HU217792B - Method for preparing intercellular adhesion molecule (icam-1) and pharmaceutical compositions containing them - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of soluble fragments of an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) which bind to LFA-1, contain domain 1 but lack an atrial membrane domain. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions containing such fragments. Intercellular adhesion molecules are involved in the process by which lymphocytes recognize sites of inflammation, migrate there, and attach to cell substrates during encephalitis. The invention also provides an in vitro diagnostic method for such molecular identification. ŕ

Description

The present invention relates to intercellular adhesion molecules such as ICAM -1. These molecules are involved in a process in which lymphocyte populations recognize and attach to cellular substrates. This is done by migrating said lymphocytes to sites of inflammation and interacting with cellular substrates during inflammatory reactions. The invention also relates to ligand molecules capable of binding to such adhesion molecules, and to screening these ligands and using intercellular adhesion molecules, ligand molecules and screening assays.

Leukocytes must attach to cellular substrates to adequately protect the host against foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses. The defense system is excellently described by H. W. Eisen, Microbiology, 3rd edition, Harper and Row, Philadelphia (1980), 290-295. 381-418. side]. Leukocytes must attach to endothelial cells so that they can migrate from the circulation to the site of ongoing inflammation. In addition, they must bind to antigen-presenting cells in order for the normal specific immune response to occur and finally to bind to the appropriate target cells for lysis of virus-infected or tumor cells.

Recently, hybridoma technology has been used to identify leukocyte surface molecules involved in mediating these attachments. Briefly, against human T cells [D. Davignon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1981, 78, 4535-4539] and mouse spleen cells [T. Springer et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 9, 301-306 (1979), identified monoclonal antibodies that bind to the surface of leukocytes and inhibit the coupling reactions described above [T. Springer et al., Fed. Proc., 44, 2660-2663 (1985)]. The molecules identified by these antibodies were named Mac-1 and Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1). Mac-1 is a heterodimeric molecule that occurs on macrophages, granulocytes, and large granular lymphocytes. LFA-1 is also a heterodimer found on most lymphocytes [T. A. Springer et al., Immunol. Rev., 68, 111-135 (1982)]. These two molecules plus a third molecule, p150.95 (whose tissue distribution is similar to Mac-1), play a role in cellular adhesion [G. Keizer et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 15: 1142-1147 (1985).

The leukocyte molecules described above were found to be members of a family related to glycoproteins [F. Sanchez-Madrid et al., J. Exper. Med. 158: 1785-1803 (1983); Keizer, G.D., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 15: 1142-1147 (1985). This family of glycoproteins is made up of heterodimers comprising a subunit and a β-chain. It has been found that while the α-chains of each antigen are different from each other, the β-chain is highly constant [F. SanchezMadrid et al., J. Exper. Med., 158, 1785-1803 (1983)]. The β chain of the glycoprotein family (sometimes referred to as CD 18) has been found to have a molecular weight of 95 kD (kilodalton), while the molecular weight of the α chain ranges from 150 to 180 kD [T. Springer, Fed. Proc., 44, 2660-2663 (1985). Although the α-subunits of membrane proteins do not have the same degree of homology as the β-subunits, a precise analysis of the α-subunits of these glycoproteins has shown that there are fundamental similarities between them. Similarities between the α and β subunits of the LFA-1-related glycoproteins are summarized by F. Sanchez-Madrid et al., J. Exper. Med. 158: 586-602 (1983) and J. Exper Med. 158: 1785-1803 (1983).

Several individuals have been identified who are unable to express normal levels of any member of this adhesion protein family on the surface of their leukocyte cells [D. C. Anderson et al., Fed. Proc., 44,2671-2677 (1985); D. C. Anderson et al., J. Infect. Dis. 152: 668-689 (1985). The lymphocytes of these patients showed similar deficiencies in vitro as the normal lymphocytes in which the LFA-1 family was inhibited by antibodies. In addition, these individuals were unable to elicit a normal immune response because their cells were unable to adhere to cellular substrates [D. C. Anderson et al., Fed. Proc., 44,2671-2677 (1985); D. C. Anderson et al., J. Infect. Dis. 152: 668-689 (1985). These data indicate that immune responses are reduced when lymphocytes are unable to attach normally due to a lack of functional adhesion molecules of the LFA-1 family.

In conclusion, maintaining the health and viability of an animal requires that its lymphocytes be able to attach to other cells (e.g., endothelial cells). It has been established that this adherence requires cell-to-cell contacts involving specific receptor molecules present on the cell surface of lymphocytes. These receptors help a lymphocyte to attach to other lymphocytes, endothelial cells and other non-vascular cells. Cell surface receptor molecules have been found to be closely related. People who lack these cell surface receptor molecules on lymphocytes have chronic and recurrent infections and have other clinical symptoms, including defective antibody responses.

Because lymphocyte adhesion also participates in the process of identifying and rejecting a foreign tissue, understanding this process is of great importance in the field of organ transplantation, tissue transplantation, allergy, and oncology.

Rothlein, R., et al., Describe a novel leukocyte cell surface molecule, natural ICAM-1 (Journal of Immunology, 137 (2), 1270-1274 (1986)), which under both reducing and non-reducing conditions.

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It has a molecular weight of 000 in SDS-PAGE. Experiments demonstrate the importance of ICAM-1 in the phorbol ester-stimulated homotypic aggregation of several leukocyte cell lines and T-cell lymphoblasts. Furthermore, they explain that ICAM-1 can play an important role in the regulation of adhesion processes during inflammation.

Mariin, S.D. describes the purification of the natural ICAM-1 molecule (Cell, 57 (5), 813-819 (1987)) and shows that this molecule is a ligand for the LFA-1 adhesive adhesion system. It also demonstrates experimentally that the entire natural ICAM-1 molecule alone is sufficient to directly mediate lymphocyte adhesion.

Dustin, L.M., et al. (1986) disclose further features of ICAM-1 (Journal of Immunology, 737 (1), 245-254). The characteristics of the native, mature ICAM-1 glycoprotein, intracellular precursor and polypeptide backbone are described. It is also mentioned that ICAM -1 may play a role in the inflammatory process and the immune response.

The present invention relates to soluble functional derivatives of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 = Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1). The invention further relates to antibodies and antibody fragments that are capable of inhibiting ICAM-1 function, and other inhibitors of ICAM-1 function, and assays for determining these inhibitors. The invention further relates to the diagnostic and therapeutic use of each of the above described molecules.

More particularly, the invention includes soluble functional derivatives of the ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule which are substantially free of naturally occurring impurities. The invention also includes molecules which are capable of binding to a molecule present on the surface of lymphocytes.

The invention further relates to derivatives of ICAM-1 with an intercellular adhesion molecule and detectable labeling.

The invention also relates to a recombinant DNA molecule capable of expressing ICAM-1 or a functional derivative thereof.

The invention further includes a process for preparing ICAM-1 in substantially pure form, comprising the steps of:

a) solubilizing ICAM-1 from the membrane of cells expressing ICAM-1 for the preparation of a solubilized ICAM-1 formulation,

b) applying the solubilized ICAM-1 preparation to an affinity matrix, which matrix contains an antibody that binds ICAM-1,

c) allowing the antibody on the affinity matrix to bind ICAM-1,

d) removing any compound that is not bound to the antibody from the matrix; and

e) isolating ICAM-1 in substantially pure form by eluting ICAM-1 from the matrix.

The invention further relates to an antibody that binds to either the ICAM-1 molecule or a functional derivative of ICAM-1. The invention also relates to a hybridoma cell producing such an antibody.

The invention also relates to a hybridoma cell capable of producing monoclonal antibody R6-5-D6.

The invention further provides a method for producing a desired hybridoma cell which produces an antibody capable of binding to ICAM-1, comprising the steps of:

a) immunizing the animal with a cell expressing ICAM-1,

b) fusing the animal's spleen cells with a myeloma cell line,

(c) fused spleen and myeloma cells form antibody-secreting hybridoma cells; and

d) the hybridoma cells are grafted onto the hybridoma cell which produces the antibody which binds to the desired ICAM-1.

The invention also relates to a hybridoma cell obtained by the above method and to an antibody produced by the hybridoma cell.

The present invention also provides a method for identifying a non-immunoglobulin antangonist of intercellular adhesion, comprising the steps of:

a) incubating a non-immunoglobulin drug having anti-intercellular adhesion activity with a lymphocyte preparation in which the majority of cells are capable of aggregating,

b) testing the lymphocyte composition to determine if the presence of the active agent inhibits cell aggregation of the lymphocyte composition; when inhibition of aggregation occurs, the drug has been shown to be an antagonist of intercellular adhesion.

The invention further relates to a method of treating inflammation that occurs in response to a specific defense system in a mammal. In this method, the subject in need of such treatment is administered an amount of an anti-inflammatory agent sufficient to eliminate the inflammation; according to the method, the anti-inflammatory agent may be either an antibody that binds to ICAM-1, or an antibody fragment that is capable of binding to ICAM-1, or a functional derivative of ICAM-1 or ICAM-1, or a non-immunoglobulin antagonist of ICAM-1. .

The invention further encompasses a method of treating inflammation as described above wherein the non-immunoglobulin antagonist of ICAM-1 is not the same as LFA-1.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of inhibiting the metastasis of a hematopoietic tumor cell, which requires a functional member of the LFA-1 family for its migration. The method involves administering to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of antiinflammatory agent sufficient to inhibit metastasis. The anti-inflammatory agent may be either an antibody that binds to ICAM-1, or an antibody fragment that binds to ICAM-1, or an ICAM-1 or ICAM-1 antibody.

EN 217 792 IC or may be a non-immunoglobulin antagonist of ICAM-1.

The invention relates to a method of inhibiting hematopoietic tumor cell metastasis as described above, wherein, however, the non-immunoglobulin antagonist of ICAM-1 is a non-immunoglobulin antagonist of non-LFA-1 type.

The invention also provides a method of inhibiting the growth of a tumor cell expressing ICAM-1. The method comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment an amount sufficient to inhibit growth of a toxin, which may be an antibody capable of binding to a toxin-modified ICAM-1 or a toxin-modified antibody fragment that is an inhibitor of ICAM-1. can be either a toxin-modified member of the LFA-1 family, or a toxin-modified functional derivative of the LFA-1 family.

The invention further provides a method of inhibiting the growth of a tumor cell expressing LFA-1. The method comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of a toxin sufficient to inhibit tumor cell growth, which may be either a toxin-modified ICAM-1 or a toxin-modified functional derivative of ICAM-1.

The present invention further provides a method for diagnosing the presence and location of an inflammation in a mammal suspected of having an inflammation that results from the response of a specific defense system, which comprises:

a) administering to the patient a composition comprising a detectable labeled ligand capable of identifying a cell expressing ICAM-1, and

b) detecting the binding ligand.

The invention further provides a diagnostic method for diagnosing the presence and location of an inflammation in a mammal suspected of having an inflammation that results from a specific defense system response, comprising:

a) incubating a patient tissue sample with a composition comprising a detectable labeled ligand capable of identifying a cell expressing ICAM-1, and

b) detecting the binding ligand.

The present invention further provides a method of diagnosing the presence and location of a tumor cell expressing ICAM-1 in a mammal when the presence of such a cell is suspected, comprising:

a) administering to the patient a composition comprising a detectably labeled ligand capable of binding to ICAM-1, which ligand can be either an antibody or an antibody fragment capable of binding to ICAM-1, and

b) detecting the binding ligand.

The invention further provides a method of diagnosing the presence and location of a tumor cell expressing ICAM-1 in a mammal when the presence of such a cell is suspected, comprising:

a) incubating the tissue sample from the patient with a composition comprising a detectable labeled ligand capable of binding to ICAM-1, which ligand can be either an antibody or an antibody fragment capable of binding to ICAMM-1, and

b) detecting the binding ligand.

The present invention further provides a method of diagnosing the presence and location of a tumor cell expressing a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules in a patient suspected of having such a cell, comprising:

a) administering to the patient a composition comprising a detectable labeled ligand which is capable of binding to a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules and which may be a functional derivative of either the ligand or ICAM-1 or ICAM-1, and

b) detecting the binding ligand.

The present invention also provides a method for diagnosing the presence and location of a tumor cell expressing a member of the LFA-1 family in a patient suspected of having such a cell, the method comprising:

a) incubating a patient tissue sample in the presence of a detectable labeled ligand capable of binding to a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules, which may be a functional derivative of either ICAM-1 or ICAM-1, and

b) detecting the binding ligand bound to a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules in the tissue sample.

The invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition which

(a) it contains an anti-inflammatory agent which may be either an antibody that binds to ICAM-1 or an antibody fragment that binds to ICAM-1 or a functional derivative of ICAM-1 or an antagonist of non-immunoglobulin ICAM-1 can and which

b) contains at least one immunosuppressive agent which may be either dexamethasone or azathiopyrine or cyclosporin A.

The following is a brief description of the figures.

Figure 1 shows the adhesion between a normal and an LFA-1 deficient cell.

Figure 2 illustrates the process of adhesion between two normal cells.

Figure 3 shows the kinetics of cellular aggregation in the presence (o) and in the absence ^{(χ) of} 50 ng / ml PMA.

Figure 4 shows aggregation between LFA -1 and LFA-1 + cells. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate-labeled EBV-transformed cells (10 ⁴ ) were mixed with 10 ⁵ unlabeled autologous cells (full columns) or JY cells (empty columns) in the presence of PMA. After 1.5 hours, using the qualitative assay of Example 2, labeled cells in the aggregate or free labeled cells were counted. The aggre4

The percentage of labeled cells per day is given. Representative results from one of two experiments are given.

Figure 5 shows immunoprecipitation of ICAM-1 and JY-derived LFA-1. Triton X-100 lysates (lanes 1 and 2) or control lysis buffer (lanes 3 and 4) of JY cells with antibody capable of binding to ICAM-1 (lanes 1 and 3) or LFA - 1-binding antibody (lanes 2 and 4) was immunoprecipitated. Field A shows the results under reducing conditions and Field B shows the results obtained under non-reducing conditions. Molecular weight standards were run in the S band.

Figure 6 shows the kinetics of the effect of IL-1 and interferon gamma on the expression of ICAM-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. Human dermal fibroblasts were grown to a density of 8-10 ⁴ cells / well (0.32 cm ² ), IL-1 (10 units / ml, filled circles) or recombinant gamma interferon (10 units / ml, blank squares) were added. cells and samples taken at the indicated times were cooled to 4 ° C and subjected to indirect binding assay. The standard deviation did not exceed 10%.

Figure 7 shows the concentration dependence of the effect of IL-1 and interferon gamma on ICAM-1. Human dermal fibroblasts were grown to a density of 8 x 10 ⁴ cells / well (0.32 cm ² ). IL-2 (empty circles), recombinant human IL-1 (empty squares), recombinant mouse IL-1 (filled squares), recombinant human gamma interferon (filled circles), and recombinant human Interferon-β (empty triangles) was added at the indicated dilution and incubated for 4 hours (IL-1) or 16 hours (interferon-β and gamma). The results obtained are the average of four determinations, the standard deviation not exceeding 10%.

Figure 8 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ICAM-1 cDNA. The first ATG is in position 58. Translated sequences corresponding to ICAM-1 trypsin peptides are underlined. The putative hydrophobic signal peptide as well as the transmembrane sequences were bold underlined. N-glycosylation sites are boxed. The polyadenylation AAT AAA signal at position 2976 is indicated by a foliage line. The sequence shown is that of the HL-60 cDNA clone. Almost the entire length of the endothelial cell cDNA was sequenced and showed only slight differences.

Figure 9 depicts homologous domains and affinity of ICAM-1 with the immunoglobulin supergene family.

9A. Figure 5 depicts 5 homologous domains (D 1-5). For two or more identical groups, the overlapping section is framed. The double or multiple constant groups in the NCAM domains and the constant groups in the C2 and Cl repertoire domains were compared with the ICAM-1 internal repeats. The position of the expected β-strands of the ICAM-1 domain is indicated by frames and lower case letters above the reference lines, the known positions of the β-strands in the immunoglobulin C domains are indicated by frames and upper case letters below the reference lines.

The position of disulfide bridges within ICAM -1 domains is indicated by S-S.

9B.-D. Figures 3 to 5 are comparisons of protein domains analogous to ICAM-1 domains; Protein comparisons were initially made by scanning the NBRF database using the FASTP program. The resulting sequences are MAG, NCAM T cell receptor, α-subunit, V-domain, IgMp chain and α-1 β-glycoprotein.

Figure 10 shows a comparison of the secondary structure of ICAM -1 and MAG.

All. Figure 3B shows the binding of LFA-1 positive EBV-transformed Blimphoblastoid cells to ICAM-1 on planar membranes.

Figure 12 shows the binding of LFA-1 positive T-lymphoblasts and Thymphoma cells to ICAM-1 in plastic-bound vesicles.

Figure 13 shows the inhibition of binding of JY B lymphoblastoid cells to ICAM-1 in plastic-bound vesicles. The cells or vesicles were previously treated with monoclonal antibodies.

Figure 14 shows the effect of temperature on the binding of Tymphoblasts to ICAM-1 in plastic-bound vesicles.

Figure 15 depicts the divalent cationic requirement for the binding of T-lymphoblasts to ICAM-1 in plastic-bound vesicles.

Figure 16 illustrates the effect of anti-adhesion antibodies on the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to proliferate in response to recognition of T cell-associated OKT3 antigen. "OKT3" signifies addition of antigen.

Figure 17 illustrates the effect of anti-adhesion antibodies on the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to proliferate in response to the recognition of a non-specific T cell mitogen, Concanavalin A. The "CONA" sign indicates the addition of Concanavalin A.

Figure 18 illustrates the effect of anti-adhesion antibodies on the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to proliferate in response to the recognition of a mussel hemocyanin (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) antigen. The "KLH" mark refers to the addition of mussel hemocyanin to the cells.

Figure 19 illustrates the effect of anti-adhesion antibodies on the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to proliferate in response to tetanus toxoid antigen recognition. The "AGN" sign refers to the addition of the tetanus toxoid to the cells.

Figure 20 shows the binding of the ICAM-1 deletion mutants to the monoclonal antibodies RR1 / 1, R6.5, LB2 and CL203.

Figure 21 shows the binding of ICAM-1 deletion mutants to LFA-1.

Figure 22 depicts epitopes recognized by the anti1CAM-1 mononuclear antibodies RR1 / 1, R6.5, LB2 and CL203.

Figure 23 shows the LFA-1 binding capacity of the domain-2 mutants of ICAM-1.

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Figure 24 shows the LFA-1 binding capacity of ICAM-1 domain-3 mutants.

Figure 25 shows the LFA-1 binding capacity of the domain-1 mutants of ICAM-1.

Figure 26 shows a comparison of the amino terminal domains of ICAM.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a natural ligand that binds to LFA-1. Molecules, such as those of the LFA-1 family, that are involved in cell adhesion are called "adhesion molecules."

The natural ligand of the invention is designated "intercellular adhesion molecule-1" or "ICAM-1". ICAM-1 is a 76-97 kD glycoprotein. ICAM -1 is not a heterodimer. The invention relates to ICAM-1 and its "functional derivatives". The "functional derivative" of ICAM-1 is a compound whose biological activity (either functionally or structurally) is substantially similar to that of ICAMM-1. The term "functional derivatives" includes "fragments", "variants", "analogs" or "chemical derivatives" of a molecule. A "fragment" of an molecule, such as ICAM-1, is understood to mean any polypeptide portion of the molecule. Especially those ICAM-1 fragments that express 1CAM-1 activity and are soluble (not membrane bound) are preferred. A "variant" of an molecule, such as ICAM-1, is a molecule that is structurally and functionally substantially similar to the entire molecule or a fragment thereof. One molecule is said to be "substantially similar" to another molecule if both molecules have substantially the same structure or have the same biological activity. Thus, provided that two molecules have similar activity, they may be considered variants, since the term is used here even if the structure of one molecule is different from the other or if the amino acid sequence is not the same. A molecule, such as ICAM -1, "analog" -] corresponds to a molecule that is functionally similar to either the entire molecule or a fragment thereof. When one molecule is said to be a "chemical derivative" of another molecule, it means that it contains additional chemical groups that are not normally part of the molecule. Such groups may improve the solubility, absorption, biological half-life, etc. of the molecule. Groups capable of mediating such effects are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980). A "toxin modified" molecule is a molecule (such as ICAM-1 or an antibody) that contains a portion of a toxin. When such a molecule binds to a cell, the toxin molecule is placed in close proximity to the cell, thereby promoting cell death. Any suitable toxin moiety may be used, but it is preferred to use a toxin such as ricin toxin, diphtheria toxin, radioisotope toxins, membrane channel-forming toxins, and the like. Methods for linking such groups to a molecule are well known in the art.

Members of an antigenic molecule, such as the ICAM-1 or LFA-1 family, are naturally expressed on the surface of lymphocytes. Thus, when such a cell is introduced into a suitable animal, for example, by intraperitoneal injection, etc., it will produce an antibody capable of binding to ICAM-1 or members of the LFA-1 family of molecules. If desired, the serum of such an animal can be harvested and used as a source of polyclonal antibodies that bind to these molecules. More preferably, however, spleen cells from such an animal are harvested and fused with a myeloma cell line, and the fusion cells are induced to form hybridoma cells that secrete a monoclonal antibody that binds ICAM-1 or members of the LFA-1 family of molecules.

The hybridoma cells obtained as described above may be screened by various methods to identify the desired hybridoma cells that are capable of binding to either ICAM-1 or members of the LFA-1 family of molecules. In a preferred screening assay, such molecules are identified by their ability to inhibit aggregation of cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. Antibodies that inhibit this aggregation are further elicited to determine whether this inhibition of aggregation is due to their binding to ICAM-1. Any method that differentiates ICAM-1 from the LFA-1 family of molecules can be used in such a screening assay. Thus, for example, the antibody-bound antigen may be analyzed by immunoprecipitation or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. If the bound antigen is a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules, the immunoprecipitated antigen behaves as a dimer, whereas if the bound antigen is ICAM-1, a single molecular weight species is immunoprecipitated. Alternatively, it is possible to distinguish between the two antibodies, which binds to members of the LFA-1 family of molecules and binds to ICAM-1 by screening for binding to granulocytes, since granulocytes express LFA-1, but not ICAM-1. The ability of the antibody (known to inhibit cell aggregation) to bind to granulocytes means that the antibody binds LFA-1. The lack of binding indicates that the antibody is capable of recognizing ICAM-1. The ability of a cell to bind to a cell, such as granulocytes, can be determined by commonly used tools by those of ordinary skill in the art. Such devices include immunoassays, cellular agglutination, binding to filter plates, antibody precipitation, and the like.

The anti-aggregation antibodies of the invention may also be identified by another method; namely, measuring the ability of these antibodies to bind differently to cells expressing ICAM-1 (such as activated endothelial cells) and to cells that do not express ICAM-1,

They cannot bind to these. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the above assay may be modified and performed in a different order, resulting in a number of possible screening methods, but all of which are capable of assaying and discriminating between antibodies that bind ICAM-1. antibodies binding members of the LFA-1 family of molecules.

The anti-inflammatory agents of the invention may be prepared by natural methods (e.g., by inducing an animal, plant, fungus, bacterium, etc., to produce an ICAM-1 non-immunoglobulin antagonist, or by inducing an animal to produce a polyclonal antibody). ICAM-1); synthetic methods (e.g., by synthesizing polypeptides by Merriffelt's method to produce functional derivatives of ICAM-1 or ICAM-1, or protein antagonists of ICAM-1 (which may be either immunoglobulins or non-immunoglobulins)); hybridoma technology (e.g., by producing a monoclonal antibody that binds to ICAM-1) or recombinant technology (e.g., by producing the anti-inflammatory agent of the invention into various host cells (such as yeast, bacteria, fungi, cultured mammalian cells, etc.). recombinant plasmids or viral vectors]. Which process is chosen depends on certain factors such as suitability, desired yield, etc. It is not necessary to select only one of the methods, processes, technologies described above for the production of a given anti-inflammatory drug; the methods, methods, and techniques described above may be combined to provide the particular anti-inflammatory agents.

A) Identification of the LFA-1 Binding Partner (ICAM-1)

1. The LFA -1-dependent aggregation assay

Many cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus tend to aggregate. Aggregation is enhanced by the presence of phorbol esters. This homotypic aggregation (an aggregation involving only one type of cell) has been found to be blocked by anti-LFA-1 antibodies [R. Rothlein et al., J. Exper. Med., 163, 1132-1149 (1986), the data of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The extent of LFA-1-dependent binding can be determined by measuring the extent of spontaneous and phorbol ester-dependent aggregate formation.

An LFA-1-dependent aggregation-influencing agent can be identified by assaying whether the agent affects spontaneous or phorbol ester-dependent aggregation in cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. Most cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus can be used in such an assay as long as these cells are capable of expressing the LFA-1 receptor molecule. These cells are described by TA Springer et al., J. Med. Exper. Med., 160, 1901-1918 (1984); this work will now be used as a reference]. Although any such cell may be used in the LFA-1-dependent binding assay of the invention, it is preferred to use cells of the JY cell line [CT Terhost et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 73,910 (1976)]. The cells may be cultured in any suitable medium; however, it is much more preferred that the cells be cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 50 pg / ml gentamicin (Gibro Laboratories). Cells should be cultured under conditions suitable for the proliferation of mammalian cells (i.e., usually at 37 ° C, 5% CO _{2 to} 95% relative humidity, etc.).

2. LFA -1 binds to ICAM-1

Individuals whose lymphocytes did not contain LFA-1 receptor molecules were identified [D. C. Anderson et al., Fed. Proc., 44, 2671-2677 (1985); D. C. Anderson et al., J. Infect. Dis. 152: 668-689 (1985). These individuals suffer from Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD). EBV-transformed cells of such patients are unable to aggregate either spontaneously or in the presence of phorbol ester in the aggregation assay described above. When these cells are mixed with LFA-1-expressing cells, aggregation can be observed [R. Rothlein et al., J. Exper. Med. 163: 1132-1149 (1986)] (Figure 1). Importantly, aggregation does not occur when these cells are incubated in the presence of anti-LFA-1 antibodies. Thus, although LFA-1 is required for aggregation, aggregation of LFA-1-deficient cells with LFA-1-containing cells indicates that the LFA-1 binding partner was not LFA-1 but a previously unidentified partner. cellular adhesion molecule. Figure 1 illustrates the mechanism of cellular adhesion.

B) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)

The novel intercellular adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, was first described by R. Rothlein et al. Immunol., 137, 1270-1274 (1986); the disclosure is hereafter used as reference] and has been partially characterized. To detect the ICAM-1 molecule, monoclonal antibodies were generated from mouse spleen cells immunized with cells of genetically deficient individuals for LFA-1 expression. The resulting antibodies were screened for their ability to inhibit the aggregation of cells expressing LFA-1 (Figure 2). More specifically, mice were immunized with EBV-transformed B cells from LAD patients that do not express LFA-1 antigen. The spleen cells of the animals are removed, fused with myeloma cells, and allowed to form monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cells. EBV-transformed LFA-1-expressing cells from normal individuals are then incubated in the presence of the hybridoma cell monoclonal antibody to identify any monoclonal antibody mediated by the EBV-transformed B-cell phorbol ester, LFA-1-dependent. , inhibit spontaneous aggregation. Because hybridoma cells were derived from cells that had never met

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No monoclonal antibody was produced with LFA-1 antigen, such as LFA-1. Thus, any antibody that is found to inhibit aggregation must bind to an antigen that, although not LFA-1, is still involved in the LFA-1 adhesion process. Although any method may be used to generate such monoclonal antibodies, it is preferred that the ICAM-1 binding monoclonal antibodies be prepared by immunizing Balb / c mice, according to the method of R. Rothlein et al. Immunol., 137, 1270-1274 (1986)] and the scheme using peripheral blood mononuclear cells transformed from LFA-1-deficient patients transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. These cells are described by T. A. Springer et al., J. Med. Exper. Med. 160: 1901-1918 (1984)].

In a preferred method for producing and detecting antibodies to ICAM-1, mice are immunized with EBV-transformed B cells expressing both ICAM-1 and LFA-1, or more preferably TNF-activated endothelial cells, which express ICAM-1 but not LFA-1. In a most preferred method of producing hybridoma cells producing anti-ICAM-1 antibodies, Balb / c mice are immunized sequentially with JY cells and differentiated U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593). The animals are harvested from spleen cells, fused with myeloma cells and allowed to develop into antibody-producing hybridoma cells. Antibodies are raised for their ability to inhibit LFA-1-dependent phorbol ester-induced aggregation of an EBV-transformed cell line, such as JY cells, which express both LFA-1 receptor and ICAM-1. R. Rothlein et al., J. Med. Immunol., 137, 1270-1274 (1987)] detected these aggregation inhibiting antibodies and tested whether they could inhibit the SKW3 cell line [M. Dustin et al., J. Exper. Med. 165: 672-692 (1987)]. Spontaneous aggregation of this cell line in the presence of phorbol ester is inhibited by LFA-1 binding antibodies and not inhibited by antiICAM-1 antibodies. Antibodies that can inhibit phorbol ester-induced aggregation of JY cells but are unable to inhibit phorbol ester-induced aggregation of SKW3 cells are presumably anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. ICAM-1 binding antibodies are otherwise identified by screening for antibodies that inhibit LFA-1-dependent aggregation of LFA-expressing cells (such as JY cells), but are unable to bind to cells that express LFA-1. express, but not to a small extent (such as normal granulocytes), or to bind to cells expressing ICAM-1 but not LFA-1 (such as TNF -activated endothelial cells). In another method, cells expressing ICAM-1, LFA-1, or both are immunoprecipitated using antibodies that inhibit LFA-1-dependent aggregation of cells, such as JY cells, and SDS-PAGE or an equivalent method is used to determine certain molecular characteristics of the antibody precipitated molecule. If the characteristics are the same as those of ICAM-1, then the antibody is presumed to be an antiICAM-1 antibody.

The ICAM-1 cell surface molecule was purified and characterized using the monoclonal antibodies prepared as described above. ICAM-1 was purified from human cells or tissues by monoclonal antibody test affinity chromatography. In this method, the ICAM-1-reacting monoclonal antibody is coupled to an inert column matrix for which any method may be used, but is preferred by H. C. Oettgen et al. Biol. Chem., 259, 12 034 (1984)]. When the cell lysate is passed through the matrix, the ICAM-1 molecules present are adsorbed and retained by the matrix. By altering the column pH or ion concentration, the bound ICAM-1 molecules can be liberated from the column. Although any suitable matrix may be used, it is preferred that the matrix material be Sepharose (Pharmacia). The preparation and use of column matrices for protein purification is well known in the art.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the assay methods described above be used to identify compounds which are capable of attenuating or inhibiting the degree and extent of cellular adhesion.

ICAM-1 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on non-hematopoietic cells, such as vascular endothelial cells, thymus epithelial cells, certain other epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and on hematopoietic cells such as lymphocytic germinative center B cells; and dendritic cells in tonsils, lymph nodes, and Peyer's plaques. ICAM-1 is highly expressed on vascular endothelial cells in T-cell areas showing reactive hyperplasia, in lymph nodes and in tonsils. ICAM-1 is expressed in small amounts in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Phorbol ester-stimulated differentiation of certain myelomonocytic cell lines greatly increases the expression of ICAM-1. Thus, ICAM-1 is predominantly expressed at sites of inflammation and is generally not expressed on dormant cells. In skin fibroblasts, ICAM-1 expression is increased three to five fold by interleukin-1 and 10 units / ml interferon gamma, respectively over a period of 4 and 10 hours, respectively. Induction depends on protein and mRNA synthesis and is reversible.

ICAM-1 has a molecular weight for different cell types, 97 kD for fibroblasts, 114 kD for the U937 myelomonocyte cell line and 90 kD for JY B lymphoblastoid cells. An approximately 73 kD intracellular precursor was detected during ICAM-1 biosynthesis. The non-N-glycosylated form, which is the result of treatment with tunicamycin (inhibits glycosylation on tunicamins), has a molecular weight of 55 kD.

The same major product of ICAM-1 isolated from phorbol ester-stimulated U937 cells or fibroblast cells8

This results in two molecules having a molecular weight of 60 kD after chemical deglycosylation. ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies influence the adhesion of phytohemagglutinin blasts to LFA-1-deficient cell lines. By pretreating fibroblasts with lymphocytes but not lymphocytes that bind ICAM-1, this pretreatment prevents lymphocyte-fibroblast adhesion. If the lymphocytes are pretreated with antibodies against LFA-1 and the fibroblasts are not, it is also found to inhibit lymphocyte-fibroblast adhesion.

Thus, ICAM -1 is a ligand for the CD18 complex on leukocytes. In fibroblasts and endothelial cells, ICAM-1 can be induced in vitro with inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in the same time as in vivo lymphocyte infiltration into inflammation [M. L. Dustin et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137: 245-254; J.S. Prober et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137, 1893-1896. ICAM-1 is expressed on non-hematopoietic cells such as vascular endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells and other epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and on hematopoietic cells such as tissue macrophages, mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocytelasts, and germinal cells, cells in tonsils, lymph nodes and Peyer's plaques [M. L. Dustin et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137: 245-254. ICAM-1 is expressed on keratinocytes in benign inflammatory lesions such as allergic eczema, lichen planes, exanthema, urticaria and bullous diseases. Allergic skin reactions caused by the application of a hapten to which the patient is allergic also result in strong expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes. On the other hand, toxic plaques on the skin do not induce ICAM-1 expression on keratinocytes. In keratinocytes from biopsies of skin lesions from various dermatological disorders, ICAM-1 can be detected, and lesions from allergic patch tests induce ICAM-1 expression, whereas lesions from toxic patch tests do not induce ICAM-1 expression.

Thus, ICAM-1 is a cellular substrate to which lymphocytes are capable of binding, so that lymphocytes can migrate to inflammatory sites and / or exert various effector functions at the site of inflammation. These functions include antibody production, lysis of target cells infected with the virus, and the like. The term "inflammation" as used herein refers to specific or non-specific responses of the defense system. The term "specific defense system" refers to a component of the immune system that responds to the presence of a specific antigen. Inflammation is defined as the response of a specific defense system when inflammation is caused, mediated, or associated with the reaction of a specific defense system. Inflammation caused by a specific defense system response, for example, to antigens such as rubella virus, autoimmune diseases, T-cell-mediated late-type hypersensitivity (as seen, for example, in individuals with a Mantoux test positive), sporiasis, and the like. answer.

A "non-specific defense system response" is a response mediated by leukocytes that are not capable of immunological memory. These cells include granulocytes and macrophages. When we say that inflammation is the result of a response by a non-specific defense system, inflammation is caused, mediated, or linked to a reaction by a non-specific defense system. Non-specific defense system-mediated inflammation is, at least in part, inflammation associated with conditions such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or secondary multiple organ damage due to septicemia or trauma, myocardial or other reperfusion injury, acute glomerulonephritis, reactive arthritis, dermatoses containing acute inflammatory components, acute purulent meningitis or other inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system, hemodialysis; cytokine-induced toxicity.

According to the present invention, functional derivatives of ICAM-1, and in particular those derivatives comprising fragments or mutation variants of ICAM-1 containing domains 1, 2 and 3, for the treatment of these reactions of the non-specific defense system, or can be used in healing. ICAM-1 fragments or mutation variants containing the ICAM-1 domain 2 are preferred for such treatment or cure, but ICAM-1 fragments or mutation variants that have ICAM-1 are most preferred for such treatment or cure. 1 domain.

C) Cloning of the ICAM-1 gene

Any of a number of methods can be used to clone the ICAM-1 gene. In such a method, a commuting vector library containing cDNA inserts from ICAM-1 expressing cells is analyzed for the presence of an insert containing the ICAM-1 gene. Such an assay is performed by transfecting cells with the vector and assaying for ICAM-1 expression. A preferred method of cloning this gene involves determining the amino acid sequence of the ICAM-1 molecule. To accomplish this task, the ICAM-1 protein was purified and analyzed by an automated sequencer. Alternatively, the molecule is fragmented with either bromocyanine or proteases such as papain, chymotrypsin or trypsin [Y. Oike et al., J. Bioi. Chem., 257, 9751-9758 (1982); C. Liu et al., Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 21, 209-215 (1983)]. Although the complete amino acid sequence of ICAM-1 can be determined, the molecule is more preferred

Determination of peptide fragments of HU 217 792 Β. When the peptides are longer than 10 amino acids, the information obtained for the sequences is generally sufficient to clone a gene, such as the ICAM-1 gene.

The sequence of the amino acid residues of a peptide is either written using the commonly used 3 letter designation or the 1 letter designation. A list of 3-letter and 1-letter notations can be found in professional books, e.g., A. Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publishers, New York, NY (1970). When the sequence is written vertically, the amino terminal group is at the top of the row and the carboxy terminal group of the peptide is at the bottom of the row. Similarly, if the list is horizontal, the amino terminus is on the left and the carboxy terminus is on the right. The amino groups of the peptide may be separated by a hyphen. These dashes are provided for ease of reference only. For the sake of clarity, a

The -Gly-Ala-Ser-amino acid sequence means that an Ala group is attached to the carboxyl group of Gly, the Ser group is attached to the carboxyl group of Ala and the amino group of Phe. The designation also means that the amino acid sequence consists of the Gly-Ala-Ser-Phe tetrapeptide. This designation does not limit the amino acid sequence to this tetrapeptide, but means that 1. one or more amino acid residues may be attached to the tetrapeptide, either at the amino terminus or at the carboxy terminus, 2. one or more amino acid residues at the amino and carboxy terminus of the tetrapeptide. 3. no other amino acid is attached to the tetrapeptide.

Once one or more suitable fragments have been sequenced, the DNA sequences encoding them are examined. Because the genetic code is degenerate, more than one codon can be used to encode a particular amino acid [J. Publication of D. Watson in Molecular Biology of the Gene, 3rd edition; W. A. Benjámin, Inc., Menlo Park, CA (1977), 356-357. side]. By analyzing peptide fragments, the amino acid sequences encoded by the least degenerate oligonucleotides are determined. Preferably, this is done by identifying sequences containing amino acids encoded by a single codon. However, such amino acid sequences can rarely be encoded by a single oligonucleotide, often the amino acid sequence may be encoded by any set of similar oligonucleotides. It is important to know that while each member of the kit is an oligonucleotide that can encode the peptide fragment and therefore potentially contains the same nucleotide sequence as the gene encoding the peptide fragment, only one member of the kit contains a nucleotide sequence that contains the nucleotide sequence of the gene. identical. Because this tag is present in the kit and is capable of hybridizing with DNA in the presence of other members of the kit, the unfractionated oligonucleotide set can be used in the same way as using a single oligonucleotide to clone the peptide encoding gene.

In a manner analogous to that described above, a nucleotide (or set of oligonucleotides) having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the oligonucleotide sequence or set of sequences encoding the peptide fragment may be used.

A suitable oligonucleotide or set of oligonucleotides encoding a fragment of the ICAM-1 gene or which is complementary to such an oligonucleotide or set of nucleotides is identified (using the procedure described above), synthesized and expressed in a manner well known in the art to express human DNA, or more preferably, a cDNA composition. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques are described by T. Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Coldspring Harbor, NY (1982), and BD Haymes et al., Nucleic Acid Hybridization, ARL App., Washington, DC (1985). which are used here for reference. The DNA or cDNA source used is enriched for ICAM-1 sequences. Enrichment is most easily achieved by using cDNA to remove RNA from cells cultured under conditions that induce ICAM-1 synthesis (e.g., U937 cells (ATCC 1593) in the presence of phorbol esters, etc.).

Techniques described above or similar have been successfully used to clone the following genes: human aldehyde dehydrogenases [L. C. Hsu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82, 3771-3775 (1985)], fibronectin [S. Suzuki et al., Eur. Biol. Organ. J., 4, 2519-2524 (1985)], the human estrogen receptor gene (P, Walter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82, 7889-7893 (1985)], tissue plasminogen activator [D. Pennica et al., Natura, 301: 214-221 (1983)] and human mature placental alkaline phosphatase complementary DNA [W. Kam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82, 8715-8719 (1985).

In a preferred embodiment of cloning the ICAM-1 gene into an expression vector, a collection of expression vectors is prepared by cloning DNA from the cell expressing ICAM-1, or more preferably cDNA. Individuals expressing an anti-ICAM-1 antibody-binding protein and encoding polypeptides having the same amino acid sequence as ICAM-1 or fragments of ICAM-1 are then screened from the collection.

The ICAM-1 gene cloned according to the methods described above can be artificially linked to an expression vector and introduced into bacterial or eukaryotic cells to produce ICAM-1 protein. These manipulation techniques are found in T. Maniatis et al., Supra, and are otherwise well known in the art.

D) Field of application of LFA-1-dependent aggregation assays

The method described above for measuring LFA-1-dependent aggregation can be used to identify agents that antagonize LFA-110 as an antagonist.

EN 217 792 Β dependent aggregation. These antagonists act by reducing the ability of LFA-1 or ICAM-1 to mediate aggregation. Such agents include immunoglobulins, such as an antibody that binds to either LFA-1 or ICAM-1. In addition, the method described above is also suitable for testing non-immunoglobulin (i.e., chemical) agents, i.e., for determining whether they are antagonists of LFA-1 aggregation.

E) Areas of use of antibodies that bind to ICAM-1 receptor proteins

1. Anti-inflammatory agents

Monoclonal antibodies to members of the CD18 complex inhibit many adhesion-dependent functions of leukocytes, including endothelial binding [D. Haskard et al., J. Immunol. 137: 2901-2906 (1986)], homotype adhesions [R. Rothlein et al., J. Exp. Med., 163, 1132-1149 (1986)], antigen and mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes (Davignon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 78, 4535-4539 (1981)], antibody formation [A. Fischer et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 136: 3198-3203] and all leukocytes have effector functions such as cytotoxic T cells [A. M. Krensky et al., J. Immunol., 132: 2180-2182 (1984)], macrophages [G. Strassman et al., J. Immunol., 136, 4328-4333 (1986)] and all cells involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reactions [S. Kohl et al., J. Immunol. 133: 2972-2978 (1984). In each of these functions, the antibodies inhibit the adhesion of leukocytes to the appropriate cellular substrate, which inhibits the final result.

As discussed above, the binding of ICAM-1 molecules to members of the LFA-1 family of molecules is central to cell adhesion. During the adhesion process, lymphocytes can continuously check for the presence of foreign antigens in an animal. Although such processes are desirable under normal circumstances, they cause graft rejection, graft rejection, and several autoimmune diseases. Thus, any means of attenuating or inhibiting cell adhesion would be highly desirable to recipients of transplanted organs and transplanted tissue, or to autoimmune patients.

ICAM-1 binding monoclonal antibodies are very useful as anti-inflammatory agents in mammals. Importantly, these agents differ from the general anti-inflammatory agents in that they selectively inhibit adhesion and do not have side effects such as nefotoxicity that can occur with conventional agents. Thus, ICAM-1-binding monoclonal antibodies can be used in mammalian patients to prevent organ and tissue rejection or to modify autoimmune responses without fear of side effects.

An important consideration is that with the use of monoclonal antibodies recognizing ICAM-1, a

Organisms that are not HLA-specific can be used for organ transplants.

2. Suppressors of late-type hypersensitivity reactions

Because ICAM-1 molecules are expressed mainly at sites of inflammation, such as delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, the therapeutic potential of antibodies that bind to ICAM-1 molecules (especially monoclonal antibodies) can be used to attenuate or inhibit such reactions. eliminate. There are two ways to exploit the therapeutic potential. First, a composition comprising a monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 can be administered to a patient who has a late-type hypersensitivity reaction. Such formulations may be administered, for example, to individuals who are exposed to antigens such as poison ivy, posion oak, and the like. in contact with. In another embodiment, the patient is co-administered the ICAM-1 binding monoclonal antibody with an antigen to prevent a subsequent inflammatory reaction. Thus, the addition of an antigen in addition to an ICAM-1 binding monoclonal antibody may render the subject temporarily tolerant of a subsequent appearance of the same antigen.

3. Therapy for diseases with chronic inflammation

Since LAD patients with LFA-1 deficiency do not show an inflammatory response, it is believed that an antagonist of the natural LFA-1 ligand, ICAM-1, will also inhibit the inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory ability of anti-ICAM-1 antibodies forms the basis of their therapeutic use in chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), multiple sclerosis, diabetic Reyndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. - treatment. These antibodies can also be used in the therapeutic treatment of psoriasis. In general, monoclonal antibodies that bind to ICAM-1 can be used to treat diseases that can be treated continuously with steroid therapy.

4. Diagnostic and prognostic applications

Because ICAM-1 is predominantly expressed at sites of inflammation, monoclonal antibodies that bind to ICAM-1 can be used as a tool to visualize and visualize the site of infection and inflammation in a patient. For such use, monoclonal antibodies are labeled with detectable labels, such as radiolabelling, affinity labeling (such as biotin, avidin, etc.), fluorescent labeling, paramagnetic labeling, and the like. Methods for implementing markings are well known in the art.

The clinical use of antibodies in diagnostic practice is addressed in the following summary publications:. B. Grossman, Urol. Clin. North Amer. Amer., 13, 465-474 (1986); E. C. Unger et al

HU 217 792 Β et al., Invest. Radiol., 20, 693-700 (1985) and B.A. Khaw et al., Science, 209, 295-297 (1980).

Inflammation can also be detected using ligands, i.e., mRNA, cDNA or DNA that bind to ICAM-1 gene sequences or ICAM-1-mRNA sequences of ICAM-1-expressing cells. The technique of these hybridization assays is described by T. Maniatis (see above).

Observation of the position of detectably labeled antibodies suggests the site of inflammation or tumor development. One way to test for inflammation is by taking tissue or blood samples and incubating the samples in the presence of detectable labeled antibodies. In a preferred embodiment, the technique is applied in a non-invasive manner, i.e., magnetic imaging, fluorography, and the like. used. This diagnostic test can be used to detect early signs of potential tissue rejection in an organ transplant patient. Such studies may attempt to determine the susceptibility of a patient to rheumatoid arthritis or other inflammatory diseases.

5. Some additions to the administration of antigenic substances used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes

Immune responses to therapeutic or diagnostic agents, such as bovinulin, interferon, tissue plasminogen activator, or murine monoclonal antibodies, substantially reduce the therapeutic or diagnostic value of these agents, and may actually cause diseases such as serum disease. Such cases can be corrected using the antibodies of the invention. In this method, the antibodies can be used in combination with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. Addition of the antibody prevents the recipient from recognizing the active ingredient and therefore protects the patient from triggering an immune response. The absence of an immune response in the patient results in additional doses of the therapeutic or diagnostic agents being administered to the patient.

F) Application of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1)

ICAM-1 is the binding partner of LFA-1. Thus, in the treatment of diseases, ICAM-1 or functional derivatives thereof may be used interchangeably with antibodies binding to LFA-1, i.e., these molecules may be used in solubilized form for inflammation, organ rejection, graft rejection, etc. inhibition. ICAM-1 or functional derivatives thereof can be used in the same way as anti-ICAM-1 antibodies to reduce the immunogenicity of therapeutic and diagnostic agents.

ICAM-1, its functional derivatives and antagonists can be used to block metastasis and proliferation of tumor cells expressing either ICAM-1 or LFA-1 on their surface. There are different ways to achieve this goal. For example, migration of hematopoietic cells requires LFA-1-ICAM-1 binding. Thus, antagonists of this binding inhibit this migration and block the metastasis of leukocyte lineage tumor cells. Alternatively, toxin-modified molecules capable of binding either ICAM-1 or a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules may be administered to patients. When such toxin-modified molecules bind to tumor cells expressing ICAM-1 or a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules, the presence of the toxin kills the tumor cell and thereby prevents tumor proliferation.

G) Areas of use of non-immunoglobulin antagonists of ICAM-1-dependent adhesion

ICAM-1-dependent adhesion can be inhibited by non-immunoglobulin antagonists that bind to either ICAM-1 or LFA-1. An example of a non-immunoglobulin antagonist of ICAM-1 is LFA-1. A non-immunoglobulin antagonist that binds to LFA-1, such as ICAM-1. Additional non-immunoglobulin antagonists can be identified and purified by the assays described above. Non-immunoglobulin antagonists of ICAM-1-dependent adhesion can be used for the same purposes as antibodies to LFA-1 or antibodies to ICAM-1.

H) Use of the compositions of the invention

The therapeutic effect of ICAM-1 can be achieved by administering to the patient the entire ICAM-1 molecule or any therapeutically effective peptide fragment thereof.

ICAM-1 and its functional derivatives may be obtained either synthetically or by recombinant DNA technology or by proteolysis. The therapeutic benefits of ICAM-1 can be enhanced by attaching additional amino acid residues to the molecule that enhance binding to the vehicle or enhance ICAM-1 activity. Other functional derivatives of ICAM-1 which lack certain amino acid residues or which contain other amino groups are also included within the scope of the present invention, provided that these derivatives have cell adhesion promoting properties.

The antibodies of the invention and the ICAM-1 molecule are said to be "substantially free of natural impurities" when these formulations are substantially free of the substances normally present in nature in these products.

The present invention also encompasses antibodies and biologically active fragments thereof (either polyclonal or monoclonal) that are capable of binding to ICAM-1. These antibodies can be produced in animal or tissue culture or by recombinant DNA technology.

When a patient is given ICAM-1 binding antibodies or fragments thereof, or when a recipient patient is given ICAM-1 (or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof), the dosage of the active ingredient used will vary according to factors such as the age of the patient. , weight, height, gender, medical condition, medical history, etc. usually

It is expedient to treat the patient with an antibody dose ranging from 1 pg / kg to 10 mg / kg (kg patient body weight), but lower or higher doses may be used. When ICAM-1 molecules or functional derivatives thereof are administered to a patient, it is preferable that doses ranging from 1 pg / kg to 10 mg / kg (kg body weight) of these molecules are also administered, although lower or higher doses may be used. . As discussed below, the therapeutically effective dose may be reduced when the anti-ICAM-1 antibody is used in combination with the anti-LFA-1 antibody. The use of a component with a second component herein means that the two components are administered at intervals such that both components are detectable in the patient's serum at the same time.

Both ICAM-1 binding antibody and ICAM-1 itself can be administered to a patient intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, enterally or parenterally. When the antibody or ICAM-1 is administered by injection, the administration may be by continuous infusion or by the administration of a single or multiple implant capsule.

The anti-inflammatory agents of the invention are administered to the recipient in an amount sufficient to control the inflammation. For one amount, it is said to be sufficient to overcome the dose, mode of administration, etc. of the active ingredient. sufficient to attenuate or prevent inflammation.

The anti-ICAM-1 antibody, or fragment thereof, may be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional immunosuppressive agents (particularly in a patient who has undergone organ or tissue transplantation). The use of such compound (s) is either "prophylactic" or therapeutic. When administered for prophylactic purposes, the immunosuppressive compound (s) is administered prior to any inflammatory response or symptom (e.g., prior to, or shortly after, organ or tissue transplantation, but prior to any symptom of organ rejection). Prophylactic administration of the compound (s) is intended to prevent or attenuate any inflammatory response that may occur (e.g., rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue). If the immunosuppressive compound (s) serves a therapeutic purpose, it (s) should be administered at the beginning (or shortly after) of the symptoms of current inflammation. Any therapeutic use of the compound (s) is intended to attenuate actual inflammation (such as rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue).

Thus, the anti-inflammatory agents of the present invention are applied either before the onset of inflammation (to suppress a foreseeable inflammation) or after the onset of inflammation.

A preparation can be said to be "pharmacologically acceptable" if its administration is tolerated by the recipient patient. Such an active ingredient is said to be administered in a "therapeutically effective amount" when the effect of the administered amount is physiologically significant. An active ingredient is said to be physiologically significant if its administration causes a detectable physiological change in the recipient patient.

The antibody and ICAM-1 molecules of the invention may be formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable compositions according to known methods, i.e., by combining these substances or functional derivatives with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers and their formulation, including other human proteins such as human serum albumin, are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences [16]. A. Osol (editor), Mack, Easton PA, USA (1980). In order to formulate a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation which is effective in efficacy, these formulations must contain an effective amount of the antiICAM-1 antibody or ICAM-1 molecule or functional derivatives thereof, together with an appropriate amount of carrier vehicle.

In addition, pharmacological methods may be used to control the duration of action. Controlled release formulations are prepared using polymers which complex or adsorb with the antiICAM-1 antibody or ICAM-1 or functional derivatives thereof. Suitable macromolecules (e.g., polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinylpyrrolidone), ethylene vinyl acetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or protamine sulfate) are selected for controlled release, and the concentration of macromolecules and methods of incorporation are determined. for controlled release. Alternatively, controlled release formulations can be controlled by incorporating the anti-ICAM-1 antibody or ICAM-1 molecules or functional derivatives into a polymeric material such as polyesters, polyamino acids, hydrogels, polylactic acid, or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. Alternatively, instead of incorporating the active compounds into polymeric particles, these materials may be incorporated into microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation or interfacial polymerization, such as hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin microcapsules, or e.g. nanocapsules - or macroemulsions. These techniques can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980).

Following the general description of the invention, the invention will be better understood by the following examples. without limiting the scope of the invention to these examples.

Example 1

Culturing mammalian cells

The EBV-transformed and hybridoma cells of the invention are generally treated with 20 mM L-glutamine, 50 pg / ml gentamycin and 10% fetal bovine (or fetal calf).

HU 217 792 Β serum supplemented with RPMI 1640 medium. The cells were cultured at 37 ° C in an atmosphere of 50% CO _{2 to} 95% humidity.

Cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are obtained by RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10 ⁶ T cell depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS 2 fetal calf serum) and 50 pg / ml gentamicin. Incubate for 16 hours with B95-8 cells (ATCC CRL 1612) [DA Thorley-Lawson et al., J. Exper. Med., 146, 495 (1977)] with an EBV-containing supernatant. 0.2 ml aliquots of cells were added to 10 microtiter plate wells. Until cell growth was observed, the medium was replaced with RPMI 1640 medium (supplemented with 20% FCS and 50 pg / ml gentamycin). Growth was observed in most wells and these cells were grown in the same medium. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) blasts were prepared at 10 ⁶ cells / ml in RPMI 1640 medium (supplemented with 20% FCS) containing PHA-P (Difco Laboratories Inc., Detroit, MI, USA) at a 1: 800 dilution. PHA cell lines were grown in interleukin-2 (IL-2) conditioned medium and treated weekly with PHA [DA Cantrell et al., J. Exper. Med., 158, 1895 (1983)]. The above procedure was described by T. Springer et al., J. Med. Exper. Med., 160, 1901-1918 (1984)], the data of which are incorporated herein by reference. The cells obtained in the above procedure were then screened with anti-LFA-1 antibodies to determine whether they express LFA-1 antigen. These antibodies are described by F. Sanchez-Madrid et al. Exper. Med., 158, 1785 (1983)].

Example 2

Testing methods for cellular aggregation and adhesion

Aggregation assays were performed to determine the extent of cellular adhesion. Cell lines used in such assays were washed twice with RPMI 1640 medium containing 5 mM HEPES buffer (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis) and resuspended at 2 to 10 ⁶ cells / ml. Wells of flat bottom 96-well microtiter plates (No. 3596; Costar, Cambridge, MA, USA) are weighed with 50 µl of appropriate monoclonal antibody supernatant or 50 µg of complete medium with or without purified monoclonal antibody, 50 µl of complete medium at 200 ng / ml ester, i.e. phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and 100 µl of complete medium containing cells at a concentration of 2-10 ⁶ cells / ml. Thus the final concentration of 50 ng / ml PMA and 2 × 10 ⁵ cells per well. The cells are allowed to settle spontaneously and the degree of aggregation is recorded at different times. The titer may vary from 0 to 5 +, where 0 means that the cells are essentially non-confluent; 1 + means that less than 10% of the cells are aggregated; 2+ means that less than 50% of the cells are aggregated; 3+ means that 100% of the cells form small, loose lumps; 4+ means that 100% of the cells are aggregated in large nodules; 5+ means that 100% of the cells are in large, compact aggregates. In order to obtain a more quantitative evaluation of cell adhesion, reagents and cells are weighed into 5 ml polystyrene tubes in the same order as above. The tubes were placed at 37 ° C in a lattice rack of a rotary shaker. The tubes are shaken at about 200 rpm for 1 hour, and 10 µl of the cell suspension is then placed in a hemocytometer and the number of free cells is measured. The percentage of aggregation is determined by the following equation:

number of free cells% aggregation = 100 χ (1-) number of cells introduced

In the above formula, the number of cells introduced is equal to the number of cells per ml in the control tube. The control tube contains only cells and whole medium and is not incubated. The number of free cells in the equation is equal to the number of non-aggregated cells per ml in the test tube. The above procedure is described by R. Rothlein et al., J. Med. Exper. Med. 163: 1132-1149 (1986)].

Example 3

LFA-1-dependent cellular aggregation

The qualitative assay described in Example 2 was performed with the Jstein cell line transformed with EpsteinBarr virus. It was observed that the addition of PMA to the medium on the microtiter plates allowed the cells to aggregate. Timelapse video recordings showed that JY cells were motile at the bottom of the wells of the microtiter plate and showed active membrane folds and pseudopodial movements. Contact between the jaws of adjacent cells often resulted in cell-cell adherence. If adherence persists, the cell's contact area shifts toward uropodia. Contact may persist despite vigorous cell movement and cell retraction. The primary difference between PMA-treated and untreated cells appears to be the stability of established contacts. With PMA, the size of the formed cell nodules increases as additional cells adhere to the surface of the nodules.

Another method for measuring adhesion is the quantitative assay described in Example 2. The cell suspension was shaken at 200 rpm for 2 hours, then transferred to a hemocytometer and counted cells outside the aggregate. In the absence of PMA, 42% (SD = 20%, N = 6) of JY cells were in aggregates after 2 hours, whereas when cells were incubated with 50 pg / ml PMA under the same conditions, 87% (SD) = 8%, N = 6) in the aggregates. Kinetic analysis of aggregation showed that PMA enhanced the rate and extent of aggregation at each time point examined (Figure 3).

Example 4

Inhibition of cell aggregation by anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies

HU 217,792 Β

In order to test the effect of antiLFA-1 monoclonal antibodies on PMA-induced cellular aggregation, said monoclonal antibodies were added to cells incubated according to the qualitative aggregation assay described in Example 2. These monoclonal antibodies were found to inhibit the formation of cell aggregates, whether or not PMA was present. Both F (ab ') ₂ ' and Fab 'fragments of the monoclonal antibodies to the α-chain of LFA-1 were able to inhibit cellular aggregation. While essentially 100% of the cells formed aggregates in the absence of anti-LFA-1 antibody, less than 20% of the cells were present in the aggregates when antibody was added. The results of this experiment are described by R. Rothlein et al. Exper. Med. 163: 1132-1149 (1986)].

Example 5

Cellular aggregation requires LFA-1 receptor

EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells from patients were prepared as described in Example 1. The cells were screened with monoclonal antibodies recognizing LFA-1 and found to be LFA-1 deficient.

The qualitative aggregation assay described in Example 2 was performed using the LFA-1 deficient cells described above. These cells did not spontaneously aggregate even in the presence of PMA.

Example 6

Discovering ICAM-1

The LFA-1 deficient cells of Example 5 were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate [M. Patarroyo et al., Cell. Immunol., 63, 237-248 (1981)]. The labeled cells were 1:10 mixed with autologous or JY cells and the percentage of fluorescein-labeled cells in the aggregate was determined according to the method of R. Rothlein et al. Exper. Med. 163: 1132-1149 (1986)]. LFA-1 deficient cells were found to be able to co-aggregate with LFA-1-expressing cells (Figure 4).

To determine whether LFA-1 alone was relevant for the formation or maintenance of aggregates, LFA-1 binding antibodies were added to the prepared aggregates described above. It was found that the addition of antibody severely disrupted the aggregates formed. Accelerated video recording confirmed that the monoclonal antibodies added to the formed aggregates began to disintegrate the aggregates within 2 hours (Table I). After the addition of monoclonal antibodies to LFA-1, the motions and deformations of the individual cells within the aggregates remained unchanged. The individual cells gradually detached from the aggregate surface; After 8 hours, most of the cells dispersed. Accelerated video showed that the disintegration of the formed aggregates by LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies when run back in time is the same as the aggregation process in the absence of LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies.

Table I

Effect of anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies on disruption of PMA-induced JY cell aggregates

Experiment 2 hours ^a Aggregation reading, 18 hours -Matt + MAt First 4+ 4+ l + ^b Second 3+ 4+ 1+ ^c Third 5+ 5+ l + ^d

In a qualitative study on a microtiter plate, aggregation was read visually. Haanti-LFA-1 was present during the study period and aggregation was less than 1+.

^a The extent of aggregation just before the addition of the monoclonal antibody (MAt) at hour 2. ^b TS1 / 18 + TS1 / 22 ^c TS1 / 18 ^d TSl / 22

Example 7

Divalence requirement of LFA-1 dependent aggregation

LFA-1-dependent adhesion between cytotoxic T cells and target cells requires the presence of magnesium ions [E. Martz, J. Cell. Biok., 84, 584-598 (1980)]. The aggregation of PMA-induced JY cells was tested for dependence on divalent cations. JY cells do not aggregate in medium containing no calcium and magnesium ions (assay of Example 2). Addition of divalent magnesium ion facilitated aggregation at a low concentration of 0.3 mmol. Adding calcium ions alone had little benefit. However, it has been found that calcium ions increase the ability of magnesium ions to promote PMA-induced aggregation. When 1.25 mM calcium ion was added to the medium, 0.02 mM magnesium ion concentration promoted aggregation. These data indicated that LFA-1-dependent aggregation of cells requires magnesium ions, and that calcium ions, although insufficient in themselves, are synergistic with magnesium ions in aggregation.

Example 8

Isolation of hybridoma cells expressing anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies

ICAM-1 binding monoclonal antibodies are described by R. Rothlein et al., J. Med. Immunol. 137: 1270-1724 (1986)]. This publication is used herein as a reference, i.e., 3 Balb / c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with EBV-transformed mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of an LFA-1-deficient individual [TA Springer et al., J. Exper. Med., 160, 1901 (1984)]. One ml of RPMI 1640 medium containing approximately 10 ⁷ cells was used for each immunization vaccine. Inoculations were performed 45, 29 and 4 days prior to removal of mouse spleen cells to produce the desired hybridoma cells. The spleen cells

3 days prior to removal of EN 217 792 Β the mice were given an additional 10 ⁷ cells intravenously, 0.15 ml of medium.

Spleen cells isolated from the above-mentioned animals were fused with P3X73Ag8.653 myeloma cells (ATCC CRL 1580) at a ratio of 4: 1 according to G. Galffe et al., Natur. 266, 550 (1977). Details of the resulting hybridoma cells were plated on 96-well microtiter plates. The hybridoma supernatants were screened for inhibition of aggregation and a mesh hybridoma (out of 600 wells tested) was cloned and subcloned by the limiting dilution method. This subclone is designated RR1 / 1.1.1 (hereinafter referred to as "RR1 / 1").

We found that RR1 / 1 monoclonal antibody consistently inhibited PMA-stimulated aggregation of the JY cell line expressing LFA-1. The aggregation inhibited by the RR1 / 1 monoclonal antibody is equal to or slightly less than the inhibition of some monoclonal antibodies to the LFA-1 α- or β-subunit. In contrast, control anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies, which are abundantly expressed by JY cells, do not inhibit aggregation. The antigen bound by RR1 / 1 monoclonal antibody was called intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).

Example 9

Use of anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies to characterize ICAM-1

In order to determine the nature of ICAM-1, and in particular to determine whether ICAM-1 differs from LFA-1, cellular proteins were immunoprecipitated with the RR1 / 1 monoclonal antibody. Immunoprecipitation was performed according to R. Rothlein et al. Immunol., 137, 1270-1274 (1986)]. JY cells at 5 x 10 ⁷ cells / ml were supplemented with 1% Triton X-100, 0.14 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0, freshly added 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. and lysed in 0.2 units / ml trypsin inhibitor in aprotonin solution (lysis buffer) for 20 minutes at 4 ° C. The lysates were centrifuged (10,000 g; 10 min) and pre-digested with 50 μΐ of a 50% suspension of cyanogen bromide-activated glycine-treated Sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia) for 1 hour at 4 ° C. One ml of lysate was immunoprecipitated with 20 μΐ of a 50% suspension of Sepharose CL-4B-bound (1 mg / ml) monoclonal antibody RR1 / 1 at 4 ° C overnight (TA Springer et al., J Exper. Med., 160, 1901 (1984)]. Sepharose monoclonal antibody binding was performed by activating Sepharose CL-4B with bromocyanide in carbonate buffer according to the method of S. March et al., Anal. Biochem., 60, 149 (1974)]. Washed immunoprecipitates were assayed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining according to JH Morrissey [Anal. Biochem., 117, 307 (1981)].

Proteins were washed with SDS sample buffer [[. K. Ho et al., J. Bioi. Chem. 258, 636 (1983)] at 100 ° C, and the samples were split and electrophoresed under reducing (Figure 5A) and non-reducing (Figure 5B) conditions (SDS - 8% PAGE). The 50 kD and 25 kD bands correspond to the heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins derived from the Sepharose monoclonal antibody (Figure 5A, lane 3). Different amounts of other bands were also observed in the 25-50 kD molecular weight range, but were not detected in hairy leukemia cells, which gave only a 90 kD molecular weight band. The 177 kD α-subunit and the 95 kD β-subunit of LFA-1 migrated differently from ICAM-1, both reducing (Figure 5A, lane 2) and non-reducing (Figure 5B, lane 2). ) conditions.

The effect of RR1 / 1 monoclonal antibody on PHA lymphoblast aggregation was determined using the quantitative aggregation assay described in Example 2. Therefore, T-cell derived blast cells were stimulated for 4 days with PHA, then carefully washed and then cultured in IL-2 conditioned medium for 6 days. During 6 days of culture, PHA became intimalized and did not affect the aggregation assay. In three different assays with different T-blast cells, ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies consistently inhibited aggregation (Table II).

II. spreadsheet

Inhibition of PMA-Stimulated PHA Lymphoblast Aggregation by RR1 / 1 Monoclonal Antibody ³

Experiment PMA mab Aggre- this volume %-the ^B % inhibition l ^c - control 9 - + control 51 0 + HLA-A, B 58 -14 <* + LFA-1α 31 39 + ICAM-1 31 39 2 ^C - control 10 - + control 78 0 + LFA-1β 17 78 + ICAM-1 50 36 3 ^f - - 7 + control 70 + HLA-A, B 80 -14 + LFA-3 83 -19 + LFA-1α 2 97 + LFA-1β 3 96 + ICAM-1 34 51

^of 50 ng / ml, stimulated with PMA, PHA-induced lymphoblasts was determined as described in Example 2. The aggregation indirectly by way of non-aggregated cells were counted using a microscope.

^b Percent inhibition relative to cells treated with PMA and X63 monoclonal antibody.

^c Aggregation was measured 1 h after the addition of monoclonal antibody cs PMA.

^d A negative number indicates a percentage increase in aggregation. ^c Aggregation was measured 1 hour after the addition of the monoclonal antibody and PMA. The cells were pelleted at 200 g for 1 minute,

Incubate at 15 ° C for 15 minutes, gently resuspend and shake for 45 minutes at 100 rpm.

^f Cells were pretreated with PMA for 4 hours at 37 ° C. After the addition of the monoclonal antibody, the tubes were incubated at 37 ° C for 20 minutes at rest and 100 minutes at 75 rpm.

LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies were consistently more potent than ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies, whereas HLA-1 and LFA-3 monoclonal antibodies were ineffective. These results showed that only those monoclonal antibodies tested were bound to LFA-1 or ICAM-1, which were capable of inhibiting cellular adhesion.

Example 10

Preparation of a monoclonal antibody against ICAM-1 Immunization

Balb / c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) in 2 x 0.5 ml (RPM1 medium) with 2 -10 ⁷ JY cells 103 and 24 days prior to fusion. On days 4 and 3 before fusion, mice were injected ip. inoculate 0.5 ml RPMI medium with 10 ⁷ PMA-differentiated U937 cells.

Differentiation of U937 cells

U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593) were differentiated so that 5 x 10 ⁵ cells / ml in RPMI medium (whole medium) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% glutamine and 50 pg / ml gentamicin, containing 2 ng / ml forbol12- myristate acetate (PMA), incubated in sterile polypropylene container. On the third day of incubation, half of the medium was removed and replaced with fresh medium containing fresh PMA. On day 4, the cells are removed, washed and prepared for immunization.

merger

Spleen cells from immunized mice were fused with P3X63Ag8.653 myeloma cells at a ratio of -4: 1 according to Galfre et al., Natura, 266, 550 (1977). Following fusion, cells are plated in 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates at 10 ⁵ steps per well.

Selection of anti-ICAM-1 positive cells

After one week, 50 μΐ of the supernatant was filtered by the qualitative aggregation assay of Example 2 using JY (ATCC CCL 87) and SK.W-3 cells (DSM ACC53) as aggregating cell lines. The supernatants which inhibit JY cell aggregation but do not inhibit SK.W-3 cells are selected and cloned twice by the limiting dilution method.

The experiment resulted in the identification and cloning of three separate hybridoma lines that produced antiICAM-1 monoclonal antibody. The antibodies produced by the hybridoma cell lines were IgG _2a , IgG _2b , and IgM, respectively. The hybridoma cell line producing IgG _2a anti-ICAM-1 antibody was designated R6'5'D6'E9'B2. The preferred hybridoma cell line is designated R6'5'D6'E9'B2 (hereinafter "R6-5-D6").

Example 11

Expression and regulation of ICAM-1

A radioimmunoassay was developed to measure the expression of ICAM-1. Purified in the test

RR1 / l is labeled with iodine with an iodine compound so that its specific activity is 10 pCi / pg. Endothelial cells were cultured in 96 well plates and treated as described in the experiments. The plates were cooled to 4 ° C by placing the plates in a cold room for half an hour and not immediately on ice. The monolayers were washed three times with cold complete medium and incubated with ¹²⁵ J-RR1 / L for 30 minutes at 4 ° C. Bound ^{125 I} was liberated and counted with 0.1 M NaOH. The specific activity of ¹²⁵ J-RR1 / 1 is adjusted using unlabeled RR1 / 1 to obtain a linear signal for antigen density in the assay. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of a thousand-fold excess of unlabeled RR1 / 1, subtracted from total binding and resulting in specific binding.

ICAM-1 expression by radioimmunoassay as described above is increased on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC; human umbilical vein endothelial cells) and human venous saphenous endothelial cells (HSVEC; human saphenous vein endothelial cells), IL-1, TNF, gamma. (Table III). In this study, venous saphenous endothelial cells were used to confirm the results obtained from the culture of umbilical vein endothelial cells and large venous endothelial cells from adult tissue. ICAM-1 expression is twice as high on venous saphenous endothelial cells than on umbilical vein endothelial cells. Exposure of umbilical vein endothelial cells to recombinant IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-gamma results in a ten-to twenty-fold increase in ICAM-1 expression. IL-1α, TNF, and LPS were the most potent inducers, and IL-1, at either weight or saturation concentrations, was not sufficiently effective in response (Table III). IL-1 β increased the expression of ICAM-1 9-fold in HUVEC at a concentration of 100 ng / ml and reached a maximum of 7.3-fold in HSVEC and 15 ng / ml in the maximum. RTNF increased ICAM-1 expression at 50 ng / ml by 16-fold in HUVEC and 11-fold in HSVEC and at 0.5 ng / ml with half the maximum effect. Interferon-gamma significantly increased ICAM-1 expression, that is, at 10,000 units / ml it was 5.2-fold on HUVEC and 3.5-fold on HSVEC. The effect of LPS at 10 pg / ml was similar to that of rTNF. The paired combination of these mediators had either additive or slightly less than additive effects on ICAM-1 expression (Table III). Cross-titration of rTNF with rIL-1 β and rINF-gamma showed no synergism at either suboptimal or optimal concentrations.

Because LPS increases the expression of ICAM-1 on endothelial cells at levels that sometimes occur in culture media, we investigated the possibility that basic ICAM-1 expression can be attributed to LPS. Multiple serum batch testing showed that low endotoxin serum resulted in a 25% lower basal expression of ICAM-1. All of the results reported herein relate to endothelial cells which: 17

HU 217 792 Β were cultured with two low endotoxin sera. However, administration of 10 pg / ml of LPS-neutralizing polymyxin B antibiotic only reduced ICAM-1 expression by an additional 25% (Table III). Increased ICAM-1 expression induced by IL-1 or TNF treatment was not affected by the presence of 10 pg / ml polymyxin B, which is consistent with the low endotoxin levels of this formulation (Table III).

III. spreadsheet

Anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies

Conditioning (16 hours) Specially bound ^12S I (cpm) HUVEC HSVEC control 603 + 11 - 1,132 + 31 100 ng / ml rIL-1 β 5,680 + 633 9x 8 320 + 766 7,3x 50ng / ml rIL-Ι a 9,910 + 538 16x - - 50 ng / ml rTNF 9,650 + 1,500 16x 12,690 + 657 11,2x 10 pg / ml LPS 9,530 + 512 16x 10,459 + 388 9,2x 10 ng / ml rlFN-gamma 3,120 + 308 5,2x 4,002 + 664 3.5x rIL-Ι a + rTNF 1469 + 1410 24x 16,269 + 660 14x rIL-Ι β + LPS 13,986 + 761 23x 10,870 + 805 lOx rIL-Ι β + rlFN-gamma 7,849 + 601 13x 8 401 + 390 7,4x rTNF + LPS 15,364 + 1,241 24x 16,141 + 1,272 14x rTNF + rlFN-gamma 13,480 + 1,189 22x 13,238 + 761 12x LPS + IFN-gamma 10,206 + 320 17x 10,987 + 668 lOx polymixin B (10 pg / ml) 480 + 23 - - - polymyxin B + rIL-1 5,390 + 97 IIx - - polymyxin B + rTNF 9,785 + 389 20x - - 1 pg / ml LPS 7,598 + 432 13x - - polymyxin B + LPS 510 + 44 l lx

To control expression of ICAM-1 on HUVEC and HSVEC-HUVEC or HSVEC, these cells were inoculated into 96-well plates from a confluent monolayer at a ratio of 1: 3 and then allowed to grow to confluency. Cells were then treated with the substances or media listed for 16 hours and RIA was performed as described. Each study was performed in duplicate.

Example 12

Induction kinetics of interleukin-1 and interferon-gamma with respect to ICAM-1

Kinetics of the effects of interleukin-1 and interferon gamma on expression of ICAM-1 on cutaneous fibroblasts by ML Dustin et al., J. Med. Immunol., 137, 245-254 (1986); which is used as reference using ¹²⁵ I-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG binding assay. To perform the binding assay, human skin fibroblasts were cultured in 96-well microtiter plates to a density of 2-8 x 10 ⁴ cells / well (0.32 cm ² ). Cells were washed twice with RPMI 1640 supplemented with Example 1. The cells were washed once more with Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) containing 10 mM HEPES, 0.05% NaN ₃ and 10% heat-inactivated bovine serum. Washing with binding buffer was performed at 4 ° C. To each well was added 50 µl of the above binding buffer and 50 µl of the respective X63 (ATCC TIBI7) and W6 / 32 (ATCC HB95) hybridoma supernatant as negative and positive controls. The incubation was carried out for 30 minutes at 4 ° C with gentle shaking, the wells were washed twice with binding buffer and 100 µl of the second antibody, ¹²⁵ µl of goat anti-mouse antibody at 50 nCi. ¹²⁵ I goat anti-mouse antibody was prepared using Iodogen (Pierce) according to the method of PJ Fraker et al., Biochem. Biophys. Gap. Comm., 80, 849 (1978)]. After 30 minutes (4 ° C), the wells were washed twice with 200 µl of binding buffer and the cell layer was dissolved by adding 100 µl of 0.1 M NaOH. This and 100 pl of washings were assayed on a Beckman 5500 gamma counter. The specific binding score was calculated as (cpm with monoclonal antibody) - (cpm with X63). Each step, including induction with specific reagents, was performed in four replicates.

The half-life of interleukin-1 on induction of ICAM-1 is 2 hours and faster than that of interferon-gamma at 3.75 hours.

Half life (Figure 6). The length of time ICAM-1 returns to rest appears to depend on the cell cycle or the rate of cell growth. In resting cells, the effect of interleukin-1 and interferon-gamma is stable for 2 to 3 days, whereas in log phase cultures, ICAM-1 expression is close to baseline 2 days after removal of inducers.

The dose response curves for the induction of ICAM-1 are shown in Figure 7 for recombinant mouse and human interleukin -1 and for recombinant interferon gamma. Interferon gamma and interleukin-1 are similar in concentration dependence and are nearly equivalent at 1 pg / ml. Recombinant human and mouse interleukin-1 curves are also similar but have a much lesser effect on ICAM-1 expression than human interleukin-1 formulations.

Cyclohexamide, which is an inhibitor of protein synthesis, and actinomycin D, which is an inhibitor of mRNA synthesis, abolishes both interleukin-1 and interferon-gamma on the expression of ICAM-1 on fibroblasts (Table IV). In addition, tunicimale, which inhibits N-glycosylation, inhibits interleukin-1 by only 43%. These results indicate that protein and mRNA synthesis is required for the stimulation of ICAM-1 expression with interleukin-1 and interferon-gamma, but no N-glycosylation is required.

ARC. spreadsheet

Effect of cycloheximide, actinomicide D and tunicamycin on IL-1 and interferon-induced ICAM-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts ²

Treatment Specially bound ²⁵ I goat anti-mouse IgG (cpm) anti-ICAM-1 anti-HLA A, B, C control (4 hours) 1,525 + 140 11,928 + 600 + cycloheximide 1513 + 210 10,678 + 471 + actinomycin D 1,590 + 46 12,276 + 608 + tunicamycin 1461 + 176 12,340 + 940 IL-1 (10E / ml) (4 o'clock) 4,264 ± 249 12,155 + 510 + cycloheximide 1619 + 381 12,676 + 446 + actinomycin D 1613 + 88 12,294 + 123 + tunicamycin 3,048 + 113 13,434 + 661 IFN-gamma (10 U / ml) (18óra) 4,569 + 109 23,675 + 500 + cycloheximide 1 461 + 59 10,675 + 800 + actinomycin D 1326 + 186 12,089 + 550

"Human fibroblasts were cultured in 8 10 ⁴ cells / well (0.32 cm ²⁾ density. Treatments with the listed reagents were performed in a final volume of 50 μΐ. Cycloheximide, actinomycin D and tunicamycin were added at 20, 10 and 2 μg / ml at the same time as cytokine. Each data is the result of four replicates ± SD.

Example 13

Tissue distribution of ICAM-1

Frozen tissues of human organs were subjected to histochemical analysis to determine the distribution of ICAM-1 in the thymus, lymph nodes, intestine, skin, kidney, and liver. The assay was performed by frozen sections of normal human tissues (4 pm thick) in acetone for 10 minutes and stained with RR1 / 1 monoclonal antibody by immunperoxidase technique using the avidin-biotin complex method (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Cerf-Bensussan et al., J. Med. Immunol., 130, 2615 (1983)]. After incubation with antibody, sections were incubated sequentially with biotinylated horse anti-mouse IgG and avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex. The sections were finally immersed in a solution containing 3-amino9-ethylcarbazole (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI, USA) to develop the color reaction. The sections were then fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 5 minutes and then stained with hematoxylin. Control sections were incubated with unrelated monoclonal antibody instead of RR1 / 1 antibody.

We have found that the distribution of ICAM-1 is very similar to that of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II. class antigens. In all tissues, staining of endothelial cells with ICAM-1 antibody was detected in most vascular (small and large) vessels. Vascular endothelial staining was more intense in the interfollicular (paracortical) areas of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's plaques as compared to blood vessels in the kidney, liver, and normal skin. In the liver, staining was mainly restricted to sinusoidal lining cells; endothelial lining cells of hepatocytes and most of the collecting and arteries were not stained.

In the thymus, diffuse staining of large cells and a dendritic staining pattern were observed. In the cortex, the staining pattern was focal and predominantly dendritic. Thymocytes were not stained. In peripheral lymphoid tissues, cells of the secondary lymphoid follicle with germinative center were stained intensely. In some lymphoid follicles, the staining pattern was predominantly dendritic, without staining characteristic of lymphocytes. Slightly staining cells in the outer zone were observed. In addition, dendritic cells with extensive cytoplasm (interdigitating reticulum cells) and a small number of lymphocytes are stained with ICAM-1 binding antibodies stained in interollicular or paracortical areas.

In the lymph nodes and in the connective tissue layer of the small intestine (lamina propria), cells similar to macrophages were stained. Fibroblast-like cells (spindle-shaped cells) and dendritic cells, which were scattered throughout the stroma of most cells examined, were stained with antibody binding to ICAM-1. No staining in the epidermis was observed in Langerhans / indeterminant cells. There was no staining in the smooth muscle tissue.

Epithelial cell staining was consistently visible in the tonsil mucosa. Although hepa19

In most cases, the TOCs, the bile duct epithelium, the intestinal epithelial cells, and the renal tubular epithelial cells were not stained, whereas in normal renal cell sections obtained by renal cell carcinoma, several proximal tubular cells showed staining for ICM. These tubular epithelial cells were also stained with anti-HLA-DR binding antibody.

In summary, ICAM-1 is expressed on non-hematopoietic cells, such as vascular endothelial cells, and on hematopoietic cells, such as tissue macrophages and mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocyte plaques. We have found that small amounts of ICAM-1 are expressed on peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Example 14

Purification of ICAM-1 by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography

General cleaning scheme

ICAM-1 was purified from human cells or tissues by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. First, monoclonal antibody PR1 / 1 reactive with ICAM-1 was purified and then bound to an inert column matrix. The antibody is described by R. Rothlein et al., J. Med. Immunol. 137: 1270-1274 (1986)] and M.L. Dustin et al., J. Med. Immunol., 137, 245 (1986)]. ICAM-1 was lysed from cell membranes by lysing the cells with a non-ionic detergent, Triton Χ-100, at a near neutral pH η. The cell lysate containing solubilized ICAM-1 was then passed through pre-columns to remove substances that did not specifically bind to the column matrix material, and then transferred to the monoclonal antibody column matrix and allowed to bind ICAM-1. The antibody column is then washed with a series of detergent wash buffer of increasing pH up to pH 1.0. During the washes, ICAM-1 remains bound to the antibody matrix, while unbound and weakly bound impurities are dissolved. Bound ICAM-1 is then specifically dissolved from the column with a pH 12.5 detergent buffer.

Purification and Covalent Binding of RR1 / 1 Monoclonal Antibody to Sepharose CL-4B

RR1 / 1 anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody was purified from ascites fluid of hybridoma-bearing mice or hybridoma culture supernatants by standard techniques, ammonium sulfate precipitation and protein A affinity chromatography [Ey et al., 15, 429 (1978)]. Purified IgG or rat IgG (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was covalently linked to Sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) by March et al., Anal. Biochem., 60, 149 (1974)]. Briefly, Sepharose CL-4B was washed with distilled water, activated with 40 mg / ml CNBr - 5 MK ₂ HPO ₄ (pH = 12) and then washed extensively with 0.1 M HCl at 4 ° C. you. The filtered, activated Sepharose was resuspended in an equal volume of purified antibody (2-10 mg / ml; in 0.1 M NaHCO ₃ and 0.1 M NaCl). The suspension was incubated for 18 hours at 4 ° C with gentle inversion. The supernatant was then checked for absorbance at 280 nm to check for unbound antibody, and the relative positions of the activated Sepharose residue were saturated with 0.05 M glycine. The bonding efficiency was usually greater than 90%.

Solubilization of human spleen membranes with detergent

The whole procedure was carried out at 4 ° C. Frozen human spleen from a hairy cell leukemia patient (200 g; pieces) was thawed on ice with 200 ml of Tris-saline (50 mM) containing 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 0.2 U / ml aprotonin and 5 mM iodoacetamide. tris, 0.14 M NaCl, pH 7.4, 4 ° C). The tissue was cut into small pieces and homogenized at 4 ° C in a Tekmar powder homogenizer. The volume was made up to 300 ml with Tris-saline and 100 ml Tris-saline containing 10% Tween 40 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate) was added to bring the final concentration of Tween 40 to 2.5%. For membrane preparation, the homogenate was extracted in a Dounce or, more preferably, a Teflon Potter Elvejhem homogenizer, in three steps and then centrifuged at 1000 g for 15 minutes. The supernatant was preserved and the pellet was re-extracted with 200 ml of Tris-saline containing 2.5% Tween 40. After centrifugation (1000 g; 15 minutes), the supernatants from the two extractions were combined and centrifuged at 150,000 g for 1 hour to settle the membranes. The membranes were washed by resuspension in 200 ml of tris-saline and centrifuged at 150,000 g for 1 hour. The membrane pellet was resuspended in 200 ml of tris-saline and homogenized with a motorized homogenizer, Teflon pestle, until the suspension became uniformly cloudy. The volume was then made up to 900 ml with Tris-saline solution, Na-lauryl sarcosine was added to a final concentration of 1% and stirred at 4 ° C for 30 minutes. Insolubles in the detergent lysate were removed by centrifugation (150,000 g; 1 hour). Triton Χ-100 was then added to the supernatant to a final concentration of 2% and the lysate was stirred at 4 ° C for 1 hour.

Solubilization of JY B lymphoblastoid cells with detergent

The JY EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 10 mM HEPES. The culture was continued to a density of approximately 0.8-1.0-10 ⁶ cells / ml. To increase the cell surface expression of ICAM-1, 25 ng / ml of phosphorus-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) was added to the culture 8-12 hours before harvesting the cells. During this time, 50 μΜ of sodium vanadate was added to the culture. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 500 g for 10 minutes and washed twice by resuspension in Hanks Balanced Saline (HBSS) and centrifugation. The cells (approximately 5 g / 5 L culture) were in 50 ml lysis buffer (0.14 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 1%).

HU 217,792 Β

Triton X-100, 0.2 U / ml aprotonin, 1 mM PMSF, 50 μΜ sodium vanadate) was lysed at 4 ° C for 30 min with stirring. Unlysed nuclei and insoluble debris were removed by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 1 hour and the supernatant was filtered through Whatman 3 mm filter paper.

Affinity chromatography of ICAM-1 for structural studies

For bulk purification of ICAM-1 for structural studies, a 10 mL RR 1/1-Sepharose CL-4B column (Pharmacia) (2.5 mg bound antibody / mL gel) and two 10 mL CNBr-activated glycine blocked Sepharose CL-4B precursor column and rat IgG-conjugated Sepharose CL-4B (2 mg / ml) column were used. The columns were serially rinsed and pre-washed with 10 column volumes of lysis buffer, 10 column volumes of pH 12.5 buffer (50 mM triethylamine, 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 12.5, 4 ° C) followed by 10 column volumes of lysis buffer. balancing the columns. One liter of human spleen detergent lysate was applied to the column at a flow rate of 0.5-1.0 ml / min. The two feeder columns were used to remove non-specific binding material from the lysate before being applied to the RR1 / 1-Sepharose column.

After loading, the RR1 / 1-Sepharose column and the bound ICAM-1 were washed successively with a minimum of 5 column volumes at a flow rate of 1 ml / min: 1. lysis buffer; 2. 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 / 0.14 M NaCl / 0.1 Triton X-100;

3. 20 mM glycine (pH 10.0) / 0.1% Triton X-100; and

4. 50 mM triethylamine (pH 11.0) / 0.1% Triton X-100. Each wash buffer contained 1 mM PMSF and 0.2 U / ml aprotonin. After washing, the bound ICAM-1 was eluted with 5 column volumes of lysis buffer (50 mM triethylamine / 0.1% Triton X-100 / pH 12.5, 4 ° C) at a flow rate of 1 ml / 3 min. Fractions of 1 mL of soluble ICAM-1 were collected and immediately neutralized by the addition of 0.1 mL of 1 M tris (pH 6.7). Fractions containing ICAM-1 were aliquoted in 10 μΐ SDS-PAGE [Springer et al., J. Exper. Med., 60, 1901 (1984)] followed by silver staining [J. H. Horrissey, Anal. Biochem., 117, 307 (1981)]. Under these conditions, ICAM-1's main mass was dissolved in about 1 column volume and had a purity greater than 90% as determined from the silver-stained electropherogram (a small amount of IgG was the major impurity from the affinity matrix). ICAM-1 containing fractions were pooled and concentrated approximately 20-fold with Centricon-30 microconcentrators (Amicon, Danvers, MA, USA). An aliquot of ethanol precipitated from the purified ICAM-1 pool was determined by Lowry's method: About 500 pg of pure ICAM-1 was prepared from 200 g of human spleen.

About 200 pg of purified ICAM-1 was electrophoresed in a preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel in a second purification step. The band representing ICAM-1 was visualized by soaking the gel in 1 M KCl, then the gel piece containing ICAM-1 was excised and electroeluted by Hunkapiller et al., Meth. Enzymol., 91, 227-236 (1983)]. The purity of the purified protein was greater than 98% as judged by SDS-PAGE silver staining.

Affinity purification of ICAM-1 for functional assays

For functional assays, ICAM-1 was purified from JY cell detergent lysate as described above, but on a smaller scale (1 mL RR1 / 1-Sepharose column) and with the following modifications. Each solution contained 50 μΜ of sodium vanadate. After washing the column with 0.1% Triton Χ-100 buffer (pH = 1.0), the column was washed again with 5 column volumes of the same buffer containing 1% n-octyl-β-glucopyranoside (octyl glucoside). 1% instead of Triton X-100. The octyl glucoside detergent displaces Triton 100-100 bound to ICAM-1 and, unlike Triton X-100, can then be removed by dialysis. ICAM-1 was then eluted with 0.1% octyl glucoside in pH 12.5 buffer and analyzed and concentrated as described above.

Example 75

Characteristics of purified ICAM-1

Purified human splenic ICAM-1 migrates on SDS-polyacrylamide gels as a broad band _f M = 000. 72000-91 purified from JY cells are also ICAM-1 migrates as a broad band, M _r = 76,500 to 97 000. These M _r values for ICAM-1 immunoprecipitated from various cell sources are known: M _r = 90,000 for JY cells, 114,000 for the U937 myelomonocyte cell line, and 97,000 for fibroblasts (Dustin et al., J. Immunol. 137, 245 (1986)). )]. This broad range of M _{r is} attributed to the extensive and diverse degree of glycosylation. The non-glycosylated precursal M _r = 55,000 (Dustin et al.). The protein, whether purified from JY cells or human spleen, retains its antigenic properties, which is demonstrated by its ability to re-bind to the original affinity column. Further evidence is immunoprecipitation with RR1 / 1-Sepharose and SDS-PAGE.

To prepare peptide fragments of ICAM-1, about 200 pg of protein were reduced with 2 mM dithiothreitol / 2% SDS and then alkylated with 5 mM iodoacetic acid. The protein was precipitated with ethanol and redissolved in 0.1 M NH ₄ CO ₃ / 0.1 mM CaCl ₂ / 0.1% Zwittergent 3-14 (Clabiochem), followed by digestion with 1% (w / w) trypsin, 37 ° C. for 4 hours and then further digested with 1% trypsin for 12 hours at 37 ° C. The trypsin peptides were purified by reverse phase HPLC using a 0.4 x 15 cm C4 column (Vydac). Peptides were eluted with a linear gradient of 0-60% acetonitrile (in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid). Sequence analysis was performed on selected peptides using a gas-phase micros sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The sequence data for this assay are summarized in Table V.

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Table V.

Amino acid sequence of ICAM-1 trypsin peptides

amino savcso- powder 50a 50b 46a 46b X 45 K AA J u 0 ml First [TV] THE (V / A) E V s L E THE L V L Second F S Q P E F N L G L T JUICE Third L I T THE L P P D S G L P / (G) 4th T s F THE THE T L V I P 5th V L P P P V R L E G / Y 6th Y G L L N T P V T N / L 7th P W P P V Y Q T P (N) 8th T P I I YOU G G C P / V (Q) 9th s F G (G) L - L s K (E) 10th E E (Q) - D E T (D) 11th THE S D / P K S L s 12th G / S V V P F F c 13th THE T D Q S E D 14th G V W V / L THE - Q 15th I K T P 16th s K 17th THE 18th P 19th X 20th Q 21st L

() = unreliable sequence.

[] = very unreliable sequence.

/ = indicates ambiguity in the sequence; the most likely amino acid is the first letter, a = large peptide. b = small peptide.

Example 16

Cloning of the ICAM-1 gene

Any of a variety of methods can be used to clone the ICAM-1 gene. For example, by sequencing trypsin fragments of ICAM-1, the information obtained from the amino acid sequence (Table V) can be used to identify an oligonucleotide sequence that may correspond to the ICAM-1 gene. Alternatively, the ICAM-1 gene may be cloned by using an antiICAM-1 antibody to detect ICAM-1-producing clones.

Cloning of the ICAM-1 gene using oligonucleotide probes

Using the genetic code [J. D. Watson, Molecular Biology of the Gene, 3rd edition; W. A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park, CA (1977)] may identify one or more different oligonucleotides that encode ICAM-1 peptides. The likelihood that a particular oligonucleotide will actually form a given coding sequence for ICAM-1 can be judged by considering the irregular base pairing relationships and the frequency of actual codon usage in eukaryotic cells. . Such a "codon usage rule" is described by R. Lathe et al. Molec. Biol. 183: 1-12 (1985). Using Lathe's "codon usage rules", a single oligonucleotide or set of oligonucleotides is selected that contains a "most likely" nucleotide sequence (i.e., the least excess nucleotide sequence) capable of encoding the tryptic peptide sequences of ICAM-1.

Using an oligonucleotide or set of oligonucleotides that theoretically contains a "most likely" sequence encoding ICAM-1 fragments, the sequence of a complementary oligonucleotide or set of oligonucleotides is determined which

21 is capable of hybridizing with the “most likely” sequence or set of sequences. An oligonucleotide containing such a complementary sequence can be used as a probe to identify and isolate the ICAM-1 gene [T. Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1982).

As described above in Section C, the ICAM-1 gene can be cloned from eukaryotic DNA preparations that are presumed to contain this gene. To identify and clone the gene encoding ICAM-1, a DNA library is screened for its ability to hybridize with the oligonucleotide probes described above. Since a normal diploid cell has probably only two copies of the ICAM-1 gene, and since it is possible that the ICAM-1 gene has long, untranslated intervening sequences (introns) that are not desirable to be cloned, ICAM-1 is preferred. coding sequences were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the mRNA of an ICAM-1 producing cell as genomic DNA. Suitable DNA or cDNA preparations are enzymatically cleaved or randomized and ligated into recombinant vectors. The ability of these recombinant vectors to hybridize with the oligonucleotide probes described above is then evaluated. Hybridization procedures are, for example, T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning, Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1982) or Β. T. Haymes et al., Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach (IRL Press, Oxford (1985)). The hybridization vectors are then analyzed to determine the size and nature of the ICAM-1 sequences they contain. Based on purely statistical considerations, a gene such as that encoding the ICAM -1 molecule can be clearly identified (by hybridization screening) using an oligonucleotide probe of only 18 nucleotides.

In summary, therefore, the current identification of ICAM-1 peptide sequences enables the identification of a theoretically "most likely" DNA sequence or set of sequences encoding such a peptide. By constructing an oligonucleotide complementary to the theoretical sequence (or by constructing a set of oligonucleotides complementary to a set of "most probable" oligonucleotides), a DNA molecule (or set of DNA molecules) is obtained that can function as a probe to identify and isolate the ICAM-1 gene.

Using the ICAM-1 peptide sequences in Table V, the "most likely" sequence of an oligonucleotide encoding AA and J was determined (Tables VI and VII). Oligonucleotides were synthesized which were complementary to these sequences. The resulting sequences were purified for probes to be used for isolation of ICAM-1 gene sequences. Appropriate size-selected cDNA collections were generated from poly (A) ⁺ RNA from PMA-induced HL-60 (ATCC CCL240) cells and PS (phosphate buffered NaCl) stimulated umbilical vein endothelial cells. For the construction of a size-selected cDNA library using PMA-induced HL-60 cell-derived poly (A) + - RNA, U. Gubler et al., Gene, 25, 263-269 (1983) and A. Corbi et al. (EMBO J. 6: 4023-4028 (1987)). These publications are used as reference.

A size-selected cDNA library was prepared using poly (A) ⁺ RNA from umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with 5 pg / ml PS for 4 hours. RNA extraction was performed by homogenizing cells in 4 M guanidinium isothiocyanate and ultracentrifuging the supernatant in a CsCl gradient (JM Chirgwin et al., Biochem. J., 18, 5294-5299 (1979)]. Poly (A) ⁺ RNA was isolated from a mixture of all RNA species by oligo (dT) cellulose chromatography (Type 3, Collaborative Research) [H. Aviv et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 69, 1408-1412 (1972)].

VI. spreadsheet

Oligonucleotide complementary to the most likely nucleotide sequence encoding ICAM-1 AA peptide

Amino acid group of ICAM-1 ICAM-1 AA peptide The most likely sequence encoding the AA peptide complementary sequence 5 ' 3 ' 162 Glu G C THE T G c 163 Leu C G T THE G C 164 asp G c THE T C G 165 Leu C G T THE G C 166 Arg C G G C G C 167 Pro c G c G c G 168 Gin c G THE T G C 169 Gly G C G C

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VI. Table (continued)

Amino acid group of ICAM-1 ICAM-1 AA pcptid The most likely sequence encoding the AA peptide complementary sequence 5 ' 3 ' C G 170 Leu C G T THE G C 171 Glu G C THE T G c 172 Leu C G T THE G C 173 Phe T THE T THE T THE 174 Glu G C THE T G c 3 ' 5 ' 175 Asn THE T THE T C G 176 Thr THE T C G C G 177 Ser u THE c G THE 3 ' 5 '

VII. spreadsheet

Oligonucleotide complementary to the most likely nucleotide sequence encoding the ICAM -1J peptide

ICAM-1 amino acid group ICAM-1 J peptide The most likely sequence encoding peptide J complementary sequence 3 ' 5 ' 19 With G c T THE G C 20 Thr THE T

Amino acid group of ICAM-1 ICAM-1 J peptide The most likely sequence encoding peptide J complementary sequence 3 ' 5 ' C G c G 21 Cys T THE G C C G 22 Ser T THE c G c G 23 Thr THE T c G c G 24 Ser T THE c G c G 25 Cys T THE G C T THE 26 asp G C THE T C G 27 Gin C G THE T G C 28 Pro C G C G C G 29 Lys THE T THE T 3 ' 5 '

For the synthesis of the first strand of the cDNA, 8 pg of poly (A) ⁺ RNA, avian jyeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Life Science) and an oligo (dT) primer were used. The DNA-RNA hybrid was digested with RNase H (BRL) and the second strand was synthesized using DNA polymerase I (New England Biolabs). The product was methylated with EcoRI methylase (New England Biolabs), the blunt ends ligated to EcoRI linkers (New England Biolabs), digested with EcoRI, and size-selected in a low melting point agarose. CDNAs greater than 500 bp were ligated with EcoRI-digested and dephosphorylated Aeg10 (Stratagene). The ligation product was then packaged (Stratagene gold).

HU 217,792 Β

The umbilical vein endothelial cells and the HL-60 cDNA collection were then plated (20,000 pfu / 150 mm plate). The recombinant DNA was transferred to nitrocellulose filters, duplicated, denatured in 0.5 M NaOH / 1.5 M NaCl, neutralized in 1 M Tris pH 7.5 / 1.5 M NaCl, and Was heated at 2 ° C for 2 hours (WD Benton et al., Science, 196, 180-182 (1977)). The filters were pre-hybridized and hybridized in 5x SSC buffer containing 5x Denhard's solution, 50 mM Na ₃ PO ₄ and 1 pg / ml salmon sperm. The pre-hybridization was carried out at 45 ° C for 1 hour. Hybridization was performed with 32 bp (5'-TTGGGCTGGTCACAGGAGGTGGAGCAGGT GAC) or 47 bp (5'-GAGGTGTTCTCAAACAGCTCCAGGCCCTGGGGGCCGCAGGTCCAGCTC) with antisense oligonucleotides 1A and 5A, respectively. [R. Lathe, J. Molec. Biol. 183: 1-12 (1985). Oligonucleotides were terminated with gamma ³² - (P) ATP using T4 polynucleotide kinase under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer (New England Biolabs). After overnight hybridization, the filters were washed twice with 2x SSC / 0.1% SDS for 30 minutes at 45 ° C. The phages were isolated from the plaques showing hybridization and purified by repeated plating and re-filtration.

Cloning of the ICAM-1 gene using anti-ICAM-1 antibody

Alternatively, the ICAM-1 gene may be cloned using an anti-ICAM-1 antibody. DNA or, more preferably, cDNA is extracted from a cell capable of expressing ICAM-1. The purified cDNA is fragmented (by cleavage, endonuclease digestion, etc.) to obtain a DNA or cDNA. The DNA or cDNA fragments from the pool are then cloned into an expression vector to obtain a genomic collection of expression vectors each member of which contains a single cloned DNA or cDNA fragment.

Example 17

Analysis of cDNA clones

Phage DNA from positive clones was digested with EcoRI and analyzed by Southern analysis using the cDNA of one clone as a probe. The largest cDSN inserts that cross-hybridized were subcloned into the EcoRI site of the plasmid vector pGEM 4Z (Promega). HL-60 subclones containing cDNA in both orientations were deleted by digestion with exonuclease III [S. Henikoff, Gene, 28, 351-359 (1984)] according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Erase-a-Base, Promega). The progressively deleted cDNAs were then cloned and dideoxy chain terminated [F. Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74, 5463-5467 (1977)] according to the manufacturers' recommendations (Sequenase, U.S. Biochemical). Both strands of the 5 'and coding regions of the HL-60 cDNA were sequenced and both strands of the 3' region were sequenced at about 70%. A representative endothelial cDNA was sequenced almost by its full length by shotgun cloning of the 4 bp recognition restriction enzyme fragments.

The cDNA sequence of an HL-60 and an endothelial cell was determined (Fig. 8). The 3023 bp sequence contains a short 5'-untranslated region and a 1.3 kb 3'-untranslated region and a generally accepted polyadenylation signal at position 2966. The longest open reading frame begins with the first ATG at position 58 and ends with a TGA terminator triplet at position 1653. The identity between the translated amino acid sequence and the total of 91 amino acids determined from the 8 different trypsin peptides (underlined in Table VIII) confirmed that authentic ICAM-1 cDNA clones were isolated. The amino acid sequences of ICAM-1 trypsin peptides are shown in Figure VIII. Table.

Vili. spreadsheet

The amino acid sequence of ICAM-1 trypsin peptides

peptide Groups Sequence J 14-29 XGSVLVTCSTSCDQPK u 30-39 LLGIETPL (FF) (R) 50 78-85 (T) FLTVYXT X 89-95 VELAPLP AA 161-182 XELDLRPQGLE- LFEXTSAPXQL K 232-246 LNPTVTYGXDSFSAK 45 282-295 SFPAPNV (T / I) LXKPQ (V / L)

- It means that the sequence continues on the next line. The underlined sequences were used to generate the oligonucleotide probes.

Analysis of hydrophobicity [J. Kyte et al., J. Molec. Biol., 157, 105-1332 (1982)] suggests the presence of a 27 group signal sequence. +1 Glutamine labeling is consistent with the inability to obtain N-terminal sequences for 3 different ICAM-1 protein formulations; glutamine can be cyclized to pyroglutamic acid, resulting in a blocked Nterminal. The translated sequence is predominantly hydrophilic from 1 to 453, followed by a hydrophobic, probably transmembrane domain of 24 groups. The transmembrane domain is directly followed by a number of charged groups located within a putative cytoplasmic domain of 27 groups.

The mature polypeptide chain is expected to have a size of 55,219 Daltons, which is in excellent agreement with the observed size, which is 55,000 for M. deglycosylated ICAM-1. L. Dustin et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137: 245-254. Eight N-glycosylation sites are expected. In these trypsin sequences, asparagine is absent at two of these sites, demonstrating their glycosylation and extracellularity.

HU 217 792 Β lular orientation. Assuming 2,500 daltons per high-mannose N-carbohydrate, 75,000 daltons are expected for the ICAM-1 precursor, compared to the observed six 73,000 daltons [M. L. Dustin et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137: 245-254. After conversion of high mannose to complex carbohydrate, mature ICAM-1 glycoprotein is between 76-114 kD, depending on cell type [M. L. Dustin et al., J. Immunok. 137: 245-254 (1986). Thus, ICAM-1 is a highly glycosylated protein, otherwise it is a typical membrane integrated protein.

Example 18

ICAM-1 is an integrin binding member of the immunoglobulin supergene family

A comparative assay of ICAM-1 internal repeats was performed using the Microgenie Protein Comparison Program [C. Queen et al., Nucl. Acid. Sl., 12, 581-599 (1984)] and subsequently evaluated. ICAM-1 was compared to the following proteins: IgM, N-CAM and MAG (N-CAM = nerve cell adhesion molecule; MAG = myelin-associated glycoprotein). Microgenie and ALIGN were used to perform the study [Μ. O. Dayhoff et al., Meth. Enzymol. 91: 524-545 (1983). Four protein sequence databases, maintained by the National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), were reviewed for similar protein sequences using the Williams and Pearson FASTP program [D. J. Lipman et al., Science 227: 1435-1439 (1985).

Because ICAM-1 is an integrin ligand, we were not expected to be a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family. However, evaluation of the ICAM -1 sequence has shown that it meets all the criteria required for immunoglobulin super-family membership. These criteria are discussed below.

The entire extracellular domain of ICAM-1 is composed of 5 homologous immunoglobulin-like domains, which are shown in Figure 9A. Figure 4A is underlined. Domains 1-4 are 88, 97, 99, and 99 groups in length, and are typically Ig domain sizes; domain 5 truncates to 68 groups. Examination of the NBRF database using the FASTP program revealed significant homologies to members of the immunoglobulin supergene family, such as IgM, IgG C domain, T cell receptor α-subunit variable domain and α-Ι-β-glycoprotein [9B. D. figure].

Using the above information, the amino acid sequence of ICAM-1 was compared with the amino acid sequence of other members of the immunoglobulin supergene family.

There are three types of Ig superfamily domain, such as V, Cl, and C2. Both V and C domains are composed of 2 β-sheets linked by intradomain disulfide bridges; the V domains contain 9 and the C domains contain 7 antiparallel β-strands. The constant domains are two sets, Cl and

They are subdivided into a set C2 of FIG. Figure 5a. The Cl kit contains proteins that are involved in antigen recognition. The C2 set contains several Fc receptors and proteins involved in cell adhesion, as well as CD2, LFA-3, MAG and N-CAM. We have found that ICAM-1 domains exhibit the strongest homology with the domains of the C2 set, and thus ICAM-1 belongs to this set, which is also reflected by the fact that it has greater similarity to the constant groups in C2 than for those in Cl, as shown in Figure 9 for BF β-fibers. Furthermore, ICAM-1 domains are much more responsive to the A and G β strands of the C2 domains than to these strands of the V and Cl domains, and are thus much more closely related to the entire C2 domain. Comparison with the C2 domain of N-CAM, MAG, and α-β-β-glycoprotein is shown in Figure 9B. and 9C. FIG. the identity is 28-33%. A comparison with a T cell receptor shows 27% identity of Va and 34% identity of IgM C domain-3 [Fig. 9B. and 9D. figure].

The most important features of the immunoglobulin domain include disulfide bonded bridges, which form a bridge between fibers B and F and stabilize the β-sheet sandwich; in ICAM - 1, officers are always constant except for domain 4f, where a leucine is present, which can turn into a sandwich and stabilize contact, as is the case with some domains V and C2. The distance between officers (Groups 43, 50, 52 and 37) is similar to that of Set C2.

To test for the presence of inter-chain disulfide bonds in ICAM-1, SDS-PAGE was performed on ICAM-1 endothelial cells under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Endothelial cell-derived ICAM-1 was used because it exhibits less glycosylation heterogeneity than JY or spleen hair cell-derived ICAM-1, and thus obtains greater sensitivity to M _r offsets. For this purpose, ICAM-1 was purified from an umbilical vein endothelial cell culture stimulated with LPS (5 pg / ml) for 16 hours by immunoaffinity chromatography as described above. ICAM-1 precipitated with acetone was resuspended in sample buffer containing 0.25% 2 mercaptoethanol or 25 mM iodoacetamide (UK Laemmli, Natura, 227, 680-685 (1970)) and kept at 100 ° C for 5 minutes. Samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE and silver staining. The ICAM-1 molecular weight (M _r ) of the endothelial cell is 100 kD under reducing conditions and 96 kD under non-reducing conditions, which is very convincing evidence of the presence of inter-chain disulfide bonds in native ICAM-1.

Use of the Primary Sequence to Predict Secondary Structure [P. Y. Chou et al., Biochem., J. 13, 211-245 (1974)] 7 expected β-fibers - designated a-g in Figure 9A. 9A, over-labeled in each ICAM-1 domain, which exactly reverses the wait for an immunoglobulin domain and corresponds to the position of the A-H strands in the immunoglobulins (Fig. 9A, bottom). Domain 5 has no A and C

However, since these are the edges of the disks, the disks can still form - perhaps with the fiber D occupying the position of the C fiber - as is the case with certain other C2 domains; and the characteristic disulfide bond between fibers B and F remains intact. Thus, the fact that the ICAM-1 domain meets the criteria for size, sequence homology, constant cysteine residues constituting putative intradomain disulfide bonds, and the presence of disulfide bonds and predicted β-sheet structure is supported by 1 belongs to.

We have found that ICAM-1 exhibits the strongest homology with the N-CAM and MAG glycoproteins of the C2 set. This is particularly important because both N-CAM and MAG mediate cell-cell adhesion. N-CAM is important in neuron-neuron and neuromuscular interactions [B. A. Cunningham et al., Science, 236: 799-806 (1987)], whereas MAG plays an important role in neuron-oligodendrocyte and oligodendrocyte-oligodendrocyte interactions during the formation of the myelin sheath [M. Poltorak et al., J. Cell Biok. 105: 1893-1899 (1987). The expression of N-CAM and MAG on the cell surface is under developmental regulation during development of the nervous system and myelin sheath, as well as the regulated induction of ICAM-1 in inflammation [T. A. Springer et al., Ann. Port. Immunok. 5: 223-252 (1987)]. ICAM-1, N-CAM [B. A. Cunningham et al., Science 236: 799-806 (1987)] and MAG [J. L. Salzer et al., J. Cell. Biok., 104, 957-965 (1987)] are similar in structure and homology to each membrane as they are composed of 5 C2 domains which form the N-terminal extracellular region, although NCAM also contains a further non-Ig-like sequence. contains between the last C2 domain and the transmembrane domain. ICAM-1, along its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, can be fitted alongside MAG with a 21% identity; the same percentage identity is found when comparing the 5 domains of ICAM-1 and NCAM-1. A graphical comparison of the secondary structure of ICAM-1 and MAG is shown in Figure 10. In domain-domain comparisons, the level of homology between the domains within the ICAM-1 and NCAM molecules (x ± sd, 21 ± 2.8% and 18.6 ± 3.8%) is the same as that of ICAM-1. Comparison of the domains with the NCAM and MAG domains showed 20.4 ± 3.7 and 21.9 ± 2.7, respectively. Although there is evidence for the presence of alternative splicing in the C-terminal sections of NCAM [B. A. Cunningham et al., Science 236: 799-806 (1987); D. Barthels et al., EMBO J., 6, 907-914 (1987)], as well as MAG [C. Lai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 84, 4377-4341 (1987)], however, no evidence was found for sequencing of ICAM-1 clones from endothelial or HL-60 origin, nor for the study of ICAM-1 protein lineages and precursors of different cell types [M. L. Dustin et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137: 245-254.

In interaction between lymphocytes and many different cell types, ICAM-1 acts as a ligand for LFA-1. On synthetic membrane bilayers, lymphocytes bind to integrated ICAM-1, which requires LFA-1, which directly demonstrates the interaction of LFA-1 with ICAM-1 [S. Mariin D. et al., Cell 51: 813-819 (1987). LFA-1 is a leukocyte integrin and has no immunoglobulin-like properties. Leukocyte integrins form a subfamily. The other two subfamilies mediate cellular matrix interactions and recognize the RGD sequence within its ligands to which fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen and fibrinogen belong [R. O. Hynes, Cell, 48, 549-554 (1987); E. Ruoslahti et al., Science 238: 491-497 (1987)]. Leukocyte integrins are expressed only on leukocytes, participate in cell-cell interactions, and their only ligands are known: ICAM-1 and a fragment of the complement component C3, iC3b, which does not exhibit immunoglobulin-like characteristics and recognizes Mac-1. . K. Kishimoto et al., Leukocyte Typing III, M. McMichael (editor), Springer-Verlag, New York (1987); T. A. Springer et al., Ann. Port. Immunol., 5, 223-252 (1987); D. C. Anderson et al., Ann. Port. Med. 38: 175-194 (1987). IX. Table IV shows peptides within the ICAM-1 sequence, based on sequence analysis, that are recognized by LFA-1.

IX. spreadsheet

Peptides within the ICAM -1 sequence that are likely to be recognized by LFA-1

ICAM-1 is the first member of the immunoglobulin supergene family to bind to an integrin. Although both families play an important role in cell adhesion, the interaction between them has so far been unlikely. In contrast, interactions within the immunoglobulin gene superfamily are generally known. Further interactions between the integrin and the immunoglobulin family may be discovered. LFA-1 recognizes a ligand different from ICAM-1 [T. A. Springer et al., Ann. Port. Immunol., 5: 223-252 (1987)] and leuko27

Other integrin Mac-1 recognizes a ligand other than C3bi during neutrophil-neutrophil adhesion [D. C. Anderson et al., Ann. Port. Med. 38: 175-194 (1987). In addition, purified MAG-containing vesicles bind to neurons, which are MAGs, so that MAGs must be able to interact with a different receptor [M. Poltorak et al., J. Cell. Biol. 105: 1893-1899 (1987).

The role of NCAM in neural-neural and neural-muscular cell interactions is thought to be due to the homophilic NCAM-NCAM interaction [B. A. Cunningham et al., Science 236: 799-806 (1987). MAG plays an important role in the interaction of adjacent loops of Schwann cells surrounding axons in the formation of the myelin sheath, which can be attributed to either a separate receptor interaction or a homophilic MAG-MAG interaction. Homology with NCAM and the occurrence of frequent domain-domain interactions within the immunoglobulin supergene family raise the possibility that ICAM-1 may be involved in homophilic interactions as well as ICAM-1-LFA-1 heterophilic interactions. However, B-lymphoblastoid cells, which express both LFA-1 and ICAM-1 at similar densities, can be completely inhibited by binding to ICAM-1 in artificial or cellular monolayers when B-lymphoblasts are LFA -1 pre-treatment with monoclonal antibody (MAt), while not affecting adherence when B-lymphoblasts are pretreated with ICAM-1 Mat. If the monolayer is pretreated with ICAM-1 MAt, the binding is completely abolished [M. L. Dustin et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137: 245-254; S. D. Mariin et al., Cell, 51: 813-819 (1987). These observations indicate that, if any homophilic interactions occur, they must be much weaker than heterophilic interactions with LFA-1.

The possibility that leukocyte integrins recognize ligands in fundamentally different ways corresponds to the presence of a 180-residue sequence in the α-subunits that may be important for ligand binding and are not present in RGD recognition integrins [A. Corbi et al., EMBO J 6, 4023-4028 (1987)]. Although Mac-1 is known to recognize the RGD sequence in iC3b, there is no RGD sequence in ICAM-1 (Figure 8). This is consistent with the fact that GRGDSP fibronectin peptide and control GRGESP peptide are unable to inhibit ICAM-1-LFA-1 adhesion [S. Mariin D. et al., Cell. 57: 813-819 (1987). Although related sequences such as PRGGS and RGEKE are present in sections of ICAM-1 that are thought to form a loop between domain 2a and b and domain 2c and d (Figure 9), allow them to be recognized. Importantly, the homologous MAG molecule contains an RGD sequence between domain 1 and domain 2 [M. Poltorak et al., J. Cell. Biol., 705, 1893-1899 (1987); J. L. Salzer et al., J. Cell. Biol., 104, 957-965 (1987)].

Example 19

Southern and Northern biots

Southern biotech technique was performed using 5 pg genomic DNA. DNAs were extracted from three cell lines: BL2, a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (donated by Dr. Gilbert Lenoir), JY, and Er-LCL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 85, 227-231 (1988)], an EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line.

The DNAs were digested with BamHI and EcoRI endonucleases at five times the manufacturer's recommended amount (New England Biolabs) and then transferred to a nylon membrane (Zeta Probe, BioRad) after electrophoresis on a 0.8% agarose gel. The filter was prehybridized and hybridized according to standard procedures, using a- ⁽³² P) ICAM cDNA derived ICAM cDNA from HL-60 HL-set (Boehringer Mannheim) were randomly labeled (random priming). For the Northern biotech technique, 20 pg total RNA or 6 pg poly (A) ⁺ RNA was used. RNA was denatured and electrophoresed on a 1% agarose formaldehyde gel and transferred to Zeta Probe plates. The filter plates were prehybridized and hybridized as described above (DE Staunton et al., 1987, EMBO I, 6, 3695-3701) using the HL-60 derived cDNA probe of ³² P-labeled oligonucleotide probes (see above).

Southern biots obtained with the 3 kb cDNA probe and BamHI and EcoRI digested genomic DNA showed 20 and 8 kb major fragments, respectively, indicating a single gene and that most of the coding information is contained in the 8 kb. There was no evidence of restriction polymorphism in the blot of the three different cell lines.

Example 20

Expression of the ICAM-1 gene

An "expression vector" is a vector which (due to the presence of appropriate transcriptional and / or translational regulatory sequences) is capable of expressing a DNA (or cDNA) molecule which is cloned into a vector and thereby produces a polypeptide or protein. Cloned sequences are expressed when the expression vector is introduced into a suitable host cell. When a prokaryotic expression vector is used, the appropriate host cell may be any prokaryotic cell capable of expressing the cloned sequence. Similarly, when using a eukaryotic expression vector, the appropriate host cell may be any eukaryotic cell capable of expressing the cloned sequence. It is important to mention that since eukaryotic DNA may contain intermediate sequences and because such sequences cannot be processed correctly by prokaryotic cells, it is preferable to use cDNA from a cell expressing ICAM-1 to produce a collection of prokaryotic genomic expression vectors. Methods for cDNA isolation and methods for producing a genomic library are described by T. Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1982).

The expression vector genomic collection described above was used to construct a host cell bank (min

HU 217 792 (contains one member of the collection). The expression vector may be introduced into the host cell by any known means, such as transformation, transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, and the like. The cell bank containing the expression vectors is propagated by cloning and its members examined individually (using immunoassays) to determine their ability to produce a protein that binds to the anti-ICAM-1 antibody.

The expression vectors of the cells producing the proteins that bind to the anti-ICAM-1 antibody are further examined to determine whether they express (i.e. contain) the entire ICAM-1 gene or express a fragment of the ICAM-1 gene (i.e. ) or express (i.e. contain) a gene whose product, although immunologically related to ICAM-1, is not ICAM-1 itself. Although this assay can be performed by any suitable method, it is preferred to determine the nucleotide sequence of the DNA or cDNA fragment cloned into the expression vector. These nucleotide sequences are then screened to determine if they can encode polypeptides having the amino acid sequence identical to the amino acid sequence of its trypsin digestion of ICAM-1 (Table V).

An expression vector comprising a DNA or cDNA molecule that defines an ICAM-1 gene can be recognized by: (1) its ability to direct the expression of a protein that is capable of binding to the antiICAM-1 antibody; and (2) a nucleotide sequence capable of encoding any trypsin fragment of ICAM-1 is present. A DNA molecule cloned into such an expression vector can be removed from the expression vector and produced in pure form.

Example 21

Functional activity of purified ICAM-1

In cells, ICAM-1 normally functions as a surface protein bound to the cell membrane. Thus, the effect of purified ICAM-1 after its incorporation into artificial lipid membranes (liposomes or vesicles) was investigated by dissolving the protein in detergent solubilized lipids and then removing the detergent by dialysis. ICAM-1 purified from JY cells and dissolved in octyl glucoside detergent as described above was introduced into vesicles and vesicles containing ICAM-1 were fused to glass coverslips or plastic culture vessels to allow the cells to protein detection of its binding.

Preparation of planar membranes and plastic bound vesicles

Vesicles were reported by Gay et al., J. Med. Immunol., 136, 2026 (1986)]. Briefly, egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol were dissolved in chloroform and mixed in a 7: 2 molar ratio. The lipid mixture was then dried under nitrogen with a thin film by rotation and lyophilized for 1 hour to remove traces of chloroform. The lipid film was then dissolved in 1% octyl glucoside / 0.14 M NaCl / 20 mM tris (pH 7.2) so that the final concentration of phosphatidylcholine was 0.1 mM. About 10 µg of purified ICAM-1 or human glycophorin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) as control membrane glycoprotein was added to each ml of dissolved lipid. The protein lipid-detergent solution was then dialyzed at 4 ° C with three volumes of 200 volumes of 20 mM Tris / 0.14 M NaCl, pH 7.2 and once with HBSS.

Planar membranes are described in Brian et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 81, 6159 (1984)]. Glass cover plates (11 mm diameter) were boiled for 15 minutes in a 1: 6 dilution of 7X detergent (Linbro), washed overnight with distilled water, soaked in 70% ethanol and air dried. 80 μΐ droplets of the ICAM-1 or glucophorin-containing vesicle suspension were dropped onto the bottom of the wells in a 24-well plate, and the prepared slides were gently floated. The plates were incubated for 20-30 minutes at room temperature, and the wells were filled with HBSS and the coverslips were inverted to face the planar membranes. The vessels were then washed extensively with HBSS to remove unbound vesicles. The planar membrane surface was never exposed to air.

In experiments with planar membranes fused to the glass surface, vesicles containing ICAM-1 were found to bind directly to the plastic surface in multi-well tissue culture plates, as demonstrated by their specific cellular binding. Hereinafter, these vesicles are referred to as "plasticbound vesicles" (PBVs) as the nature of the plastic-bound lipid vesicles has been investigated. Plastic-bound vesicles were prepared by adding 30 µl of vesicle suspension to the bottom of the wells of a 96-well tissue culture plate (Falcon) and incubating and washing as described for the planar membranes.

Cell adhesion assays

Cell adhesion assays were performed in substantially the same manner as both planar membranes and plastic-bound vesicles, except that the number and volume of cells used for planar membranes were reduced to one fifth for PBV.

Normal control subjects and LAD (Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency) patients whose cells cannot express LFA-1 [DC Anderson et al., J. Infect. Dis., 152, 668 (1985)] were prepared by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 1 pg / ml Concanavalin A (ConA) for 3 days in RPMI 1640 medium containing 20% fetal calf serum, At 5 x 10 ⁵ cells / ml. Cells were then washed twice with RPMI and once with 5 mM methyl αD-mannopyranoside to remove residual lectin

HU 217 792 Β cell surface. Cells were cultured in RPMI / 20% FCS medium containing 1 ng / ml recombinant IL-2 and cells were cultured at 10-22 post-start. day.

For the purpose of ConA blasts, Thymomaoma SKW-3 cells, and JY (LFA-1 positive) EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line (BBN) [derived from patient 1; TA Springer et al., J. Exper. Realize the binding to planar membranes or PBV With Med. 160: 1901-1918 (1986)], those cells were labeled is radiolabeled to 1 -10 ⁷ cells 1 in RPMI-1640/10% ml FCS and 100 pCi Na ⁵ L CrO4 was induced for 1 hour at 37 ° C and then washed four times with RPMI 1640 to remove the unlabeled label. In monoclonal antibody blocking assays, cells or plastic-bound vesicles were pretreated with 20 pg / ml purified antibody in RPMI-1640/10% FCS, incubated at 4 ° C for 30 minutes, and washed four times to remove unbound antibodies. To test the effect of divalent cations on cell binding, cells were washed once with Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ -free, 10% dialyzed FCS-containing HBSS, and then CaCl ₂ and MgCl ₂ were added at the indicated concentrations. In each experiment, cells and planar membranes or PBV were pre-equilibrated at the appropriate temperature (4 ° C, 22 ° C or 37 ° C) in the appropriate assay buffer.

To measure cell binding to purified ICAM-to-1, the cells were Cr-labeled ⁵¹ (5 -10 ⁵ EBV-transformed cell of the planar membrane assays; 1 to 10 ⁵ EBV-transformants or SKW-3 cells; 2-10 ⁵ ConA blast cells in PBV assays) were centrifuged on planar membranes or PBV for 2 minutes at 25 mg, followed by incubation at 4 ° C, 22 ° C or 37 ° C. After incubation, unbound cells were removed by filling the wells with suction for eight cycles with the appropriate temperature buffer. The amount of bound cells was determined by solubilizing the contents of the wells with 0.1 N NaOH / 1% Triton X-100 and weighing with a gamma counter. Percentage of cell binding was determined by dividing the cpm value of the bound cells by the cpm value of the cells introduced. In planar membrane assays, the cpm introduced was corrected for the ratio of the area of the culture vessels to the area of the cover plate.

In these assays, EBV-transformed Blimphoblastoid cells, SKW-3 T-lymphoma cells and ConA T-lymphoblasts specifically bind to ICAM-1 in artificial membranes (Figures 11 and 12). The binding was specific because the cells were very weakly bound to control planar membranes or vesicles containing an equivalent amount of other human cell surface glycoprotein, glycophorin. Furthermore, LFA-1-positive EBV-transformed cells and ConA-blasts bound, whereas their LFA-1-negative pairs did not bind significantly, indicating that the binding was dependent on the presence of LFA-cells on the cells. first

Both the specificity of the cell binding and its dependence on cellular LFA-1 were demonstrated in monoclonal antibody-blocking experiments (Figure 13). Binding of JY cells is 97% inhibited by pretreating ICAM-1 containing PBV with RR1 / 1 anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody. If the cells were pretreated with the same antibody, it had little effect. In contrast, the anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody TS1 / 18 inhibited the binding by 96%, but only when the cells and not the PBV were pretreated. The control TS2 / 9 antibody, which reacts with LFA-3 (another lymphocyte surface antigen), showed no significant inhibitory effect on either cells or PBV. This experiment showed that ICAM-1 itself, and not the slight presence of contamination, mediates the cellular adhesion observed on the artificial membranes and that the adhesion depends on LFA-1 on the binding cell.

The binding of cells to ICAM-1 on artificial membranes also demonstrates two other features of the LFA-1-dependent adhesion system: temperature dependence and divalent cation requirement. As shown in Fig. 14, ConA blasts bind to ICAM-1 at 37 ° C, to a lesser extent at 22 ° C and to a very low extent at 4 ° C, on PBV. Figure 15 shows that the bond is completely dependent on the presence of divalent cations. At physiological concentrations, Mg ²⁺ alone is sufficient for maximum cellular binding, whereas Ca ²⁺ alone allows only minor binding. However, when Mg ²⁺ is combined with Ca ^{2+ at a} concentration equal to one tenth of its normal concentration, the effect is synergistic and maximal bonding occurs.

In summary, the specificity of cell binding to purified ICAM-1 incorporated in artificial membranes, specific inhibition by monoclonal antibodies, temperature, and the need for divalent cations indicate that ICAM-1 is a specific LFA-1-dependent adhesion system. ligand.

Example 22

Expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR in allergic and toxic patch test reactions

Skin biopsy samples from five normal subjects were examined to determine if they express ICAM-1 and HLA-DR. It has been found that while endothelial cells in some blood vessels normally express ICAM-1, no expression of ICAM-1 was detected in keratinocytes of normal skin. HLA-DR staining was not observed in keratinocytes of normal skin biopsy samples. ICAM-1 and II. The kinetics of the expression of class II antigens on biopsy cells from allergic and toxic skin lesions were found and found in half of the six patients tested to have keratinocytes expressing ICAM-1 four hours after hapten application (Table X). Increasing the duration of hapten treatment increases the percentage of patients whose keratinocytes express ICAM-1 and also increases the staining intensity,

Β that ICAM-1 is expressed more per keratinocyte after 48 hours. In fact, at each time point in all biopsies, keratinocytes stained positively for ICAM-1. At 72 hours (24 hours after hapten removal), seven of the eight patients still had ICAM-1 expression on keratinocytes, while one patient had a decrease in ICAM-1 expression between 48 and 72 hours.

Table X.

Kinetics of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR induction in allergic patch test on biopsy keratinocytes

Time (hours) after applying patch Number of biopsies ICAM-1 only HLA-DR only ICAM-1 and HLA-DR Normal skin 5 0 0 0 Allergic patch test 4 6 3 ^a 0 0 8 9 3 0 0 24 8 7 0 0 48 ^b 8 5 0 3 72 8 6 0 1

^a Samples are considered positive if at least a small group of keratinocytes are stained. ^b At this point, all patches have been removed.

Histology revealed that ICAM-1 staining of keratinocytes in the biopsy sample taken four hours after the application of hapten appeared in small nodules. At 48 hours, most keratinocytes expressed ICAM-1 on the cell surface and there was no visible difference between the center and the edge of the lesion. The staining intensity decreased as keratinocytes approached the stratum comeum. This was observed in biopsy specimens from both the center and the lesion. At the same time, the patch test was positive (infiltration, erythema and vesicles). There was no detectable difference in the expression of ICAM-1 when different haptens were used in susceptible individuals. In addition to keratinocytes, ICAM-1 was also expressed on some mononuclear cells and endothelial cells at the lesion site.

In allergic skin lesions, expression of HLA-DR on keratinocytes is less frequent than that of ICAM-1. None of the subjects tested positive for HLA-DR staining on keratinocytes 24 hours after hapten administration. In fact, only four biopsy specimens had keratinocytes expressing HLA-DR and none of the biopsy specimens had keratinocytes that were positive for HLA-DR when not in ICAM-1 (Table X ).

In contrast to allergic patch test lesion, crotone oil or sodium lauryl sulfate-induced toxic patch test lesion contains keratinocytes that have little, if any, ICAM-1 on each surface at each time point tested (Table XI). In fact, 48 hours after patch application, since this was the optimal time for ICAM-1 expression in the allergic patch test, only one of the 14 patch test subjects had keratinocytes expressing ICAM-1 at the lesion site. In contrast to allergic patch test biopsy, keratinocytes in the biopsy specimen had no HLA-DR expression in the toxic patch test.

These data show that ICAM-1 is expressed at the site of immunologic inflammation and not in toxic inflammation, so that ICAM-1 expression can be used to differentiate between immunologic and toxic inflammations such as kidney transplantation. after acute renal failure in a patient, where it is difficult to determine whether the failure is due to rejection or to an immunosuppressive therapeutic agent. Detection of renal biopsy and enhancement of ICAM-1 expression allows a distinction to be made between immunological rejection and non-immunological toxic reaction.

XI. spreadsheet

Kinetics of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR Induction on Toxic Patch Test on Keratinocytes from Biopsy Specimens

Time (hours) after applying patch Number of biopsies ICAM-1 only HLA-DR only ICAM-1 and HLA-DR 4 4 0 0 0 8 3 l ^a 0 0 24 3 1 0 0

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XI. Table (continued)

Time (hours) after applying patch Number of biopsies ICAM-1 only HLA-DR only ICAM-1 and HLA-DR 48 ^b 14 1 0 0 72 3 1 0 0

^a The sample is considered positive if at least a small group of keratinocytes are stained. ^b At this point, all patches have been removed.

Example 23

Expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR in benign skin diseases

ICAM-1 and HLA-DR expression of skin biopsy cells of patients with various types of inflammatory dermatology was studied. The majority of keratinocytes in biopsy specimens from allergic contact eczema, pemphigoid / pemphigus and lichen PLANI expressed ICAM-1. Lichen Planes biopsy specimens showed the strongest staining that was similar to, and even stronger than that seen in the Allergic Patch Test biopsy specimen at 48 hours (Table XII). Similar to the results seen in the allergic patch test, the strongest ICAM-1 staining was seen at the site of severe mononuclear cell infiltration. Furthermore, in the HLA-DR studies of keratinocytes, 8 of the 11 lichenplane biopsy specimens tested positive.

ICAM-1 expression of keratinocytes in skin biopsy samples of exanthemic and urticarial patients is less pronounced. Of the seven patients with this disease, only four had keratinocytes expressing ICAM-1 at the lesion site. Only one patient had HLA-DR expression and was associated with ICAM-1.

In all benign inflammatory skin conditions examined, some endothelial cells and infiltrated mononuclear cells expressed ICAM-1 to varying degrees.

XII. spreadsheet

Expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR on Keratinocytes of Benign Skin Diseases

Diagnosis Number of cases ICAM-1 only HLA-DR only ICAM-1 and HLA-DR Allergic contact eczema 5 3 ^a 0 2 Lichen plans 11 3 0 8 Pemphigoid / pemphigus 2 2 0 0 exanthema 3 2 0 0 urticaria 4 1 0 1

We ^were considered as positive samples with at least a small group of keratinocytes were stained.

Example 24

Expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes of psoriatic skin lesions

In a biopsy sample of five patients with psoriasis, ICAM-1 expression was studied periodically before and during treatment with PUVA (PUVA: combined treatment of psoriasis with ultraviolet radiation and an anthracene derivative). Biopsy samples were taken from five patients with histologically proven classical psoriasis. Biopsy specimens were collected sequentially before and during PUVA treatment at the indicated times. In five patients, biopsy specimens were taken from the edge of the psoriatic plaques, and in four patients biopsy specimens were also taken from clinically normal skin.

Fresh biopsy samples were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Six micron cryostat sections were made, air-dried overnight at room temperature, fixed with acetone for 10 minutes, and either stained immediately or stored in aluminum foil at -80 ° C until staining.

Staining was performed as follows: sections were incubated with monoclonal antibodies and stained by a three step immunperoxidase method [H. Stein et al., Adv. 42: 67-147 (1984)] using diaminobenzidine H ₂ O ₂ substrate. Tonsillas or lymph nodes were used as positive controls for anti-ICAM-1 and HLA-DR staining. Tissues stained in the absence of the primary antibody served as negative controls.

The HLA-DR monoclonal antibody was obtained from Becton-Dickinson (Mountainview, CA, USA). The monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 antibody was R6-5-D6. Peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse Ig and peroxidase-conjugated porcine anti-rabbit Ig were purchased from DAKAPATTS (Copenhagen, Denmark). Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).

The results of the studies showed that endothelial cells of some blood vessels of the patient and normal skin express ICAM-1, but that the number of blood vessels expressing ICAM-1 and the intensity of staining increase in psoriatic skin lesions. In addition, the pattern of ICAM-1 expression on the keratinocytes of five untreated patients ranged from a small group of staining cells to many stained keratinocytes. Two patients were treated with PUVA

HU 217,792 Β (patients 2 and 3) showed a significant decrease in ICAM-1 expression, which preceded or coincided with the clinical improvement (remission) (Table XIII). Patients 1, 4, and 5 had decreased or increased ICAM-1 expression during PUVA treatment, consistent with a clinical improvement or relapse. Prior to or after PUVA treatment, normal skin keratinocytes did not have ICAM-1 expression. All of these indicate that PUVA did not induce ICAM-1 expression in normal skin keratinocytes.

Remarkably, the strength of mononuclear cell infiltration is related to the amount of ICAM-1 expressed on keratinocytes. This is consistent with the observation that during PUVA treatment, the number of mononuclear cells in the lesions decreases when ICAM-1 expression is abolished and the number of mononuclear cells during PUVA treatment is increased when the expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes is increased. Endothelial cells and dermal mononuclear cells are also ICAM -1-positive. In clinically normal skin, ICAM-1 expression is restricted to endothelial cells and there is no expression on keratinocytes.

HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes was variable. There was no HLA-DR positive biopsy specimen that was not ICAM-1 positive.

Taken together, these results indicate that ICAM-1 expression on keratinocytes prior to treatment is related to the potency of mononuclear cell infiltration. Significant reduction in ICAM-1 staining was observed during PUVA treatment, in parallel with clinical improvement. Histological studies also show that dermal infiltrations are reduced. If there is an obvious clinical relapse during treatment, the expression of ICAM-1 on the keratinocytes is increased as well as the intensity of skin infiltration. If clinical remission was observed during treatment, ICAM-1 staining on keratinocytes was simultaneously reduced and skin infiltration was also reduced. Thus, the expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes corresponds to the mononuclear cell infiltration strength of the skin. These data illustrate the clinical response to PUVA treatment, which is manifested by a decrease in the expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes and a parallel decrease in mononuclear cells. All of these indicate that the expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes is responsible for initiating and maintaining skin infiltration, and that PUVA treatment reduces ICAM-1 expression, which diminishes dermal infiltration and inflammatory response.

ICAM-1 expression on keratinocytes of psoriatic lesions is related to the clinical severity of the lesion and the extent of skin infiltration. Thus, ICAM-1 plays a central role in psoriasis, and inhibiting its expression and / or interactions with the CD18 complex on mononuclear cells will be an effective treatment for this disease. In addition, controlling the expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes will be an effective tool for diagnosis and prognosis and a tool for evaluating the course of psoriasis therapy.

XIII. spreadsheet

Continuous ICAM-1 expression of keratinocytes in psoriatic skin lesions (PS) and clinically normal skin (N) before and during PUVA treatment

Duration of PUVA treatment Number of patient 1 2 3 4 5 PS PS N PS N PS N PS N 0 + + - ++ - ++ - +++ - One day + 1 week + + - - - ++ - + - 0 2 weeks ++ + - + - + - 3 weeks ++ X 0 4 weeks ++ + - - - ++ - X 5-6 weeks - X - - - X - 7 weeks X (++) (+) +++ - 10 weeks (+) - - X -

+ + + Many positive squamous cells + + Positive keratinocytes + Concentrated positive squamous cells (+) Very few scattered positive squamous cells - No positive staining x Clinical improvement (remission)

O Clinical relapse

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Example 25

Expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR in Malignant Skin Diseases

Unlike benign skin diseases, expression of ICAM-1 is much more variable in keratinocytes of malignant lesions (Table XIV). ICAM-1-positive keratinocytes were identified in 14 of the 23 cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). Keratinocytes from biopsy specimens from mycosis fungoides (MF) lesions show a tendency to lose ICAM-1 expression as the disease progresses to a more advanced phase. However, in most skin T-cell lymphomas, the expression of ICAM-1 is differentially proportional to mononuclear cell infiltration. Examining the remaining lymphomas, four out of eight found keratinocytes that express ICAM-1. Five of the 29 patients with malignant skin conditions examined had HLA-DR-expressing keratinocytes but did not express ICAM-1 (Table XIV).

XIV. spreadsheet

Expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR in Keratinocytes of Malignant Skin Diseases

Diagnosis Number of cases ICAM-1 only HLA-DR only ICAM-1 and HLA-DR CTCL, MFI 8 l ^a 0 4 CTCL, MFII-III 10 1 2 4 CTCL, SS 3 1 0 2 CTCL, big cell 2 0 2 0 CBCL 2 0 0 1 Leukemia cutis 3 1 1 1 Histiocytosis X 1 0 0 0

^a Samples in which at least a small group of keratinocytes were stained were considered positive.

Example 26

Effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibodies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation

Profiling of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells is induced by the presence and recognition of antigens or mitogens. Certain molecules, such as the mitogenic Concanavalin A or the T-cell binding OKT3 antibody, cause non-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are heterogeneous in that they consist of subpopulations of cells capable of recognizing specific antigens. When a peripheral mononuclear cell capable of recognizing a specific antigen encounters the antigen, profiling of the subpopulations of mononuclear cells is induced. Examples of such antigens are tetanus toxoid and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, recognized by subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but not all peripheral mononuclear cells are recognized by sensitized individuals.

R6-5-D6 anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody was tested to inhibit the proliferation response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in systems known to require cell-cell adhesion.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified on a Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia) gradient according to the manufacturer's protocol. After harvesting the interface, cells were washed three times with RPMI 1640, and cultured in flat bottom 96-well microtiter plates to a density of 10 ⁶ cells / ml in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine and 50 pg / ml gentamicin.

The following antigens were added to the cells cultured as described above: T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A (0.25 pg / ml); T-cell binding OK.T3 antibody (0.001 pg / ml); mussel hemocyanin (10 pg / ml); tetanus toxoid (1: 100 dilution of starting material) in the presence or absence of R6-5-D6 anti-ICAM-1 antibody (up to a final concentration of 5 μg / ml). Cells were cultured for 3.5 days (ConA experiment), 2.5 days (OKT3 experiment), or 5.5 days (mussel hemocyanin and tetanus toxoid experiment) before completion of the experiments.

Before completion of the study at 18 hours 2.5 uCi ³ Htimidint added to the cultures. Cell proliferation was determined by measuring the incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Integrated thymidine was measured by liquid scintillation counting (Merluzzi et al., 1987, J. Immunol. 139, 166-168). The results of the experiments are shown in Fig. 16 (ConA experiment), Fig. 17 (OK.T3 experiment), Fig. 18 (mussel hemocyanin experiment) and Fig. 19 (tetanus toxoid experiment).

We have found that in mononuclear cells, the anti-ICAM-1 antibody inhibits the proliferative effects of ConA on a non-specific T-cell mitogen, OK.T3 non-specific T-cell-associated antigen, and mammalian hemocyanin and tetanus toxoid. choose. Expressed by anti-ICAM-1 antibody34

Inhibition by the anti-LFA-1 antibody suggests that this antagonistic property of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 is inhibited by the protective ligand of ICAM-1 as a functional ligand of ICAM-1. .

Example 27

Effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibody on mixed lymphocyte reaction

As discussed above, ICAM-1 is required for efficient cell-to-cell interaction in the immune response mediated by LFA-1-dependent cell adhesions. In immune responses or in inflammatory diseases, induction of ICAM-1 allows leukocytes to interact with each other and with endothelial cells.

When lymphocytes from unrelated individuals are cultured in the presence of each other, blast transformation and lymphocyte proliferation can be observed. This response, that is, the response of a lymphocyte population to the presence of another population, is known as mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and is similar to the response of lymphocytes to the addition of mitogen (Immunology, J. Klein, John Wiley and Sons, NY (1982), 453-458. side].

Experiments were performed to determine the effect of anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies on human MLR. The experiments were performed as follows: peripheral blood was drawn from normal healthy donors by venipuncture. Blood was collected in heparin tubes and diluted 1: 1 at room temperature with Puck's G (GIBCO) balanced salt solution (BSS). The blood mixture (20 ml) was layered on a 15 ml Ficoll / Hypaque density gradient (Pharmacia; density 1.078 at room temperature) and centrifuged at 1000 g for 20 minutes. The interfacial portion of the phases was collected and washed three times in Puck's G solution. Cells were counted in a hemocytometer and resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium containing 0.5% gentamicin, 1 mmol L-glutamine (Gibco) and 5% heat inactivated (56 ° C, 30 min) human AB serum (Flow Laboratories). (This composition is hereinafter referred to as RPMI medium.)

Mouse anti-ICAM-1 (R6-5-D6) was used in these experiments. All monoclonal antibodies (made from ascites fluid from Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA) were used in the form of a purified IgG preparation.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cell) (76-013-05) were cultured in Linbro round-bottomed microtiter 6.25 · 10 ⁵ cells / ml density. Stimulant cells from another donor were irradiated with 1000 R and co-cultured with the responder cells to the same density. The total volume per culture was 0.2 ml. Controls contained only responder cells and only stimulator cells. The culture plates were incubated at 37 ° C for 5 days in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO ₂ . The wells were treated with 0.5 pCi of tritiated thymidine ( ³ HT) (New England Nuclear) for the last 18 hours of culture. In some cases, a two-way MLR was performed. The procedure was identical except that the cells of the second donor were not inactivated by irradiation.

Cells were harvested on glass fiber filters using a multiple automated sample collector (Skatron, Norway), which was rinsed with water and methanol. The filters were dried in an oven and measured in Aquasol on a Beckman (LS-3801) liquid scintillation counter. Results are expressed as the mean cpm (± standard error) of the 6 individual cultures.

In the XV. Table 1A shows that purified antiICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies inhibit MLR in a dose-dependent manner, causing significant suppression at 20 ng / ml. Purified mouse IgG has little or no immunosuppressive activity. Suppression of MLR by anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody occurs when the antibody is added to the culture for the first 24 hours (Table XVI).

XV. spreadsheet

Effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibody on one-way lymphocyte reaction

Responder cells ³ Stimulator cells ^b Antibody ^{2 3} HT-b building - - - 445 ^d ± 143 - + - 148 + 17 + - - 698 + 72 + + - 42,626 + 1,579 + + mlgG (10.0 pg) 36,882 + 1,823 (14%) + + mlgG (0.4 pg) 35,500 + 1,383 (17%) + + mlgG (0.02 pg) 42,815 + 1,246 (0%) + + R6-5-D6 (10.0 pg) 8250 + 520 (81%)

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XV. Table (continued)

Responder cells ³ Stimulator cells ^b Antibody ^{0 3} HT incorporation + + R6-5-D6 (0.4 pg) 16,142 + 858 (62%) + + R6-5-D6 (0.03 pg) 28,844 + 1,780 (32%)

^3. Responder cells (6.25 × 10 ⁵ / ml).

^b stimulator (6.25 10 ⁵ / ml and irradiated with 1000 R-sub).

^{c at a} final concentration (pg / ml) of purified monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 (R6-5-D6) or purified mouse IgG (mIgG = mouse IgG). ^d Mean of 5-6 cultures ± standard error, numbers in parentheses represent% inhibition of MLR.

XVI. spreadsheet

Time of anti-ICAM -1 transmission

R ³ s ^b Dosage ³ HT incorporation (cpm) Day 0 One day 2 days - - broth 205 ^d ± 14 476 + 132 247 + 75 - + broth 189 + 16 na ^e So + - broth 1860 + 615 So So + + broth 41,063 + 2,940 45,955 + 2,947 50,943 + 3,072 + + R6 5-D6 17781 + 1293 38,409 + 1,681 47,308 + 2,089 (57%) ^f (16%) (7%)

^3. Responder cells (6.25 × 10 ⁵ / ml).

^b stimulator (6.25 10 ⁵ / ml and irradiated with 1000 R-sub).

^c Monoclonal antibody to culture medium or ICAM-1 (R6-5-D6) at 10 pg / ml administered on day 0 and thereafter at 24 hour intervals. ^d Mean of 4-6 cultures ± standard error. ^c na = no dosing.

^f % inhibition.

In summary, the inhibitory effect of ICAM-1 antibodies on MLR indicates that ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies have therapeutic potential for preventing acute graft rejection. Another therapeutic use of ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies is in disorders involving immunological mediators that are dependent on LFA-1 / ICAM-1 regulated cell-cell interactions.

The experiments described herein show that the addition of monoclonal antibodies to ICAM-1, when administered within the first 24 hours of the reaction, inhibits the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Furthermore, ICAM-1 is produced on human peripheral blood monocytes to a greater extent during in vitro culture.

In addition, it was found that ICAM-1 is not expressed on resting human peripheral blood lymphocytes or monocytes. ICAM-1 is only enhanced on monocytes from cultured cells or cells co-cultured with unrelated donor cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction as determined by conventional liquid cytometric analysis. This enhanced appearance of ICAM-1 on monocytes can be used as an indicator of inflammation, especially when ICAM-1 is expressed on fresh monocytes in patients with acute or chronic inflammation.

The specificity of ICAM-1 and the ability of antibodies against activated monocytes and against ICAM-1 to inhibit MLR demonstrate the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use of ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies in graft rejection and in immunological mediators. related disorders in which cell-cell interaction would be required.

Example 28

Synergistic effect of combined use of anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 antibodies

Example 27 shows that the antiICAM-1 antibody inhibits MLR. MLR can also be inhibited by antiLFA-1 antibodies. To determine whether the combined use of anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 antibodies exerted an enhanced or synergistic effect, an MLR assay (as described in Example 27) was performed on the different antibodies. concentrations.

These MLR assays showed that the combination of anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 at concentrations where neither antibody significantly inhibits MLR is significantly more effective in inhibiting the MLR response (Table XVII). ). These results indicate that they are therapeutic

The combination of anti-ICAM-1 antibody, or a fragment thereof, and an anti-LFA-1 antibody, or a fragment thereof, in combination, are such that they provide a more effective anti-inflammatory therapy. In such an advanced therapy, the antibodies may be administered at lower doses than would otherwise be therapeutically effective, and this is important in circumstances where high concentrations of each antibody induce an anti-idiotypic response.

XVII. spreadsheet

Effect of different doses of anti-ICAM-1 and (R3.1) anti-LFA-1 on mixed lymphocyte reaction

Concentration (Pg / ml) Inhibition (%) Anti-ICAM-1 (R6-5-D6) Anti-LFA-1 0 0,004 0.02 0.1 0.5 2.5 0.0 0 7 31 54 69 70 0.0008 1 7 28 48 62 71 0,004 0 13 30 50 64 72 0.02 29 38 64 75 84 86 0.1 92.5 90 91 92 92 92 0.5 93 90 90 92 93 91

Example 29

Additive effects of sub-optimal doses of anti-ICAM-1 in combination with other immunosuppressive agents in MLR

Example 28 shows that MLR is inhibited by a combination of antiICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 antibodies. In order to determine whether the use of anti-ICAM-1 in combination with other immunosuppressive agents (such as dexamethasone, azathioprine, cyclosporin A, or steroids such as prednisone, etc.) also results in an enhancement. Therefore, MLR assays were performed with suboptimal concentrations of R6-5-D6 (i.e., concentrations below the optimal concentration the patient would receive alone) and other immunosuppressive agents based on the data of Example 27. .

The data show that the inhibitory effect of R6-5-D6 is at least additive to the inhibitory effect of the suboptimal doses of dexamethasone (Table XVIII), azathioprine (Table XIX) and cyclosporin A (Table XX). It follows that anti-ICAM-1 antibodies can effectively reduce the required doses of known immunosuppressive agents and thus reduce their toxic side effects. When using an anti-ICAM-1 antibody (or fragment thereof) to achieve such immunosuppression, it is possible to use the antibody (or fragment thereof) in combination with one additional immunosuppressive agent or in combination with more than one additional immunosuppressive agent.

XVIII. spreadsheet

Effect of anti-ICAM-1 and dexamethasone in human MLR

Group Inhibitor (pg / ml) ³ HT bcc flight (cptn) Inhibition (%) Medium - 156 - Stimulators (S) - 101 - Responders (R) - 4,461 - RXS - 34 199 - RXS R6-5-D6 (8) 26,224 23 RXS Dex (50) 14,158 59 RXS R6-5-D6 (8) + Dex (50) 7,759 77

Dex: dexamethasone

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XIX. spreadsheet

Effect of anti-ICAM-1 and azathioprine on human MLR

Group Inhibitor (pg / ml) ³ HT incorporation (cpm) Inhibition (%) Medium - 87 - Stimulator (S) - 206 - Responder (R) - 987 - RXS - 31,640 - RXS R6-5-D6 (8) 26,282 17 RXS CyA (10) 23,617 25 RXS R6-5-D6 (8) + CyA (10) 19,204 39

CyA: Cyclosporin A

Example 30

Effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibody on suppressing rejection of transplanted allogeneic organs

In order to demonstrate the effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibody on suppressing the rejection of an allogeneic transplant, allogeneic kidneys were transplanted into Cynomolgus monkeys by Cosimi et al., Transplant. Proc., 73, 499-503 (1981)], with the modification that palladium and ketamine were used for anesthesia.

In other words, the kidney transplantation was done essentially as follows. Heterotropic kidney log grafts were implanted into 3-5 kg Cynomolgus monkeys, essentially Marquet et al., Medical Primatology, II. (Karger, Basel, page 125, 1972)] with anesthesia with pallium and ketamine. Donor kidneys were end-sided with anastomosis in the mouth of the aorta or vein cava with 7-0 Prolene suture. The donor ureter was dissected and implanted into the bladder by extravasation [Y. Taguchi et al., Advances in Transplantation, edited by Dausset et al., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 393 (1968)]. Renal function was assessed weekly or biweekly by serum creatinine determinations. In addition, allograft biopsy specimens were routinely collected for histopathological examination and complete necropsy was performed on each non-surviving individual. Most recipients underwent bilateral nephrectomy at the time of transplantation and subsequent uremic death was considered the end point of allograft survival. In some recipients, unilateral native nephrectomy and anterior ureteral connection were established at the time of transplantation. When allograft rejection occurred, autologous ureter binding was removed, thereby restoring normal renal function and allowing the recipient animal to continue immunoassay.

Monoclonal antibody R6-5-D6 was administered daily for 12 days prior to transplantation at doses of 1-2 mg / kg / day. Serum creatinine levels were periodically measured to control rejection. The effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibody on immune rejection by the allogeneic kidney is shown in Table XXI. Table.

XXI. spreadsheet

Effect of R6-5-D6 on Prolongation of Kidney Logography Survival in Cynomolgus Monkey Prophylaxis ³

Monkey Dose R6-5-D6 (mg / kg) Survival / follow-up days Controls - 8 Controls - 11 Checks 3 - 11 Checks 4 - 10 Checks 5 - 9 Controls - 10 M15 1.0 20 M19 1.0 7 » M17 1.0 30 M25 1.5 29 M23 1.0 1E M27 2.0 34 M7 0.5 22 MII 0.5 26 M10 0.5 22 M8 0.5 26 ^d

^a The monkeys were given R6 - 5 - D6 for 12 consecutive days. Dosing was started on day 2 before transplantation. ^b The cause of death is unknown. We found a finding of latent malaria.

^c Causes of death from vesicular infarction. ^d She lives on August 15, 1988.

The results showed that R6-5-D6 effectively prolonged the survival of monkeys that received an allogeneic kidney transplant.

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Example 31

Effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibody on suppressing acute rejection of transplanted organs

To demonstrate the efficacy of the antiICAM-1 antibody in an acute model of transplant rejection, the effect of R6-5-D6 in a therapeutic or acute rejection model was investigated. In this model experiment, monkey kidneys were transplanted (using the procedure described in Example 30) and 15 mg / kg of cyclosporin A (CyA) was administered immuno-operatively until stable renal function was restored. The dose of CyA was then reduced by 2.5 mg / kg every two weeks until rejection was indicated by an increase in blood creatinine. From this time, R6-5-D6 was administered for 10 days and the survival time was monitored. It is important to note that in this procedure, the dose of CyA remained suboptimal because it was not changed when the acute rejection occurred. In this model, controls without antibody (n = 5) survived the onset of rejection by 5-14 days. To date, six animals have been tested using R6-5-D6 (Table XXII). Two of the animals are still alive (31 days for M12 and 47 days for M5 after R6-5-D6). Two animals survived for 38 and 55 days after initiation of R6-5-D6 therapy, and two animals died other than acute rejection (one death due to CyA toxicity and the other due to R6-5-D6 toxicity). -5-D6 during anesthesia). This model more closely approximates the clinical situation in which R6-5-D6 could be started.

XXII. spreadsheet

Effect of R6-5-D6 on Prolongation of Kidney Logography Survival in Therapeutic Experiments on Cynomolgus Monkeys ⁴

Monkey Day of Rejection Event ^b Survival / follow-up days Controls ^c 14-98 5-14 M24 41 38 M21 34 _4th M3 41 55 M9 12 11 ' M12 37 > 31 ^f M5 26 > 47 ^f

^a The monkeys received 1 to 2 mg / kg of R6 5-D6 for 10 days after the onset of rejection.

^b The day when creatinine levels increased due to lowering of CyA doses and when R6-5-D6 therapy started. ^c Five animals were tested using the therapeutic procedure described above, except for no assistive therapy. Survival / follow-up days refer to survival days after the onset of creatinine elevation.

⁴ He died during anesthesia. Creatinine levels were low. ^e died due to the toxicity of CyA. Keratin levels were low.

¹ He was still alive on August 15, 1988.

Example 32

Genetic structure and expression of truncated derivatives of ICAM-1

In its natural state, ICAM-1 is a membrane-bound protein comprising an extracellular region of 5 immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain. It was desirable to construct functional derivatives of ICAM-1 that do not have a transmembrane domain and / or a cytoplasmic domain to form a soluble, secreted form of ICAM-1. These functional derivatives were constructed by oligonucleotide mutagenesis of the ICAM-1 gene, followed by expression in the monkey cells transfected with the mutant genes.

Mutations and / or truncated derivatives resulting in amino acid substitutions in the ICAM-1 gene are described by T. Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82, 488-492 (1985)]. The ICAM-1 cDNA prepared as described above was digested with SalI and KpnI restriction endonucleases and the resulting 1.8 kb DNA fragment was inserted into the plasmid vector CDM8 [B. Seed et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 84, 3365-3369 (1987)]. A dut, ung 'strain of E. coli (BW313 / P3) [T. Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82, 488-492 (1985)] with this construct, designated pCD1.8C. A single-stranded uracil-containing template was released from transformed cells by infection with helper phage R408 (Stratagene ^R ). ICAM-1 cDNA mutants were then prepared by initiating the synthesis of a second strand with an oligonucleotide containing mismatched bases followed by an ung ⁺ host cell (MC1061 / P3) [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82, 488-492 (1985)] were transformed with the resulting heteroduplex. Mutants were isolated by screening for newly generated endonuclease restriction sites introduced by the mutant oligonucleotide. COS-7 (ATCC CRL 1651) cells transfected with mutant DNA in the CDM8 eukaryotic expression vector (Invitrogen, V308-20) expressed the mutant ICAM-1 protein by standard DEAE dextran procedure [RF Selden et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, edited by FM Ausubel et al., 9.2.1-9.2.6. (1987).

A truncated functional derivative of ICAM-1 was prepared that did not contain the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, but contained an extracellular region comprising 5 immunoglobulin-like domains. A 30 bp mutant oligonucleotide (CTC TCC CCC CGG TTC TAG ATT GTC ATC ATC) was used to position the tyrosine (Y) and glutamic acid (E) codons at positions 452 and 453 with a phenylalanine (F) codon and a translation stop codon (TAG). The mutant isolated by a single Xba I restriction site was designated Y ⁴⁵² E / F, TAG.

To express the mutant protein, COS cells were transfected with 3 mutant subclones (# 2, # 7 and # 8).

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Three days after transfection with the three mutant subclones, culture supernatants and cell lysates were analyzed by immunoprecipitation with RR1 / 1 anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody and SDS-PAGE. ICAM-1 was precipitated from the supernatant of cultures of cells transfected with mutant subclones # 2 and # 8, but not from detergent lysates of these cells. In fact, the molecular weight of ICAM-1 found in the supernatant supernatant was reduced to about 6 kDa relative to the membrane form of ICAM-1, which is consistent with the predicted size of the mutant DNA. That is, this functional derivative of ICAM-1 is secreted as a soluble protein. In contrast, ICAM-1 was not immunoprecipitated from supernatant of cell cultures transfected with native ICAM-1, which means that COS cells do not release the ICAM-1 membrane form. In addition, neither the supernatants nor the cell lysates from the culture of the negative control mock-transfected cells were immunoprecipitated with ICAM-1.

The truncated ICAM-1 secreted by the transformed cells was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using a specific antibody (R6-5-D6) and tested for functional activity in a cell binding assay. After purification in the presence of octyl glucoside detergent, formulations containing native or truncated secreted form ICAM-1 were diluted to give a final concentration of octyl glucoside of 0.25% (this concentration is below the critical micellar concentration of the detergent). These ICAM-1 preparations were allowed to bind to the surface of a 96-well plastic plate (Nunc) to form ICAM-1 bound to a solid phase. After washing the unbound material, 75-80% of the SKW-3 cells, carrying LFA-1 on their surface, bound to the native form of ICAM-1 and 83-88% bound specifically to the truncated form of ICAM-1. These data indicate that the secreted, truncated, soluble ICAM-1 functional derivative retained both its immunological reactivity and its ability to mediate ICAM-1-dependent adhesion, a feature of native ICAM-1.

Similarly, a functional derivative of ICAM-1 lacking only the cytoplasmic domain was prepared. A 25 bp oligonucleotide (TC AGC ACG TAC CTC TAG AAC CGC CA) was used to convert the 476 amino acid (Y) codon to a TAG translation stop codon. The mutant was designated Y ⁴⁷⁶ / TAG. Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE of COS cells transfected with the mutant revealed a membrane-bound form of ICAM-1 with a molecular weight of 3 kD less than that of native ICAM-1. Indirect immunofluorescence of mutant transfected COS cells gave a blotched staining pattern similar to that expressed on native ICAM-1 LPS-stimulated endothelial cells. Finally, the cells transfected with the mutant DNA specifically bind to purified LFA-1 on the plastic surface in the same way as the COS cells transfected with the native ICAM-1 DNA (Table XXIII).

XX111. spreadsheet

LFA-1 binding capacity of cells expressing ICAM-1 or a functional derivative of ICAM-1

transfection Percentage of LFA-1 binding cells expressing ICAM-1-c Without antibody In the presence of RR1 / 1 Áltranszfekció 0 0 Native ICAM-1 20 0 Y ⁴⁷⁶ / TAG 20 0

Example 33

Mapping of functional domains of ICAM-1

ICAM-1 assays have shown that the molecule contains 7 domains. Of these, five domains are extracellular (domain 5 is closest to the cell surface and domain 1 is farthest from the cell surface), one domain is the transmembrane domain, and there is a cytoplasmic domain (i.e., located within the cytoplasm). Epitope mapping studies can be performed to determine which domains contribute to ICAM-1's LFA-1 binding capacity. To carry out the assays, various deletion mutants were prepared and tested for their ability to bind to LFA-1. Other assays may be performed, including the use of an antiICAM-1 antibody known to affect the LFA-1 binding capacity of ICAM-1. A suitable antibody for this purpose is, for example, RR1 / 1 [R. Rothlein et al., J. Immunol., 137, 1270-1274 (1986)], R6.5 (T. A. Springer et al., U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 07 / 250,446; USP 5,284,931), LB-2 [E. A. Clark et al., Leukocyte Typing I; Ed. A. Bemard et al., Springer Verlag, 339-346. (1984)] or CL203 [D. E. Staunton et al., Cell, 56: 849-853 (1989).

ICAM-1 deletion mutants can be produced by any of a variety of methods. However, it is more preferred that these mutants be produced by site-directed mutagenesis or other recombinant techniques (e.g., by constructing ICAM-1-expressing gene sequences lacking the coding sequences for each protein sequence). Adaptive methods for producing such mutants are well known in the art. Using these methods, three ICAM-1 deletion mutants were prepared. The first mutant lacks amino acid residues from FI85 to P284 (i.e., domain 3 is deleted). The second mutant lacks the amino acid residues P2 to 84 to R451 (i.e. domain 4 and 5 are deleted). The third mutant lacks amino acid residues after Y476 (i.e., the cytoplasmic domain is deleted). The results of these studies indicate that domains 1, 2, and 3 play a prominent role in the interaction of ICAM-1 with anti-ICAM-1 antibody and LFA-1.

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Example 34

Effect of mutations in ICAM-1 on LFA-1 binding

The ability of ICAM-1 to interact with and bind to LFA-1 is mediated by ICAM-1 amino acid residues present in the ICAM-1 molecule, Domain 1 (Figures 8, 9). and Fig. 10). However, these interactions are also enhanced by the effect of the amino acids 2 and 3 of the domain in ICAM-1. Thus, preferred functional derivatives of the present invention include soluble fragments of the ICAM-1 molecule and include the ICAM-1 domain 1, 2, and 3. More preferred are fragments of the ICAM-1 molecule containing the ICAM-1 domain 1 and 2. Most preferred are soluble fragments of the ICAM-1 molecule containing ICAM-1 domain 1. The first ICAM-1 domain contains several amino acid residues in the ICAM-1-LFA-1 interaction. Substitution of these amino acids with other amino acids alters the ability of ICAM-1 to bind to LFA-1. These amino acid residues and substitutions are shown in Figure 25. Figure 25 illustrates the effect of such mutations on the LFA-1 binding capacity of the resulting mutant ICAM-1 molecule. 23-25. In Figures 1 to 4, the groups are represented by the one letter code of the amino acids followed by the position of the group in the ICAM-1 molecule. So, for example, "E90" corresponds to a group of glutamic acids at position 90 of ICAM-1. Similarly, "E90V" refers to a dipeptide consisting of the glutamic acid group at position 90 and the valine group at position 91. The substituted sequence is indicated to the right of the broken line ("?"). Groups V4, R13, Q27, Q58 and D60S61 of ICAM-1 are involved in LFA-1 binding.

Substitution of these amino acids alters the ability of ICAM-1 to bind to LFA-1. For example, the replacement of V4 with G results in the formation of a mutant ICAM -1 molecule that is less capable of binding to LFA-1 (Figure 25). Substitution of R13 of ICAM-1 with E leads to the formation of a mutant molecule that binds LFA-1 with significantly less capacity (Figure 25). Replacement of the Q58 group of ICAM-1 with H leads to the formation of a mutant molecule that binds LFA-1 at essentially normal capacity (Figure 25). Substitution of D60S residues of ICAM-1 with KL results in a mutant molecule that binds LFA-1 with significantly lower capacity (Figure 25).

The glycosylation sites of the second domain are also involved in LFA-1 binding (Figure 23). Replacement of NIO3 with K or replacement of A155N with SV results in the formation of a mutant ICAM-1 molecule that is substantially unable to bind to LFA-1. In contrast, the replacement of the NI75 glycosylation site by A does not appear to substantially affect the LFA-1 binding property of the mutant ICAM-1.

Mutations in the third ICAM-1 domain do not significantly alter ICAM-1-LFA-1 binding (Figure 24).

Example 35

ICAM-1 multimeric forms with increased biological half-life and clearance

Chimeric molecules were constructed in which ICAM-1 domain 1 and 2 were linked to the hinge region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. In preferred embodiments, the 2 C terminus of the ICAM-1 domain is linked to the N-terminus of a hinge region in a segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, allowing for flexibility of the segments due to the hinge region. ICAM-1 domain 1 and 2 thus substitute for the Fab fragment of an antibody. Linkage to the heavy chains of IgG classes and production in animal cells will result in the production of a chimeric molecule. Production of molecules containing heavy chains of IgA or IgM origin will be more involved in the production of multimeric molecules, meaning 2-12 ICAM-1 molecules. In animal cells producing ICAM-1 heavy chain chimeric molecules, gene expression of the J chain results in properly assembled IgA and IgM multimers, which in particular represent about 10 ICAM-1 molecules containing 4-6 ICAM-1 molecules and IgM. These chimeric molecules have many advantages. First, the Ig molecules, by their very nature, remain in circulation for a long time, which improves biological half-life.

In addition, the multimeric property of the manipulated molecules results in high activity reacting with both rhinovirus and cell surface LFA-1 in the direction of therapy, greatly reducing the amount of recombinant protein required to achieve an effective dose. would need to be applied. IgA and IgM are highly glycosylated molecules normally found in mucosal sites such as nasal secretions. Their highly hydrophilic nature prevents bacteria and viruses to which they bind from attaching to cells and crossing the epithelial cell membrane barrier. Thus, they have a greater therapeutic efficacy. IgM, and especially IgA, are stable in mucous membranes and can thus increase the stability of ICAM-1 structures. Introducing such a functional derivative of ICAM-1 into the bloodstream may also increase biological half-life. IgA is not complement binding and is ideal for application as it would otherwise have adverse effects. In the event that there is a demand for an IgG H chain chimera, it would be possible to mutate the sections involved in complement binding and interaction with the Fc receptor.

Example 36

Formation of ICAM-1 mutants

Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis

The cDNA coding region of an ICAM-1 was cloned in the form of a 1.8 kb Sall-KpnI fragment

HU 217,792 Β into the CDM8 expression vector (Invitrogen V308-20) [B. Seed et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 84, 3365-3369 (1987)]. By the method of T. Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82,488-492 (1985)] modified by D. Staunton et al. (Cell, 52: 925-933 (1988)), this construct (pDC1.8) was used to prepare a single-stranded uracil-containing template for oligonucleotide mutagenesis. for use.

Briefly, strain XS 127 E. coli was transformed with pCD18.8. Individual colonies were cultured in 1 ml Luria broth (LB = Luria Borth; Difco) containing 13 pg / ml ampicillin and 8 pg / ml tetracycline until close to saturation. 100 µl of the culture was infected with helper phage R408 (Stratagene) at a 10-fold infectious dose (M0I = multiplicity of infection) and 10 ml of LB medium containing ampicillin and tetracycline was added for an additional 16 hours at 37 ° C. The culture was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1 minute, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 µm filter and the phage suspension was then used to infect BW313 / P3 E. coli cells. Cells were plated on LB agar (Difco) plates supplemented with ampicillin and tetracycline. Some colonies were spotted, grown to near saturation in ml of LB medium containing ampicillin and tetracycline, and infected with 10 MOI helper phage. At this time, the culture volume was increased to 250 ml and the cells were cultured overnight. Single-stranded DNA was isolated by standard phage extraction.

Mutant oligonucleotides were phosphorylated and used for pCD1.8 template for the synthesis of the second strand [D. E. Staunton et al., Cell 52: 925-933 (1988).

transfection

COS cells (ATCC CRL 1651) were inoculated into 10 cm tissue culture plates so that 50% of the cells were confluent after 16-24 hours. COS cells were then washed once with TBS and incubated for 4 hours in RPMI containing 10% Nu serum (Collaborative), 5 pg / ml chloroquine (chloroquine), 3 pg mutant plasmid and 200 pg / ml DEAE dextran sulfate. 1640 medium. The cells were then washed in 10% DMSO / PBS, then in PBS, and cultured in culture medium for 16 hours. The medium was then replaced with fresh medium and, 48 hours after transfection, COS cells were resuspended in trypsin / EDTA (Gibco) treatment and then plated into two 10 cm plates and 24 well tissue culture plates for HRV binding. The 72 hour cells were harvested from the 10 cm plates with 5 mM EDTA / HBSS and prepared for adhesion and immunofluorescence to LFA-1 adsorbed to the plastic.

LFA -1 and HR V bond

LFA-1 was purified from SKW-3 lysates by immunoaffinity chromatography on TS2 / 4 LFA-1 MAt Sepharose and eluted at pH11.5 with ₂ mM MgCl2 and 1% octyl glucoside. LFA-1 (10 µg / 200 µl / 6 cm plate) was bound to bacteriological Petri dishes by placing octyl glucoside in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) containing mM MgCl ₂ . It was diluted to 0.1% and incubated overnight at 4 ° C. Plates were blocked with 1% BSA (bovine serum albumin) and stored in PBS containing 2 mM MgCl ₂ , 0.2% BSA, 0.025% azide and 50 pg / ml gentamicin.

⁵ 'Cr-labeled COS cells were incubated in 5% FCS (fetal calf serum), 2 mM MgCl ₂ , 0.025% azide in PBS buffer with 5 pg / ml RRl / l and R6.5.

with or without LFA-1 coated microtiter plates at 25 ° C for 1 hour. Non-adherent cells were lysed by addition of 10 mM EDTA followed by gamma counting.

Results

The following anti-ICAM-1 antibodies were tested: RR1 / 1, R6.5, LB-2 and C1203. If these antibodies are capable of inhibiting the function of ICAM-1, they must bind to a specific site of the ICAM-1 molecule that is also important for the function of ICAM-1. Thus, by generating the deletion mutants of ICAM-1 described above and determining the extent to which the anti-ICAM-1 antibody can bind to the deleted mutant, it becomes possible to determine whether the deleted domains are important for function.

ICAM-1 is a membrane-bound protein whose extracellular domain is likely to consist of five Ig-like C domains. To determine which domains are involved in LFA-1 binding, domain 3 and domain 4 and 5 (carboxy terminal region) were deleted by function-directed oligonucleotide mutation and after expression in COS cells. In addition, the entire cytoplasmic domain was pronounced to confirm the potential influence of ICAM-1 on interactions. As expected, the deletion of the cytoplasmic domain - Y476 / * - showed no loss in RR1 / 1, R6.5, LB-2 and CL203 reactivity, but the deletion of domain 3

- F185-R451 - reduced or lost the reactivity of CL203 (Figure 20). Thus, it appears that the CL203 epitope is located in domain 4, while RR1 / 1, R6.5 and LB-2 are located in the amino-terminal domain.

Thus, all three deletion mutants showed wild-type levels of adherence to LFA-1 (Figure 21). Amino acid substitutions were also made in the β-loops presumed to be present in domains 1, 2 and 3 and tested for their function after expression in COS cells. According to this, the epitope R6.5 is localized in the EE11 IgGA sequence 2 and probably also in the domain 1 E39, whereas RR1 / 1 and LB-2 depend on the R13 group of domain 1 (Figure 22). In addition, RR1 / I binding is reduced when a mutation in the D71GQS sequence occurs. Mutations in which N103 and N165 abolish N-glycosylation sites reduce the HRV binding of RR1 / 1, R6.5 and LB-2 to LFA-1. These mutations appear to affect the process by forming ICAM-1 dimers.

Other mutations in domain 2 or 3 do not alter LFA-1 adhesion (Figures 23 and 24).

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In domain 1, the amino acids R13 and D60 are involved in LFA-1 binding (Figure 25).

Thus, it seems likely that the LFA-1 and HRV bonds are a function of the amino-terminal Ig-like domain of ICAM-1. Figure 26 shows a comparison of the amino terminal domain of ICAM-1.

While the invention has been described in connection with the specific embodiments, it is understood that the invention may be modified further, that is, any change, use or adaptation of the invention which generally follows the principles of the invention is encompassed herein. discrepancies arising from the practical knowledge and the practice of users in the field of the invention, and which may be applied in accordance with the essential principles set forth above and in the appended claims.

Claims (12)

PATENT CLAIMS A method for producing a soluble fragment of an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) which binds to LFA-1 and contains domain 1 but lacks the transmembrane domain of ICAM-1, characterized in that a microorganism encoding a fragment transformed with a recombinant vector under conditions suitable for expression of the said fragment and secretion into the medium, and isolating said fragment from the medium. The method of claim 1, wherein the human ICAM-1 domains 1 and 2, human ICAM-1 domains L, 2 and 3, human ICAM-1 domains 1, 2, A soluble ICAM-1 fragment containing domains 3 and 4 or domains 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of human ICAM-1 is prepared. The method of claim 1, wherein the soluble ICAM-1 fragment comprising the L, 2, 3, 4, and 5 domains of human ICAM-1 is produced. The method of claim 1, wherein the toxin-derivatized soluble ICAM-1 fragment is prepared. 5. A method of producing a recombinant DNA molecule encoding a soluble fragment of an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) which binds to LFA-1 and contains domain 1 but lacks the transmembrane domain of ICAM-1. characterized in that a stop codon is inserted after a codon encoding amino acid residue 452 in a recombinant DNA molecule encoding ICAM-1. 6. A method of producing an expression vector encoding a soluble fragment of an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) which comprises a recombinant DNA molecule which binds to LFA-1 and contains domain 1 but lacks the domain 1. The transmembrane domain of ICAM-1 is characterized by insertion of a recombinant DNA molecule according to claim 5 into a suitable expression vector. 7. A process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a soluble fragment of an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) as claimed in any one of claims 1-3. The active ingredient as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, alone or optionally in combination with one or more other active ingredients and / or carriers, diluents and / or other excipients commonly used in the preparation of medicaments, is formulated into a pharmaceutical composition. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the ICAM-1 has a 1-3. The soluble fragment of any one of claims 1 to 6 is formulated in combination with carriers, diluents and / or other excipients commonly used in the preparation of medicaments to form an anti-inflammatory drug. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the ICAM-1 has a 1-3. The soluble fragment of any one of claims 1 to 6, in combination with carriers, diluents and / or other excipients commonly used in the preparation of drugs, is formulated into a pharmaceutical composition for suppressing metastasis of a hematopoietic tumor cell. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the ICAM-1 has a 1-3. A soluble fragment of any one of claims 1 to 7 and optionally another anti-inflammatory agent, in combination with an immunosuppressive agent, carriers, diluents and / or other excipients commonly used in the preparation of a medicament for treating inflammation resulting from a specific or non-specific defense system response. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the anti-inflammatory agent is an antibody or antibody fragment that binds to ICAM-1, an ICAM-1, an ICAM-1 as defined in any one of claims 1-3. A soluble fragment prepared according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or a non-immunoglobulin antagonist of ICAM-1, an antibody binding to LFA-1 or a functional derivative of such antibody, or a non-immunoglobulin antagonist of LFA-1, dexamethasone, azathioprine or cyclosporin used. 12. A method for diagnosing the presence and position of a tumor cell expressing a member of the LFA-1 family of molecules in a tissue sample of an individual suspected of having such a cell. (i) a tissue sample of said individual is provided in accordance with sections 1-3 of ICAM-1; incubated in the presence of a detectably labeled derivative prepared according to any one of claims 1 to 5; and ii) detecting the labeled derivative bound to the LFA-1 family of molecules present in the tissue sample.