IE55306B1 - Fabric having excellent wiping properties - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a nonwoven fabric having a valuable combination of properties that makes the fabric particularly useful as a wiping cloth. [EP0084963A2]

Description

The invention relates to a nonwoven fabric having a valuable combination of properties that makes the fabric particularly useful as a wiping cloth.

Wiping surfaces of aqueous liquids is an activity practiced by virtually everyone, whether at home, at play; or at work. Among the properties desired of a cloth used for wiping aqueous liquids are the following; (a) Sufficient capacity to be able to retain a reasonable quantity of liquid; (b) Adequate take-up rate so that spills can be wiped up within a reasonable period of time; (c) Ability to pick up liquid while leaving little or no residue; (d) Abrasion resistance appropriate to the end-use intended for the fabric; (e) Fabric-like softness or hand so that the cloth is comfortable to handle; (f) Economy (i.e., low cost per use); and (g) In a cloth having re-use capabilities, resistance to staining by foods, grease, and the like.

This invention is directed to a nonwoven fabric that has these properties. 3 The fabric of the invention comprises a substantially isotropic web of lightly entangled rayon staple fibers containing a small amount of adhesive binder substantially uniformly distributed throughout said web, the amount of said binder being sufficient to resist wet collapse of said web, wherein the fabric has an excellent balance of wiping properties, abrasion resistance, resistance to staining, and softness or handle characteristics.

Brooks, in published British patent application No. 2,045,825A, November 5, 1980, discloses, in Control Example 2, Run 1, a substantially isotropic web composed of lightly entangled rayon staple fibers containing about 26 weight per cent, based on fibers plus binder, of adhesive binder distributed in an intermittent pattern.

In the accompanying drawings: Fig. 1 is a schematic side elevation of one form of apparatus suitable for producing the fabrics of the invention; Fig. 2 is a photomacrograph, originally taken at 5X with incident light, of one preferred fabric of the invention (the fabric of Example 2); Fig. 3 is a photomacrograph similar to Fig. 2, except that it was taken with transmitted light; Figs. 4 and 5 are photomacrographs, originally taken at 10X, of the fabric of Example 3; and 4 Figs. 6 and 7 are photomacrographs, originally taken at 10X, of the fabric of Example 4.

Referring first to Fig. 1, a random laid web 10 of rayon staple fibers is passed onto a liquid pervious support member, such as an endless woven belt 12. The belt 12 carries the web. of fibers 10 under a series of high pressure, fine, essentially columnar jets of water 14.

The high pressure water is supplied from a manifold 16.

The jets 14 are arranged in rows disposed transversely across the path of travel of the belt 12. Preferably, there is a vacuum means 15 pulling a vacuum of e.g., up to 5 to 10 inches of mercury (16.93 to 33.86 kFa), beneath the beltl2, with a vacuum slot positioned directly under each row of jets 14.

The fibers in the web 10 are rearranged and entangled by the jets 14 as the liquid from the jets 14 passes through the fibrous web 10 and then through the belt 12. The fabric 18 is carried by the belt 12 over a vacuum dewatering station 20, and then proceeds to a series of drying cans 22.

Evans, in U.S. Patent No. 3,485,706, describes a process and apparatus for rearranging/entangling fibrous webs by carrying such webs on a woven belt under a series of high pressure, fine, columnar jets of liquid. Apparatus of the*' general type disclosed by Evans can be used in the process of this invention, although typically the degree of entanglement contemplated by this invention is much less than that generally preferred by Evans.

The degree of fiber entanglement contemplated by this invention is preferably that obtained by the use of jet pressures of fran about 200 to about 700 psi (1.38 to 4.83 MPa), and up to about 20 to 25 rows of orifices, with the orifices being s spaced such that there are about 30 to 50 'per linear inch (2.54 cm). The orifices are usually about 0.005 to 0.007 inch (0.13 to 0.1.8 mm) in diameter. The web is usually positioned about 1/2 to 1-1/2 inches (1.27 to 3.81. cm) below the orifices. With web speeds of from about 8 to about 1.00 yards (7.32 to 91.44 m) per minute, fibrous webs of 2 from about 1./2 to about 5 ounces per square yard (152.6 to 1.526 g/m ) are conveniently processed .

The Examples below illustrate typical conditions.

Selection of conditions in specific cases is dependent upon a number of interrelated factors. For instance, heavier webs usually require more energy to entangle, and therefore usually require higher pressure and/or more rows of orifices. Also, the number of rows of orifices required is directly related to the web speeds. Thus, slower web speeds (as illustrated in the Examples) require only a few rows of orifices, while faster speeds require more rows of orifices. It is within the skill of the art to select specific entangling conditions for specific cases. As a general rule, the pressure is maintained between about 500 and 700 psi (3.45 to 4.83 MPa), and adjustments are made to web speed and/or number of rows of orifices to control the degree of entangling.

After the fibrous web 23 has been entangled and then dried by the drying cans 22, the dried web 23 proceeds to a bonding station 25 wherein an aqueous resin binder composition is applied uniformly to the dried web 23, as by a padder (shown schematically in Fig. 1).

The padder includes an adjustable upper rotatable top roll 24 mounted on a rotatable shaft 26, in light pressure contact, or stopped to provide a 1. or 2 mil (25.4 to 50.8 ym) gap between the rolls, with a lower pick-up roll 28 mounted on a rotatable shaft 30. The lower pick-up roll 28 is partially immersed in a bath 36 of aqueous resin binder composition 38. The pick-up roll 28 has a smooth rubber surface and the top roll 24 has a steel surface, which may be smooth or engraved. The pick-up roll 28 picks up resin binder composition 38 and transfers it to the web 23 at the nip between the two rolls 24,28.

After the web has passed through the padder 25, the binder-containing web 39 is then subjected to elevated temperature, as by passing around a set of drying cans 40, to dry and/or cure the resin binder, and the web 41 containing the driec and/or cured binder is then collected, as on a conventional wind-up 42.

It is not essential to dry the web prior to the application of binder, as was described above. However, unless the vacuum de-watering is quite efficient, better control over the binder application is obtained by drying the web before applying binder because there is less dilution of binder and less migration of binder to the surface of the web during drying.

The fibers used in the invention are rayon staple fibers, i.e., rayon fibers having lengths of at least one-half inch up to about three incnes (1.27 to 7.62 cm). Sane of the xayon fibers can be replaced with other fibers such as polyester staple fibers. However, the fibers used are predominantly rayon, e.g., at least about 70 weight per cent rayon and preferably at least 80 weight per cent rayon.

The resin binder composition can be the conventional aqueous latex compositions, such as acrylic latexes, polyvinyl acetate latexes, ethylene-vinyl acetate latexes, carboxy-lated styrene-butadiene rubber latexes, or the like.

Acrylic latex binders are preferred for maximum resistance to staining. One important difference compared with conventional procedures is that the resin binder 7 composition will usually be quite dilute, e.g., from about 1/2 to about 5 weight per cent solids, when applied by padding or dipping onto a dry web. Slightly higher solids may be needed when applying to a wet web.

The amount of resin binder employed is a small amount, e.g., up to about 10 weight per cent, based on weight of fibers plus binder. The minimum amount is that amount that is sufficient to impart wet collapse resistance to the fabric. The exact amount used will depend, to a 10 degree, on factors such as weight of fabric, presence or absence of polyester, polypropylene, or other water-resistant fibers (when polyester fibers are used, the amount of binder can be slightly less), exact end use intended, and the like. The amount of binder used will 15 usually be within the range of from about 0.8 to about 10 weight per cent, based on fibers plus binder.

An important feature of the fabrics of the invention is that they are relatively isotropic, that is, their tensile strengths are not more than about three, and preferably 20 about two, times their tensile strengths in the cross direction. Such isotropicity is obtained by employing a random laid web as the starting web 10. Thus, the starting web can be produced by air laying by known procedures, as by using a "Rando VJebber" or a dual rotor as disclosed 25 in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,963,392; 3,768,118; 3,740,797; 3,772,730; and 3,895,089.

The fabrics of the invention are relatively bulky, which enhances their absorbent capacities. Their bulk densities are usually within the range of from about 0.07 to about 30 0.13 qrams/cc. 8 The examples below illustrate the invention: Example 1 Avtex SN1913, 1.5 denier, 1-1/8 inch (2.86 cm) staple rayon was processed through an opener/blender and fed to a random 5 air laying unit, which deposited a 800 ± 15% grains per 2 square yard (62 g/m t 15%) web onto a forming belt woven of 0.0157 inch (0.4 rrm) diameter polyester monofilaments. It is a dual layer fabric having two superimposed layers each having 42 warp monofilaments per inch (2.54 cm), and 32 shute monofilaments per inch (2.54 10 cm) woven through the warp monofilaments in the following repeating pattern: under two, between the two, over two, between the two, etc. It is available commercially from Appleton Wire Division of Albany International as Type 5710 Duotex polyester belt.

Using an apparatus similar to that shown in Fig. 1, the web was passed under a water weir to wet the fiber, and was then carried at a speed of 23 yards (21m) per minute under 12 orifice strips, each of which contained a row of holes, 50 holes per inch (127 per cm), or 0.005 inch (0.13 inn) diameter: Water, at 20 *20 F (50 C), was jetted through the holes in the orifice strips at 100 psi (0.689 MPa) for the first three strips and 600 psi (4.14 MPa) for the remainder.

The web was dewatered by passing over a vacuum slot, and then passed over two stacks of steam cans to dry it. The 25 stacks of steam cans were operated at 90 psi and 85 psi (621 and 586 kPa) steam pressure, respectively.

The dried web was then run throuqh a padder similar to the one shown in the Fig. 1, and the following binder formulation was impregnated in the web: 9 Table I Weight 360 Pounds (163.3 kg) 30 Pounds (13.6 kg) 0.1 Pounds (0.045 kg) 1.4 Pound (0.635 kg) 54 Grams As Required Component Water Acrylic Resin Latex^1) Antifoam agent (Y-30) 5 Wetting agent (NS-5199) Diammonium Phosphate Ammonia to pH 7-8 (1) National Starch 4260, 51 % solids There is about 190 weight per cent wet pick-up in the 10 padder, based on weight of fibers. The web containing the binder composition was then passed over two stacks of drying cans, operated at 60 and 98 psi (41.4 and 676 kPa), respectively.

The finished fabric had a binder content of about 7.5 weight per cent, based on weight of fibers plus binder, 2 15 and a grain weight of about 875 grains per square yard (67.8 g/m ).

Representative properties of this fabric, and properties of the fabric of Example 2, are displayed below in Table III.

Example 2 20 By a procedure analogous to that described in Example 1, a mixture of 88 weight per cent Avtex SN1913 rayon staple fibers and 12 weight per cent Celanese Fortrel Type 310, 1.5 denier (1.67 dtex), 1-1/2 inch (3.81 cm) staple polyester, was processed through an opener/blender and fed to a random air laying 25 unit, which deposited a web having a grain weight of 866 ± 15% 2 per square yard ((67.1g/m ± 15%) onto a forming belt. The forming belt * Trade Mark Iff was woven of 0.040 inch (1 ram) polyester monofilaments in a plain lxl single layer weave/ having 6 warps per inch (2.54 on) and 6 shutes per inch (2.54 cm). The belt had an cpen area of 57.8 per cent.

The processing conditions under the water jets were the same as in Example 1. After dewatering/ the entangled web was passed over two stacks of steam cans operated at 40 psi (274 kPa).

The dried web was then run through a padder similar to 10 that shown in Fig. 1, and the following binder formulation was impregnated in the web: Table II Weight Component 15 20 Water US 4260 Acrylic Latex Antifoam Agent (581-B)(Z) Deceresol O.T. Spec.t3) Diammonium Phosphate Piqment - Inmont Yellow N2G 9883 Ammonia to pH 7-8 380 pounds (172.4 kg) 3.9 pounds (1.8 kg) 0.2 pounds (0.091 kg) 1.4 pounds (0.635 kg) 0.15 gram 0.33 pound (0.15 kg) As required (2) 581-B antifoam is a silicone oil. (3) Deceresol O.T. Spec, is a surfactant (rewetting agent).

The wet pick-up of the binder composition is 200 weight 25 per cent, based on weight of fibers. The web containing the binder composition was then passed over two stacks of drying cans, the first stack of which was operated at 11 increasing pressures of 20 to 60 psi (138 to 414 kPa), and the second at 90 psi (621 kPa).

The finished fabric had a binder content of about 1 weight per cent, based on weight of fibers plus binder, and a 2 grain weight of about 875 grains per square yard (67.8 g/m ).

This Example 2 illustrates one preferred fabric of the invention. This fabric is shown in Figs. 2 and 3. It is characterized by two series of bands 50 and 52 that are substantially perpendicular to each other. As seen most clearly in Fig. 3, each band in both series contains segments in which the individual fibers are all substantially parallel to each other, which segments alternate with regions 54 in which the fibers are randomly entangled.

These regions 54 occur where an individual band of one series 50 intersects an individual band of the other series 52. Also, at regularly spaced intervals between the individual bands of both of said series of bands 50 and 52, there are openinqs or holes 56 in the fabric.

This preferred fabric of the invention is produced by a procedure analogous to that described in Example l, the significant feature being the forming belt. The forming belt is a single layer, plain weave belt woven of monofilaments.

Table III, below displays representative physical properties of the fabrics of Examples 1 and 2. 12 Table III Property Example 1 Weight, grains/yd2 (g/m ) 875 (67.8) Example 2 875 ( 67.8) Softness(1), grams 65 25 Bulk, mils (urn) 20 (51) 30 (77) (2) Dry Tensile , Pounds (N) MD 18 (80.1) 16.4 (73) CD 13 (57.8) 11.1 (49.4) Elongation, % MD 20, dry; 20, wet 36, dry; 34, wet CD 80, dry; 60, wet 88, dry; 70, wet Wet Tensile^2) MD 8.5 (37.8) 8.2 (36.5) CD 6 (26.7) 5.8 (25.8) Absorbent Capacity, %t 3 ) 850 930 Absorbent Time (3), Sec. 1.6 1.5 Wet Abrasion^11), Cycles Bottom Side 500 479 Launderability(5), cycles 25 5 (1) Standard "Handle-O-Meter" test on a 4-inch (10.16cm) square (Ex. 1) or 6-inch (15.24 cm) square (Ex. 2) sample using a 3/8-inch (0.95 cm) slot. Machine direction of fabric is perpendicular to slot. (2) 1x6 inch (2.54 x 15.24 cm) (Example 1) or 4 x 6 inch (10.16 x * 15.24 cm) (Example 2) sample tested in an Instron tensile tester at a pull rate of 12 inches (30.48 cm) per minute. One gripper is 1 inch (2.54 cm) wide and the other is 1-1/2 inches (3.81 cm) wide. (3) Absorbent capacity - A five gram sample of fabric held in a three gram wire basket is immersed in a container of tap water. Absorbent time is the time for the sample to sink. The sample is immersed for Trade Mark 13 10 more seconds, the basket with the 'sample is removed and allowed to drip for 10 seconds, and is then weighed. Absorbent capacity is calculated as follows: wet weight - dry weight - x loo dry weight of fabric (4) Standard abrasion test on a 3 x 9 inch (7.62 x 22.86 cm) sample, using a 5 pound (2.3 kg) head weight. "Bottom side" refers to the side adjacent to the forming belt during the water jet entangling step. (5) Wash durability - each cycle in the wash durability test is a complete agitated wash (for 10 minutes in hot water at about 140°F (60°Cj containing detergent), rinse (in warm water - about 100°F (38°C)), and spin cycle in a Maytag home washing machine containing an eight-pound load of laundry. The fabric is considered to fail when it develops a hole anywhere in the fabric.

Two samples o_f each fabric are used, with the sample size being at least 13 x 18 inches (33.02 x 45.72 cm). An accelerated test may be used in order to save time. Instead of 10-minute agitated wash cycles, 2-hour, 4-hour, and 24-hour agitated wash cycles may be used. The results reported in Table III are the equivalent in the standard 10-minute wash cycles.

The fabrics of this invention have an excellent combination of properties that make them useful as wiping cloths. The data presented in Table III, above, illustrate the excellent combination of softness, absorbent capacity, abrasion resistance, and durability (launderability) exhibited by these fabrics. Simulated use testing has 14 demonstrated that the fabrics resist stain-ing by foods such as catsup, mustard, coffee, and greasy materials, so that when the fabrics are used to wipe up such materials, the fabrics rinse clean with little or no residual 5 discoloration. This makes the fabrics excellent for use as wipes in places such as kitchens, restaurants, fast food establishments, and ice cream counters, wherein it is advantageous for the fabrics to remain unstained after repeated uses 'and rinses.

The absorbent capacity, take-up rate, and the amount of residue left after wiping (or, more precisely, blotting), of the fabrics of Examples 1 and 2 were determined using a gravimetric absorbency tester ("GAT"). The GAT is described in detail in commonly assigned U.S. patent applica-15 tion Serial Do. 149,214, filed on Hay 12, 1980. Briefly, the GAT is an apparatus for determining the weight and rate of liquid flowing to or from a test site. The apparatus comprises, in combination: A vessel for containing liquid, said vessel being sup-20 ported solely by weighing means; Indicating means for indicating the weight sensed by said weighing means; A test surface to receive a specimen to be tested, said test surface including said test site; 25 Conduit means operatively connecting said vessel to said test site for directing a flow of liquid between said vessel and said test site; and Means for vertically positioning said test site.

The liquid used was water, and the test surface used for determining absorbent capacity and take-up or absorbency rate was a flat plate with a point source of liquid connected to the vessel.

To determine the residue left after wiping, the test surface used was a flat glass plate having a 6 centimeter in diameter circular test area circumscribed by a groove in the surface of the glass. A quantity of water equal to 50 per cent of the calculated absorbent capacity of the 10 specimen to be tested was placed in the test area. The specimen (10 centimeters in diameter), mounted on a flat, circular specimen holder 8 centimeters in diameter was brought into contact with the test area containing the water. A contact pressure of about 3.5 grams/cm2 was 1.5 used, and the contact time was about 30 seconds. The test specimen was then removed, and the weight of the residue was determined.

The results of these three tests are shown below in Table IV: 20 25 Table IV Residue, gm.

Absorbent Absorbency Capacity - % Rate- (Weight of gm/gm/sec water absorbed divided by weight of fabric)_ Example 1 Example 2 660 790 0.11 0.01 0.11 0.01 For comparison purposes, the tested values for several 30 other types of wipes are displayed below in Table V: 16 Table V Absorbent Capacity-% 5 Paper Towel 880 (Bounty) Absorbency Residue, Rate- qm._ gm/gm/sec 0.17 0.04 VJoven Terry 485 Towel 0.07 0.02 0.13 0.23 Scott Paper 690 10 (Toilet tissue) Examples 3 and 4 By a procedure similar to that described in Examples 1 and 2 (with the differences discussed below), two fabrics were made from blends of 70 weight per cent Enka 8172 rayon staple 15 (1-1/4 inches (3.18 cm); 1.5 denier) and 30 weight per cent Celanese Portrel Type 310 polyester staple. The total weight 2 of the web was 600 ± 10% grains per square yard (46.5 ± 10% g/m ).

Two different forming belts were used. Both were plain lxl single layer weaves woven of monofilament. The thread 2u counts and monofilament sizes were as follows: Table VI Warp_ Shute Threads Filament Threads Filament per inch Diameter, per inch Diameter, (2.54 cm) mils (pm) (2.54 an) mils (pm) Example 3. 12 28 (711) 28(711) Example. 4 22 20 (508) 24 17(610) 25 IT All the threads were polyester monofilaments, except for the shute in Example 4, which was stainless steel.

The conditions under the water jets were similar to that of Example 1, except that only 6 instead of 9 strips at 600 psi (4.14 MPa) were used.

After dewatering, the web was passed over two stacks of steam cans operated at 20 and 40 psi (138 and 274 kPa), respectively.

The dried web was then run through a bonding station that differed from the padder shown in Fig. 1 in the following respects: The pick-up roll was an engraved steel roll engraved with a pattern of 23 continuous lines per inch (2.54 cm). The lines were inclined 15° from the long axis of the roll. Each line was 4 mils (102 pm) deep and 18 mils (457 pm) wide. The top roll had a hard rubber face and it was wrapped with a 3/4-inch (1.9 an) thich layer of open celled urethane foam. The two rolls were stopped to a gap of 1 or 2 mils (25.4 or 50.8 pm). A doctor blade was used to wipe excess binder formulation from the pick-up roll. The following binder formulation was applied: Table VII Weight,pounds (kg) 434.7 (97.2) 0.75 ( 0.34) 0.01 (0.005) 14.85 (6.74) 0.45 (0.20) Component Water Diammonium Phosphate Anti-foam aqent (y-30) Acrylic resin latex^1) Deceresol OT Rohm & Haas HA-8 Wet pick-up was 100 weight pec cent. The -fabric was then dried by passing over two stacks of steam cans operated at 40 psi (274 kPa). The finished fabric had a binder content of about 1.5 weight per cent, based on weight of fibers plus binder, with the binder being distributed substantially uniformly throughout the webs.

The two fabrics had very similar physical properties. Representative physical properties are shown below in Table VIII-.

Table VIII 2 2 Weight, grains/yd (g/m ) 612 (47.4) Bulk, mils (mm) 80 (2) Softness, grams 24 Dry Tensile, Pounds (N) MD 15 (66.7) CD 11 (48.9) Wet Tensile, Pounds (N) MD 12 (53.4) CD 8 (35.6) Dry Elongation, % MD 30 CD 85 Absorbent Capacity, % 660 Absorbent Time, seconds 1.5 (The tensile tests were carried out on 4'k 6 inch (10.16 x 15.24 cm) sanples.) Figs. 4 and 5 show the fabric of Example 3 and Figs. 6 and 7 show the fabric of Example 4. As can best be seen in Figs. 5 and 7, which were taken with transmitted light, the fabrics have the same basic morpholoqy as the fabric of Example 2, differing only in scale.

Claims (12)

19

1. A nonwoven fabric comprising a substantially isotropic web of rayon staple fibers characterized by said web having regions of lightly entangled fibers and said web containing 5 a small amount of adhesive binder substantially uniformly distributed throughout said web, the amount of binder being sufficient to resist wet collapse of said web, said fabric comprising 10 two series of fibrous bands that are substantially perpendicular to each other, wherein each band in both series contains segments in which the individual fibers are all substantially parallel to each other, which segments alternate with regions in which the fibers are randomly entangled, said 15 regions occurring where an individual band of one series intersects an individual band of the other series, and wherein at regularly spaced intervals between the individual bands of both of said series there are openings in said fabric. 20

2. A nonwoven fabric comprising a substantially isotropic web of rayon staple fibers characterized by said web having regions of lightly entangled fibers and said web containing a small amount of adhesive binder substantially uniformly distributed throughout said web, the amount of binder 25 being sufficient to resist wet collapse of said web, said fabric comprising a series of parallel fibrous bands interconnected by a series of generally parallel serpentine fibrous bands, 30 each such serpentine band curving according to the mirror image of its next adjacent band, wherein each band of both series contains segments in which lengths of the individual fibers are disposed in a linear or a curvilinear unentangled manner, which segments alternate with regions in which the fibers are randomly entangled, said regions occurring where an individual band of one series intersects an individual band of the other series, and wherein at regularly spaced intervals between the individual bands of both of said series there are rounded openings in said fabric.

3. The fabric of Claim 1 or 2 wherein the binder content is within the range of from about 0.8 to 10 weight percent, based on weight of fibers plus binder.

4. The fabric of any one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the binder is an acrylic latex polymer.

5. A method of making a nonwoven fabric, comprising carrying a randomly laid web of rayon staple fibres on a liquid-pervious support member under a series of fine, essentially columnar jets of water at a pressure of from 200 to 700 psi (1.38 to 4.83 MPa), said jets being arranged in from 20 to 25 rows disposed transversely across the path of travel of the support member and there being 30 to 50 jet-forming orifices per linear inch (per 2.45 cm), carrying the thus-formed web on the support over a vacuum dewatering station, applying an aqueous resin binder composition uniformly to the dried web in an amount sufficient for the web to resist wet collapse, and subjecting the binder-containing web to elevated temperature, the web optionally being passed over a series of drying cans after leaving the vacuum dewatering station and/or a vacuum slot optionally being positioned directly under each row of water jets.

6. A method as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the orifices are 0.005 to 0.007 inch (0.17 to 0.18 mm) in diameter and the web is positioned from 1/2 to 1-1/2 inches (1.27 to 3.81 cm) below the orifices. 21

7. A method as claimed in 5 or Claim 6, whefein the binder content is within the range of about 0.8 to 10 weight per cent, based on the weight of fibres plus binder, and/or the binder is an acrylic latex polymer. 5

8. A fabric as claimed in any of Claims l to 4 or a method as claimed in any one of Claims 5 to 7, wherein up to about 30% of the fibres in the rayon staple fibres are polyester staple fibres or other fibres other than rayon.

9. The use as a wiping cloth of a fabric as defined in any 10 of Claims l to 4 or 8 or made by a method as defined in any one of Claims 5 to 7.

10. A nonwoven fabric as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, substantially as hereinbefore described and exemplified.

11. A method according to Claim 5 of making a nonwoven fabric, 15 substantially as hereinbefore described and exemplified.

12. A nonwoven fabric whenever made by a method claimed in a preceding claim. F. R. KELLY & CO. AGENTS FOR THE APPLICANTS