HU228836B1

HU228836B1 - Detector modul for pet as well as pet equipped with the same

Info

Publication number: HU228836B1
Application number: HU0900574A
Authority: HU
Inventors: Gabor Erdei; Emoeke Loerincz; Imre Peczeli; Ferenc Ujhelyi; Istvan Bagamery; Tamas Buekki
Original assignee: Mediso Orvosi Berendezes Fejlesztoe Es Szerviz Kft
Priority date: 2009-09-14
Filing date: 2009-09-14
Publication date: 2013-06-28
Also published as: HUP0900574A2; HU0900574D0

Abstract

A találmány egyrészt detektor modul pozitron emissziós tomográfhoz, amely fénymegosztásos kialakítású, és tartalmaz - egymással párhuzamosan elhelyezkedő, hosszúkás szcintillátor elemekből (10) álló elrendezést, amely szcintiIlátor elemek (10) belépő véggel (12) és kilépő véggel (14) rendelkeznek, - a szcintillátor elemek (10) kilépő végeivel (14) szemben elhelyezett, a szcintillátor elemekből (10) kilépő fényt érzékelő fénydetektorokból álló elrendezést, amely fénydetektorok érzékelési felületet (22) határoznak meg. A találmány szerinti detektor modul olyan fényeltérítő eszközöket (40) is tartalmaz, amelyek az elrendezésben elfoglalt pozíciója függvényében a szcintillátor elemből (10) kilépő fényt a szcintillátor elem (10) irányától előre meghatározott irányban és szögben eltérítőén, és ezzel a szcintillátor elemből (10) kilépő fényt az érzékelési felületre (22) irányítóan vannak egyes szcintillátor elemekhez (10) rendelve, továbbá a fényeltérítő eszköz (40) a szcintillátor elem (10) kilépő végénél (14) elrendezett, irányfüggő transzmissziójú réteget (36) tartalmaz, amely irányfüggő transzmissziójú réteg (36) a szcintillátor elem (10) hosszanti irányára merőleges síkkal szöget (a) bezáróan van elrendezve. A találmány másrészt a fenti detektor modult tartalmazó pozitron emissziós tomográf.The invention relates, on the one hand, to a detector module for positron emission tomography, which is light-divided and comprises - a parallel arrangement of elongated scintillator elements (10), which scintillator elements (10) have an inlet end (12) and an outlet end (14), an array of light detectors detecting light emitting from the scintillator elements (10) positioned against the exit ends (14) of the scintillator elements (10), defining a detection surface (22) of the light detectors. The detector module according to the invention also includes light-emitting means (40) which, depending on their position in the arrangement, emit light from the scintillator element (10) by deflecting the scintillator element (10) in a predetermined direction and angle, and thereby scintillator element (10). the output light is directed to the sensing surface (22), directed to each scintillator element (10), and the light transmitting device (40) comprises a direction-dependent transmission layer (36) disposed at the exit end (14) of the scintillator element (10), which is a direction-dependent transmission layer (36) is arranged at an angle (a) to the longitudinal direction of the scintillator element (10). The invention, on the other hand, is a positron emission tomograph comprising the above detector module.

Description

(57) Extract

The invention relates, on the one hand, to a detector module for positron emission tomography, which is light-divided and contains

- an arrangement of parallel elongate scintillation elements (10) disposed in parallel with said scintillation elements (10) having an inlet end (12) and an outlet end (14),

- an arrangement of light detectors emitting light emitting light from the scintillator elements (10) located opposite the exit ends (14) of the scintillator elements (10), defining a detection surface (22) of the light detectors.

The detector module according to the invention also includes light-emitting means (40) which, depending on their position in the arrangement, emit light from the scintillator element (10) by deflecting the scintillator element (10) in a predetermined direction and angle, and thereby scintillator element (10). the output light is directed to the sensing surface (22), directed to each scintillator element (10), and the light transmitting device (40) comprises a direction-dependent transmission layer (36) disposed at the exit end (14) of the scintillator element (10), which is a direction-dependent transmission layer (36) is arranged at an angle (a) to the longitudinal direction of the scintillator element (10).

The invention, on the other hand, is a positron emission tomograph comprising the above detector module.

H. yehra

# · Φφ $ φ φχφ φφ φφ φφφφ φ * φφφ * φφφ * «« φφ φφφ

Detector Module Positron Emission Tomography® Poshton Emission Femogate With Such Detector Module

The present invention relates to positron emission Lomogt. Detector Module, Wlamin, A Positron Emission Template With Such Detector Module

Positron emission tomoaraphy (PÉT) would be developed in firearm. Who. For testing with the FBT device, substances were released into the human body that were exposed to positron <jP} cells (eg, ^SiSi FlX1). The free distance of the ff ufecskdk is 1 mm, ie they meet within this distance on average. an electron that causes an aonileae, Understanding this electron positron pair disappears and replacing them with two masses of energy corresponding to their mass, SIi keV gamma photons, according to the law of iropfozns, this cat moves in opposite directions of photon. Y-photonok is detected by the saphokococcus surrounded by the patient. Since the photons are generated in neon time flux, the measurement of the degree of impact of the impact produces a {coincidence} opportunity to identify the paired pairs of photons. there is a straight line connecting the points of impact of the photon pair. Based on the knowledge of a large number of such straight lines, the location of gamma-phylliumans in the patient can be determined. This is the foundation of PÉT devices operation,

The most important technical features of the PÉT hemodeezs are sensitivity, energy resolution, temporal resolution (coincidences of the photoelectric ratio and spatial resolution, the spatial resolution of PÉT equipment is largely limited by the fact that the captured image consists of gamma flashes from its discrete events, which makes the noise loud copy The quality of the mapping (kmyrzyr, jehaji relationship) is significantly improved by the TOF-FBT (itme of ffight, flight time) technique, Bzekhen examines only the coincidence of gamma encapsulation, but also measures the temporal slowness of the impact of the foil. it is possible to determine the gamma flash situation.

PBT devices consist of alfolafean pixel-axis selector detectors. The detectors are arranged in pairs of dummy rings, and so received a shotgun 36Ö ^; He is taking the patient (or parts of his body, usually his head) around him.

Seinyltillary detectors generally consist of elongated sectional elements with small cross-sections. Bzek the pixels fall out axial and fm-tedalia (perpendicular to the axis)

In the direction of good spatial resolution and much longer radial direction, that

the. absorb as much of the gamma photons as possible. significantly affects the spatial resolution of the device.

The PTE devices' eye-ophthalmic detectors detect 511 keV-paired gamma photon pairs from the positron nonihlator. The lattice-like material is generally a single crystal (Nak BOG, OSO, OCX TSCX EYSCX in IDF-PBf: LYSCX Bah, LaBgfe in which the total energy of the trapped gamma-photon is transferred directly to an electron in a photoeffect. This energy should be sensed by the phenomenal vector. The alknittenae sector should be very sensitive and extremely weed, so it is preferable to apply PET to the tetoeiekmm multipliers (PMT, pbofömuldpiler). In addition, they are less susceptible and noisy, A. They are less sensitive and noisy A. Recent developments are directed to the direction of the detector, where the material of the tector itself is silicon.

A. Seimillation Detectors As shown in Figure L, generally, there is an arrangement of 10 sepe detector elements and a horse pylon conductor that transmits the pellet to the runner elements 20, the sine selector elements have an inlet end 12 and an outlet end 14, and are opposed to the outlet ends 14 of the collector elements 10 the. and an arrangement of bottom detector detectors 20 extending out of the selenilor elements. The size of the axial-beam-shaped stand of the wall loader elements is kiesi (typically 1 mm), but the radial length is longer (approx. 20 mm). Each pixel is separated by a material that does not allow UV radiation to pass from one pixel to another, but to reflect it, that is why the epheelite of the sextonium is always like the end of the pixel, «el ?.

Φ

Η ♦ Φ

ΦΦΧ * φ

Figure 4 shows the location of the inlet arrows, and the outlets to the light beams passing through the light detectors 20.

One of the main aspects of sizing detectors is how to attach the scintillating material to the light sensor. Based on this, three categories can be set:

a) using a photoconductor, the pixel light of an ophthalmologist is distributed over several light sensors,

b) directing multiple pixels of light without the use of a light guide to a position-sensitive detector;

c) without the photoconductive medium, the light of each pixel is delivered directly to a light sensor individually.

The detectors, however, grow according to a) b) o). As a solution called light sharing (a) can be produced at the lowest cost, it seemed appropriate to base this version on our developments.

In an important practical application of the light-sharing technique, the siltillate detector is constructed from detector modules (block detectors, detector blocks). A schematic drawing of such a detector module is shown in Figure 2. In these embodiments, the figure is 8, 8 ^x 8, .10 spark igniter elements are connected to a number of, usually 2 x 2, 20 light detectors, preferably PMT. The light detectors 20 collectively define 22 sensing responses (indicated by hatching). The light guide Iö is interrupted by a reflector 24 with a suitable reflective layer at the boundary of such a block. An important advantage of the detector module is that since the processing of a semiconductor event requires a small number of 20 light detectors during the processing time (tin dead time), the other detector modules can receive additional scintillation, which results in a higher load capacity of the apparatus. In addition, the use of detector modules is also advantageous due to simpler data processing, simpler design and efficient organ efficiency. However, the modular block solution has the disadvantage that there is a relatively large bob load between the metal detectors, where no photon detection is obviously present. This dead area in the prior art PTE devices dramatically deteriorates the spatial resolution of the detector and its utilization.

fc V

.. 4 ..

F ff fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fcfc XXfc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc

The determination of the position of the sintillation is actually the identification of the given crystal pixel. Various solutions are known to make this as reliable as possible. In one known solution, a chessboard matrix arrangement is used where two types of material (eg GSO, ESO) are used. In this way it is. different photosensitive sites of the materials, and pixels are more accurately identified based on the temporal pattern of the eye pulse. In another known embodiment, the photoconductor is provided with incisions into which the separating layer between the pixels is lured. Thus, they can slightly reduce the width of the light cone starting from the pixels, leading to more accurate pixel localization. In a further known detector module, the photoconductor is cut at different dimensions to know the size of the light cones coming from each pixel to the metallectect. to influence. There is a known solution, too, where different reflection layers with different reflection properties are used between pixels, or where the pixel surfaces of the pixels are painted in different colors to help pixel localization. In other solutions, a pixel differs from the pixels to improve pixel localization.

Examples of development solutions for FET detectors are:. U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,858; U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,883; U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,835; U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,505; U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,782; U.S. Pat. No. 5,329,124; U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,623; U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,663; U.S. Pat. Similarly, such solutions are also disclosed in US 2008/0121806 A1, WO 2009/013321 A2, US 2004/0262527, Al., WO 2004/109870 A2 and US 2008/0073542 Al.

The drawback of the known solutions for improving the spatial resolution of PÉT detector modules is that they are complicated and can only be realized at a very high cost. Furthermore, the known solutions do not allow the elimination of the half-biasing of the detectors of the light detectors, and the decrease in the sensitivity of the illumination. Another disadvantage is that the increase in spatial resolution is generally done at the expense of sensitivity. In known solutions, the detector module output signal is nonlinear in relation to the position of the flashing snapshot element so complicated for signal processing, calculations are required

An object of the present invention is to provide a detector module, a positron emission tomograph, which is free of the drawbacks of the prior art. Our further goal was to create a detector module or PSE using such a module., Ϊ́>: Φ φ Φ - $ φ χ> * X. $ * *** *** * · »« Φ »φ'φ

which allows for high spatial resolution, preferably with linear positional detection, while the phenomenon of nausea is not altered in an unfavorable manner.

The object of the present invention is to provide a detector module according to claim 1. and the positron emulsion too. according to claim 1;

The invention is exemplified! preferred version! the figures below are reproduced with drawings where it is

Fig. L is a prior art! Schematic drawing of a detail of a FBT detector, a

Figure 2, a detector block sketch of the detection! from the direction of, a.

Fig. 3 shows the detection distortion in a prior art detector block, a

Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the phenomenon of Figure 3;

FIG. explanatory figure, a

He is a diagram of a detector distortion diagram of a detector as shown in Fig. 2, as a detector, &

Fig. 7 is a diagram showing the random error of the measured coordinates of the center of gravity of the luminaires, Figure fe is a diagram of the distance of the points to be decomposed, depending on the position of the scintillation.

Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of a light cone coming from a seinylator element to a sensing response in a prior art arrangement, FIG. in the detection plane, a

Fig. 11 is a representation of a feoy cone acting on a sensing response from an aerial slot phenotype to a seismic element;

Fig. 12 is a crystal of Fig. 1C. irradiation in the detection plane, a

Fig. 13 is an enlarged plan view of an air gap according to Fig. 1.1

Figure 14 is a schematic illustration. depiction of a light cone caused by a phenomenon detector in a detector module, a! Figure S is the irradiation of the ejection of Figure 14. in the detection plane, a

X s φφ φ

ΦΦΧ X ΧΦχΦΦ *

ΧΦΦ * φ

φ * κ «

Fig. 16 is an enlarged view of a photoconductor device used in the deposition of Fig. 14, Fig. 17, showing a corrected detection characteristic in a detector module according to the invention »a

IS is a diagram representing the corrected sensing characteristic of Fig. 17 »a

Figure 19 a. another preferred embodiment of the detector module according to the invention, a

Fig. 20 is the magnitude of the luminance angle of the sensing function l1 shown in FIG.

Fig. 21 is a measurement characteristic obtained in FIG.

Fig. 22 is a diagram illustrating a random error of the measured coordinate of the center of gravity of the spherical head in the case of the compensation of Fig. 20;

FIG. in the case of compensation according to the method of spatial resolution, depending on the position of the synthesis, a

24-2ri. Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate schematic representations of embodiments with modulation means;

Fig. 27 is a diagram of the relative scattering of the mantence modulation device according to Figs. 24-20 as a function of the inner angle of the photograph, Fig. 20 is a diagram illustrating the path of the light beam in a diffusely reflecting crystal at the end of a polarized and entry end of a stomach, Fig. 5 is a polished screening crystal in each side of the figure, illustrating the light beam deflection.

The simplicity and frequent practice of the invention will now be described with reference to Fig. 2, with four phonation sectors 20 preferably using a PMT detector module (my objects are in the case of a bfok detector containing multiple FMTs containing any of the four selected light detectors). }} The use of a small number of FMTs on the spatial resolution viewpoint is a disadvantage to the real (a) and measured (ξ) positions of the pre-detector eye scaling in the neonatal S ff x) foggvéuykapesofoíhan, sc impact is so significant that the FM'Tk center the position of the blinds coming from adjacent crystal pockets to the wind of the block is no longer. to make a difference. The)> · * * * intoytnuganae of the tangent of the bow) is a constant zero here. Figure 3 illustrates such a detection distortion in a prior art detector block, and Figure 4 shows a diagram illustrating the phenomenon mapped in Figure 3. In the sensing positions shown in Figure 3, I mark the actual position of the scintillator with the linseed line, and the measured position of the triggered mass 30 as X *.

The explanation of the costume is discussed in connection with the 5th Ehtn. For the sake of simplicity, we have 20 square tables, a homogeneous light 30 and we calculate it. In the plane of the detectors, the focal point 30 of the lighter from the seinb'loo is determined by the magnitude of the illumination of the four light beams 20 According to the calculation of the first moment, the x-coordinate (ξ) of the center of gravity of the x-ray lamps is (1). equation (similar to others) ".0- · _ y y aXZ, l ^ y · L Jyóy." ..X .. oh .. * .¾ ..

* As-wedge -¾ 4-22 γ 4>

^S C * - <&

(1) Ebel Pa ^ AVO sauce by ^the detectors lőnyteijcalhnény, xaaca & middle point position coordinates, if the detektomk coordinates identical (χ ^{»: S} xo ^S5: ~ ^{x: t ::} 'W ^sg x ^ K of the equation formed of the following tonnes i here tytU-fe-i)

I & S (2)

If the x-luminance of the spot fluctuates with Ax, then the mild position will be different (g-ys because the detector segment is of a different magnitude: if the charge power of detectors B-D increases, the total power detected by the AC decreases by the same amount. :

^: 4- At

(4 + 44 (4 + 4)., 2ΔΡ.)

4)

This is the change of the dated position. predictable. If, for homogeneous ferrites, we denote "d *" for the luminosity of the luminous and y ~ axis (id. 5, alphabet):

0 * «« «· * ♦ * ♦ **« 000 * * * * <> χ ** «

3AF 2-d-Av-.F / S 2-AA?

χ

Se, where 'S ^S ' denotes the area of ferty < 2 ¾ page square square:

d 2¾; The Art,

Branch

2-d-Ax

-------- x ^ ™ Ax, (5) ie, the center of gravity of the measured center of gravity coincides exactly with the real position of its sxcfllll, a d (x) dependence exists in the case of an oblique patch, so Λξ (χ) is also location dependent, ie ξ ~ f (x). For PL x Ü, a homogeneous circular push with radius R ~:

d-2k; S :: Tx; 21-¾ <

2-u- ⁴ , -...... The n

(A) x «R but d d ^; (}, ie Ab ^:::: (L The relationship is more complicated in the case of an inhomogeneous patch. Instead of Amllamm expressions, we present the figure>> 2, which modeled with 2 (1 int 3.5 v of 3.5 mm LYS0 crystals)). -opfikal design software. Detectors @ 4 (1 mtr circular PMTs, such as full block size §Cfe3l) mm, The k-beam exit surface and the detector have a 30mm thick homogeneous polymethylmethane ray light guide. el, with the edges of the reflective coating, a narrow air gap formed between the outlet surface of the crystal pillar and the cantilever, while moving the crystal from the crystal to the x-axis, and at the same time (2) calculating the coordinate of the measured center of gravity at each position; cyet (10 in case of random slashes inside the crystal), All points of the curve, tiz count shows dam

Figure 1 shows a single puncture of the x-dot tfz measurement, i.e. the measurement noise, Ag ^ ^, (We did not take into account electronic and other noises in our examinations). photon was launched with kh, 3 5foa. "All measurements are made on less than 5 (X) foloelectrons, and the random positioning of these positions makes the measured g-chorera of the center of gravity of the entire luminaries uncertain.

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Figure 7 also shows that the noise is the smallest if the location of the slash is | x | >

This is due to the fact that in this position the BD (or the A ~ €) detector pair falls on a large part of the light and not the circular PMT.

It is possible to distinguish between two proximal seinator elements, crystal needles, if they are at a distance equal to or greater than the resolution of the detector (Ax _m ). The resolution can be determined by the following formula;

- 2 J (7) V <ye J

The resolution diagram from their ZEMAX modelers a. FIG. It can be seen that the resolution is completely eroded as x approaches one. Since it is advisable to use crystals of the same size in a single eye detector, the size of the crystalline crystals will be determined by the maximum value of mx _m . We are working with their larger rocks, x is not resolved in significant ranges.

It follows from the equation (?) That a. resolution depends on two things: the degree of noise and the slope of the function Xx) The noise can be reduced (and thus the resolution can be improved) if we improve the pile value of the seismic detector or for example. We use square FMTs instead of the old form, the slope of the function f (x) can be increased (thus the resolution can be improved), for example, by using a square instead of a circular Ibit. However, these can only be very difficult to implement, so we have chosen to develop the invention when developing the invention.

According to one object of the invention, the detector module has a detrimental sensitivity to seismic. This is because you are using a small number of bullets because of the cavernous attack, resulting in dead spaces in the middle and at the edges. However, areas outside the dead areas, that is, outside the detection surface 22, also have crystal scintillator crystals, and the light emitted by them can be detected with good efficiency. According to the present invention, the crystal outlet must be shaped so that it does not cover the portions of the decks 20 as much as possible. less eye-catching creatures

ΦΦ Φ ** Φ χ> Φ * φ φφφ φφ *

Φ * κ * φφ ** φ

In order to achieve greater luminance and greater spatial wall decomposition, the present invention includes light-emitting means which, depending on the position of the particular filtering element in the arrangement, e.g. and, in this way, the scattering element output light is directed to the scattering surface at its detector for each scioilator element,

Thus, in Fig. 4, we created means for deflection of crystalline scalar cells with variable parameters for solving proctestna, and a potentiation unit consisting of them. Depending on the parameters, this light diffuser changes the a. the directions of the axes of the photocell, which are based on crystal lattice, can thus influence the lateral (xy) position of the luminance of the plane of PMT. The principle of operation is illustrated in Fig. 17, by means of a dashed line (i.e., the real location of the semi-silicon) without the nonsense. The offset fetish film detects the PMTs as if the photons were from a virtual (fo) point instead of the real position (s) of the soluble crystal. That is, if you choose the dependency fo-x as the following:)

z ^f ^ / ^! (z / e) ~ α = ^ g (x) ^ / (z ^f ) ^ / (/ '(z / e)) ".a / e, (g) where a properly chosen multiplier is the inverse function by using the measured center of gravity - blindness ( ^:::: g (x)) _and the slope of the resulting line with the factor ^w c ^{n can be} erased.

In the future, I will look at how we create it optically. desired function x - x To do this, first look at the arrangement shown in Figure 9, where the path of the photons from the sxdndia can be seen from the KI seinator element, from the crystal to the PMT detectors, between the condensers and the light guide here. for. Fig. 10 shows the radiation distribution corresponding to this case in the plane of the PMT detectors, i.e. the detection surface 22, The received luminaries have an inhomogeneous (distribution of lmm distribution) with a total output of 4.47'KP 'W (total power emitted by the valve at 1 W- considered). The φ * ♦ · χ * · «> * <ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey lt ey lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt lt ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey ey

As shown in Figure 12, when the light guide 16 and the windscreen dampers 10 are replaced by air gap 34, Figure 12 shows the locations of the Lamherkfie's luminaires in a good de & ah, more or less homogeneous irradiation, the light loss being relatively low; in the case of the light guide of the given thickness, the actual dislocation was reduced only to 92 34 as compared to the matched case (Fig. I, fig.).

In the following, one of the advantages illustrated in FIG. we recommend the design of a light sensor. As shown in Figure 13, at the exit end 14 of the silencer 10, an air gap 34 is fitted as a light-emitting pad. The air gap 34 is made of a material mm having a refractive index of preferably 1.5, which differs from the preferred 1.4 pointer indicator of the synthesizer element 10. As a result, the winters between the sioner 10 and the lower portion of the air gap 34 are at the edge of the ventricle due to total internal reflection; the large incidence of light beams splashes through the splashes of small inclusions. In the figure, the trajectory of the light rays is marked by the train; visible, the lower portion of the air gap 34 is less saturated with lines than the scintillation element 10, i.e., only the small incident angle rays get there.

Preferably, the section 3S of the selector distal element 10 extends to the lower part (air gap) of the air gap 34, and while its half portion is provided with a light absorbing surface 39, preferably the side halves are black.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the solution of Fig. 13 is used to alter the air gap as shown in Fig. 14. The light emitting means 40 of the present invention generally comprises a transverse transmission layer 3o arranged at the outlet end 14 of the selector element 10, the longitudinal direction of the selector element 10 is arranged at an angle n with an orthogonal plane.

x fe fe fe fe fe fe fe «« ** fefefe • fe fe $>

fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fe fefe fefe fe fe fefefe

The layer 36 is a layer of dimmer, which is an oblique air gap, e.g. Fig. 16 is an enlarged view of two prism coupled to the air gap, adjustable. The axis of the scintillation luminaire will follow the normal surface of the leg, so the angle of the cone can be controlled by the light angle of the luminosity and the angle of the illuminator. shows that §5% of the untreated case is used.

The illuminating means 40 is preferably surrounded by the crystal stroke 33 (reflective surface, pk 3M BSR), and the side weft of the prism closer to the pseudoepef 16, so as to suppress the selvedge coming from the reflecting surface with the fact-finding surface 39. Of course, there is a case in which the reflector layer 33 does not hang over the crisscross, and in which the edge of the prism is not obscured.

The linearly compensated sensing characteristic achieved by means of the feasible means 40 according to the invention. 17 and 16.

In a further preferred embodiment, non-individual prisms are utilized as pendant spaces, but multiple crystals are deposited on the pendants of the phenolic ferrites, e.g. we are making up a writer. Such a solution is shown in Fig. 19. Thus, the pendulum deflection means 40 are formed in a fitting unit 44 arranged to accommodate the syllabic elements 10, The inclined protrusions are then not on separate prisms, but on two interlocking parts, e.g. Of course, any combination of the unique prism and the copied solution is conceivable.

The angular angle of the mandrel cone depends, among other things, on the filler material of the filler material of the bellows 36, which is formed as a slit slot. Thus, in the pile 40, the layer is filled with a suitable medium, such as an adhesive or a liquid, according to the particular application.

14-15. Figs. It is also conceivable to have an embodiment in which the shoot is. encompasses inclined between two prisms shown in Fig ^λ · φ * «ί φφ» * «φ φ

* ΦΦΧ és ΦΦ Φ X * coincides, and we have applied a layered customs with some other kind of directional tension, such as pt: bed-rail-rail or bull-brace, tbt-crystal, gradient-layer, etc. In addition, the 40 white whitening means is a microparticle-forming device.

The proposed modeling result of 2BMAX optical designer pmgnuurna.1 illustrates how our solution works. The stonewall stone pellet pellet stack is 2ö. Fig. 1 is a plan view of a pendulum piston with a modified angle. Instead of the received new ξ ™ f (x) _and the '21 ABNA shown ξ ~ g (x) eye apparently linear function (p ^is phenyl, according to choice). In the latter figure, the foil position obtained by scaling is shown as a function of the location of the seam according to the arrangement according to Fig. 2. The average of all ten measurements of x-ponfbnn is reported. Fig. 16 shows the angle (?) Of the elongation device shown in Fig. 16 as shown in Fig. 20.

Due to the low number of fehoelectron arrivals, the measured center of gravity is <Δξ ^) shown in Figure 22. Here is the random error of the measured coordinate of the center of the eyepiece face, in single scattering, on the basis of ten point-to-point measurements of z-point, in the case of the pendulum compensation of Figure 20. The resolution curve obtained from equation (?) Is shown in Figure 23, where x -The application of the 10-point average of the measurement of the position of the earplug as shown in Fig. 20 is shown in Fig. 20, the maximum distance of the resolvable points is about 2 mm, so the 40 mm x 40 crystal holes can be placed in the SÖ mm detector module. When the shape of the curve shown in FIG. 20 is refined, which slightly differs from that shown in FIG. 21, Figure 23 illustrates a horizontal line with a projected value of Ax _m ~ 1.2 mm that can be inserted into the block more than its crystal.

A. the foregoing, the invention has two very important advantages: Firstly, the best possible use of the creature formed in the crystal pocket by the selenium of the crystal, by redirecting the ghost waves to the dead spaces, and, on the other hand, by allowing the sensing to be compensated by any predetermined function, so you want to reach the sensing characteristic, ß4 φ κχ

X

ΦΦφΦΧ ΦΦ ΧχΦΦ φ κ χ- Φ Φ

Φφ «ΧΦΦ ΦΦΧ φ φ *

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The photons produced during the eye-flushing process are detected during the detection of the word - a. even spinning measures - significant loss of creativity can occur The crystals in the pellet condenser are not all photomicrographs active PMT feidusektomk; one part of the photons is due to the feud-like projection. even in the case of directional design It also falls into the spaces between the probe detector surfaces or the shop outside the phonectomy. In order to eliminate this, the most obvious solution is to place a reflective layer reflecting the side of the photoconductor on the side of the conductor. This solution reduces the loss, but these reflective photons fall on the reflective surface of multiple reflection ntanes, thereby distorting the center of gravity of the detected light, which adversely affects position determination.

A more cumbersome way to reduce loss is to change the intensity distribution of the photo produced by the breathing. The essence of nfo kneading is that inside the cone, which is usually a. In the solution, the crystal puncture does not change, while the utilized pellet density increases significantly. The said intensity distribution can be realized, for example, with a dieiekbikwt thin layer system, a grating of optics, a fofomkus crystal or a gradient layer. incidence angle. The wavelengths of the photons produced by the valves are nearly the same, so the. The reflection coefficient must be made so that the value of the reflection coefficient is high at a low angle of incidence, while the higher angle of incidence is high. The low-angle photons of the layer are reflected back into the crystal by the layer system being transmuted at a higher incidence angle with multiple reflections, i.e., at a low angle of incidence on the surface of the PMT detector, the intensity decreases, mtg increases at a high incidence angle.

such solutions can be seen in 34-2Ö. Figures 4a to 4c illustrate the operation of an intensity modulation device 4, preferably a layer (denoted by a thick line in the figures), which produces a 4k hole cone, as shown in Figure 24 for a crystal in the center of the crystal matrix.

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The means 46, preferably a layer system, should be placed in the crystal type and the light detector as close as possible to the bayonet. By means of this solution, you create an Intensity Distribution Point for a Central Station Controller as shown in Figure 24, where you want to apply a layer system that is not the matrix. located in the middle, then two. different cases are possible. In the first case, the hole created in the. At this point, the layer is between the prism and the crystalline, the solution is shown in Figure 25. In the second case, the hole is located in the center of the cone regardless of the angle of the prisms. layer is. located between the first prism and the air gap Ext can forget the solution Figure 26.

These solutions are uniquely applicable to all crates, since the thickness of the layer layer is only a few cubic meters. No layer application is required for all crystals. The fényhasznostiás value changes in the contact angle as a function of, in case of causing a smaller angle of incidence of the reflection coefficient is large, dependency on the relative fenybasznositás hafárszógtöl shown in Figure 27, which "holes ⁵ · Central light cone inner nySásazögének function of the four pieces, 040 mm ~ es The light utilization calculated on the basis of a few millimeter-day light on FMT can be seen on the crystal in the center of the detector rntxlnl, fitted with a 30 mm thick, reflective light guide with optimized reflector.

Thus, the invention also contemplates preferred embodiments in which the serine lifestyle modeler of the beam direction exiting the crystal orifice is realized, i.e., where the detector nandui provides a predetermined intensity distribution of a creature exiting from the element 10 to a direction perpendicular to the direction of the creature. Includes 46 Inlinear modem devices assigned to sextator elements.

The selection of the materials to be used for the arrangement of the valve blade 10 must also be made on the basis of the above-mentioned senmont. The best pocket money »> * * χ χ Φ Φ *« ΦΦΦ

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Ációt «Φ» ** configuration was determined as a result of a series of measurements. The basis for the Z-EMAX modeling results was that the configurations reflecting diffuse reflection on the cladding (ie, using total reflection) and on the incoming (source side), so as to prevent light closure, are the most advantageous using a reflector on the side of the blanket. it does not degrade reflection and maximizes the light output even on the entry side. Figure 28 shows the path of a single beam of light in the crystal needle when the source side is diffusively reflected, or in Figure 29, when the source side is polished. It can be seen that, while in the first case, after a few reflections, the light beam is "invented", in the second case we can see only a large number of reflections and the light beam does not get out of the crystal needle. On the light detector side, the light loss should be minimized, so the exit surface should be polished. Thus, we tested the different surface (polished or polished) patterns on a mantle and used different reflectors on the entry side.

To determine the best configuration, the luminous efficiencies of 10 * 10 * 20 and .3.5 * 3.520 mm LYSO crystal mines were measured using L-Hammam H2431-5Ö, Positron HV-16G1 Power Supply, Ltnearlab ΊΤΑ2 Amplifier. Toucan 8k USB analyzer and 5 mm diameter collimated with ² Na isotopes. During the measurement, the location of the 511keV annihilation photocell was determined in the fixed arrangement of the source - sample detector based on a large number of sintillations, which is proportional to the proportion of light detected by the energy of the y - photons. The detector side of the samples was always polished. Between the detector and the measured crystal needle there was a tens of millimeter. In order to compare the measurements performed with different time and means, we always measured the simplest configuration, ie the 10 * 10 * 20 mm reference crystal polished on each sheet and compared the light utilization of the other configurations, i.e. the metal utilization was measured in relative units. The reliability of the measurement results is characterized by the double standard deviation of ± 5%. Table 1 shows some of the results of the comparative measurements. In the table, P denotes the polished surface and C the polished surface, the reference sample being number 3. Teflon tape, aluminum foil, paint (BaSCL), Lumirrort, 3M were tested as reflectors. With the aluminum foil reflector, the light output is significantly lower, so we missed the table.

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There are no reflectors on the (1) - (4) samples, only their surface differs. It can be seen that it is advantageous if the mantle is polished and the source side surface diffusively reflects (4). In the case of the smaller cross-section (5), the luminous efficiency is slightly higher than that of the similar design (4), i.e. the geometry of the crystal needle has a pronounced effect on light utilization. For sample groups (6) to (11), we changed the source-side state (C or P) and the source side reflector. The best source-side diffuse reflector is the Lumirror (11) fitted to the polished bottom. In group (1.2) - (18) there is already a reflector on the mantle. The mantle is always polished. There is an air gap between the mantle and the reflector, that is, the rear reflection prevails. The best (18) configuration is the Lumirror 601., which is polished on all surfaces, unmounted on the mantle 3M, and on the source side. Lumirror and mantle breathable 3M also provide good light performance. Even at the small size, the Lumirror configuration (20) reflecting the diffuse reflection of the 3M and the source side of the polished mantle on each surface is the most favorable.

Reflector Source page robe miafto 1 10x10x26 P C 0.73 2 10x10x20 C c 0.83 3 10x19x20 referensi® P P 1.00 4 10x10x20 P 1.14 5 3,5x3,5x20 C P 1.20 6 10x10x20 on the bottom C P 1.55 7 10x10x20 bottom LaOO C / P P 1.61 s 10x10x20 on the bottom LaOÖ III. c P 1.67 9 10x10x2.0 bottom 3M c P 1.66 10 10x10x20 buttocks painted P P 1.84 11 10x10x20 bottom LcÖÖ Hi. P P 1.90 12 10x10x20 bottom paint, matt paint P P 1.94 13 10x10x26 Teflon on the bottom, Teflon on the mantle P P 2.08 14 10x10x20 bottom 3M. cloak 3M P P 2.36 15 10x10x20 bottom LoSO. cloak 3fe P P 2.45 18 ÍÖXÍÖX2Ö bottom teflon, mantle 3M c P 2:51 17 10x10x20 bottom 3M, mantle 3M c P 18 10x10x20 bottom Lu80 i !!,. cloak 3fe P P 2.30 13 3,5x3,5x20 on the bottom Lu6G, 3M mantle c P 2.35 20 3.5x3,5x20 bottom Lu60, mantle 3M P P 2.37

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Subtitle is a good-to-use, relatively thick (1SS gm) Lonfo'tot reilekiort, and a polished 'mantle thin (swtngae 5 µm) 3M BSR film, which results in the smallest dead space between the scaffolds. You can also make me with a laser, "a beer compartment *, in which the crystals are placed in the thixirix."

The selector elements 10 are preferably crystal-shaped crystal-shaped crystals, which are polished in all teles, and in the arrangement of the X-sicinylate elements, the selector elements 10 are separated by a bright, at least 90% mf-wood with a reGeek beam and at least 00% at their inlet end 12. Diffinxn 'layer is reinforced on its reflexes.

The reflex reflector is preferably optically fitted with at least 05% reSexlqjn polymorph, pt 3M ESR film, and the dlffor layer is preferably based on polyethylene terpolymer, at least 05% polyester polyester film, e.g. Lumhmr BéOl. foil.

The invention is, of course, not to be construed as an embodiment of the embodiments described in detail in the fonts, but may be further variations or modifications within the scope of the claims as defined herein.

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Claims

1. Detector module for positron emission tomography with light distribution and incorporation

- an arrangement arranged parallel to one another by elongated scintillation elements (10), said scintillator elements (10) having an inlet end (12) and an outlet end (14),

- an arrangement of light detectors (20) emitting light from the scintillator elements (10) positioned against the exit ends (14) of the scintillator elements (10), defining a detection surface (22) of the light detectors (20);

- light-emitting means (40) which, depending on their position in the arrangement, emit light leaving the scintillator element (10) in a direction and angle predetermined from the direction of the scintillator element (10), thereby exiting the scintillator element (10) to the sensing surface ( 22) are guided to some scintillator elements (10), and the transducer (40) at the exit end (14) of the scintillator element (10) comprises a transmissive transmissive night (r layer (36), characterized in that the directional oscillator a transmission layer (36) is disposed at an angle (a) with a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the scintillator element (10).

The detector module according to claim 1, characterized in that the directional 'transmission layer (36) is formed as a gap in the light-emitting pad in the scintillator element (10) at the exit end (14) of the scintillator element (10). fill gap with material with different refractive index.

The detector module according to claim 1, characterized in that the directional transmission layer (36) is a thin-layer structure, an optical grid, a photonic crystal or a gradient-index layer.

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A detector module according to claim 1, characterized in that the light-emitting device (40) is configured as a micropenic arrangement.

5. The '1-4. A detector module according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the light-emitting means (40) are formed in a light-emitting unit (44) adapted to accommodate the scintillator elements (10).

6. The detector module of claim 1, further comprising intensity modulation means (46) for generating a predetermined intensity distribution of the light emitted from the scintillator element (10) at a plane perpendicular to the direction of the light (10). .

7. The detector module of claim 6, wherein the intensity modulation means (46) is designed to reduce the intensity of light emitted from the scintillator element (10) in the form of a suppository, as an optical device in the interior of the suppository, and in the outer portion of the cone.

The detector module according to claim 7, wherein the intensity modulation means (46) is a dielectric thin layer system, an optical grid, a photonic crystal or a gradient index layer.

9. A detector module according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the scintillator elements (10) are column-shaped scintillator crystals, each surface of which is polished, and the scintillator elements (10) in the arrangement of the scintillator elements (1.0) are shiny with at least 90% reflex reflector layer separated by a diffuser layer at least 90% of their reflection at the inlet end (12).

10. The detector module according to claim 9, wherein the reflector layer is an optically unsolvated polymer film of at least 95% reflex and a polyester film of at least 95% reflection based on the polyethylene terephthalate of the diffuser layer.

11. Positron emission tomography, characterized in that the scintillation detector comprises detector modules according to any one of claims 110 and 110.

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