cutting roller 34 at the die-cutting station 132, the die-cut is substantially in registration with the folded printed label 122.

The die-cutting roller 134 is provided with a die-sensor 206. The die-sensor 206 · detects when the die-cutting roller 134 is at a prescribed angular orientation and thus correlates the die-cutting roller 134 with respect to a particular stage of the die-cutting cycle. For example, the die-sensor 206 may be arranged to emit a die-signal at the commencement of a rotary die-cutting operation. The die-sensor 206 is adapted to input a die-sensor signal to the pulse counter 196 which triggers the pulse counter 196 into outputting a pulse count signal to a comparator 208. The folded label sensor 184 also sends a signal to the comparator 208 when it detects a folded label 122. The two signals from the pulse counter 196 and the folded label sensor 184 received by the comparator 208 are processed and compared to yield an error signal which is indicative of any distance which the actual position of the detected folded label 122 in the label feed system 126 leads or lags a desired position which is in registry with respect to the die-cutting roller 134. Such an error signal is outputted by the comparator 208 to the motor control accumulator 200 of the label feed system 126. This causes the feed motor 202 of the label feed system 126 to be instantaneously speeded up or slowed down thereby to advance or retard the application to the self-adhesive web 112 of the detected folded label 122 in the label feed system 126 so that that detected folded label 122 is applied to the self-adhesive web 112 at the correct position with respect to the downstream die-cutting operation by the die-cutting roller 134. In this label producing apparatus, the die-cutting roller 134 defines the positron of the resultant self-adhesive labels 106 along the web of release material 104 and the position of the folded printed labels 122 is registered on the labelstock web 109 with respect to the die-cutting roller 134. Thus the folded printed labels 122 in the label feed system 126 chase the position of the die-cutting roller 134 and each folded printed label 122 is applied to a target position on the web 112 which is correlated to a subsequent die-cut made by the die-cutting roller 134.

The operating speeds of the printed web feed system 171 and the folding unit 148 are preset with respect to the set speed of the label feed system 126 so that folded sheets 122 are fed at a desired rate from the folding unit 148 into the label feed system 126, but those operating speeds are varied in synchronism with any variation in the actual speed of the label feed system as a result of the coupling of those components together.

In an alternative embodiment of the apparatus of Figure 6, the computer input 167 is provided with software to control not only the printing unit 164 but also the web feed system 171, the folding unit 148, the label feed system 126, the web conveying system 186 and the ratio selector 198, so that all the components of the apparatus are operated in synchronism by a common control unit. Thus for example the computer input 167 not only supplies printing control signals to the printing unit 164 but also web position and label feed rate control signals to the web conveying system arid the label feed system.

In operation, the web drive unit 168 continuously feeds the printed web 164 into the festoon 170, and any slack in the web 164, as a result of the intermittent operating of the drive roller 172 as described below, is taken up by the web drive unit 168. The drive roller 172 feeds the printed web 164 through the cutting device 176 until the sensor 182 detects the next printed mark on the printed web 164. At this point, the desired length of the printed web 164 has been fed through the cutting device 176. The .drive roller 172 is instantaneously stopped by the electromagnetic clutch 175 to stop the web movement through the cutting device 176 and the cutting roller 178 is actuated to cut the desired length from the printed web 164. The cut sheet 162 is then fed into the folding unit 148, folded to the desired folded configuration and then fed between the endless belts 150,152 of the label feed system 126. After the cutting operation, the web drive roller 172 is started again to commence the next feeding, cutting and folding cycle.

The label feed system 126 operates continuously and applies the succession of folded printed labels 122 onto the continuously moving web 112. As described hereinabove, the speed of the label feed system 126 is set to be a particular ratio of the speed of the web conveying system and the application of each folded printed label 122 to the web 112 is controlled with respect to the position of the die-cutting roller 134.

The folded printed sheets 122 are adhered to the self-adhesive web 112 by the self-adhesive laminar material 128 and then the combined assembly 131 is die-cut at the die-cutting station 132 and the waste 138 removed.

In an alternative arrangement, the printed web 164 may be cut to form printed sheets 162 with waste web portions between adjacent printed sheets 162. The cutting unit 176 may then be adapted to effect two cuts during one cutting cycle, the first cut to cut off the printed sheet 162 and the second cut to cut of a waste web portion. The waste web portion may be ejected from the web feed system or the folding unit and discarded. This arrangement may be employed when the printed web 164 is printed with a repeat length which is not the same as the length of the printed sheet. This enables the apparatus to utilise webs having fixed repeat lengths irrespective of variations in size of the printed sheets 162. This is an important advantage because it enables the use of webs printed with fixed repeat lengths to be used, e.g. those produced by a digital offset printing process, or in a modified arrangement a lithographic offset printing process, which enables high quality printed images to be printed on the labels, for varying lengths of printed sheets.

In alternative embodiments of the method and apparatus of Figure 6, an adhesive applicator may be provided to deposit adhesive onto the upper surface of the self-adhesive web 112 or, when web 112 is omitted, the backing web 108, so as to adhere the sheets 122 to the respective web. The adhesive may be applied as a continuous layer or as a succession of patches.

In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the reel 110 consists of a duplex labelstock material consisting of a self-adhesive web 112 carried on a backing web 108 of release material. However, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention the reel 110 "may simply comprise a single web 108 of release backing material whereby the folded printed sheets 122 are applied directly to the web 108 of release backing material and are over laminated by the self-adhesive laminar material 128.

In a further embodiment of the inventio.n, an adhesive applicator may be disposed between the label applying station 116 and the supply reel 110. The adhesive applicator is adapted to apply an adhesive such as pressure-sensitive adhesive to the upper surface of the self-adhesive web 112 when a duplex labelstock material is used or to the upper surface of the web 108 of release backing material when a single release web 108 is used. Thereafter, the folded printed labels 122 are adhered by their rear surface to the self-adhesive web 112 or the release material web 108. The adhesive may be applied as a continuous layer or, alternatively, the adhesive may be applied as a succession of patches, with each patch corresponding to the position of a corresponding folded printed label 122 on the web. When patches of adhesive are applied, the application of each patch of adhesive may be controlled by the sensor 184 in the label feed system 126 whereby each patch of adhesive is applied when the sensor 184 detects a folded label 122 whereby the patch of adhesive is in registry with the detected label 122 when the label 122 is applied to the web. When the sensor 184 detects a folded printed label 122, the adhesive applicator is triggered into operation either immediately or after a delay and is arranged to deposit a patch of adhesive of the desired size and dimensions on the underlying web. In this way, the adhesive patch is registered to the folded label 122 which is applied thereover.

In a yet further embodiment of the invention, when adhesive is applied either to a self-adhesive web or to a release backing material as patches, the patches of adhesive may be patterned in the manner disclosed in the applicant's earlier WO-A-90/14218 whereby each patch of adhesive lies within the periphery of the applied folded printed sheet 122 and the use of an over laminating self-adhesive laminar material may be omitted.

Figure 8 shows a further embodiment of the present invention,' in which, in a manner similar to that of the third embodiment of Figure 6, an apparatus for producing a reel 304 of self-adhesive labels 306 on a backing web 308 of release material includes a web conveying system for conveying a web 309 from a supply reel 310 thereof successively through a label applying station 316 and a die-cutting station 332. The web 309 comprises a duplex labelstock material with a self-adhesive paper web being carried on the backing web 308 of release material. At the label applying station 316, folded printed labels 322 are applied to the web 309 by a label feed system 326 having substantially the same configuration as that shown in Figure 6. The folded labels 322 are fed between opposed rollers 318,320. The folded printed labels 322 are formed from a printed web 364 which is fed out from a supply reel 366 by a web unwind and feed unit 368 (which is optionally part of a digital printing unit (not shown) such as that shown in Figure 6) and the web is then passed through a festoon 370, over a sensor 382 for detecting printed marks on the printed web 364 , through a web drive system 371 including a drive roller 372 and backing roller 374, through a web cutting unit 376, including cutting and backing rollers 378,380, and into a folding unit 348. These components have substantially the same configuration ■ as shown in the embodiment of Figure 6.

As with the embodiment of Figure 6, the printed web may be cut to form printed sheets with waste web portions between adjacent printed sheets. This is an advantage when the web is printed with a fixed repeat length e.g. by digital offset or lithographic offset.

In this embodiment, adhesive is applied to the upper surface of the self-adhesive web 312 by an adhesive applicator 386 which extrudes adhesive, for ' example a water-soluble or pressure-sensitive adhesive, as a series of patches onto the web 312. The self-adhesive web 312 is pre-printed with a succession of images along its length and the adhesive patches are applied in registration with the printed images. A sensor 388, which is preferably a photodetector , is adapted to detect a succession of preprinted marks along the length of the self-adhesive web 312. The sensor 388 operates in conjunction with a control system (not shown) to coordinate the application of the adhesive and of the folded label to the self-adhesive web 312 so that both the adhesive and the folded label 322 coincide at the correct point on the web in registry with the printed image.

The control system has a . similar arrangement to that shown in Figure 7, but with the modification that the folded label sensor 384 sends a signal to the pulse counter when a folded label 322 is detected in the label feed system 326. The pulse counter sends a pulse signal to the comparator and the comparator also receives a signal from the web sensor 388 when the web sensor 388 detects a printed mark on the self-adhesive web 312. The comparator processes the signals to produce an error signal which is employed either to advance or retard the application of a folded label 322 by the label feed system 326 to the self-adhesive web 312. The folded label sensor 384 or the web sensor 388 can be employed to trigger the application of adhesive to the self-adhesive web 312 by the adhesive applicator 386.

In this embodiment, because the self-adhesive web is printed with a succession of images, it is necessary for the die-cutting operation to be in registry with the printed images. Accordingly, a signal from the web sensor 388 is also employed to advance or retard the cutting action of the die-cutting roller 334 so that the cutting is in registry with the printed image on the self-adhesive web 312 and, consequently, with the applied folded label 322 and its underlying patch of adhesive. The die-cutting roller 334 is backed by a backing roller 336. The waste web 338, including the skeleton of the waste portions of the self-adhesive web 312, is wound up in a reel 340.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the illustrated embodiments. The folded labels which are applied to the web can have a variety of different folded configurations. The folded labels may be applied to a printed or unprinted web, to a self-adhesive web of a labelstock web or to a release web. The self-adhesive web of the labelstock web may have been pre die-cut so as to comprise a series of self-adhesive labels on a release web. A self-adhesive or non-adhesive laminar material may be laminated over the folded labels. The folded labels may be adhered to the web by adhesive which has been applied to the web. Both the illustrated embodiments incorporate a die-cutter for cutting the resultant self-adhesive labels. In other embodiments of the invention, a die-cutter is not utilised. In further embodiments, instead of a die-cutter, the release web and the applied folded labels may be slit longitudinally into one or more webs each carrying a succession of self-adhesive labels .

The present invention can provide a significant technical advantage over the prior proposals in enabling the manufacture of multilayer self-adhesive labels which can have a variety of different folded configurations from two starting webs. This greatly facilitates quality control of the labels as compared to prior processes because the folded printed sheets are cut from a web and folded on line which removes the possibility of missing folded labels, or the wrong, mis-printed or incorrectly folded labels being applied to the web.

The present invention can also provide an apparatus and method for reliably and efficiently manufacturing die-cut self-adhesive labels on a release web wherein the starting web to which folded labels have been applied is not printed, cut or otherwise provided with registration marks. The folded labels are applied in registry with the subsequent die-cutting operation.

Claims

I - 31 - CLAIMS :

1. A method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, the method including the steps of: (a) digitally printing a succession of images on a web; and (b) die-cutting the web to form a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release material. .

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the web is self-adhesive and is carried on a backing of release material .

3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the web is adhered to a backing of release material between the printing and die-cutting steps.

4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein in the printing step different images are printed in alternation on the web.

5. A method according to any foregoing claim wherein the web is folded after the printing step.

6. A method according to any foregoing claim wherein continuously variable information is additionally printed on the web in the printing step.

7. A method according to any foregoing claim wherein the web is printed on both sides thereof.

8. A method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, the method including the steps of:- (a) digitally printing a succession of images on a web; (b) cutting the printed web into a succession of labels; and (c) applying the succession of labels to a second web including a release material.

9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the labels are folded between the cutting and applying steps.

10. A method according to claim 8 or claim - 9 wherein the labels are further die-cut after being applied to the second web.

11. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10 wherein the second web is a backing of release material.

12. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10 wherein the second web is a labelstock web.

13. A method according to any foregoing claim further comprising coating the printed images with an overprinting varnish .

14. Apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release backing material, the apparatus comprising a digital printing unit for printing a web with a succession of images and a die-cutting device for cutting self-adhesive labels from the web.

15. Apparatus according to claim 14 further comprising a laminating device for laminating the printed web to a web of release material.

16. Apparatus according to claim 15 further comprising a folding device for introducing at least one longitudinal fold into the printed web. 113754/2 - 33 -

17. Apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels on a length of release material, the apparatus comprising a digital printing unit for printing a succession of images on a web, a cutting device for cutting the web into a succession of labels, and label applying device for applying the labels to a web including a release material.

18. Apparatus according to claim 17 further comprising a folding device for folding the labels before they are applied to the web.

19. A succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release material, successive labels having at least two alternating digitally printed images.

20. A succession of self-adhesive labels according to claim 19 wherein selected labels are digitally printed with continuously variable information.

21. An apparatus for producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release backing material, the apparatus comprising a web feed device for feeding a first web, a cutting device for cutting the first web into a succession of individual sheets, a folding device for folding the sheets to form folded labels, the folding device comprising a plurality of folding pockets for forming a plurality of fold lines in each folded label, a label feeder for feeding the folded labels in succession onto a second web including a release backing material and a web conveyor for moving the second web past the label feeder.

22. An apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the folding device is mounted so as to deposit the folded labels into a conveying device of the label feeder.

23. An apparatus according to claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the label feeder comprises a pair of endless belts between which the folded labels are moved from the folding device to a label applying station at which the folded labels are applied to the second web.

24. An apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the web feed device includes a sensor for detecting a succession of printed marks on the first web and the cutting device is operable in response to a detection signal from the sensor.

25. An apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the web feed device is adapted to stop the movement of the portion of the web which is cut by the cutting device ' during the cutting operation in response to the detection signal.

26. An apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 25, further comprising a die-cutting station at which the self-adhesive labels are die-cut on the release backing material and wherein the label feeder is controlled with respect to the operation of a die-cutter of the die-cutting station.

27. An apparatus according to claim 26, wherein the die-cutting station includes a die-sensor which emits a die signal representative of the position of the die-cutter at a prescribed point in a die-cutting cycle and the label feeder is controlled with respect to the die signal.

28. An apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the label feeder includes a label sensor which detects each folded label in the label feeder and emits a label detection signal, and further comprising a processing device for comparing the label detection signal and the die signal to yield an error' signal which is employed to advance or retard the label feeder whereby the application of each folded label to the web is registered to a subesequent die-cutting ste .

29. A method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels carried on a length of release backing material, the method comprising the steps of:- 113754/2 - 35 - (a) feeding a first web to a cutting and folding unit in which the web is formed into a succession of folded labels, the cutting and folding unit comprising a plurality of folding pockets for forming a plurality of fold lines in each folded label; (b) feeding, with a label feeder, the folded labels in succession from the cutting and folding unit onto a second web including a length of release backing material; and (c) moving the second web past the label feeder.

30. A method according to claim 29, wherein the cutting and folding unit is arranged to deposit the folded labels into a conveying device of the label feeder.

31. A method according to claim 30, further comprising detecting a succession of printed marks on the first web with a sensor and cutting the first web in response to that detection.

32. A method according to claim 31, further comprising stopping the movement of the first web in response to the detection of the printed marks whereby the first web is stationary when cut by a cutting device of the cutting and folding unit.

33. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 32, further comprising die-cutting the self-adhesive labels, on the release backing material, and wherein the feeding of the labels by the label feeder is controlled with respect to the operation of a die-cutter at a die-cutting station.

34. A method according to claim 33, wherein the position of the die-cutter at a prescribed point in a die-cutting cycle is detected and the label feeder is controlled with reference to the detected die-cutter position.

35. A method according to claim 34, wherein the position of each label in the label feeder is detected and wherein signals representing the die-cutter position and the folded 113754/2 - 36 - label position are processed to yield an error signal which is employed to advance or retard the label feeder whereby the applicator of each folded label to the web is registered to the subsequent die-cutting step.

36. A method in accordance with any of claims 1-13 and 29-35 and substantially as described in conjunction with any of Figs. 1-8.

37. An apparatus in accordance with any of claims 14-18 and 21-28 and substantially as described in conjunction with any of Figs. 1-8.

38. An apparatus in accordance with any of claims 14-18 and 21-28 and substantially as shown in any of Figs. 1-8.

39. A succession of self-adhesive labels in accordance with any of claims 19-20 and substantially as described in conjunction with any of Figs. 1-8.

40. A succession of self-adhesive labels in accordance with any of claims 19-20 and substantially as shown in any of Figs. 1-8. AGENT FOR APPLICANT