IE75217B1 - Method of passive immunization of mammals using bovid antibody and compositions for same - Google Patents

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTION METHOD OF PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION OF MAMMALS USING BOVID ANTIBODY AND COMPOSITIONS FOR SAME Field of the Invention: The present invention relates to a method for passively immunizing a mammal with heterologous antibody obtained from an immunized domesticated bovid species.

Description of the Background Art: It is well known to those skilled in the art of immunology that serum globulin fractions consisting of various antibody types such as IgA, IgM, and IgG, can be used to counter the corresponding antigens, thereby neutralizing the harmful effects of the antigens. The various antigens include carcinogenic, bacterial and viral species, and bioregulatory factors of plant and animal origin, as well as toxins and poisons.

Normally, upon exposure to a foreign antigen, the immune system of an animal will neutralize the bioregulatory and/or harmful effects of the antigen. The exposure of the immune system of a given mammal to foreign antigens can occur either naturally, or the host may be exposed to the antigen by the intentional administration of antigen in the form of a vaccine. When an animal is vaccinated with an antigenic substance, an immune response results in which the subject produces antibodies. This process is generally referred to as active immunization of the host species exposed to antigen. The antibodies produced by any given species of animal by the process of active immunization are homologous antibodies to said given species of animal.

It is well known that antibody produced in one species can be used to neutralize the effects of the corresponding antigen in other species. Passive 10 immunization occurs when an individual from one species receives immune protection from antibodies produced in an individual of another species. This process requires the transfer of antibodies from a donor to a recipient. If the donor and recipient are of the same species the antibodies are homologous. On the other hand, if the donor and recipient are of different species, the antibodies are said to be heterologous.

Although it is known that passive immunization provides an effective method for the prevention and treatment of disease, the use of passive immunization in human medicine is limited because homologous human antibody formulations are not generally available. On the other hand, passive immunization of humans with heterologous antibodies produced in a donor animal species is employed only in situations of emergency because the use of heterologous antibodies can be dangerous. Examples of situations where heterologous antibodies are employed in human treatment include the use of snake venom and bee-venom antisera which are produced in horses. These antibodies neutralize the snake and bee toxins, thereby eliminating and/or reducing the harmful effects thereof.

Passive immunization of humans with heterologous antibodies is not safe because antibodies of nonhuman origin are foreign to the human immune system. Exposure of the recipient's immune system to the foreign donor antibody protein produces an immune reaction in the recipient against the foreign antibody. The immune response causes serum sickness, which can lead to anaphylactic shock and death. Therefore, despite the known and beneficial use of heterologous antibodies, this method of treatment is not generally employed because of safety considerations .

It is known that domestic avian species such as chickens, turkeys and ducks produce antibodies in the blood and eggs against factors which cause avian diseases, as well, as against other antigens. For example, LeBacq-Verheyden, et al., Immunology, 27:68 3 (1974), and Nestle, G.A., et al., J. Med., 130:1337 (1969) have quantitatively analyzed immunoglobulins of the chicken. Polson, A., et al., Immunological Communications, 9:495-514 (1980), immunized hens against several proteins and natural mixtures of proteins, and detected IgY antibodies in the yolk of the eggs. Fertel, R., et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 102:1028-1033 (1981) immunized hens against prostaglandins and detected antibodies in the egg yolk. Jencenius, et al., Journal of Immunological Methods, 46 : 363-68 (1981) provide a method of isolating egg yolk IgG for use in immunodiagnostics. nologicai Communications, Polson, A., et al., Immu9:475-493 (1980) describe antibodies isolated from the yolk of hens that were immunized with a variety of plant viruses.

All of these references, however, relate only to studies of fowl immunoglobulins raised against various antigens, not all of them specifically affecting or causing mammalian diseases or conditions. As noted, Polson (both papers, 1980 ) or Jencenius supra, suggest the use of avian antibodies instead of mammalian antibodies as tools in diagnostic procedures. Polson, Immunological Communications, 475-493 (1980) suggests, on page 491, that it might be possible to protect newly hatched chickens passively against diseases to which their mothers were not exposed by injection of the chicks with yolk IgY derived from hens that were hyperimmunized against the diseases. This suggestion, in addition to being speculative, deals solely with homologous passive immunization of one species with the antibody obtained from the same species, albeit, a different individual.

Jencenius, et al., Journal of Immunological Methods :46, supra, states at page 67 that one may even speculate that, by providing large amounts of 25 neatly wrapped antibody, eggs from suitable immunized chickens might be a useful and harmless therapy for some intestinal infections, if steps can be taken to minimize the degradation of the antibody by intestinal proteolytic enzymes. The authors analogize 30 this to the idea of treating infections with milk from immunized animals, citing the work of Campbell, et al., Journal of Immune Milk, 1:3 (1964). The suggestion in Jencenius et al. , is, by its own admission, speculative. In addition, it is accompanied by the warning that the antibody would be degraded by intestinal proteolytic enzymes.

EP-A-74240 discloses, amongst other things, the immunisation of lactating animals with bacterial endotoxins, to obtain milk and/or serum containing antibodies to the toxins. The resulting preparations are suggested for use in the treatment of bacteremia and endotoxemia. Use in humans is suggested, but there is no reason to assume that the usual problems associated with the use of heterologous antibodies would not occur.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method of administering a heterologous low antigenic protein formulation to a subject under conditions which avoid serum sickness or anaphylactic shock.

Tne present invention provides the passive immunization of a mammal which comprises parenterally injecting a purified heterologous antibody obtained from the milk of a bovid, which bovid has been immunized against an antigenic substance, and wherein the mammal has a history of consumption * of milk from such domesticated bovid.

In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of heterologous passive immunization of a mammal against a condition caused by an antigen which comprises: a) feeding said mammal a material having an enhanced antibody titer against said antigen obtained from the milk of a bovid immunized against said antigen, until said mammal develops substantial tolerance to said antibody; and b) administering to said mammal by parenteral injection an immunologically effectively amount of an antibody obtained from a domesticated bovid immunized against said antigen.

The present invention also relates to various methods of administration, various conditions, as well as various compositions of matter useful therein.

The invention further comprises a composition comprising: a) a parenteral carrier; and b) an antibody obtained from the serum or food product of a bovid which has been immunized against an antigenic substance, said antibody not resulting in serum sickness or anaphylactic shock in the subject administered the antibody. 7' DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The failure of the immune system of an animal to respond to foreign protein is a condition known as immunological tolerance. Moreover, it is well known to those skilled· in the art of immunology that mammals of a given species · lack tolerance to antibodies from various animal species, including other mammalian species. It is therefore apparent that heterologous antibodies obtained from alien species cannot be safely used to treat mammals. The discovery of the present invention is an exception to this generally accepted view of heterologous immunology.

An essential feature of the present invention is that heterologous antibody which · has been obtained from the serum or food products of domesticated bovid which have been specifically immunized against various antigens can be passively administered to a mammalian species by parenteral administration without causing serum sickness or anaphylactic reactions.

Any mammal can be treated methods of the present invention, domesticated mammalian species as rabbits, cows, horses, goats, sheep, and other such species used in animal husbandry. Non-domesticated mammals, such as monkeys or apes, can also be treated. Finally, the invention is applicable to the passive heterologous immunization of human beings. according to the These include such Any antigen or combination of antigens may be employed. The antigen can be bacterial, viral, cellular, or any other substance to which the immune system of a domesticated bovid will respond, and which will induce a state of immune sensitivity in the bovid. The antigens are preferably those that cause various conditions in mammalian species, such as microorganisms or virus induced infections, poisonous conditions and the 10 like. Suitable examples of bacterial antigens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas maltophiia, Streptococcus equisimili, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus bovis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Moraxella 15 bovis, Actinobacillus iignieresi, Corynebacterium renale, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacillus cerus, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella heidelberg, Salmonella paratyphi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus 20 pyogenes, Aerobacter aeroqenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus viridans, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella dysenteriae, Streptococcus, Group B, Diploccoccus pneumo25 niae, Streptococcus mans, Corynebacterium, Acne, Types 1 and 2, and the like, Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Haemophilus vaginalis, Group b Streptococcus ecoli, Microplasma hominis, Hemophilus dycreyi, Granuloma inguinale, Lymphopathia 30 venereum, Treponema pallidum, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis. Brucella suis, Brucella canis, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter fetus intestinalis, Leptospira pomona, Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella ovis, Chlamydia psittaci, Actinobacillus equuli, Salmonella abortus ovis, Salmonella abortus equi, Corynebacterium equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Actinobaccilus seminis, Mycoplasma boviqenitalium, Clostridium tetani, and the like.

Suitable viral antigens include Equine herpes virus, Equine arteritis virus, IBR-IBP virus, BVD-MD -,0 virus > Herpes virus (humonis types 1 and 2), and the like.

Typical polypeptides are proteins affecting mammals in which passive immunization is useful. They include bioregulatory factors, hormones, enzymes, 15 snake venoms, bee venoms, toxins and other insect and reptilian venoms.

In order to develop a tolerance for bovid antibody protein in a mammal, material having a significant, tolerance-inducing amount of antibody 20 titer against the antigen obtained from the food product of a domesticated bovid immunized against the antigen is fed the mammal until the mammal develops substantial tolerance to the antibody. Normally, this is accomplished by provid25 ing a diet containing milk which must be consumed on a periodic basis for at least about two weeks to several months. For younger animals or humans, the minimum time period can be as short as about 10-14 days. For older animals and humans, the minimum time to acquire tolerance can be up to several months.

The tolerance cf the immune system cf a mammalian subject to alien antibody can be simply demonstrated by the lack of induced serum sickness of anaphylactic shock in such injected with purified milk consuming subject when bovid antibody, either intravenously or intramuscularly on repeated occasions. A safe indication that tolerance has occurred is to slowly increase the dose of the bovid antibody. Lack of tolerance will be accompanied by immune reactions in the host at the site of the injection. If this happens, treatment should be discontinued. If the administration is oral, lack cf tolerance will cause gastrointestinal distress.

The bovid material fed to the mammal should be normal milk or may have an enhanced titer against· the given antigen. Milk should be fed under conditions such that the bovid antibody present in the material has not lost its immunogenic effect, more specifically, that the bovid antibody therein should not have become denatured. Thus, if milk is fed to the mammalian subject, the milk should not be in a condition where protein has denatured.

Bovid animals which are desirable sources cf antibody include those of the genus Bos, preferably cows, sheep, and goats, most preferably cows. 1 Once tolerance has been achieved in the mammalian subject, the same is ready for administration of bovid antibodies having immune reactivity to a given antigen. Administration of antibodies can be by any of a variety of routes, but is preferable by oral administration or parental injection, such as by intravenous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection. Oral administration of the antibody can also be effectively used to treat diseases of the mouth and gastrointenstinal tract. The preferred method of immunization with bovid antibodies is by intramuscular or intravenous injection for a .time sufficient to provide effective treatment for the given condition. The antibody is administered directly or is combined with a conventional pharmaceutically acceptable liquid or solid carrier. Most commonly, the heterologous antibody is administered by parenteral injection as a liquid formulation to a subject.

Immune tolerance previously developed in the subject.. renders safe and effective the passive immunization using bovid antibodies. The antibodies are preferably purified by means well known in the art, such as precipitation, extraction, chromatography, fractionation, and the like. By purified is meant to include any bovid antibody which is substantially free of other, possibly immunogenic, protein or nonprotein components of bovid origin. Such components may include but are not limited to otner proteins, e.g. antibodies, cells, cellular fragments, membrane fragments, lipids, nucleic acids, organelles, and the like.

Administration of the antibody is to be carried out in an amount which is immunologically effective for a given condition of the mammalian suDjecr.

For example, those of skill in the art can readily ascertain the amount of passively administered antibody to a mammalian subject affected with a given condition, such as a snake or bee bite, other insect or reptilian bites. Typical passive immunizations of this type are in the range of from 0.25 mg/kg to 1.00 10 mg/kg per administration. Duration and intensity of the treatment will depend on the particular condition of the subject. These conditions include not only paliative treatments, such as the treatment of a given infection, disease or poisonous state, but also 15 include preventive treatments such as caries control.

Typical administrations for preventive treatment of infectious diseases will range from about 0.25 mg/kg to 1.00 mg/kg, preferably 0.5 mg/kg to 0.75 mg/kg.

The following is an example of the procedure used to bring a domesticated bovid into a state of immunity. 1) Antigen selection. 2) Sensitization of the domesticated bovid by primary immunization. 3) Testing the serum of the serum of the bovid to confirm sensitivity induction. 4) Administration of boosters of appropriate dosage to induce and maintain an antibody producing state.

) Testing the antibody level in the milk. 6) Collecting milk from the bovid during its immunized state.

Specific comments about various of these steps will now be given.

In step 1, any antigen or combination of antigens may be employed. The antigens can be bacterial, viral, cellular or anv other substance to which the immune system of a bovid will respond. The critical point in step 1 is that the antigen must be capable of inducing a state of immune sensitivity in the animal. The antigen can be administered by any method which causes sensitization. Preferably, polyvalent antigens are used.

In step 2, the preferred method of immunization is by intramuscular injection. However, other methods such as intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, oral administration, rectal suppository, and the like can be used, provided the usage is sufficient to induce sensitivity. In fact, a preferred method of immunization is a procedure wherein an antigenic substance is incorporated in a microparticle of a biodegradable and biocompatible matrix material and administered by intramuscular injection into the bovid. The dosage is normally 1x10® to ΙχΙΟ^θ cells, preferably 10® cells 8 to 10 cells, most preferably 2x10 cells.

Step 3 is to determine whether or not the bovid has become sensitive to the antigen. There are a number of methods known to those skilled in the art 15 of immunology to test for sensitivity (see Methods in Immunology and Immunochemistry, William, C.A., WM Academic Press, London (Vol. 1-5) (1977)). Examples of these include skin sensitivity tests, serum tests for the presence of antibodies to the stimulating antigens, and tests designed to evaluate the ability of immune cells from the host to respond to the antigen. The type of test employed will depend to a large extent on the nature of the antigen used. The preferred method is to use a polyvalent vaccine con25 sisting of multiple material species as the antigen, and to test for the presence of aaglutinating antibodies in the serum of the bovid before and after the challenge with the vaccine. The appearance of milk antibodies after immunization with a vaccine is indicative of sensitivity, and at this point it is ’ possible to proceed to step 4. The minimum dose antigen necessary to induce sensitivity depends on the antigen used. » Step 4 involves the induction and maintenance of the antibody producing state. Once a bovid <, has been shown to be sensitized, this state is induced by repeated booster administrations of an appropriate dosage at fixed time intervals. The spacing of the administration depends on the nature of the antigen. A two week booster interval is 10 optimal for polyvalent antigens. The booster administrations must not induce a state of immune tolerance.

This would cause the bovid to pass from an antibody producing state to a state of immune tolerance to the antigen, in which case the animal will 15 cease to produce the antibody.

It might also be possible, for example, to use a combination of different immunization procedures, i.e., intramuscular injection for primary immunization and intravenous injection for booster 20 injections, etc. Many different combinations of immunization methods might be employed by those skilled in the art to 1) sensitize and 2) induce the antibody producing state.

Step 5 involves the testing of food product sam25 pies from the immunized animal while the animal is in the antibody producing state for the purpose of determining the antibody level in the food product.

The antibody level can be determined by well known radioimmunoassay and enzyme linked techniques.

Step 6 is the collection of milk from the immunized animal. v When antibody to be administered in the administration phase is obtained from serum of bovid, well known isolation and purification procedures can be utilized.

Following sterilization of the antibody by filtration, the mammalian subject is administered antibody by methods described previously for a time sufficient to provide effective treatment for the given condition. The injection site should not swell or give other evidence of an immune reaction against the injected antibody.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the feeding and/or administration steps are carried out with a combination of materials. For example, feeding can be with a material or a composition of a material having an enhanced antibody titer against the antigen obtained from the milk of a bovid immunized against the antigen. (For preparation of immune milk containing enhanced antibody titer levels see, for example, Heinbach, U.S. Patent 3,128,230 and Peterson, U.S. Patent 3,376,198). Thus, compositions which include such materials as hereinabove described are also included in the present invention.

In another preferred embodiment, the mammalian may be administered a combination of purified antibodies, one component being an antibody obtained from a bovid immunised against a given antigen.

Most preferably, a composition comprises an immunologically effective amount of a combination of antibodies, a first such antibody obtained, and substantially purified from the milk of a domesticated bovid which has been immunised against said antigen.

The compositions described can be utilized therapeutically or in the form of premixed food products.

Having now generally described this invention, the same will become better understood by reference to certain specific examples which are included herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1 Purified IgG obtained from cow's milk and serum by conventional biochemical methods, was sterilized by Millipore filtration. Three human subjects who had a history of drinking milk were intrasmuscularly injected over a three to four month period with the sterilized IgG antibody at a dosage ranging from 5 to 100 mg of IgG. Following injection, none of the injection sites exhibited signs of swelling or other evidence of immune reaction.' Moreover, serum samples taken from the treated individuals gave no evidence of serum sickness.

EXAMPLE 2 In order to develop a state of antibody tolerance in a mammalian species, four rabbits were fed bovine milk for ninety days plus food and water. The remaining four rabbits were fed just food and water. Each rabbit fed milk was given 300 ml of water daily. All rabbits were given a 5 mg dose of purified bovine milk IgG by intrasmuscular injection 90 days after the start of the experiment. Blood samples were Obtained from the ear vein of each rabbit one, two and three weeks after injection of bovine IgG. The immune reaction of the rabbits against the bovine IgG antibody was tested using the Ouchterlony gel infusion technique, which demonstrates the reaction cf antibodies in the rabbits’ sera against the bovine to immunize the rabbits. The in Table I reaction indicating antibodies observed with the sera obtained from all four rabbits which did not receive milk. On the other hand, the sera obtained from the four milk fed rabbits were negative.

IgG antigen used results are shown below. A positive to bovine IgG was Immunological Test (Ouchterlony Gel 15 Diffusion) For Antibodies Against Bovine IgG Group I rabbits fed milk for 90 days prior to immunization with bovine IgG.

Group II rabbits received no milk prior to immunization with bovine IgG.

TABLE I Antibodies Present In Group # Rabbit Serum against Bovine IgG I A No B No c No D Test result not definitive (borderline) A B C D Yes Yes Yes Yes II The normal range of antibody consideration in one liter of immune milk is .05 to 1 gram of IgG.

Having now fully described this invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.

Claims (15)

Claims

1. A combination for use in passive immunisation of a mammal against a condition caused by at least one antigen capable of causing said condition in the mammal, the combination comprising two components which are for sequential administration and which are: (a) a foodstuff for repeated ingestion by the mammal, said foodstuff comprising an enhanced titre of antibody from bovid milk, the enhanced titre being sufficient to induce a substantial degree of tolerance to bovid antibodies on repeated ingestion of the foodstuff; and (b) for administration after said repeated ingestion, a passive vaccine for said antigen, the vaccine being adapted for parenteral administration and comprising: i) antibody against said at least one antigen from a bovid which has been immunised against said at least one antigen, and ii) a suitable carrier.

2. A combination according to claim 1, wherein the foodstuff comprises milk containing antibody.

3. A combination according to any preceding claim, wherein the foodstuff is milk.

4. A combination according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody of the passive vaccine is obtained from the serum or a food product from the bovid.

5. A combination according to claim 4, wherein the antibody of the passive vaccine is obtained from the milk of the bovid.

6. A combination according to any preceding claim wherein the antibody or antibodies of the passive vaccine are directed against one or more of antigens from: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas maltoohiia, Streptococcus ecruisimili. Streptococcus dysgalactiae. 5 Streptococcus uberis. Streptocossus bovis. Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurella haemolytica. Moraxella bovis. Actinobacillus lignieresi. Corynebacterium renale. Fusobacterium necroohorum. Bacillus cereus. Salmonella dublin. Salmonella heidelberg, Salmonella paratyphi, 10 Yersinia enterocolitica. Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus eoidermidis. Streptococcus ovrogenes. Aerobacter aerogenes. Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae. Salmonella tvohimurium. Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus 15 viridans. Proteus vulgaris. Shigella dvsenteriae. Streptococcus Group B. Diplococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus mutans. Corynebacterium. Acne. Types 1 and 2, Neisseria gonorrhae. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Haemophilus vagninalis. Group b Streptococcus ecoli. 2q Microplasma homonis. Haemophilus ducreyi. Granuloma inguinale. Lymohooathia venerum. Treponema pallidum. Brucella melitensis. Brucella abortus. Brucella suis. Brucella canis. Campylolacter fetus. Campylobacter fetus intestinalis. Leotosira pomona. Listeria monocytogenes. 2 5 Brucella ovis. Chlamydia osittaci. Escherichia coli. Actinobacillus ecruuli. Salmonella abortus ovis. Salmonella abortus equi. Corynebacterium equi. Corynebacterium pyogenes. Actinobaccilus seminis. Mvcoolasma boviaenitalium and Clostridium tetani. 3Q

7. A combination according to any preceding claim wherein the antibody or antibodies are IgG, IgM or IgA.

8. A combination according to claim 7, wherein the antibody or antibodies are IgG.

9. Use of bovid antibody in the manufacture or a passive vaccine for the prophylaxis or treatment of a condition caused by at least one antigen in a mammal, said antibody being obtained from a bovid immunised , 5 against said at least one antigen, and wherein the mammal has developed a substantial degree of tolerance t to bovid antibodies by virtue of having a history of . consumption of a foodstuff comprising an enhanced titre of antibodies derived from bovid milk.

10. 10. Use according to claim 9, wherein the foodstuff is as defined in any of claims l to 3.

11. Use according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the passive vaccine is as defined in any of claims 4 to 8.

12. Use of an enhanced titre of bovid antibodies derived 15 from bovid milk in the manufacture of a foodstuff according to any of claims 1 to 3 for inducing a substantial level of tolerance to the antibody contained therein.

13. A combination according to Claim 1, substantially as 20 hereinbefore described and exemplified.

14. Use according to Claim 9, substantially as hereinbefore described.

15. Use according to Claim 12, substantially as hereinbefore described.