IE84075B1 - Bacterin for the treatment of liver necrosis caused by F. Necrophorum - Google Patents
Bacterin for the treatment of liver necrosis caused by F. Necrophorum Download PDFInfo
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- IE84075B1 IE84075B1 IE1996/0658A IE960658A IE84075B1 IE 84075 B1 IE84075 B1 IE 84075B1 IE 1996/0658 A IE1996/0658 A IE 1996/0658A IE 960658 A IE960658 A IE 960658A IE 84075 B1 IE84075 B1 IE 84075B1
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- 206010019692 Hepatic necrosis Diseases 0.000 title claims description 6
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- 201000009910 diseases by infectious agent Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
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Description
PATENTS ACT, 1992
960658
BACTERIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF LIVER NECROSIS CAUSED
BY F. NECROPHORUM
BAYER CORPORATION
BACTERIN FOR THE TREATMENT
OF LIVER NECROSIS CAUSED BY
F. NECROPHORUM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a F. necrophorum bacterin and to a
process for the production thereof.
—~—eFusobaetafium~necroohorum (formerly referred to as
Sphaerophorus necroohorus) is an obligate anaerobic gram
negative rod, which is generally recognized as playing a
significant role in a variety of disease entities affecting
ruminants including Chronic Footrot in sheep, Acute and Chronic
Footrot in cattle, Liver Abscess in cattle, and Diphtheria in
calves.
Garcia et al discloses in "Biological Characterization of
Fusobacterium necrophorum Cell Fractions in Preparation for
Toxin and Immunization Studies", Infection and Immunity, April
1975, pages 609-616, that preliminary trials indicated that an
alum-precipitated toxoid derived from the cytoplasm of bovine
liver abscesses reduced liver abscesses to a level of 10% as
compared to the 35% level of the control sample.
Abe et al discloses in "Immunization of Mice Against
Fusobacterium necrophorum Infection by Parenteral or Oral
Administration of Vaccine", Am; J. Vet. Res., Vol. 39, No. 1,
pages 115-118 (January 1978) a vaccine made with whole cell
suspensions of formalin-killed F. necrophorum. This vaccine
.was administered by three different routes: intraperitoneal
injection of the killed cells in a saline solution,
intraperitoneal injection of the killed cells with added
aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and by feeding as a powder to which
lyophilized bacterial cells had been added.
most effective treatment (i.e., 1P injection of cells plus
adjuvant) resulted in mortality rates of almost 40% after seven
These bacterins have not, however, shown
However, even the
days post challenge.
sufficient efficacy when tested under field conditions to be of
commercial value.
Katitch reports in "Etude comparative sur la valeur
prophylactique de 2 vaccins contre le pietin du mouton", figllg
Soc. Vet. et Med. comparee, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Lyon 1974), the
results of a comparison of two commercial vaccines against
Foot-Rot in field studies. One of the vaccines contained only
one antigen and was found to be almost completely ineffective.
The second vaccine was a multiple antigen preparation in which
S. necrophorus, Staphylococcus pyogenes and W. gerfrinoens were
included.
US Patent 4,061,751 discloses a treatment for foot rot and
liver lesions in ruminant animals in which a 6-substituted
3-nitroimidazo[1,2-b] pyridazine is administered to the animal
being treated. The preferred method of administration is oral
administration.
To date, however, no effective prophylactic agent to
control or prevent F. necrophorum diseases is commercially
available.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel bacterin useful in
the treatment of of cattle and sheep to prevent liver necrosis caused by
Fusobacterium necrophorum infection.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an inactivated F.
necrophorum bacterin which provides significantly better protection against liver
necrosis caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum infection than known
treatments.
These and other objects which will be apparent to those skilled in the art
are accomplished by inactivating a virulent isolate of Fusobacterium
necrophorum with B-propriolactone. Any excess B-propriolactone may then be
removed by hydrolysis.
The inactivated bacterin may then be combined with a known
adjuvant to produce a vaccine suitable for parenteral
administration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process for
bacterin preparation in which fl-propiolactone (BPL) is used to
inactivate virulent F. necroohorum isolates. Residual BPL may
be hydrolyzed and an adjuvant may then be added. The bacterin
prepared by this process is useful in the prevention and
control of F. necroohorum in ruminant animals such as sheep,
goats and cattle under normal field conditions.
The present invention also relates to a fl—propiolactone
(BPL) killed bacterin prepared from virulent isolates of
Fusobacterium necroohorum which is useful as an aid in
protecting against diseases caused by F. necroohorum in cloven
hoofed animals (i.e. cattle, sheep, goats, etc.).
Previous attempts at preparing
efficacious bacterins using Fusobacterium necroohorum have been
unsuccessful, probably due to the fact that critical antigens
necessary for induction of immunity were not preserved by use
of inactivation processes which involved heat or formaldehyde.
Applicant has found, however, through challenge studies
conducted in mice that BPL inactivated, adjuvanted cultures can
protect mice against experimental challenge with heterologous
isolates of F. necroohorum.
The present invention can be practiced with any virulent
isolate of F. necroohorum. A virulent isolate is one which is
capable of producing a typical F. necroohorum lesion in cattle
or sheep. Two isolates, designated 5118 and 5120 were isolated
from Missouri sheep showing signs of chronic ovine Footrot and
used in the development of the bacterin of the present
invention. The present invention is not, however, limited to
bacterins derived from these specific isolates because these
isolates exhibited characteristics which are typical of all
biovar (biotype) A of F. necrophorum. The characteristics
relied upon to make this determination were cultural and
virulence characteristics such as isolation from typical
lesions, pathogenicity for mice, and growth as flat grayish
colonies on blood agar. These known characteristics of
F. necroohorum and techniques for determining them are
disclosed in publications such as
Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens, Roth, J (ed), Chap
21, p. 343-362, 350 "Approaches Virulence Determinants of
Fusobacterium and Bacteroides spp" by David E. mery, (1988);
Footrot and Foot Abscess of Ruminants, Egerton, J.R., Yong,
W.K. & Rifkin, G.G., Chap. 4, pages 69-79, 70, "Foot Abscess of
Cattle" by Clark, B.L. pages 69-79, 70 (CRC Press 1989).
The virulent F. necroohorum isolates used to produce the
bacterins of the present invention may be grown in any of the
growth media known to those in the art for periods of from
hours to 24 hours, preferably from 16 to
hours at temperatures of from 35 to 39°C,
36 to 38'C. Specific examples of
suitable growth media include: Eugon broth (available from
Baltimore Biological Laboratories (BBL)) supplemented with
maltose, beef extract, yeast extract, menadione and
preferably from
'l—cysteine-HCl; tryptic soy broth with dextrose (available from
BBL) supplemented with beef extract and l-cysteine-HCl; and’
brain heart infusion broth (available from Difco) supplemented
with yeast extract and l-cysteine-HCl. Preferred growth media
are Brain Heart Infusion Broth supplemented with yeast extract
and l-cysteine-HCl; and tryptic soy broth with dextrose
The most
preferred growth medium is Brain Heart Infusion Broth
supplemented with beef extract and l-cysteine-Hcl.
..
V(available commercially from Difco Labs or BBL) supplemented
with l-cysteine hydrochloride and yeast extract.
The fermented cultures are then cooled to a temperature of
from 4 to 10'C, preferably from
to 8’C, and most preferably from 4 to
'C. The cooled cultures are then inactivated with
B-propiolactone (BPL). The 3- propiolactone is generally used
0.10 to
In the inactivation
in excess, typically in a quantity which is
0.15%, preferably about 0.11% v/v.
procedure, the 5-propriolactone is added directly to the cooled
culture and the resultant mixture is allowed to stand for a
period of at least 24 hours, preferably from 48 to
hours. The culture is maintained at a temperature of no
'C during the
Residual fi~propiolactone
more than 10'C, preferably from 4 to
inactivation stage of the process.
may then be removed or inactivated by any of the known
procedures. One suitable procedure which may be employed is
hydrolysis. More specifically, the BPL-containing culture is
heated to a temperature of at least 36°C, preferably from about
36 to about 38'C and most preferably from 30 to
40‘C for a period of at least about 2 hours, preferably from»
3 to 5 hours, and most preferably about four hours.
Known preservatives may then be added to the inactivated
culture. Suitable preservatives include: thimerosal added to
concentrations of up 1:1000, gentamycin added up to 30
micrograms per ml and mixtures thereof. A mixture of
thimerosal (preferably in a 1:10,000 final concentration) and
gentamicin (30 microgram/ml) is preferred. '
The cultures may be adjuvanted in accordance with
techniques known to those in the art with any of the known
adjuvants. Examples of suitable adjuvants include: any of the
carbopol-based, oil-based and aluminum based adjuvants which
are commercially available. 10% aluminum hydroxide gel is
particularly preferred.
BPL inactivated cultures of virulent £. necroohorum
isolates may then be combined with an adjuvant to prepare final
bacterin.
The bacterin of the present invention may be administered
to any of the ruminant animals such as cattle or sheep by any
of the known procedures or a combination of the known
procedures for parenteral administration such as intramuscular
or subcutaneous injection. In most cases, intramuscular
injection is preferred. The appropriate dosage of bacterin
will, of course be dependent upon the size of the animal being
treated and may be readily determined by the administering
veterinarian. It has been found, however, that a dose of from
to 4 ml is generally suitable for adult sheep and
a dose of from 2 to 6 ml is generally suitable for
adult cattle.
It is also preferable to administer the bacterin in a
series of doses, preferably in a series of from 2 to
3, preferably 2 injections which are given at
intervals of from 2 to 6 weeks, preferably from
to 5 weeks. The bacterins of the present
invention which were prepared from isolates 5118 and 5120 have
been found to provide very good protection of cattle and sheep
from fusobacterium disease after two intramuscular injections
given at intervals ranging from 2 to 6 weeks.
All percentages given in these Examples are percentages by
weight, unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
The following is a description of methodology used to
prepare E. necrophorum Experimental Serial X0188. This serial
was used to vaccinate cattle in the South Dakota Cattle
Efficacy Trial,
Frozen seed cultures of E. necroohorum isolates 5118
and 5120 were inoculated onto blood agar plates prepared from
brain heart infusion agar, 5% bovine blood, and 0.05%
These cultures were incubated in an anaerobic
glove box at 37'C for approximately 24 hours under an
atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2, and 10% C02. A sample of the
bacterial lawn from the blood agar plates was transferred using
an inoculating loop into 125 ml bottles of Eugon Broth (which
is commercially available from Baltimore Biological
Laboratories (BBL)) supplemented with 0.5% maltose, 0.5% Beef
Extract (available from BBL), 0.5% Yeast Extract (available
from BBL), 50 milligram/l hemin, 500 microgram/l menadione,
.05% l-cysteine hydrochloride.
l-cysteine-HCl.
The culture bottles were incubated at 37'C in an anaerobic
glove box for approximately 24 hours at which time the contents
were used to inoculate 1500 ml flasks of Brain Heart Infusion
Broth (BHI) supplemented with 1% yeast extract and 0.05%
l-cysteine-HCl. Flasks were incubated at 37'C in the glove box
for approximately 18 hours by which time the fermentation was
complete. The flasks were then chilled to approximately 4’C in
a refrigerator.
B-propiolactone (0.11% v/v) was added to each flask
and each flask was then mixed to distribute the inactivating
The flasks were then stored at 4'C. After 4
days, the BPL was hydrolyzed by heating the cultures to 37'C
for 3 hours in a water bath.
agent evenly.
To test for inactivation, samples
'from each of the inactivated cultures were streaked on BHI
blood agar plates and incubated anaerobically for 24 hours. No
growth was observed on the plates. An experimental bivalent
bacterin was prepared by combining volumes of the S118 and 5120
inactivated cultures in a 1:1 ratio, then adjuvanting with 10%
aluminum hydroxide gel (Rehydrogel, Reheis Chemical Company).
Gentamicin (30 microgram/ml) was added as a preservative.
Example 2
The following methodology was used to prepare E.
necrophorum Experimental Serials 2968788 and X0988.
The only differences
between Serials 2968788 and X0988 were due to use of different
experimental lots of F. necrophorum 5118 and 5120 in each
serial.
Frozen seed cultures of E. necrophorum isolates 5118 and
5120 were inoculated onto blood agar plates prepared from brain
heart infusion broth, (Difco), 1% yeast extract (Yeast
Products, Inc.), .O5% purified Agar (Difco), % fresh bovine
blood and .05% 1-cysteine HCl. Following 24 hours incubation
at 37'C in an anaerobic glove box under a gaseous atmosphere of
% hydrogen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 80% nitrogen, loopfuls of
colonial growth were transferred from blood plates to tubes
containing 15 ml of BHI broth supplemented with 1% yeast
extract and .05% 1-cysteine HCl. The tubes were incubated
anaerobically at 37°C for approximately 8 hours. 3 ml volumes
of active seed culture were then passaged into bottles
containing 80 ml of Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI)
supplemented with 1% yeast extract and 0.05% l-cysteine-HCl and
incubated anaerobically at 37'C. Following 16 to 18 hours
incubation, cultures were passaged again, this time into 350 ml
of the Brain Heart Infusion Broth supplemented with 1% yeast
(extract and 0.05% l—cysteine HCl and incubated anaerobically at
'C for approximately 8 hours.
Finally 10 liter volumes of BHI-yeast media supplemented
with .05% 1-cysteine HCl were inoculated with active seed
culture (3.5% to 4.5% v/v) and incubated at 37'C with constant
mixing for approximately 16 hours. Cultures were chilled to
4’C in an ice bath, inactivated with B-propiolactone (0.11%),
and mixed at 4'C for 4 days. Residual BPL was hydrolyzed by
heating the cultures at 37'C for 4 hours. Hydrolyzed cultures
were tested for inactivation in the same manner as was
described in Example 1. Samples were streaked on BHI blood
agar plates and incubated anaerobically for 24 hours. No
growth was observed on the plates.
Inactivated cultures of 5118 and 5120 were adjuvanted
individually with aluminum hydroxide gel (10% v/v) and
preserved with gentamicin (30 microgram/ml). A bivalent
bacterin was prepared by combining equal volumes of
inactivated, adjuvanted 5118 and 5120 cultures.
-10..
‘Example 3
Monovalent F. necrophorum 5118 and 5120 bacterins were
prepared in the same manner using the same materials as were
described in Example 1. Mouse challenge trials were conducted
to determine whether the experimental monovalent bacterins
could protect mice from virulent challenge with heterologous
isolates of F. necrophorum. Virulent F. necrophorum isolates
5103, 5116, and 5120 were obtained from cases of ovine foot rot
in 3 different Missouri sheep herds. Isolate 2382 was a bovine
Liver Abscess isolate obtained from a calf slaughtered at a
Each of these isolates exhibited
typical colonial morphology, mouse pathogenicity and
microscopic characteristics of F. necroohorum. Groups of five
or ten 18 to 20 gram Swiss-Webster mice received three .2 ml
subcutaneous injections of either 5118 bacterin or 5120
bacterin at weekly intervals. Equal numbers of control mice
received .2 ml SC of placebo (adjuvanted PBS).
Missouri Packing Plant.
One week post
final vaccination, groups of vaccinate and control mice were
challenged intraperitoneally with .25 ml of 16 hour cultures of
either F. necrophorum isolate 5103, 5116, 5120, or 5126.
Mice were observed and deaths recorded over a 7 day
observation period. Results of the mouse challenge trials are
presented In Table 1.
Results showed that monovalent bacterins.prepared from E.
necroohorum isolates 5118 and 5120 could protect mice from
lethal challenge. It was significant that protection was seen
Thus,
-propriolactone inactivated isolates S118 and 5120 bacterins
appear to provide effective protective immunity under field
conditions. A
against a variety of heterologous isolates.
Claims (2)
1. Use of fusobacterium necrophorum isolates for the manufacture of a bacterin for treating cattle and sheep to prevent liver necrosis caused by Fusobacterium necroghorum infection in which a) a virulent strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum is isolated and b) the virulent isolate of a) is inactivated with B-propiolactone.
2. The use of Claim 1 in which the bacterin also includes an adjuvant. F. R. KELLY & CO., AGENTS FOR THE APPLICANTS
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
USUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA07/06/19905 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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IE84075B1 true IE84075B1 (en) | 2005-11-30 |
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