IE20070309U1 - Derivative product for binary outcomes - Google Patents
Derivative product for binary outcomesInfo
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- IE20070309U1 IE20070309U1 IE2007/0309A IE20070309A IE20070309U1 IE 20070309 U1 IE20070309 U1 IE 20070309U1 IE 2007/0309 A IE2007/0309 A IE 2007/0309A IE 20070309 A IE20070309 A IE 20070309A IE 20070309 U1 IE20070309 U1 IE 20070309U1
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Abstract
ABSTRACT A system for trades contingent on odds—based markets is disclosed. The system includes means for receiving odds for at least one exogenous Reference Market, wherein the odds correspond to a specified reference outcome to be decided at a time later than a specified time. The system also includes means for receiving forcasts and intestment amounts from trade parties over time, for the settlement of the odds for the exogenous Reference Market as of a specified time. The trade parties comprise at least one trade party for a positive investment amount and at least one trade counter - party for a negative investment amount. The system also includes means for registering at least one trade between the trade parties prior to the specified time, the trade having a conditional value equal to zero at any time prior to the specified time and means for confirming, in response to the expiry of the odds, the payoff to, or the laibility of, the at least one trade party and, respectively, the liability of, or the payoff to, the at least one trade counter-party.
Description
Background 5
who need an influx of capital to develop a business, and offer business shares in return for
the disposable capital. Trading futures, however, brings people together to transfer the price
risk associated with the ownership of some commodity or a service.
“Derivatives” is a term used to describe financial products, such as futures and options
contracts, which are derived from other existing products. For example, equity futures and
options are derived from equities in the underlying share market.
A futures contract is an agreement between a buyer and a seller to buy or sell a particular
asset some time in the future at a price agreed today. Futures contracts may be cash-settled
or require physical delivery of the underlying asset. For example, with equity futures, a cash-
settled contract requires a cash amount to be paid on the settlement clay, reflecting the
difference between the initial futures price and the price of the underlying shares when the
futures contract reaches maturity. In doing this, the investor can buy and sell contracts
without ever owning the shares in the first place.
Options give investors the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific product or
asset at a fixed price on or before a specific date. Unlike futures contracts, the potential loss
to the buyer of an option is limited to the initial price (or premium) paid for the contract,
regardless of the performance of the underlying product, e.g. shares. Like futures, options
can be used to try to capitalise on an upward or downward movement in the market, but also
generate returns in a static market.
Like insurance allows the owner of an asset to protect it for a premium, futures and options
allow investors to protect their investments. For example, suppose a fund manager knows
they will have a certain amount of money to invest in shares at a fixed time in the future, but
they believe the market is going to rise and there is a risk they will have to pay a lot more for
the shares. They can purchase options on the same shares for a relatively small outlay
(called a premium), and use the profit from the options to offset the higher price they would
have to pay for the shares when the money becomes available.
Trading shares involves bringing individuals with dlsposam&mm wh intdlvigpaglfisw , g
Online exchanges have recently become popular, wherein individuals may provide offers
and/or take positions, typically on binary outcome events, such as sporting events or spreads
of financial market indices. Many of the participants in these markets are interested in taking
positions to profit from beliefs of market behaviour, rather than from the outcome of the
events on which these ‘spot’ markets are based. Whilst such individuals may alternately take
long and short positions on odds markets to achieve this, the conducting of such trades is
difficult for even the most experienced of individuals. Thus, as in other types of markets,
derivatives markets have become more popular than the spot markets on which they are
based.
A novel futures product based on odds expectations is defined and explained hereinafter for
simplifying the conducting of trades on odds markets, and a novel system for trading this
product is likewise disclosed.
Summary of the invention
According to an aspect of the present invention, a system for processing trades contingent
on odds-based markets is provided, which comprises means for receiving odds ST for at
least one exogenous reference market, wherein odds ST correspond to a specified reference
outcome to be decided at a time later than a specified time T; means for receiving, from trade
parties, forecasts F. and investment amounts at at time t for the settlement of odds ST for the
exogenous reference market at the specified time T, wherein the trade parties comprises at
least one trade party for a positive investment amount a. and at least one trade counter-party
for a negative investment amount a,; means for registering at least one trade (F,,aT) between
the trade parties prior to time T, the trade having a conditional value equal to zero at any time
prior to time T; and means for confirming, in response to the expiry odds ST, the payoff to or
the liability of the at least one trade party as equal to a.(FT/ST-1), and respectively the liability
of or the payoff to the at least one trade counter-party as equal to -a.(FT/ST-1).
In a preferred embodiment, the system comprises means for settling the trade value, further
to the confirmation of the respective payoff and liability. The system desirably defines an
exchange for the trades.
in a first embodiment, the system comprises at least one data processing terminal, wherein
the means for receiving odds forecasts and investment amounts, the means for registering at
least one trade and the means for confirming the respective payoff and liability respectively
comprise data processing terminal components suitably configured by data processing
terminal instructions.
In a second embodiment, the system comprises a plurality of data processing terminals
connected to a network and in communication with one another, wherein a first data
processing terminal of the said plurality receives odds forecasts from at least a second data
processing terminal of the said plurality, the first data processing terminal receives
investment amounts from at least a third data processing terminal of the said plurality, the
first data processing terminal registers at least one trade between the at least second data
processing terminal and the at least third data processing terminal of the said plurality, and
the first data processing terminal confirms the respective payoff and liability.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of settling trades contingent
on odds-based markets is provided, which comprises the steps of receiving odds ST for at
least one exogenous reference market, wherein odds ST correspond to a specified reference
outcome to be decided at a time later than a specified time T; receiving, from trade parties,
forecasts FT and investment amounts a. at time t for the settlement of odds ST for the
exogenous reference market as of the specified time T, wherein the trade parties comprise at
least one trade party for a positive investment amount a, and at least one trade counter-party
for a negative investment amounts at ; registering at least one trade (FT,aT) between the trade
parties prior to time T, the trade having a conditional value equal to zero at any time prior to
time T; confirming, in response to the expiry odds ST, the payoff to or the liability of the at
least one trade party as equal to aT(F./ST-1), and respectively the liability of or the payoff to
the at least one trade counter-party as equal to -aT(F,/ST-1) and settling the trade value.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, a method of determining the
settlement price ST for trades contingent on odds-based markets is provided, which
comprises the steps of receiving a complete set of pairs (VT,S,) representing executed trades
in at least one exogenous reference market, wherein odds S, and Volume V, correspond to a
specified reference outcome to be decided at a time later than a specified time T; and
determining the settlement value ST for trades (FT,aT) comprising the median of the latest
percentage of volume by traded amounts VT on the reference market prior to T, such that
such that at least 50% of the latest percentage of traded volume is greater than or equal to
ST, and at least 50% of the latest percentage of traded volume is less than or equal to ST
In a first embodiment, the latest percentage of volume by traded amounts is comprised
between 0.1% and 25%.
In a preferred embodiment, the latest percentage of volume by traded amounts is comprised
between 9% and 11%.
e_-_.._..........__.__....
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of determining the
settlement price S1 for trades contingent on odds-based markets is provided, which
comprises the steps of receiving a complete set of pairs (V,,St) representing executed trades
in at least one exogenous reference market, wherein odds St and Volume Vt correspond to a
specified reference outcome to be decided at a time later than a specified time T; and
determining the settlement value ST for trades (F.,at) comprising a trimmed mean of the latest
percentage of volume by traded amounts V. on the reference market prior to T.
In a preferred embodiment, the trimmed mean is an average with a variable percentage,
wherein extreme values on both positive and negative sides have been removed.
Brief description of the Figures
Figure 1 illustrates a system in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention may
be embodied, including a plurality of networked data processing terminals;
Figure 2 further details the hardware components of a first data processing terminal shown in
the system of Figure 1, including processing means and memory means;
Figure 3 details the processing steps according to which the first data processing terminal of
Figures 1 and 2 operates according to a first embodiment the present invention;
Figure 4 details the processing steps according to which the first data processing terminal of
Figures 1 and 2 operates according to a second embodiment the present invention;
Figure 5 illustrates the contents of the memory means shown in Figure 2 at runtime,
including several data structures.
Figure 6 provides a representation of a first embodiment of a graphical user interface
displayed at any of the plurality of networked data processing terminals; and
Figure 7 provides a representation of a second embodiment of a graphical user interface
displayed at any of the plurality of networked data processing terminals.
Description of the best mode for carrying out the invention
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown as a system in Figure 1, which
depicts a networked computerized trading system including a plurality of data processing
terminals. Amongst the plurality of data processing terminals, a first data processing terminal
101 is configured according to the present invention, and is connected with further data
processing terminals over a variety of wired and wireless networks.
Terminal 101 is firstly connected via a network with at least a second data processing
terminal 102, which maintains at least one odds-based exogenous reference market. In the
example, second terminal 102 is a networked betting exchange server such as the Betfair
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exchange administered by The Sporting Exchange company of London, United Kingdom, but
it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the second terminal may maintain any
other type of exogenous reference market based upon binary outcomes. In the embodiment
shown, terminal 101 is connected to a Wide Area Network (WAN) 103, of which the Internet
is an example, via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 104, and terminal 101 is likewise
connected to the WAN 103 via another or the same ISP 104.
Terminal 101 is also connected via a network with at least a third data processing terminal
105, at which a user generates at least one forecast and provides an indication of an
investment amount corresponding to the forecast, from which terminal 101 generates a
futures product according to the present invention. in the example, third terminal 105 is a
networked personal computing device such as a desktop or laptop computer, and it will be
readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the third terminal may be any type of personal
data processing device capable of interfacing a network, receiving user input and forwarding
same over the network. In the embodiment shown, terminal 105 is connected to the Wide
Area Network (WAN) 103 via another or the same ISP 104 as terminals 101 and 102.
Terminal 101 is also connected via a network with at least a fourth data processing terminal
106, at which a user at least provides an indication of purchase of the futures product
generated by the terminal 101, based on the forecast and investment amount received from
the third terminal 105. In the example, fourth terminal 106 is a networked mobile computing
device such as a mobile telephone or a personal digital assistant, and again it will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art that the fourth terminal may be any type of personal data
processing device capable of interfacing a network, receiving user input and fon/varding
same over the network. in the embodiment shown, terminal 106 is connected to the Wide
Area Network (WAN) 103 via a low-bandwidth network connection Global System for Mobile
Communication ('GSM') wireless network, or a higher-bandwidth General Packet Radio
Service (‘GPRS') wireless network, or a yet higher-bandwidth 'G3' wireless network 107.
Fourth terminal 106 receives data from terminal 101 and transmits data back to terminal 101
as a digital signal over wireless network 107, wherein said signal is relayed respectively to or
from the terminals 101, 106 by the geographically—closest communication link relay 108 of a
plurality thereof, at least one of which is connected with a remote gateway 109 providing an
interface with the WAN 103. Gateway 109 is for instance a communication network switch
and provides protocol conversion if required, for instance because terminal 106 transmits
data to terminal 101 which is formatted according to a cellular transmission protocol and,
inversely, terminal 101 transmits data to terminal 106 which is formatted according to a WAN
transmission protocol.
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Thus, the potential exists for data exchange between any of terminals 101, 102, 105 and 106
by way of the WAN 103 and wireless network 107, interfaced by lSPs 104 and gateway 109.
It will however be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the above environment is
provided by way of example only, and that the present invention may be embodied in any
network comprising devices connected thereto exchanging data encoded as described
hereinbelow.
An example of terminal 101 shown in Figure 1 is provided in Figure 2. Terminal 101 is a
computer terminal configured with a data processing unit 201, data outputting means such as
video display unit (VDU) 202, data inputting means such as a keyboard 203 and a pointing
device (mouse) 204 and data inputting/outputting means such as WAN connection 205,
magnetic data-carrying medium reader/writer 206A and optical data-carrying medium
reader/writer 207A. Readeriwriter 206A preferably reads data and instructions for the
processor described herein from magnetic media such as a floppy disk 206B and writes data
processed by said processor thereto, and reader/writer 207A preferably reads data and
instructions for said processor from optical media such as DVD-R 207B and writes data
processed by said processor thereto.
Within data processing unit 201, a central processing unit (CPU) 208, such as an Core 2
Duo“"‘ processor manufactured by the lntel® Corporation, provides task co-ordination and
data processing functionality. Instructions and data for the CPU 208 are stored in main
memory 209 and a hard disk storage unit 210 facilitates non-volatile storage of data and sets
of instructions for CPU 208. A modem 211 provides a first means for a wired connection to
the ISP 104, for instance if the connection 205 is effected by a low-bandwidth dial—up service
provider. A network interface card (NIC) 212 provides a second means for a wired
connection to the ISP 104, for instance if the connection 205 is effected by a high-bandwidth
cable modem (not shown). A universal serial bus (USB) input/output interface 213 facilitates
connection to the keyboard and pointing device 203, 204 and may provide third means for a
wired connection to the ISP 104, for instance if the connection 205 is effected by a high-
bandwidth digital subscriber line (DSL) modem (not shown). All of the above devices are
connected to a data input/output bus 214, to which said magnetic data-carrying medium
readerlwriter 206 and optical data-carrying medium reader/writer 207 are also connected. A
video graphics adapter 215 receives CPU instructions over said bus 214 for outputting
processed data to VDU 202.
In the embodiment, data processing unit 201 is of the type generally known as a compatible
Personal Computer ('PC'), but may equally be any device configured with data inputting,
processing and outputting means providing at least the functionality described above.
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Processing steps are described in Figure 3, according to which terminal 101 operates a
preferred embodiment of the present invention. Terminal 101 is first switched on at step 301.
At step 302, a set of instructions is loaded which provides said terminal 101 with basic
functionality, such as initialisation of data input and/or output devices, data file browsing,
keyboard and/or mouse input data processing, video data outputting, network connectivity
and network data processing. At step 303, an application is loaded into memory 209, which
is a set of instructions for configuring CPU 208 to process data according to rules described
hereafter. A data structure is also loaded at step 303, which stores futures trades as detailed
hereinafter and a user account for any user who connects to terminal 101 for any of creating,
buying and selling futures trades. Upon completing the above initialisation and loading of
steps 301 to 303, terminal 101 is optimally configured to receive and process network input
data and to process and transmit network output data, whereby terminal 101 establishes the
connection 205 to the system show in Figure 1 at step 304.
At step 305, exogenous market data is received from exchange server 102. In the example,
ST denote an S-for-1 odds position for an outcome on an existing ‘spot’ market, such as the
exogenous market maintained at server 102, wherein the position yields a gross payout of 8
units if the outcomes occurs and 0 units otherwise. 3 varies over a predetermined time
bounded by an expiry T, for instance bounded by market close if the exogenous market is
subject to specific activity periods. The Expiry T is selected by the exchange server as a
point in time which is expected to be of interest to potential market participants. There may
be markets with several sets of Expiries for the same event, such as some arbitrary time
period before a scheduled event time, or an actual scheduled event time, or some arbitrary
time period and/or length of the event. In the case of a horse race for example, such a set of
expiry would comprise 10 minutes before a scheduled race time, the scheduled race time
and after 400 meters of racing. Just as in traditional financial markets, there may be calendar
index futures such as a set date.
At step 306, a first question is asked as to whether new forecast data F, has been received
from at least a third terminal, such as terminal 105, in respect of odds defined in the
exogenous market data received at step 305. F, denote a 'futures' trade price (i.e. forecast)
for the 'settlement' value of 37 on the market at expiry T. If the question is answered
positively, then terminal 101 creates a new futures trade in the data structure at step 307,
which is for instance a database of futures trades, and registers the trade price a, for the
furthers trade in the database. A futures trade (i.e. contract) bought at time t on the basis of
F, for an investment of at when the market settles at value S1 will result in either a payout of
a,(F,/ST-1) if ST is less than Ft, or a liability of — a,(1- F./ST) if ST is more than F,, with no
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disbursements occurring if ST and F, are substantially equivalent. The futures trade may be
thought of as a delivery of an odds position on the market at an agreed price at the time of
settlement, bundled together with an offsetting odds position on the market at the price of
settlement, leading to a neutral position with regard to the actual event outcome.
Specifically, a position of (1-unit) on the event at odds F0 on the actual exogenous market will
result in a payout of either F, (if the outcome occurs) or 0. In order to offset this position with
a position at odds ST, a stake of F, /ST would need to be sold on the exogenous market.
Thus, the net change in position would be F./ST -1, and the net position on the exogenous
market would be null: the position would be entirely neutral with respect to the occurrence or
non-occurrence of the outcome. According to the example above, the maximum liability of
one unit long in the futures trade is -1, and the maximum gain is F, -1. At step 308, terminal
101 updates the exchange data which is sent to connected remote user terminals, such as
terminal 106, in the form of replies to database queries or periodically, and which comprises
any one, a selection, or all of the futures trades (F,, a,) stored in the database.
A second question is asked at step 309, as to whether an offer has been received for a
futures trade (F,, a.) stored in the database. An offer is received from an individual submitting,
via a network-connected terminal configured with a suitable interface, such as terminal 105
or 106, on the exchange maintained at terminal 101 whereat the individual has deposited
funds, futures price bids both long and short in respect of a futures trade (F,, a,) and get
matched with other individuals’ bids on a first-come first-served basis when ’bid' and ‘offer’
prices agree. Thus, if the question is answered positively, then the offer is temporarily stored
at step 310 and a first attempt is made to match the offer with the product. If the first attempt
at matching is unsuccessful, the offer remains temporarily stored and subsequent matching
attempts are performed during each iteration of the process delimited by step 305 to 313,
until the Expiry, at which time offers cannot be matched anymore. Unmatched offers at expiry
are removed from storage. Alternatively, the offer is matched and, at the next update of the
exchange data at the next iteration of step 308, is removed from temporary storage and
included in the exchange data.
Alternatively, the question of step 309 is answered negatively and a third question is asked at
step 311, as to whether an expiry T has been reached in respect of anyone futures trade (F,,
a,) stored in the database. If the question is answered positively, then the settlement value of
the futures trade is processed at step 312, in accordance with the parameters described
hereinabove. In an advantageous alternative embodiment of the present invention, the
application incorporates movement limits, whereby a percentage oi (representing an extreme
percentage move) may be set, so that for any given trade at price F,, the price at which the
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trade is settled is limited to lie between a,(F,/(1+q)) and a,(|=,/(1- (3)), so that the change in the
position is between F./(Ft /(1—d))-1=- or and F./( F,/(1+ 0)) —1= Cl, wherein or is a value typically
less than or equal to 50%. As a result of processing the settlement value, the respective user
accounts of the users who have bought the futures trade (Ft, at) at expiry are credited or
debited in accordance with whether the settlement value respectively represents a payoff or
a liability.
Alternatively, the question of step 311 is answered negatively, and a fourth question is asked
at step 313, as to whether the user of terminal 101 may then decide to terminate the
processing of the application first loaded at step 303. If the question is answered negatively,
control returns to step 305 for the purpose of receiving updated exogenous market data, and
thereafter process further futures trades. The uninterrupted combined cycle of steps 305 to
312 in effect results in a futures exchange for odds-based exogenous markets. However, if
the question is answered positively, then the instructions and the database first loaded at
step 303 are unloaded from memory 209 at step 314, and the terminal may eventually be
switched off at step 315.
Processing steps are described in Figure 4, according to which terminal 101 operates an
alternative embodiment of the present invention. Terminal 101 is again first switched on at
step 301. At step 302, the set of instructions is loaded which provides said terminal 101 with
basic functionality, such as initialisation of data input and/or output devices, data file
browsing, keyboard and/or mouse input data processing, video data outputting, network
connectivity and network data processing. At step 303, an application is loaded into memory
209, which is a set of instructions for configuring CPU 208 to process data according to rules
described hereafter. A data structure, such as a database, is also loaded at step 303, which
stores futures trades as detailed hereinafter and a user account for any user who connects to
terminal 101 for any of creating, buying and selling futures trades. Upon completing the
above initialisation and loading of steps 301 to 303, terminal 101 is optimally configured to
receive and process network input data and to process and transmit network output data,
whereby terminal 101 establishes the connection 205 to the system show in Figure 1 at step
304.
At step 305, exogenous market data such as odds ST and corresponding period expiry data
T is again received by terminal 101. At step 306, a first question is asked as to whether new
forecast data F, has been received from at least a third terminal, such as terminal 105, in
respect of odds defined in the exogenous market data received at step 305. If the question is
answered positively, then terminal 101 creates a new futures trade in the database of futures
trades at step 307, and registers the trade price a, for the furthers trade in the database. At
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step 308, terminal 101 updates the exchange data which is sent to connected remote user
terminals, such as terminal 106, in the form of replies to database queries or periodically, and
which comprises any one, a selection, or all of the futures trades (F,, a,) stored in the
database.
In any futures market, precautions must be taken to avoid manipulation of futures
settlements via manipulation of the index or exogenous market on which the futures trades
are based. The most common method of achieving this is to define a robust Exchange
Delivery Settlement Price (EDSP), which is typically a trimmed average of index prices
towards the expiry of the trades. It is important that this formula be relatively simple, publicly
available, and impervious to manipulation. While there are several common classes of
formulae which might be used to achieve this, analysis of market data and simulated stress
tests have suggested the median of the last quarter by volume of turnover before expiry, In
the preferred embodiment, the median is the value ST such that:
z:s,2s., All 1 and :.3,s5, All :
ie. at least 50% of volume is at least as high as (i.e. greater than or equal to) ST, and at least
50% of volume is at least as low as (ie. less than or equal to) ST. In an alternative
embodiment, the median is replaced by a trimmed mean, i.e. an average with a certain
percentage of extreme values on both positive and negative sides removed.
In this embodiment, the settlement value Sr of a trade is processed as follows. A question is
asked at step 401, as to whether a predetermined reference period of trading has started for
the computation of a volume—weighted median of trades (S,,V,), wherein indicia i=1 ,2,...,n and
the contracts consist of amounts V, at odds S. occurring in the final reference period of
trading. If the question of step 401 is answered negatively, control proceeds to the question
of step 313, described above and again further below for reference. Alternatively, the
question of step 401 is answered positively, and conditions are declared for the computation
at step 402: it is preferable that the odds S. be ordered, such that S,
denotes the total volume of trades during the reference period: Vm. = V,+V2+~«+V,,, At step
403, Vm. is processed as the total of the trades performed since the beginning of the
reference period. For example, if only one trade has been processed since the beginning of
the period, then Vm. = V1. Likewise, if two trades have been processed since the beginning
of the period, then Vtota. = V, + V2, and so on and so forth.
A question is next asked at step 404, as to whether the processed value of Vwia. as of the
past iteration of step 403 is less than half of V,o,a.. If the question of step 404 is answered
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positively, a next question is asked at step 405, as to whether the predetermined reference
period of trading has ended. If the question of step 405 is answered negatively, control
proceeds to the question of step 313, described above and again further below for reference.
Alternatively, if either the question of step 404 is answered negatively (signifying that the
processed value of Vim, as of the past iteration of step 403 is more than half of VW), or the
question of step 405 is answered positively (signifying that the predetermined reference
period of trading has ended), then a next question is asked at step 406, as to whether the
processed value of Vma, as of the past iteration of step 403 is equal to half of VW.
If the question of step 406 is answered positively, then the settlement value of the trade 81 is
defined as 8., at step 407 and control then proceeds to the question of step 313.
Alternatively, the processed value of View. as of the past iteration of step 403 must amount to
more than half of View, and in this case the settlement value of the trade 87 is defined as
[(S,,-1+S.,)/2] at step 408, and control then proceeds to the question of step 313.
The application loaded at step 303 in effect determines the settlement value ST for trades
(F,,a,) by calculating the median of the latest percentage of volume by traded amounts V, on
the reference market prior to T, such that at least 50% of the latest percentage of volume is
greater than or equal to ST, and at least 50% of the latest percentage of volume is less than
or equal to ST: the application bounds the settlement value of the futures trade at expiry at
step 402 such that at least 50% of the latest percentage of volume is greater than or equal to
S1, and the application bounds the settlement value of the futures trade at expiry at step 403
such that at least 50% of the latest percentage of volume is lesser than or equal to ST. As a
result of processing the settlement value ST, the respective user accounts of the users who
have bought the futures trade (F,, a.) at expiry are credited or debited in accordance with
whether the settlement value respectively represents a payoff or a liability.
The question is asked at step 313, as to whether the user of terminal 101 may then decide to
terminate the processing of the application first loaded at step 303. If the question is
answered negatively, control returns to step 305 for the purpose of receiving updated
exogenous market data, and thereafter process further futures trades. The uninterrupted
combined cycle of steps 305 to 312, incorporating value settlement calculation of steps 401
to 408, in effect results in a tamper-proof futures exchange for odds-based exogenous
markets. However, if the question is answered positively, then the instructions and the
database first loaded at step 303 are unloaded from memory 209 at step 314, and the
terminal may eventually be switched off at step 315.
Some exogenous markets are known to be subjected to external events beyond the control
of the market administering system. For example, in a betting market for equestrian races,
individual horses are frequently retired from a race moments before the start of the race clue
to unforeseen circumstances. Such external influences require corresponding adjustments of
the prices on the exogenous market, and in an alternative embodiment of the present
invention, the futures market may either suspend trading and nullify all trades, or adjust all
settlement prices in a manner reflecting the adjustment in the exogenous market, as a
contingency. For example, if an external event occurs and the exogenous market is
corrected by fixed percentage decrease of 25% of all (gross) odds, then a futures trade
entered into in respect of odds afflicted by the correction will be similarly reduced by 25%, in
'parallel' with the exogenous market.
The contents of the memory 209 of terminal 101 at any given time during the processing of
data with the application according to the invention, such as shown in Figures 3 and 4 by
way of example, are further detailed in Figure 5.
An operating system is first shown at 501, which corresponds to the set of instructions
loaded at step 302 for providing terminal 101 with basic functionality, such as initialisation of
data input and/or output devices, data file browsing, keyboard and/or mouse input data
processing, video data outputting, network connectivity and network data processing. An
application is shown next at 502, which corresponds to the set of instructions loaded at step
for configuring CPU 208 to process data as detailed above.
A database is shown next at 504, which corresponds to the data structure also loaded at step
303 for storing futures trades as detailed above. The database preferably stores futures trade
data 504 comprising at least the respective data defining each trade (F,, a,). The database
also preferably stores settlement data 505 comprising at least a respective unique identifier
for each party to any trade 504, the said each parties comprising at least one trade party, in
the example the user of terminal 106, and one trade counter-party, in the example the user of
terminal 105. The database preferably further stores unique user account or registration data
506, or unique terminal account or registration data 506, for at least uniquely identifying each
trade party or counterparty in the system and validating access to the said system.
Query replies are shown at 507, which are data packets processed by application 502 for
communication to any connected terminal in the system to which it is connected, such as
market data supplying terminal 102, forecasting and trade offering terminal 105 and trade
contracting terminal 106, as a reply to a respective query from the said any terminal.
Typically, such query replies comprises trade data (F,, a,) 504, and/or settlement data 505,
and/or trade parties data 506.
lEo703o9
Exogenous market data is shown at 508 as data received from terminal 102 before its
inclusion in data structure 503 under the form of in trades 504. Exogenous market data 508
may be stored at terminal 101 for data correlation andlor verification purposes independently
of the trades 504 since, in the system of Figure 1, the user at any third—party terminal 105,
106 may access exogenous market data 508 independently of terminal 101 and directly from
terminal 102. Forecast data Ft and investment amount indication data a. received from the at
least third data processing terminal 105 are respectively shown at 509 and 510, from which
the application 502 generates and stores the trades data 504. Purchase decision data 511
received from the at least fourth data processing terminal 106 is shown at 511, the simplest
embodiment of which is a relevant portion of the unique terminal account or registration data
506 of the user of terminal 106, or of terminal 106. Memory portion 512 stores the offers
received at step 309 and temporarily stored at step 310, before their matching and until the
expiry of the market event to which they respectively relate.
This system is ideally suited to an online exchange, whereby individuals submit, via a
suitable interface, on an exchange where they have deposited funds, futures price bids both
long and short and get matched with other individuals’ bids on a first-come first-served basis
when ‘bid’ and ‘offer’ prices agree. Prices on a futures market may be interpreted as market
expectations of final odds on a spot market, in a manner which is intuitively clear to
experienced and relatively inexperienced market participants alike. Each time an individual
enters into a position, a 'hold' is placed on a portion of their funds to the extent of their
maximum liability, as determined by their position. In the alternative embodiment illustrated in
Figure 4, the extent of their maximum liability is as determined by their position and by the
limit on price movements.
A preferred embodiment of the interface discussed above is illustrated in Figure 6, for
instance on the display of terminal 105 or 106. The interface 601 is shown displayed on VDU
202 and preferably comprises a number of user—operable sections, each having a respective
functionality. The user operability may be implemented in a conventional manner, using
either or both of keyboard 203 and mouse 204 for alphanumerical data input and for
displacing an interface cursor 602 over a section and effecting a selection. Such a
configuration is referred to as a ‘point and click’ interface, and is particularly useful for use
with personal computers. It will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, however,
that the characteristics and functionality, shortly to be described, of such an interface may be
adapted for optimal use to the respective data input and display capacities of a vast number
of very disparate data processing terminals, such as the example mobile telephone handset
106.
A first section 603 is a shortcut button to the user or terminal data 506 and any of the
financial data 504, 505 respectively associated with that user or terminal data 506 stored in
the database 503 of terminal 101. Button 603, when selected by translating pointer 602 over
the section and providing a selection input, such as a mouse click or a keyboard stroke,
results in a user- or terminal-specific data query being sent to terminal 101 over the network,
and which will be replied to by terminal 101 with one or more query replies 507, specifically
addressed to the requesting terminal using unique identification data 506. Button 603 may be
used for a user to manage any number of preferences and/or configuration parameters
defining his trading account as maintained by terminal 101.
A next section 604 is a shortcut button to the trading data 504 respectively associated with
the user 506 logged at the terminal, or associated with the terminal 506. Again, button 604,
when selected by translating pointer 602 over the section and providing a selection input,
such as a mouse click or a keyboard stroke, results in a user- or terminal-specific data query
being sent to terminal 101 over the network, and which will be replied to by terminal 101 with
one or more query replies 507, specifically addressed to the requesting terminal using unique
identification data 506. Button 604 may be used for a user to manage all of the trades 504 to
which the user is a party or a counterparty.
A next section 605 provides a representation of the futures market and is preferably
embodied as a user-configurable grid. The representation 605 of the market is preferably
updated in real—time, with event data 606 obtained from exogenous market data 508
displayed in respect of each corresponding trade 607 (504, 509) offered for matching 608,
609 (510) by a trade counter-party 506. The corresponding matching data 608, 609 is
preferably, although not necessarily, configured for allowing users to take (511) a short 608
or a long 609 position corresponding to the investment data 510. The representation 605 of
the market is also preferably updated in real-time, with event expiry data 610 likewise
obtained from exogenous market data 508 displayed in respect of each corresponding trade
607 (504, 509), and a preferred embodiment of the representation of expiry data may take
the form of a running countdown to the expiry of the trading time allowed for the respective
event 607.
The user-configurable functionality of the interface 601, particularly of representation 605
therein, may be implemented by permitting a user to index trades 607 (504, 509) on offer by
type of exogenous market data 508 (eg. event data 606), to selectively display only short
position matching data 608 or long position matching data 609, to order trades 607 (504,
509) chronologically based on event expiry data 610 and it will be readily understood by
those skilled in the art that any number of further configurations, particularly advantageous
forms of which may allow for any single, combination, or all of the above, may be
implemented, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
A next section 611 is a shortcut button to communicate a selection of matching data 608, 609
by the user or terminal 506 to terminal 101. Further to the selection of a trade 607 and/or of
matching data 608 or 609 with cursor 602 by translating pointer 602 over representation 605
and providing a selection input, such as a mouse click or a keyboard stroke, the selection of
button 611 results in the communication of the selection of the trade 607 and/or matching
data 608 or 609 to terminal 101, at which it will be received as trading input data 511 for
updating the database 503. The communication is uniquely associated with the
communicating trade party or counterparty using unique identification data 506 associated
with the terminal.
In the preferred embodiment, if a user 506 selects button 604, the representation 605
changes upon receipt of the data query reply 507 at the terminal, from the live market data to
the trades 504 uniquely associated with the requesting user 506. The representation may be
substantially the same as the example shown and described above, to the exception that
trades 607 displayed now only comprise those to which the user is a party or counterparty. A
next section 612 is a shortcut button to communicate a divestment of a trade 607 by the user
or terminal 506 to terminal 101. Further to the selection of a trade 607 and/or of matching
data 608 or 609 to which the user is a party or counterparty, with cursor 602 by translating
pointer 602 over representation 605 and providing a selection input, such as a mouse click or
a keyboard stroke, the selection of button 612 results in the communication of an offer to sell
the trade 607 to terminal 101, at which it will be again received as trading input data 511 for
updating the database 503, but with a negative investment amount 608, 609 to be offset by
an eventual buyer.
A next section 613 is a shortcut button to submit a new proposal for a trade 607 to terminal
101. Button 613, when selected by translating pointer 602 over the section and providing a
selection input, such as a mouse click or a keyboard stroke, results in the communication of
a selection of event data 508 and respective forecast data 509 and investment data 510 to
terminal 101, at which it will be received and eventually processed as a new trade 504
uniquely associated with the communicating trade party or counterparty, using unique
identification data 506 associated with the terminal or user from which the proposal was
received. Adverting to the description above, the new trade data 504 appears as a trade 607
including event particulars 606, 610 and matching data 608, 609 in the live futures market
representation 605 once the application 502 updates the database 503 with the proposal
data.
If
IE0);-1309 070309
An alternative embodiment of the interface discussed above is illustrated in Figure 7, for
instance on the display of terminal 105 or 106. The interface 701 is shown displayed on VDU
202 and again comprises a number of user—operable sections, each having a respective
functionality. The user operability may again be implemented in a conventional manner,
using either or both of keyboard 203 and mouse 204 for alphanumerical data input and for
displacing the interface cursor 602 over a section and effecting a selection.
The sections 603, 604, 612 and 613 are featured in interface 701 with substantially the same
respective purpose and functions as previously described herein.
A next section 702 provides a representation of a futures market containing a plurality of
events and is preferably again embodied as a user-configurable grid. The representation 702
of the market is preferably updated in real-time, with event data 703 obtained from
exogenous market data 508 displayed in respect of each corresponding trade 704 (504, 509)
offered for matching 705, 706 (510) by a trade counter-party 506. The corresponding
matching data 705, 706 is preferably, although not necessarily, configured for allowing users
to take (511) a short 705 or a long 706 position corresponding to the investment data 510.
The representation 702 of the market is also preferably updated in real-time, with event
expiry data 610 likewise obtained from exogenous market data 508 displayed in respect of
each corresponding trade 704 (504, 509), and a preferred embodiment of the representation
of expiry data may take the form of a running countdown to the expiry of the trading time
allowed for the respective event 703. In a particularly advantageous implementation of this
embodiment, the representation 702 includes tabulations 708 for selecting the respective
user-configurable grid of any particular event of the plurality thereof, therefore the respective
event data 703, trades 704 and matching data 705, 706 for same.
The user-configurable functionality of the interface 701, particularly of representation 702
therein, may be implemented by permitting a user to index trades 704 on offer by type of
exogenous market data 508 (e.g. event data 703), to selectively display only short position
matching data 705 or long position matching data 706, to order trades 704 (504, 509)
chronologically based on event expiry data 610 and it will be readily understood by those
skilled in the art that any number of further configurations, particularly advantageous forms of
which may allow for any single, combination, or all of the above, may be implemented,
without departing from the scope of the present invention.
In this embodiment, the respective representation of each matching data 705, 706 is
configured as a shortcut button 707 to communicate a selection of matching data 705, 7by the user or terminal 506 to terminal 101. Further to the selection of a trade 704 and/or of
matching data 705 or 706 with cursor 602 by translating pointer 602 over representation 702
and providing a selection input, such as a mouse click or a keyboard stroke, the selection of
any button 707 results in the communication of the selection of the trade 702 and/or
matching data 705 or 706 to terminal 101, at which it will be received as trading input data
511 for updating the database 503. The communication is uniquely associated with the
communicating trade party or counterparty using unique identification data 506 associated
with the terminal.
Since the system is preferably intended for use with many remote terminals such as
terminals 105 and 106, the interface 601 is preferably implemented as a file containing at
least both instructions encoded in Hyper-Text Mark-up Language (HTML) and the data from
terminal 101 described above and which, when received by each remote terminal in the
environment of Figure 1, may be processed for display as a user-interactive Internet page.
Many variations may be readily envisaged by those skilled in the art, making use of any or all
of Cascaded Style Sheets (CSS), extended Mark-up Language (XML), functional applets
encoded in Javascript and the like, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Preferably still, because of the transactional character of the data exchanged between
terminal 101 and remote terminals 105, 106, the file and/or the communication path is
secured against tampering and/or unauthorised access or use, with any suitable security
and/or encryption techniques, such as for instance securing each respective connection
between terminals 101 and 105, 106 with secure HTTP (https), requesting terminal and/or
user authentication at terminal 101 from any remote terminal 105, 106, and the like.
Claims (5)
1. A system for trades contingent on odds-based markets comprising, means for receiving odds ST for at least one exogenous Reference Market, wherein odds ST correspond to a specified reference outcome to be decided at a time later than a specified time T; means for receiving, from trade parties, forecasts F, and investment amounts at at time t for the settlement of odds ST for the exogenous Reference Market as of the specified time T, wherein the trade parties comprises at least one trade party for a positive investment amount at and at least one trade counter-party for a negative investment amount at ; means for registering at least one trade (FT,a.) between the trade parties prior to time T, the trade having a conditional value equal to zero at any time prior to time T; and means for confirming, in response to the Expiry odds ST, the payoff to, or the liability of, the at least one trade party as equal to aT(Ft/ST—1), and respectively the liability of, or the payoff to, the at least one trade counter-party as equal to -aT(F./ST-1).
2. A system according to claim 1, comprising at least one data processing terminal, wherein the means for receiving odds, the means for receiving forecasts and investment amounts, the means for registering at least one trade and the means for confirming the respective payoff and liability respectively comprise data processing terminal components suitably configured by data processing terminal instructions.
3. A system according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of data processing terminals connected to a network and in communication with one another, wherein a first data processing terminal of the said plurality receives odds from at least a second data processing terminal of the said plurality, the first data processing terminal receives forecasts and investment amounts from at least a third data processing terminal of the said plurality, the first data processing terminal registers at least one trade between the at least third data processing terminal and at least a fourth data processing terminal of the said plurality, and the first data processing terminal confirms the respective payoff and liability.
4. A method of settling trades contingent on odds-based markets, the method comprising the steps of receiving odds ST for at least one exogenous Reference Market, wherein odds ST correspond to a specified reference outcome to be decided at a time later than a specified time T; receiving, from trade parties, forecasts F1 and investment amounts at at time t for the settlement of odds ST for the exogenous Reference Market as of the specified time T, wherein the trade parties comprise at least one trade party for a positive investment amount at and at least one trade counter-party for a negative 5 investment amounts a, ; registering at least one trade (F,,ai) between the trade parties prior to time T, the trade having a conditional value equal to zero at any time prior to time T; confirming, in response to the Expiry odds ST, the payoff to, or the liability of, the at least one claim party as equal to a1(Fi/ST-1), and 10 respectively the liability of, or the payoff to, the at least one claim counter-party as equal to -at(F,IST-1); and settling the trade value.
5. A system substantially as herein described in relation to and in association with the 15 accompanying drawings.
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
IE20070309U1 true IE20070309U1 (en) | 2008-10-29 |
IES85065Y1 IES85065Y1 (en) | 2008-12-10 |
Family
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