IE53155B1 - Rotary engine - Google Patents

Description

Ihe invention relates to rotary internal combustion engines.

The standard reciprocating engine used in automobiles has both a relatively small mechanical efficiency and fuel efficiency. One reason for this is the short stroke of the engine. The limited amount of time possible for the power stroke leads to incomplete detonation. The inefficiency increases with engine speed because the time for combustion is correspondingly reduced.

Another disadvantage of the conventional piston engine results from valve overlap. Since both exhaust and intake valves are open at the same time, a portion of the air/fuel mixture is exhausted unburned.

The thermal efficiency of the reciprocating engine is also considerably less than optimal Detonation occurs before top dead center and so expansion of the gases causes the mixture to heat up rather than provide work energy. Furthermore, the position of the crankshaft in a piston engine causes a thermal vector which impedes the expansion of the exploded mixture and causes this to be converted to heat energy rather than work energy.

An ordinary reciprocating engine fires approximately 35° before top dead center and power from the detonation is not available until ° after top dead center. Exhaust is vented about 45° before bottom dead center. The effective power stroke is therefore only 100°.

A large number of rotary engines have been designed or built in an attempt to overcome such problems with piston engines and to reduce the number of working parts. Many of these have inherent problems which have impeded their development or widespread acceptance. For example, the only mass-produced rotary internal combustion engine has been the Wankel (trade mark) engine which has suffered from rotor sealing problems in the past as well as fuel consumption higher than a piston engine of similar performance. Part of the reason for the sealing problems is the relatively high speed of the rotor.

According to the invention there is provided an internal combustion engine comprising a rotor rotatably received within the hollow cylindrical interior of a stator, the rotor having at least two vanes extending slidably therethrough in a transverse direction for rotation therewith and having opposite ends extendable beyond the rotor into circumferentially extending recesses in opposite side walls of the stator, the recesses being shaped to slidably receive the ends of the vanes in sealing contact and being staggered thereby causing transverse reciprocation of the vanes as the rotor rotates within the stator, said recesses forming alternately on each said side wall between the rotor and stator, intake-compression chambers and ignition-expansion chambers respectively, the engine further comprising air intake means communicating with said intakecompression chambers and exhaust means communicating with said ignition-expansion chambers, the air being inducted into said intake-compression chambers and subsequently compressed therein, an air-fuel mixture being ignited and expanded within the ignition-expansion chambers to propel the rotor and finally exhausted from said ignitionexpansion chambers, there being at least two recesses in each said side wall of the stator forming respectively an intake-compression chamber and an ignition-expansion chamber, the number of recesses in each side wall of the stator being equal to the number of said vanes and means for storing compressed air from near the forward end of the intake-compression chamber of each side wall when each vane is within the intake-compression chamber near the forward end thereof and transferring the compressed air into the ignition-expansion chamber of said each side wall near the rear end thereof rearwardly of each vane after said vane moves into the ignition-expansion chamber the means for storing and transferring comprising a space in the stator between the intake-compression chamber and the ignition-expansion chamber and passageway means in the rotor communicating with said space and the intakecompression chamber when each vane is within the intake10 compression chamber and near the forward end thereof and communicating with said space and the ignition-expansion chamber when each vane is within the ignition-expansion chamber and near the rear end thereof, the engine further comprising means for admitting fuel into each ignition15 expansion chamber near the rear end thereof with the compressed air, to provide the air/fuel mixture in said each ignition expansion chamber.

The engine is thus of the class where intake, compression, ignition and the exhaust all take place On the same side of the rotor. This is superior because each side of the engine operates through a complete cycle instead of functioning through only part of a complete cycle. This can significantly increase the efficiency of the engine. Rotary engines of this class require some means for transferring the compressed gases from the forward side of the vane in one chamber to the rearward side of the vane in the next chamber where it is ignited to propel the vane and rotor. The means for this purpose provided by the present invention is simpler, more reliable and more economical than anything previously suggested.

In the drawings: Figure 1 is a perspective, exploded view of a rotary engine according to an embodiment of the invention; Figure 2 is a flattened plan view showing the rotor, vanes and stator of the engine of Figure 1; Figure 3 is an elevational view of the half of the stator shown to the left in Figure 1; Figure 4 is a section taken along line 4-4 of Figure 3; Figure 5 is a section taken along line 5-5 of Figure 3; Figure 6 is a section taken along line 6-6 of Figure 3; Figure 7 is a section taken along line 7-7 of Figure 3; Figure 8 is an elevational view of the half of the stator shown to the right in Figure 1; and Figure 9 is a section taken along line 9-9 of Figure 8.

Referring to the drawings, and in particular Figure 1, rotary engine 1 includes a cylindrical rotor 2 which is rotatable about a power shaft 4. A pair of vanes 6 and 8 extend slidably through slots 10 and 12 in a transverse direction for rotation with the rotor. With reference to the engine, the transverse direction means a direction parallel to power shaft 4.

As seen in Figure 2 which presents a flattened view of outer annular surface 14 of the rotor, vane 6 has opposite ends 16 and 18 which extend beyond the rotor. Similarly, vane 8 has opposite ends 20 and 22.

The engine also includes a stator 24 comprising a first half 26 and a second half 28. Stator halves 26 and 28 have large cylindrical openings 30 and 32, respectively, which face each other. Cylindrical opening is best seen in Figure 1, while cylindrical opening 30 is shown in Figures 4 to 7. The cylindrical openings 30 and 32 form a hollow, cylindrical interior of the stator when the two halves are bolted together. Rotor 2 is rotatably received within the hollow cylindrical interior.

Referring to Figure I, the stator half 28 has a disc-shaped side wall 34 with a pair of circumferentially extending recesses 36 and 38 therein. Stator half 26 has corresponding recesses 40 and 42 in side wall 44 which is opposite side wall 34 as seen in Figures 2 and 3. The recesses are shaped to slidably receive the ends of the vanes in sealing contact. As seen, for example, for recess 42 in Figure 4, each recess is rectangular in section.

Each recess has a dimension in the radial direction of the rotor and stator just slightly greater than the radial dimension of the vane for sealing contact. The staggered arrangement of the recesses on opposite side walls of the stator causes transverse reciprocation of the vanes as the rotor is rotated in the direction of rotation indicated by arrows 46 in Figures 1 and 2. Air is compressed within the recesses and exhaust gases are purged from the recesses forwardly of the vanes. Forwardly refers to the rotational direction of the rotor. Air is taken into the recesses rearwardly of the vanes. Rearwardly is a direction opposite the direction of rotation. An air/fuel mixture is ignited within the recesses rearwardly of the vanes to propel the rotor in the rotational direction.

Referring to the structure of the preferred embodiment in more detail, it may be seen that the recesses have inclined surfaces near each end thereof. For example, recess 36 has an inclined surface 48, which is near the forward end of the recess in the direction of rotation of the rotor, and inclined surface 50, which is near the rear end opposite the forward end. 53X55 Referring to Figure 2, it may be seen chambers 37, 39, 41 and 43 are formed between the recesses 36, 38, 40 and 42 respectively and the side walls SO and 52 of the rotor. The inclined surfaces near each end of the recesses means that the chambers taper towards the rotor at each end of the chambers. The inclined surface near the forward end of each recess of each of the side walls of the stator is opposite the inclined surface near the rear end of one of the recesses in the opposite side wall of the stator. For example, inclined surface 56 near the forward end of recess 38 is opposite the inclined surface 58 near the rear end of recess 42 of the opposite side wall of the stator due to the staggered positions of the recesses. As may be appreciated, when vane 6 reaches the proper rotational position, end 18 moves gradually out of the chamber 39, while the opposite end 16 gradually moves into the chamber 43.

The engine has intake means for the intake of air comprising intake ports 60 and 62 communicating with chambers 41 and 37 near the rear ends thereof with reference to the direction of rotation of the rotor. It may be seen in Figure 8 that intake port 62 consists of a conduit 64 extending radially through the stator from the outer periphery thereof and three apertures 66 extending through side wall 34. Similarly, as seen in Figure 3 and Figure 7, intake port 60 consists on a conduit 68 extending radially through the stator and three apertures 70 through side wall 44. When the vanes move forwardly through the chambers 37 and 41, air is drawn through the intake ports to fill the chambers.

The engine also has exhaust means communicating with the chambers for purging the exhaust gases comprising exhaust ports 69 and 71.

Exhaust port-69 consists of a conduit 72 extending radially from the outer periphery of the stator and three apertures 74 through the side wall 44 as seen in Figure 3. Similarly, referring to Figure 8, exhaust port 71 consists of conduit 76 extending radially through the stator from the periphery thereof and three apertures 78 through side wall 34. Exhaust gases are purged through exhaust ports 69 and 71 forwardly of vanes 6 and 8 as they move through the chambers 43 and 39 respectively.

The engine also has fuel injectors 80 and 82 near the rear ends of chambers 43 and 39, respectively. Injectors 80 and 82 are best seen in Figure 5 and Figure 8, respectively. The fuel injectors inject fuel into the chambers 43 and 39 after the vanes have passed the fuel injectors and compressed air has entered the chambers behind the vane. The engine may be of the compression ignition type or, alternatively, spark plugs adjacent the injectors could provide the ignition means.

As described above, air is compressed in the chambers 37 and 41, but ignition and the power stroke occurs in the chambers 39 and 43.

Engine 1 therefore has means for temporarily storing the compressed air received from near the forward ends of chambers 41 and 37 when the vanes are near the forward ends thereof and then transferring the compressed air rearwardly of the vanes after the vanes are in the chambers 39 and 43. The stator has an annular inner wall adjacent the annular outer wall 14 of the rotor. The annular inner wall of the stator comprises annular wall 84 of stator half 26 as shown in Figure 3 and annular wall 86 of stator half 28 as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 8. The means for storing and transferring the compressed air comprises the spaces or conduits 88 and 90 in walls 84 and 86 respectively. The conduits are below the surfaces of the annular walls, but have outwardly communicating apertures at each end, apertures 92 and 94 in the case of conduit 88 and apertures 96 and 98 in the case of conduit 90.

The means for storing and transferring also includes two sets of passageways on the rotor, each set of passageways being near one of the vanes so each set of passageways is spaced 180° apart as are the vanes.

Passageways TOO and 102 are on the rearward side of vane 6, while passageways 104 and 106 are on the forward side of this vane. Similarly, passageways 108 and 110 are on the rearward side of vane 8 while passageways 112 and 114 are on its forward side. Each of the passageways consists of a longitudinal groove in the outer wall of the rotor, for example, grooves 116 and 118 of passageways 102 and 106. Each passageway also has a transverse bore communicating outwardly with the side wall of the rotor, for example, bores 120 and 122 of passageways 102 and 106. Finally, each passageway has a radial bore connecting the grooves and the transverse bore, for example, bores 124 and 126 of passageways 102 and 106. Passageways 104 and 112 serve to transfer compressed air from in front of vanes 6 and 8 respectively into conduit 88 as the vanes approach the forward end of chamber 4L As illustrated in Figure 2, for example, in this rotational position of the rotor, passageway 104 is aligned with chamber 41 and with conduit 88 so the compressed air forwardly of end 16 of vane 6 is forced through the passageway into conduit 88. The compressed air is thus stored in conduit 88 after vane 6 passes chamber 41. In a similar manner, passageways 106 and 114 serve to transfer compressed air from chamber 37 into conduit 90.

After the vanes have passed the rearward ends of chambers 43 and 39, as well as fuel injectors 80 and 82, the compressed air is transferred from conduits 88 and 90 into these chambers rearwardly of the vanes. Passageways 100 and 108 serve to transfer the compressed air from conduit 88 to chamber 43, while passageways 102 and 110 transfer compressed air from conduit 90 to chamber 39. For example, just before the rotational position illustrated in Figure 2, groove 116 of passageway 102 is aligned with aperture 98 of conduit 90. The compressed air passes between the groove and the inner wall of the stator, through bores 124 and 120 and enters chamber 39 rearwardly of end 18 of vane 6. With the compressed air introduced behind the vane, fuel can be injected by means of injector 82 and the mixture ignited to produce the power stroke within chamber 39. The same thing occurs in chamber 43.

Engine 1 has means for releasing compressed air from eon25 duits 88 and 90 after most of the compressed air is transferred to chambers 39 and 43. It should be noted that some compressed air will remain within the conduits after passageways 100, 102, 108 and 110 have passed the position aligning the conduits with the chambers. Exhaust passageways 128 and 130, shown in Figure 2, extend through the inner wall of the stator and com30 municate with the exhaust ports 69 and 7L A pair of generally U-shaped grooves 132 and 134 are formed on the outer annular wall 14 of the rotor rearwardly of the two sets of passageways. The grooves are positioned to align the exhaust passageways with conduits 88 and 90 after most of the compressed air is transferred to chambers 43 and 39. For example, groove 132 aligns exhaust passageway 128 and aperture 98 of conduit 90 just after the rotational position shown in Figure 2.

Engine 1 is designed to operate at relatively low rotational speeds in the area of 500 revolutions per minute. Accordingly, sealing is not as much a problem as occurs with other rotary engines designed to operate at much higher speeds. The rotor has inner and outer circumferential seals on each side wall located radially inwards and radially outwards from the vanes, for example, seals 136 and 138 on side wall 52 of the rotor.

The vanes 6 and 8, as seen in Figure 1, comprise substantially rectangular bars made with sufficiently close tolerances to fit sealingly and slidingly within slots 10 and 12 of the rotor. The ends of the vanes are radially flat and slightly pointed to provide adequate seals against the radially flat rear walls of the recesses.

The two halves 26 and 28 of the stator are connected together by bolts extending transversely through the circumferentially spacedapart bolt holes 140 and 142 of the two halves 26 and 28, respectively. Access to the bolts is provided by cover plate 144 shown in Figure 9. Alignment of the two halves of the stator is assured by the small recess 146 and pin 148 in stator half 26 shown in Figures 4 and 5, and the pin 150 and recess 152, shown in Figure 1, shaped to mate therewith.

Coolant enters and leaves the engine through one of the coolant bibs 156 and 158 in stator halves 28 and 26, respectively. For ex25 ample, the coolant may enter through cooling bib 156 and circulates through the annular internal chamber 159 of rotor half 28 shown best in Figure 9. A plurality of apertures 160 near the radially inner part of chamber 159 permits the coolant to flow into the annular chamber 162 extending about journal 164 for one side of shaft 4. The coolant circulates out of chamber 162 by means of a plurality of apertures 166 in the side wall of stator half 28. From here, il the coolant can pass through the four apertures 168 extending transversely through the rotor near shaft 4 and aligned with aperture 166. After passing through and cooling the rotor, the coolant enters annular chamber 170 about the journal 172, which supports shaft 4 in stator half 26, by means of a plurality of apertures 174 also aligned with apertures 168 of the rotor. From chamber 170, the coolant flows through a plurality of a pertures 176 into the radially inner end of the main annular chamber 178 of stator half 26. The coolant flows out of the engine through the second cooling bib 158.

Referring to Figure 1 and Figure 9, it may be seen that the engine has an engine mount flange 179 and accessory mount flange 180, both on stator half 28.

Rotary engine 1 provides many advantages over conventional reciprocating engines as well as many rotary engines. For example, the structure is relatively simple, having only three moving parts, the rotor 2 and the two vanes 6 and 8. The engine is a split cycle engine as the vanes are employed in two strokes per end at the same time. The combinations are intake stroke with the rearward face and the compression stroke with the forward face or the power stroke with the rearward face and the exhaust stroke with the forward face. For example, referring to Figure 2, the intake stroke is taking place rearwardly of end 16 of vane 6. After vane 6 passes chamber 41, the air within chamber 41 is compressed by the following vane 8. The air is compressed forwardly of vane 8 until it reaches the position of vane 6 shown in Figure 2. At this point, passageway 112 is aligned with conduit 88 and the compressed air enters the conduit to complete the compression stroke. Accordingly, in the position of Figure 2, end 16 of vane 6 is accomplishing both the intake stroke and the compression stroke. Vane 6 moves to the right of Figure 2 in the direction of rotation past injector 80 until passageway 100 is aligned with conduit 88 and allows the compressed air to enter chamber 43 behind the vane 6. The fuel is then injected and the mixture ignited to provide the power stroke behind the vane. After the power stroke is completed and vane 6 has passed through chamber 43, the exhaust stroke is accomplished by end 20 of vane 8 which pushes the exhaust gases forwardly through exhaust port 69. Similarly, when end Hi of vane 6 enters chamber 43, it purges forwardly the exhaust gas from the previous power stroke of vane 8. It should be noted that, at the end of the power stroke, the next vane clears all of the exhaust gases through the exhaust port. There is no valve overlap, as occurs in piston engines, which results in a portion of the unburned mixture being exhausted. Each of the vanes fires twice every 360°, once at each end. Engine 1 therefore has four power strokes every 360° of rotation. This is equivalent to an eight cylinder four stroke engine where each piston fires every 720°.

The configuration of the engine is equivalent to that of a piston engine with an extremely large bore/stroke ratio. The time for combustion is correspondingly larger, increasing the engine efficiency. It should also be noted that ignition starts only after the power stroke begins unlike piston engines which fire before the top dead center position. The expanding gases accordingly provide work energy instead of heat energy. The engine has no crank to impede expansion of the fuel as in a piston engine. The negative mechanical advantage of the crank normally causes a decreased proportion of energy converted to work instead of heat.

There is no parasitic force in the power stroke of an engine according to the invention. Such parasitic forces result from the fact that ordinary reciprocating engines fire approximately 35° before top dead center, but the power from the detonation is not available until approximately 35° after top dead center.

The vector efficiency of an engine according to the inven25 tion is appreciably larger than that of a conventional piston engine, therefore increasing the mean effective pressure. The efficiency is also improved by the equivalent of a large crank arm.

Claims (7)

1. CLAIMS;

1. An internal combustion engine comprising a rotor rotatably received within the hollow cylindrical interior of a stator, the rotor having at least two vanes extending slidably therethrough in a transverse direction for rotation therewith and having opposite ends extendable beyond the rotor into circumferentially extending recesses in opposite side walls of the stator, the recesses being shaped to slidably receive the ends of the vanes in sealing contact and being staggered thereby causing transverse reciprocation of the vanes as the rotor rotates within the stator, said recesses forming alternately on each said side wall between the rotor and stator, intake-compression chambers and ignition-expansion chambers respectively, the engine further comprising air intake means communicating with said intake-compression chambers and exhaust means communicating with said ignition-expansion chambers, the air being inducted into said intake-compression chambers and subsequently compressed therein, an air-fuel mixture being ignited and expanded within the ignition-expansion chambers to propel the rotor and finally exhausted from said ignition-expansion chambers, there being at least two recesses in each said side wall of the stator forming respectively an intake-compression chamber and an ignition-expansion chamber, the number of recesses in each side wall of the stator being equal to the number of said vanes and means for storing compressed air from near the forward end of the intake-compression chamber of each side wall when each vane is within the intake-compression chamber near the forward end thereof and transferring the compressed air into the ignition-expansion chamber of said each side wall near the rear end thereof rearwardly of each vane after said vane moves into the ignition-expansion chamber,the means for storing and transferring comprising a space in the stator between the intake-compression chamber and the ignition-expansion chamber and passageway means in the rotor communicating with said space and the intake-compression chamber when each vane is within the intake-compression chamber and near the forward end thereof and communicating with said space and the ignition-expansion chamber when each vane is within the ignition-expansion chamber and near the rear end thereof, the engine further comprising means for admitting fuel into each ignition-expansion chamber near the rear end thereof with the compressed air, to provide the air/fuel mixture in said each ignition expansion chamber.

2. An internal combustion engine as claimed in Claim 1, further comprising inclined surfaces in the recesses near forward and rear ends of each of the chambers, so the chambers taper towards the rotor at each end of the chambers, the inclined surface near the forward end of each chamber in each of the side walls being opposite the inclined surface near the rear end of one of the chambers in the side wall opposite said each side wall so, as the rotor rotates, one end of each of the vanes moves gradually out of a chamber in one side wall while the opposite end of said each vane moves gradually into a chamber in the opposite side wall.

3. An internal combustion engine as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein the means for admitting fuel comprises a fuel injector communicating with the ignition-expansion chamber near the rear end thereof for injecting fuel into the engine after compressed air enters the ignition-expansion chamber from the space.

4. An internal combustion engine as claimed in Claim 3, wherein the rotor has opposite side walls adjacent the side walls of the stator and an annular outer wall and the stator has an annular inner wall adjacent the outer wall of the rotor, the space comprising a conduit near the inner wall of the stator, the passageway means comprising first and second passageways extending between one of the side walls of the rotor and the outer wall thereof, the first passageway communicating with the conduit and the first intake-compression chamber when the said each vane is near the forward end thereof, and the second passageway communicating with the conduit and the ignition-expansion chamber when said each vane is near the rear end thereof.

5. An internal combustion engine as claimed in Claim 4, further comprising means for releasing compressed air from the conduit after the compressed air is transferred to the ignition-expansion chamber.

6. An internal combustion engine as claimed in Claim 5, further comprising an exhaust outlet, the means for releasing comprising an exhaust passageway in the stator connected to the exhaust outlet and a groove in the outer wall of the rotor positioned to extend between the exhaust passageway in the stator and the conduit in the stator after the second passageway in the rotor has rotated past the conduit in the stator, and inner and outer circumferential seals on each side wall of the rotor for sealing contact with the side walls of the stator, the seals being located radially inwards and radially outwards of the vanes. 1G

7. An internal combustion engine according to Claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described with particular reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.