IE20070425U1 - Ceramic filter - Google Patents
Ceramic filterInfo
- Publication number
- IE20070425U1 IE20070425U1 IE2007/0425A IE20070425A IE20070425U1 IE 20070425 U1 IE20070425 U1 IE 20070425U1 IE 2007/0425 A IE2007/0425 A IE 2007/0425A IE 20070425 A IE20070425 A IE 20070425A IE 20070425 U1 IE20070425 U1 IE 20070425U1
- Authority
- IE
- Ireland
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- salt
- filter
- composition
- ceramic filter
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N precursor Substances N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004067 bulking agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate dianion Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Cu+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 22
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N al2o3 Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 241000224466 Giardia Species 0.000 description 7
- 229910001884 aluminium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium monoxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 229910052904 quartz Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L Barium carbonate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]C([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011776 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 4
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001717 pathogenic Effects 0.000 description 3
- 244000052769 pathogens Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese(II) carbonate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- LEDMRZGFZIAGGB-UHFFFAOYSA-L Strontium carbonate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]C([O-])=O LEDMRZGFZIAGGB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- JTNGSVWMHOXLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;lithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li].[Li+].[Li+].[OH-] JTNGSVWMHOXLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000035622 drinking Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000021271 drinking Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004634 feeding behavior Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 2
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000529 magnetic ferrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011656 manganese carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006748 manganese carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940093474 manganese carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000018 strontium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VUKAUDKDFVSVFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[6-[4,5-bis(2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-(2-hydroxypropoxymethyl)-6-methoxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxane-3,4-diol Chemical compound COC1C(OC)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O2)O)C(COC)OC1OC1C(COCC(C)O)OC(OC)C(OCC(C)O)C1OCC(C)O VUKAUDKDFVSVFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000218 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000223935 Cryptosporidium Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010011732 Cyst Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006962 Gossypium hirsutum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940031574 HYDROXYMETHYL CELLULOSE Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000208202 Linaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000276489 Merlangius merlangus Species 0.000 description 1
- XAPRFLSJBSXESP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxycinchophen Chemical compound N=1C2=CC=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=C(O)C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 XAPRFLSJBSXESP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003660 Reticulum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 Wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 alkali metal salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;hydroxy-[hydroxy(oxo)silyl]oxy-oxosilane;lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Al].O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O.O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Inorganic materials [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(0) Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGXQAZYFZVZEGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N borax Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].O1B(O)O[B-]2(O)OB(O)O[B-]1(O)O2 WGXQAZYFZVZEGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- LVSJLTMNAQBTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium tetraborate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].O1B(O)O[B-]2(O)OB(O)O[B-]1(O)O2 LVSJLTMNAQBTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane;decahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 hemp Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003063 hydroxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940071676 hydroxypropylcellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052629 lepidolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 marijuana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003250 oocysts Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052670 petalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001184 potassium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MIIFSAFUFQUZOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;sodium;oxido-oxo-oxoalumanyloxysilane Chemical compound [Na+].[K+].[O-][Si](=O)O[Al]=O.[O-][Si](=O)O[Al]=O MIIFSAFUFQUZOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011045 prefiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003385 sodium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001187 sodium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052642 spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020681 well water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002349 well water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010803 wood ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Abstract
ABSTRACT A ceramic filter for filtering liquid, particularly tap water, comprising: (a) from about 75 percent to about 95 percent by weight of diatomaceous earth; (b) from about 10 percent to about 20 percent by weight of a flux; and (c) from about 0.03 percent to about 0.4 percent by weight of metallic compound; the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the ceramic filter.
Description
Ceramic Filter
The present invention relates to a ceramic filter. In particular, it relates to a ceramic filter
for filtering liquid, especially tap water so as to remove pathogens or
therefrom. ‘ V
cram‘. . ‘. L” O
Due to the variable quality of many putative drinking water sources (e.g. public utility or
group water supply scheme, well water), in general, such water is unpalatable for drinking,
and in certain extreme cases may contain pathogens or contaminants, which can lead to
serious illness. For example, some drinking water sources may contain harmful protozoa
or bacteria such as Crjyptosporidium, Giardia and E. Coli, which can cause illness upon
consumption. Thus, there is an increased tendency for water for drinking purposes to be
purchased in bottles or other suitable containers, and the purchase of such water can be
quite expensive. For example, in the case of athletes who require a regular intake of large
volumes of water when training, expenditure on bottled water can be particularly high.
The use ofceramics as a medium in filters is known, including filters for purifying liquid
such as tap water. However, such ceramic filters vary in quality, are normally bulky and
relatively non-portable, and cannot necessarily be relied on to remove pathogens, such as
protozoa from the water. There is therefore a need for a filter which overcomes this
problem.
The present invention is directed towards providing a ceramic filter which is capable of
removing contaminants including but not limited to harmful protozoa such as
C ryptosporidium and Giardia, as well as bacteria and viruses, from liquid such as tap
water. The ceramic filter of the present invention has many potential applications. For
example, it may be used for purifying mains tap water contained in a container, such as a
bottle, as it is being drawn from the container.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a ceramic filter comprising:
(a) from about 75% to about 95% by weight of diatomaceous earth;
(b) from about 10% to about 20% by weight of a flux; and
(c) from about 0.03% to about 0.4% by weight of a metallic compound;
the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the ceramic filter.
As used herein, the term “flux” is intended to mean a vitrifying agent which reduces the
melting temperatures of the ingredients and induces ceramic bonding.
Suitable metallic compounds for use in the invention include Group VI-Xll metallic
compounds, excluding silver. Such metallic compounds are preferably selected from
chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, more preferably selected from
copper and zinc. Copper is particularly preferred. The metallic compound is preferably
present in the filter in an amount of from about 0.05% to about 0.3%, preferably from 0.1%
to about 0.25%, more preferably from about 0.13% to about 0.23%, most preferably about
0.18% by weight of the ceramic filter.
The ceramic filter is conveniently capable of removing material having a size of 1 5pm or
greater in diameter.
The ceramic filter of the invention preferably has a compression ratio of from about 0.30 to
about 0.55, more preferably from about 0.35 to about 0.50 or from about 0.37 to about
0.45. A compression ratio of 0.40 is preferred. As used herein, the term “compression
ratio” is intended to mean the ratio of the thickness of the ceramic filter in millimetres after
firing to the thickness of the ceramic filter in millimetres before firing, wherein the ceramic
filter has had a weight applied of approximately 0.08 kg/cmz applied thereto during firing.
The ceramic filter of the invention preferably has a thickness of from about 2.0mm to
about 4.5mm, preferably from about 2.5mm to about 4.0mm. A thickness of approximately
.2mm is preferred.
The diatomaceous earth preferably has a silica content of at least 70%. A diatomaceous
earth comprising silica, sodium, magnesium and ferrite is preferred. A diatomaceous earth
sold under the trade name Celatom and comprising at least 70% silica, from about 4% to
about 8% sodium, from about 2% to about 4% magnesium and from about 1.5% to 2.5%
ferrite is particularly preferred. The diatomaceous earth is preferably a diatomaceous earth
sold under the trade name Celatom FW, more preferably a diatomaceous earth sold under
the trade name Celatom FW-12 (having an average particle diameter of about 24pm and
lEu/0425
capable of removing material having a particle size of about 0.7um), FW-14 (having an
average particle diameter of about 28 um and capable of removing material having a
particle size of about 0.75 pm), FW-18 (having an average particle diameter of about 3lttm
and capable of removing material having a particle size of about 0.8um), FW-20 (having
an average particle diameter of about 33pm and capable of removing material having a
particle size of about 0.9]J.m), FW-40 (having an average particle diameter of about 40pm
and capable of removing material having a particle size of about 1.01.1111), FW—50 (having
an average particle diameter of about 42pm and capable of removing material having a
particle size of about 1.1 pm), FW-60 (having an average particle diameter of about 48pm
and capable of removing material having a particle size of about l.2pm), or FW-80
(having an average particle diameter of about 77 pm and capable of removing material
having a particle size of about 1.6um), or mixtures thereof.
The diatomaceous earth may comprise a mixture of two or more diatomaceous earths of
different particle diameter, for example a mixture of a diatomaceous earth having an
average particle diameter of from about 25 um to about 30pm with one having an average
particle diameter of from about 75 pm to about 80pm. A mixture of a diatomaceous earth
having an average particle diameter of about 28pm with one having an average particle
diameter of from about 77um is preferred. When a mixture of two diatomaceous earths is
used, the diatomaceous earth is preferably capable of filtering matter having a particle size
of from about 05pm to about 3.0um, preferably from about l.01.tm to about 2.5itm, more
preferably from about 1.5 pm to about 2.0um. A mixture of diatomaceous earths sold under
the trade names Celatom FW-14 and FW-80 is preferred, preferably a mixture in a ratio of
from about 30:70 to about 70:30, more preferably from about 60:40 to about 40:60, most
preferably about 50:50, by weight of the diatomaceous earth. A 50:50 mixture of
diatomaceous earths sold under the trade names Celatom FW—14 and FW—8O is especially
preferred.
The diatomaceous earth is preferably present in an amount of from about 80% to about
90%, preferably from about 81% to about 87%, more preferably from about 83% to about
85%, most preferably about 84% by weight of the ceramic filter.
The flux acts to bind the constituents, namely, the diatomaceous earth and metallic
compound during the firing process in the manufacture of the filter, and gives additional
strength to the finished ceramic filter. Suitable fluxes for use in the invention include
barium carbonate (BaC03), barium (BaSO4), calcite (CaCO3), cha1k(CaC03), comish
stone (variable), dolomite (CaC03.MgC03), feldspar (potash) (K2O.A1203.6Si02), feldspar
(soda) (Na20.A1203.6Si02), lepidolite (Li2F2.Al203.3Si02), limestone (CaC03), lithium
carbonate (Li2C03), magnesium carbonate (MgC03), magnesium carbonate (light)
3MgCO3.Mg(0H) 23H20, manganese carbonate (MnCO3), manganese dioxide (Mn02),
nepheline syenite ((K)Na0.A1203.4Si02) (approx)), petalite (Li20.A1203.8SiO2),
potassium carbonate (pearl ash) (K2C03), rock powder e.g. basalt or granite, sodium
carbonate (soda ash) (Na2CO3), spodumene (Li20.Al203.4Si02), strontium carbonate
(SrC03), talc (3Mg0.4Si02.H20), whiting (CaC03), wollastonite (CaO.Si02), wood
ash(may contain solubles) (variable, (often high in lime)), zinc oxide (ZnO), and boron-
containing compounds.
Boron-containing compounds are particularly preferred, preferably oxides of boron, salts
of boron and hydrates of the salts. Suitable salts include alkali metal salts of boron or of
boric acid. Sodium borate, also known as sodium tetraborate decahydrate, disodium
tetraborate, borax decahydrate or borax (Na2B407-10H20), is preferred.
Suitable oxides of boron include colemanite (2Ca0.3B203.5H20 (variable)), gerstley
borate (mixture of colemanite [Ca2B(,01 1'5H2O] and ulexite [N30-2Ca0-5B203~5H20]) and
boron oxide having the formula B203. Boron oxide having the formula B203 is preferred,
optionally in its amorphous form. A flux comprising boron oxide (B203), aluminium oxide
(A1203) and/or silica (Si02) is preferred, particularly a flux comprising from about 10% to
about 30% of boron oxide, preferably about 20% of boron oxide; from about 2% to about
% of aluminium oxide, preferably about 8% of aluminium oxide; and from about 40% to
about 60% of silica, preferably about 50% of silica. A frit comprising boron is preferred,
especially a frit comprising an oxide of boron. A frit comprising boron oxide (B203),
aluminium oxide (A1203) and/or silica (SiO2) is particularly preferred. A boron frit
comprising from about 10% to about 30% of boron oxide, preferably about 20% of boron
oxide; from about 2% to about 15% of aluminium oxide, preferably about 8% of
aluminium oxide; and from about 40% to about 60% of silica, preferably about 50% of
silica is especially preferred.
The flux preferably has a firing temperature from about 300°C to about 1500°C, preferably
from about 400°C to about 1300°C, more preferably from about 500°C to about 1200°C.
A firing temperature of approximately 1050°C is preferred. A boron frit having a firing
temperature of approximately 1085°C is particularly preferred.
The flux is preferably present in an amount of from about 12% to about 18%, preferably
from about 14% to about 16%, more preferably about 15% by weight of the ceramic filter.
A boron frit present in an amount of about 15% is especially preferred.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for
forming a ceramic filter according to the invention, the composition comprising:
(a) from about 10% to about 30% by weight of diatomaceous earth;
(b) from about 1% to about 6% by weight of a flux;
(c) from about 0.05% to about 1.0% by weight of a metallic compound or a salt
thereof or a hydrate of the salt;
(d) from about 0.5% to about 6% by weight of a cellulose gum; and
(e) from about 2% to about 10% by weight of a bulking agent; and
(D from about 50% to about 85% by weight of water;
the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the total composition.
The metallic compound may be a metallic compound as defined above for the ceramic
filter and is preferably present in the composition in the form of a salt or a hydrate of the
salt. The salt is preferably selected from sulphate, carbonate, chloride and acetate, most
preferably sulphate. Copper sulphate or a hydrate thereof is preferred, especially copper
sulphate pentahydrate.
The metallic compound or salt thereof or hydrate of the salt is preferably present in the
composition in an amount of from about 0.07% to about 0.8%, more preferably from about
0.1% to about 0.5%, even more preferably from about 0.15% to about 0.3%, most
preferably about 0.2% by weight of the total composition.
The diatomaceous earth is as defined above for the ceramic filter and is preferably present
in the composition in an amount of from about 14% to about 26%, more preferably about
IE u'i’046
% to about 24%, even more preferably about 18% to about 22%, most preferably about
% by weight of the total composition.
The flux is as defined above for the ceramic filter and is preferably present in the
composition in an amount of from about from about 2% to about 5%, more preferably
from about 2.5% to about 4.5%, even more preferably from about 3% to about 4%, most
preferably about 3.8% by Weight of the total composition.
The cellulose gum in the composition acts to produce a malleable composition.
Suitable cellulose gums include methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose.
hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and
mixtures thereof. Carboxymethylcellulose is preferred. A modified cellulose gum is
particularly preferred, preferably a modified carboxymethylcellulose, especially sodium
carboxymethylcellulose. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose sold under the trade name
Blanose available from Hercules S.A., Alizay, France, is particularly preferred. The
cellulose gum is preferably present in an amount of from about 1% to about 5%, preferably
from about 1.5% to about 4%, more preferably about 2% to about 3%, most preferably
about 2.3% by weight of the total composition. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose in an
amount of about 2.3% is especially preferred.
Bulking agents which can be used in the composition include hemp, cotton, flax, silk,
wool, cellulose and mixtures thereof. Cellulose is preferred. The bulking agent may be
present in an amount of from about 3% to about 7%, preferably from about 3.5% to about
6%, more preferably from about 4% to about 5%, most preferably about 4.3% by weight of
the total composition. Cellulose present in an amount of about 4.3% is particularly
preferred. The bulking agent is burnt off during the firing process in the manufacture of the
ceramic filter, leaving a honeycomb structure within the ceramic. Cellulose is typically
burnt off at a temperature of about 300°C.
The water may be present in an amount of from about 55% to about 80%, preferably from
about 60% to about 75%, more preferably from about 65% to about 70%, most preferably
about 68% by weight of the total composition.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a precursor filter for
forming a ceramic filter according to the invention, the precursor filter comprising:
(a) from about 50% to about 98% by weight of diatomaceous earth;
(b) from about 2% to about 20% by weight of a flux;
(c) from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of a metallic compound or a salt
thereof or a hydrate of the salt;
((1) from about 2% to about 20% by weight of a cellulose gum; and
(e) from about 5% to about 35% by weight of a bulking agent;
the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the total precursor filter.
The metallic compound or a salt thereof or a hydrate of the salt, the diatomaceous earth,
the flux, the cellulose gum and the bulking agent present in the precursor filter are each as
defined above for the composition.
The metallic compound or salt thereof or hydrate of the salt is preferably present in an
amount of from about 0.2% to about 1.2%, more preferably from 0.3% to about 1.0%, even
more preferably from about 0.4% to about 0.8%, most preferably about 0.5% by weight of
the total precursor filter.
The diatomaceous earth is preferably present in an amount of from about 55% to about
90%, preferably from about 60% to about 85%, more preferably from about 62% to about
80%, most preferably about 65% by weight of the total precursor filter.
The flux may be present in an amount of from about 5% to about 15%, preferably from
about 8% to about 14%, more preferably about 12% by weight of the total precursor filter.
The cellulose gum is preferably present in an amount of from about 4% to about 15%,
preferably from about 5% to about 10%, more preferably about 8% by weight of the total
precursor filter.
The bulking agent is preferably present in an amount of from about 8% to about 30%,
preferably from about 10% to about 25%, more preferably approximately 13% by weight
of the total precursor filter.
“/0425
According to the invention, there is also provided a method for preparing a ceramic filter
according to the invention, the method comprising the steps of:
(A) forming a composition according to the invention by combining the following
ingredients:
(a) from about 10% to about 30% by weight of diatomaceous earth;
(b) from about 1% to about 6% by weight of a flux;
(c) from about 0.05% to about 1.0% by weight of a metallic compound or a salt
thereof or a hydrate of the salt;
(d) from about 0.5% to about 6% by weight of a cellulose gum; and
(e) from about 2% to about 10% by weight of a bulking agent; and
(i) from about 50% to about 85% by weight of water;
the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the total composition;
(B) removing a portion of water from the composition to as to form a Composition
having a shaping consistency;
(C) drying the composition so as to remove any residual water to form a precursor
filter according to the invention; and
(D) firing the precursor filter to form the ceramic filter.
In step (A), the ingredients are preferably combined at a temperature of from about 20°C to
about 40°C, preferably about 30°C.
In step (A), the ingredients of the composition are preferably combined in the following
order of addition:
(i) add the metallic compound or salt thereof or hydrate of the salt to water;
(ii) add the cellulose gum to the resulting mixture;
(iii) add the flux to the resulting mixture;
(iv) add the bulking agent to the resulting mixture; and
(v) add diatomaceous earth to the resulting mixture.
In step (B), the composition is preferably allowed to rest for from about 30 minutes to
about 5 hours, more preferably from about 1 hour to about 3 hours, most preferably about 2
hours, preferably at a temperature of from about 20°C to about 40°C, more preferably
about 30°C. The shaping consistency of the composition conveniently allows it to be cut
into desired shapes.
E 020430
Following step (B) and prior to step (C), the composition is preferably cut into desired
shapes. The desired shapes may take any suitable form, but are preferably substantially
circular discs, more preferably discs having a diameter of about 20mm to about 25mm,
preferably approximately 22mm.
Step (C) preferably comprises heating for a period of time of about 30 minutes to about 2
hour, preferably about 1 hour, at a temperature of from about 90°C to about 110°C,
preferably about 100°C.
In step (D), the firing is preferably carried out at a temperature of from about 800°C to
about l200°C, more preferably from about 900°C to about l150°C, even more preferably
from about l00O°C to about 1l00°C, most preferably about 1085°C. The precursor filters
are preferably fired for a period of from about 4 hours to about 11 hours, preferably from
about 6 hours to about 9 hours, most preferably about 8.25 hours.
The method conveniently comprises applying a load to the precursor filters in order to
cause compression thereof during firing (step (D)). The load is preferably from about 0.05
kg/C1112 to about 0.1 kg/cmz, preferably about 0.08 kg/cmz.
Advantages of the ceramic filters of the invention include the following:
They remove all or substantially all of protozoa, including Crypmsporidium and
Giardia from tap water.
When the metallic compound in the filter is copper, it conveniently acts as an anti-
bacterial agent.
They have both excellent filtration properties and anti-bacterial properties.
The following examples serve to illustrate the invention but it will be appreciated that the
invention is not limited to these examples.
IE W04
EXAMPLE 1
A ceramic filter was prepared from the ingredients listed in Table 1, and prepared
according to the steps in Table 2:
Table 1
i Ingrecli;1ts—— ii’ M " lVve?gi1.T% (7asJo.Tceram:c
l ifilter)
f M, ,7 (, W __
Water
l —— ——— ————
mmmmmfig c“i
@@J““* aznnnm i
B@w“‘3gmi
}&mE?_”"__i_23—_"_—_( l
b@@@fi*af”“”*i
ilknm—m- "0 *0 eeeee 0 ioor;" "‘ *‘* * !
'sodium carboxymcthylcellulose; 27.5% A1303, 13.0% B203, 50.0% S102, 14.0% CaO + Mgo, 10.3% Li3O +
Na3O + K30, available from Johnson Mathey Ceramics, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; 350:50 mixture of
diatomaceous eanhs sold under the trade names Celatom FW—14 and F W-80.
Table 2
Step
Add 1 g copper sulphate pentahydrateh i
_._ . s_ u,__ s,,,, .__. . I
i Blend in copper for 20 seconds
A Add 15 g Blanose, food grade :
i Blend mixture for 60 seconds
l Add 22g boron rm
lifiiéad rIiiii1“reifori3‘ii(i)isecoI—i-d-sn __Mi
‘\O0O\)O\'
Blend mixture for 100 to 140 seconds
.lEUfo425
ll
12
1 Add 120g diatomaceous earth
Blend mixture for
Pour onto plaster bat (slab) to form the composition.
Leave mixture until suitable for shaping (>2 hours), which
results in the composition having a shaping consistency.
Use cutter to produce 9 circular discs of required sizes
(approximately 22mm diameter).
EXAMPLE 2
A precursor filter produced obtained in step 16 of Table 2 in Example 1 was analysed and
Place discs into oven at 100°C and remove when discs have
dried out sufficiently to allow compression during firing
process, to form precursor filters.
Place discs, evenly spaced, onto clay tile (l50mm X 150mm)
and put into kiln
Place load onto discs which equates to a load of 0.08 kg/cmz
to cause compression during firing process
Program temperature settings on kiln as indicated below:
(i) 0°C to 300°C, rising at 100°C per hour (total 180
mins);
(ii) 300 to l085°C, rising at 150°C per hour (total 314
mins);
(iii) falls naturally after 1085°C is reached.
Allow temperature of discs to fall to <700°C below which
discs are durable enough to withstand normal handling during
T removal from kiln, to form ceramic filters.
the results are shown in Table 3:
Table 3
. Weight % (based on
Ingredlents the precursor filter)
Copper sulphate 0.5%
Blanosel 8.2%
Borax fritz 12.0%
Cellulose 13.7%
Diatomaceous earth3 65.6%
Total 100%
‘sodium carboxymethylcellulose; 27.5% A1203, 18.0% B303, 50.0% SiO2, 14.0% CaO + MgO, 10.3% Li3O +
l\'a2O + K30, available from Johnson Mathey Ceramics, Stoke-on—Trent, United Kingdom; 350250 mixture of
diatomaceous earths sold under the trade names Celatom FW-14 and FW-80.
EXAMPLE 3
A ceramic filter of the invention obtained in step 20 of Table 2 of Example 1 was analysed
and the content shown in Table 4.
Table4
ilngredients E iiiiiii ‘await °/i.__(_bas.e_d. oi1_the—cera-rn_i_cil”1—lt£_:r)__ ‘
Elemental Coppe: 77 E M
Diatomaceousiear_t_h_1 z83GA— _ _ u — —__——
4 __ __ _ _ _
‘S0250 mixture of diatomaceous earths sold under the trade names Celatom FW-14 and FW—80.
The ceramic filter also comprises frit and other components.
EXAMPLE 4:
Six ceramic filters obtained in Example 1 and having a typical content as shown in
Example 3 were subjected to a filtration test using de-ionised water, spiked with a quantity
of 200 Giardia cysts and 200 Crjyptosporidium oocysts. Prior to testing, the thickness and
the compression ratios were determined for each filter. 10 litres of the spiked water was
allowed to pass through each ceramic filter at a pressure of l0kPa, flowing at a rate of 1
litre/min. The water was analysed pre-filtration and post—fi1tration for Crfyptosporidizmz and
Giardia content. The results obtained are shown in Table 5.
Table 5
Ceramic Giardia
Reference Thickness Compression Cryptosporidium Removal
no. (mm) Ratio Removal (%) %)
1 3.40 0.49 94.0% 95.0%
2 3.00 0.43 98.0% 99.5%
3 3.00 0.38 90.5% 100.0%
4 2.84 0.36 90.5% 100.0%
3.66 0.52 97.5% 100.0%
6 3.04 0.43 98.0% 100.0%
The ceramic filters of the present invention were found to remove up to 98% of
(7ryptosp0ridz'um, and up to 100% of Giardia. The best results were obtained using
ceramic filter no. 6 having a thickness of 3.04mm and a compression ratio of 0.43.
In summary, the ceramic filters of the invention have been shown to have excellent
protazoan filtration properties, and may be used in a wide variety of applications.
Claims (5)
1. A ceramic filter comprising: (a) from about 75% to about 95% by weight of diatomaceous earth; (b) from about 10% to about 20% by weight of a flux; and (c) from about 0.03% to about 0.4% by weight of a metallic compound; the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the ceran1ic filter; and wherein the metallic compound is preferably selected from chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, more preferably selected from copper and zinc, and wherein, most preferably, the metallic compound is copper.
2. A ceramic filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metallic compound is present in the filter in an amount of from about 0.05% to about 0.3%, preferably from 0.1% to about 0.25%, more preferably from about 0.13% to about 0.23%, most preferably about 0.18% by weight of the ceramic filter.
3. A composition for forming a ceramic filter as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, the composition comprising: (a) from about 10% to about 30% by weight of diatomaceous earth; (b) from about 1% to about 6% by weight of a flux; (c) from about 0.05% to about 1.0% by weight of a metallic compound or a salt thereof or a hydrate of the salt; ((1) from about 0.5% to about 6% by weight of a cellulose gum; and (e) from about 2% to about 10% by weight of a bulking agent; and (0 from about 50% to about 85% by weight of water; the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the total composition; and wherein component (c) is a metallic compound as defined in claim 1, and is present in the composition in the form of a salt or a hydrate of the salt, and wherein the salt is preferably selected from sulphate, carbonate, chloride and acetate, preferably sulphate, and wherein, more preferably, component (c) is copper sulphate or a hydrate thereof, most preferably copper sulphate pentahydrate.
4. A precursor filter for forming a ceramic filter as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, the precursor filter comprising: (a) from about 50% to about 98% by weight of diatomaceous earth; (b) from about 2% to about 20% by weight of a flux; (c) from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of a metallic compound or a salt thereof or a hydrate of the salt; ((1) from about 2% to about 20% by weight of a cellulose gum; and (e) from about 5% to about 35% by weight of a bulking agent; the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the total precursor filter, wherein the metallic compound or a salt thereof or a hydrate of the salt is as defined in claim 3.
5. A method for preparing a ceramic filter as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, the method comprising the steps of: (A) fonning a composition as claimed in claim 3 by combining the following ingredients: (a) from about 10% to about 30% by weight of diatomaceous earth; (b) from about 1% to about 6% by weight of a flux; (c) from about 0.05% to about 1.0% by weight of a metallic compound or a salt thereof or a hydrate of the salt; (cl) from about 0.5% to about 6% by weight of a cellulose gum; and (e) from about 2% to about 10% by weight of a bulking agent; and (t) from about 50% to about 85% by weight of water; the percentages by weight being percentages by weight of the total composition; (B) removing a portion of water from the composition to as to fonn a composition having a shaping consistency; (C) drying the composition so as to remove any residual water to form a precursor filter as claimed in claim 4; and (D) firing the precursor filter to form the ceramic filter.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IEIRELAND14/06/2006S2006/0450 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
IE20070425U1 true IE20070425U1 (en) | 2007-12-26 |
IES84868Y1 IES84868Y1 (en) | 2008-04-16 |
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