HRP931036A2 - Protective connection for electric networks or consumers - Google Patents
Protective connection for electric networks or consumers Download PDFInfo
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- HRP931036A2 HRP931036A2 HRP931036A HRP931036A2 HR P931036 A2 HRP931036 A2 HR P931036A2 HR P931036 A HRP931036 A HR P931036A HR P931036 A2 HRP931036 A2 HR P931036A2
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Description
Oblast tehnike iz koje je izum The technical field from which the invention originated
Predmet izuma spada u oblast razvođenja električne energije, a preciznije u oblast električnih zaštitnih veza. The subject of the invention belongs to the field of electrical power distribution, and more precisely to the field of electrical protective connections.
Prema međunarodnoj klasifikaciji patenata oblast tehnike iz koje je izum označena je H02 H 3/00. According to the international classification of patents, the field of technology from which the invention originated is designated H02 H 3/00.
Predmet izuma odnosi se na električnu zaštitnu vezu za električne mreže i trošila izvedenu u glavnom sklopnom polju i sklopnim jedinicama pri čemu se u glavnom sklopnom polju prvi ulazni priključci, koji su priključeni na fazne priključke sekundara energetskog transformatora, preko glavnih kontakata glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže i preko primara strujnog transformatora priključeni na prve izlazne priključke polja, koji su priključeni na sabirnice faznih vodiča u prvom razvodu, dok je drugom ulaznom priključku polja, koji je priključen na zvjezdište sekundara energetskog transformatora, odgovarajući izlazni priključak polja priključen na sabirnice zaštitnog vodiča odnosno zaštitnog nulvodiča i pri čemu su u sklopnim jedinicama prvi ulazni priključci, koji su priključeni na sabirnice, preko glavnog kontakta sklopnog aparata i preko primara strujnog transformatora priključeni na izlazne priključke jedinica, dok je drugi ulazni priključak jedinica, koji je priključen na drugi izlazni priključak glavnog sklopnog polja, priključen na drugi izlazni priključak jedinica, pri čemu prvi i drugi izlazni priključci predstavljaju priključke za fazne vodiče odnosno zaštitni vodič za trošilo, specijalno trošilo, pomično trošilo i za električni ogranak slijedećeg razvoda, i pri čemu je istosmjeran izlaz prvog uzemljenog izvora istosmjernog napona u glavnom sklopnom polju odnosno u sklopnoj jedinici priključen na prvi priključak mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže odnosno sklopnog aparata, dok je izmjeničan ulaz tog izvora priključen na prvi ulazni priključak polja odnosno jedinice za jednu od faza. The subject of the invention relates to an electrical protective connection for electrical networks and consumers performed in the main switching field and switching units, whereby in the main switching field the first input connections, which are connected to the phase connections of the secondary of the power transformer, via the main contacts of the main protective switch of the network and through the primary of the current transformer, connected to the first field output connections, which are connected to the busbars of the phase conductors in the first distribution, while the second input field connection, which is connected to the star of the secondary of the energy transformer, has the corresponding field output connection connected to the busbars of the protective conductor, i.e. the protective neutral conductor and where in the switching units the first input connections, which are connected to the busbars, are connected to the output connections of the units via the main contact of the switching apparatus and via the primary of the current transformer, while the second input connection of the unit is connected to the second output the switch of the main switching field, connected to the second output port of the units, where the first and second output ports represent connections for phase conductors, i.e. protective conductor for consumer, special consumer, mobile consumer and for the electrical branch of the next distribution, and where the DC output of the first grounded source of DC voltage in the main switching field or in the switching unit is connected to the first connection of the static contact of the main protective circuit breaker of the network or switching device, while the alternating input of this source is connected to the first input connection of the field or unit for one of the phases.
Tehnički problem Technical problem
Tehnički problem izuma postoji u tome kako konstrukcijski izvesti električnu zaštitnu vezu za nisko i srednje naponske električne mreže različitih vrsta i za trošila, The technical problem of the invention is how to design the electrical protective connection for low and medium voltage electrical networks of various types and for consumers,
- da će biti osigurana zaštita od preopterećenja, od zemljo-spoja i od kratkog spoja kao i trajna kontrola integriteta uzemljenja i otpora izolacije električne mreže prema zemlji pomoću određivanja podataka o stanju mreže koji mogu pretvoreni podesljivim pragom u signale pretkazati grešku u električnoj mreži, - that protection against overload, earth-fault and short-circuit will be ensured, as well as permanent control of the integrity of the grounding and insulation resistance of the electrical network to the ground by determining the data on the state of the network, which can be converted by an adjustable threshold into signals to indicate a fault in the electrical network,
- i da će kompleksna funkcija upravljanja biti određena u mikroelektronskom kontrolno signalnom sklopu interakcionim istovremenim ili sekvencijalnim procesiranjem ulaznih podataka o stanju mreže i će ta funkcija upravljanja na taj način predstavljati odaziv na više grešaka skupa tako da će biti osigurano selektivno isključivanje ogranaka sa greškom, - and that the complex control function will be determined in the microelectronic control signal assembly by interactive simultaneous or sequential processing of input data on the state of the network and that control function will thus represent a response to multiple set errors so that selective disconnection of the branches with the error will be ensured,
- i da će biti podaci o stanju mreže sposobni za teleprijenos radi obrade u kompjuteru. - and that data on the state of the network will be capable of teletransmission for computer processing.
Pri navedenom treba voditi računa još o tome da neka With the above, care should also be taken to ensure that
- se vrijeme isklopa ogranka kod preopterećenja može podesiti nezavisno od struje preopterećenja; - the branch shutdown time in case of overload can be adjusted independently of the overload current;
- kod zemljospoja u vremenu do 100 ms usljedi pouzdano aktiviranje zaštite kod zemljospojne struje 30 mA ali uz potpunu selektivnost isklopa od napona po paralelnim ograncima i sa signalizacijom zemljospoja bez isklopa od napona u slučaju da čovjek nije ugrožen; - in the event of an earth fault in a time of up to 100 ms due to the reliable activation of the protection at an earth fault current of 30 mA, but with complete selectivity of disconnection from the voltage in parallel branches and with signaling of an earth fault without disconnection from the voltage in case the person is not endangered;
- je kod kratkog spoja čak i kod jednakih nazivnih vrijednosti struje u različitim ograncima osigurana selektivnost kod isklopa od napona temeljeći na logičkoj obradi ulaska i izlaska struje kratkog spoja iz štićenog ogranka; - in the case of a short circuit, even with the same rated current values in different branches, selectivity is ensured in case of disconnection from the voltage based on the logical processing of the entry and exit of the short circuit current from the protected branch;
- je uklop ili isklop ogranka ovisno o vrsti električne mreže uvjetovan rezultatom kontrole integriteta uzemljenja i izolacionog otpora faznih vodiča prema zemlji. - depending on the type of electrical network, the connection or disconnection of the branch depends on the result of checking the integrity of the grounding and the insulation resistance of the phase conductors to the ground.
Stanje tehnike State of the art
Električna zaštita od greške, električna zaštita od previsokih dodirnih napona kao i kontrola integriteta uzemljenja i kontrola otpora izolacije električne mreže prema zemlji u nisko i srednje naponskim električnim mrežama i na trošilima rješavane su po stanju tehnike parcijalno. Zbog toga postojeća električna zaštita u kompleksnim električnim mrežama dovodi i do nepotrebnih i neselektivnih isklopa cijele mreže. Electrical fault protection, electrical protection against excessively high contact voltages, as well as control of the integrity of the grounding and control of the insulation resistance of the electrical network to the ground in low and medium voltage electrical networks and on consumers are partially solved according to the state of the art. This is why existing electrical protection in complex electrical networks leads to unnecessary and indiscriminate shutdowns of the entire network.
Te zaštite i kontrole prvenstveno ovise o uzemljenosti izvora električne mreže i trošila. Prema oznakama međunarodne klasifikacije (publikacija IEC 364) električne mreže IT nisu uzemljene ili su uzemljene preko otpora za ograničenje struje greške, a električne TN, TT uzemljene su. These protections and controls primarily depend on the grounding of the source of the electrical network and consumers. According to the markings of the international classification (publication IEC 364), IT electrical networks are not grounded or are grounded through a resistance to limit the fault current, and electrical TN, TT are grounded.
U električnim mrežama provodi se električna zaštita od pre-opterećenja, od zemljospoja u vidu indirektnog ili direktnog dodira i od kratkog spoja. In electrical networks, electrical protection against overload, against earth fault in the form of indirect or direct contact and against short circuit is carried out.
Zaštita od preopterećenja provodi se neovisno o sistemu električne mreže bimetalnim relejima. Nedostatak takve zaštite je u tome da vrijeme isključenja zbog imanentnog konačnog nagiba krivulje djelovanja bimetala zavisi o graničnoj vrijednosti električne struje preopterećenja. Overload protection is carried out independently of the electrical network system by means of bimetallic relays. The disadvantage of such protection is that the disconnection time due to the immanent final slope of the bimetal action curve depends on the limit value of the electrical overload current.
Zaštita od oba vida zemljospoja kod električnih mreža TN, TT provodi se strujnom ili naponskom zaštitnom sklopkom. Takva zaštita je efikasna, ali može zbog osjetljivosti zaštitne sklopke unositi tehnološke smetnje nepotrebnim i neselektivnim isklopima, npr. kod atmosferskog pražnjenja, udara u mrežu, statičkog elektriciteta, elektromagnetne indukcije. Iz navedenog razloga i zbog smanjenja troškova može se zaštita od zemljospoja u vidu indirektnog dodira kod pomenutih električnih mreža provesti nulovanjem odnosno uzemljenjem trošila čime se zaštita od zemljospoja u obliku indirektnog dodira svodi na zaštitu od kratkog spoja. Međutim uprkos dovoljnom dimenzioniranju faznih vodiča električne mreže odnosno malom otporu petlje struje greške pojavljuje se visok napon indirektnog dodira. Protection against both types of earth fault in TN, TT electrical networks is carried out by a current or voltage protection switch. Such protection is efficient, but due to the sensitivity of the protective switch, it can introduce technological disturbances through unnecessary and non-selective shutdowns, eg in the case of atmospheric discharge, impact to the network, static electricity, electromagnetic induction. For the stated reason and to reduce costs, earth fault protection in the form of indirect contact can be implemented in the mentioned electrical networks by zeroing or grounding the consumer, which reduces the protection against earth fault in the form of indirect contact to short circuit protection. However, despite the sufficient dimensioning of the phase conductors of the electrical network, i.e. the low resistance of the fault current loop, a high indirect contact voltage appears.
Zaštita od zemljospoja kod električnih mreža IT vrši se mrežnim kontrolnikom. Mrežni kontrolnik kod zaštite od zemljospoja u vidu direktnog dodira mora reagirati na brzinu promjene izolacionog otpora električne mreže prema zemlji; reagiranje na razinu tog otpora uslijed velike vremenske konstante električne mreže naime nije dovoljno brzo. Takvo rešenje opisano je u patentnom spisu YU 35 408. Nedostatak navedene električne zaštite je u tome da se kontrola izolacionog otpora vrši za cijelu električnu mrežu jedne trafostanice i kod zemljospoja električna zaštita nije selektivna. Earth fault protection in IT electrical networks is performed by a network controller. In the case of earth fault protection in the form of direct contact, the network controller must react to the rate of change of the insulation resistance of the electrical network to the ground; reacting to the level of this resistance due to the large time constant of the electrical network is not fast enough. Such a solution is described in the patent document YU 35 408. The disadvantage of the mentioned electrical protection is that the control of the insulation resistance is performed for the entire electrical network of one substation and in case of an earth fault the electrical protection is not selective.
Zaštita od kratkog spoja provodi se neovisno o sistemu električne mreže rastalnim osiguračem ili elektromagnetskim okidačem. Za postizanje kratkog vremena prekida rastalni osigurač zbog konačnog nagiba svoje karakteristike traži velike struje kratkog spoja što poskupljuje električnu mrežu. Pojava električnog luka na mjestu kratkog spoja međutim zbog otpora električnog luka čak dovodi u pitanje brzo djelovanje zaštite, a time se povećava razorno termičko djelovanje električne struje. Nedostatak skupog elektromagnetskog okidača pak je u tome da nije precizno podesiv, tako da se koristi samo u kombinaciji sa prekidačem. Da bi se postigla selektivnost u is-klapanju električne mreže tako rastalni osigurači kao i elektromagnetski okidači po nivou isključivanja međusobno trebaju se razlikovati za dva reda veličine. Short-circuit protection is carried out independently of the electrical network system by means of a fuse or an electromagnetic trigger. In order to achieve a short interruption time, the disconnection fuse, due to the final slope of its characteristic, requires large short-circuit currents, which increases the cost of the electrical network. The appearance of an electric arc at the point of a short circuit, however, due to the resistance of the electric arc, even calls into question the quick action of the protection, and thus increases the destructive thermal effect of the electric current. The disadvantage of an expensive electromagnetic trigger is that it is not precisely adjustable, so it is only used in combination with a switch. In order to achieve selectivity in switching off the electrical network, both fuses and electromagnetic triggers should differ from each other by two orders of magnitude.
Integritet uzemljenja po stanju tehnike kontrolira se pilotskim strujnim krugom kontrolnika kabela (N.Marinović, Rudarska elektrotehnika, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1982, str. 475-7) samo na specijalnim trošilima koja se za vrijeme pogona pomiču, npr. u rudnicima na strojevima za kopanje rudne sup-stance. ispravno uzemljenje garantira bezopasnost napona dodira i ispravnost električne zaštite od previsokih napona dodira. Kod trošila u električnoj mreži IT povremeno se vizualno provjerava priključenje zaštitnog vodiča tog trošila na uzemljivač; povremeno se mjeri i otpor uzemljenja koji smije davati dozvoljeni napon dodira, npr. 50 V kod struje greške koja odgovara kapacitivnoj struji električne mreže IT. Povremena kontrola uzemljenosti nije nikada dovoljno pouzdana jer prekid uzemljenja unosi dodatnu opasnost budući da paralizira zaštitu. According to the state of the art, the integrity of the grounding is controlled by the pilot circuit of the cable controller (N.Marinović, Rudarska elektrohtekhnika, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1982, p. 475-7) only on special appliances that move during operation, e.g. in mines on machines for mining ore substance. proper grounding guarantees the safety of touch voltages and the correctness of electrical protection against excessively high touch voltages. In the case of consumers in the IT electrical network, the connection of the protective conductor of that consumer to the grounding device is periodically checked visually; periodically, the grounding resistance is also measured, which may give the permitted contact voltage, for example 50 V at the fault current that corresponds to the capacitive current of the electrical network IT. Intermittent earthing control is never reliable enough, because the interruption of the earthing introduces additional danger since it paralyzes the protection.
Izolacioni otpor prema zemlji pojedinih faza električne mreže kontrolira se istosmjernim naponom iz posebnog izvora trajno kod električnih mreža IT i samo prije uklopa u mrežama TT i TN. Upotrebljavaju se mrežni kontrolnici (N.Marinovič, Rudarska elektrotehnika, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1982, str. 472-5). The insulation resistance to earth of individual phases of the electrical network is controlled by DC voltage from a special source permanently for IT electrical networks and only before connection in TT and TN networks. Network controllers are used (N.Marinovič, Rudarska elektrohtekhnika, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1982, pp. 472-5).
Opis rješenja tehničkog problema s primjerima izvedbe Description of the solution to the technical problem with performance examples
Tehnički problem je riješen električnom zaštitnom vezom za električne mreže i trošila, izvedenom u glavnom sklopnom polju i sklopnim jedinicama pri čemu su u glavnom sklopnom polju prvi ulazni priključci, koji su priključeni na fazne priključke sekundara energetskog transformatora, preko glavnih kontakata glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže i preko primara strujnog transformatora priključeni na prve izlazne priključke, koji su priključeni na sabirnice faznih vodiča u prvom razvodu, dok je drugom ulaznom priključku, koji je priključen na zvjezdište sekundara energetskog transformatora, odgovarajući izlazni priključak priključen na sabirnice zaštitnog vodiča odnosno zaštitnog nulvodiča, i pri čemu su u sklopnim jedinicama prvi ulazni priključci, koji su priključeni na sabirnice, preko glavnog kontakta sklopnog aparata i preko primara strujnog transformatora priključeni na izlazne priključke, dok je drugi ulazni priključak, koji je priključen na drugi izlazni priključak glavnog sklopnog polja, priključen na drugi izlazni priključak pri čemu prvi i drugi izlazni priključci predstavljaju priključke za fazne vodiče odnosno zaštitni vodič za trošilo, specijalno trošilo, pomično trošilo i za električni ogranak slijedećeg razvoda, i pri čemu je istosmjeran izlaz prvog uzemljenog izvora istosmjernog napona u glavnom sklopnom polju odnosno u sklopnoj jedinici priključen na prvi priključak mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže odnosno sklopnog aparata, dok je izmjeničan ulaz tog izvora priključen na prvi ulazni priključak jedne od faza, i koja je karakteristična po tome što su izlazni priključci pojedinih faza primara strujnog transformatora priključeni na prve priključke prvih prigušnica kojih drugi priključci su međusobno spojeni u nultoj točci glavnog sklopnog polja odnosno sklopne jedinice, i što je mikroelektronskom kontrolno signalnom sklopu glavnog sklopnog polja odnosno sklopne jedinice prvi ulaz priključen na priključak sekundara strujnog transformatora, drugi ulaz priključen na drugi priključak mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže odnosno sklopnog aparata, četvrti ulaz u kontrolno signalnom sklopu u glavnom sklopnom polju priključen na ulazni priključak glavnog sklopnog polja koji je priključen na sabirnice za kontrolni signal, dok je četvrti ulaz u kontrolno signalnom sklopu sklopne jedinice za priključenje električnog ogranka slijedećeg razvoda priključen na treći ulazni priključak te jedinice za kontrolni signal slijedećeg razvoda, peti ulaz u kontrolno signalnom sklopu sklopne jedinice za priključenje električnog ogranka slijedećeg razvoda priključen na treći ulazni priključak te jedinice za kontrolni signal slijedećeg razvoda, peti ulaz u kontrolno signalnom sklopu glavnog sklopnog polja priključen na prvi priključak karakterističnog otpornika kojeg drugi priključak je uzemljen, dok je peti ulaz u kontrolno signalnom sklopu sklopne jedinice vezan na četvrti ulazni priključak te sklopne jedinice za signal kontrole uzemljenja i osmi ulaz uzemljen, a prvi izlaz kontrolno signalnog sklopa priključen na uklopno-isklopni priključak glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže odnosno sklopnog aparata, drugi izlaz priključen na isklopni priključak glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže odnosno sklopnog aparata, a njegovi treći i četvrti izlaz su priključeni na isklopni odnosno resetirni priključak bistabilnog releja kojeg mirni kontakt je priključen na isklopni priključak glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže odnosno sklopnog aparata i njegovi peti, šesti i sedmi izlaz su priključeni na signalna svjetla. The technical problem was solved by an electrical protective connection for electrical networks and consumers, carried out in the main switching field and switching units, where in the main switching field are the first input connections, which are connected to the phase connections of the secondary of the energy transformer, via the main contacts of the main network protective switch and through the primary of the current transformer, connected to the first output ports, which are connected to the busbars of the phase conductors in the first distribution, while the second input port, which is connected to the star of the secondary of the power transformer, has the corresponding output port connected to the busbars of the protective conductor or protective neutral conductor, and where in the switching units the first input ports, which are connected to the busbars, are connected to the output ports via the main contact of the switching device and via the primary of the current transformer, while the second input port, which is connected to the second output port of the main switching pole i, connected to the second output connection, whereby the first and second output connections are connections for phase conductors, i.e. protective conductors for consumer, special consumer, mobile consumer and for the electrical branch of the next distribution, and wherein the direct output of the first grounded source of direct voltage in the main in the switching field or in the switching unit connected to the first connection of the static contact of the main protective circuit breaker of the network or the switching apparatus, while the alternating input of that source is connected to the first input connection of one of the phases, and which is characterized by the fact that the output connections of individual phases are the primary of the current transformer connected to the first connections of the first chokes whose other connections are connected to each other at the zero point of the main switching field or switching unit, and which is the microelectronic control signal assembly of the main switching field or switching unit the first input is connected to the secondary connection of the current transformer, second and the input connected to the second connection of the static contact of the main protective circuit breaker, i.e. the switchgear, the fourth input in the control signal assembly in the main switching field connected to the input connection of the main switching field which is connected to the control signal buses, while the fourth input in the control signal assembly switching unit for connecting the electrical branch of the next distribution connected to the third input port and the unit for the control signal of the next distribution, the fifth input in the control signal assembly of the switching unit for connecting the electrical branch of the next distribution connected to the third input port and the unit for the control signal of the next distribution, fifth input in the control signal assembly of the main switching field connected to the first connection of the characteristic resistor whose second connection is grounded, while the fifth input in the control signal assembly of the switching unit is connected to the fourth input connection of the switching unit for the ground control signal The first and eighth inputs are grounded, and the first output of the control signal circuit is connected to the on-off connection of the main network protective switch, i.e. the switchgear, the second output is connected to the disconnection port of the main network protective switch, i.e. the switchgear, and its third and fourth outputs are connected to the i.e. the reset connection of the bistable relay whose non-stop contact is connected to the disconnecting connection of the main network protective switch, i.e. the switchgear and its fifth, sixth and seventh outputs are connected to the signal lights.
Električna zaštitna veza po izumu je nadalje karakteristična po tome što je u sklopnim jedinicama prvi priključak radnog kontakta bistabilnog releja uzemljen a njegov drugi priključak priključen je na prvi priključak karakterističnog otpornika kojeg drugi priključak je preko izlaznog priključka jedinice priključen na sabirnice za kontrolni signal i što je drugi priključak mirnog kontakta sklopnog aparata spojen sa prvim priključkom primara transformatora kojeg drugi priključak primara je spojen sa nultom točkom sklopne jedinice i kojeg sekundarni priključak je spojen sa trećim ulazom kontrolno signalnog sklopa, i što je obuhvaćajući fazne vodiče između strujnog transformatora i prvih priključaka prvih prigušnica namješten obuhvatni transformator kojeg priključak je priključen na sedmi ulaz kontrolno signalnog sklopa. The electrical protective connection according to the invention is further characterized by the fact that in the switching units the first connection of the working contact of the bistable relay is grounded, and its second connection is connected to the first connection of the characteristic resistor, the second connection of which is connected to the control signal buses via the output connection of the unit, and which is the second connection of the static contact of the switching device is connected to the first connection of the primary transformer whose second connection of the primary is connected to the zero point of the switching unit and whose secondary connection is connected to the third input of the control signal circuit, and which includes the phase conductors between the current transformer and the first connections of the first chokes equipped comprehensive transformer whose connection is connected to the seventh input of the control signal circuit.
Električna zaštitna veza po izumu je nadalje karakteristična i po tome što je u sklopnoj jedinici za priključenje trošila peti ulaz kontrolno signalnog sklopa priključen na prvi priključak karakterističnog otpornika kojeg drugi priključak je priključen na četvrti ulazni priključak sklopne jedinice, i što je u sklopnoj jedinici sklopni aparat sklopnik. The electrical protective connection according to the invention is also characterized by the fact that the fifth input of the control signal circuit is connected to the first connection of the characteristic resistor, the second connection of which is connected to the fourth input connection of the switching unit, and that the switching unit has a switching device switch.
Električna zaštitna veza po izumu karakteristična je po tome što je u sklopnoj jedinici za priključenje električnog ogranka slijedećeg razvoja sklopni aparat zaštitni prekidač. The electrical protective connection according to the invention is characterized by the fact that in the switching unit for connecting the electrical branch of the next development, the switching device is a protective switch.
Električna zaštitna veza po izumu i varijanti I karakteristična je po tome što je u glavnom sklopnom polju prve vrste na drugi izlazni priključak polja priključen prvi priključak potenciometra kojeg odvojak je priključen na šesti ulaz kontrolno signalnog sklopa i kojeg drugi priključak je po jednoj strani priključen preko ommetra i druge prigušnice na drugi ulazni priključak tog polja a po drugoj strani na istosmjerni izlaz uzemljenog drugog izvora istosmjernog napona dok je izmjeničan ulaz izvora priključen na prvi ulazni priključak polja za jednu od faza, i što je u glavnom sklopnom polju prve vrste drugi priključak mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže spojen sa nultom točkom mreže. The electrical protective connection according to the invention and variant I is characterized by the fact that in the main switching field of the first type, the first connection of the potentiometer is connected to the second output connection of the field, the branch of which is connected to the sixth input of the control signal circuit, and the second connection of which is connected on one side via an ohmmeter and other chokes to the second input connection of that field and on the other hand to the direct output of the grounded second source of direct voltage, while the alternating input of the source is connected to the first input connection of the field for one of the phases, and which in the main switching field of the first type is the second connection of the static contact of the main network protective switch connected to the zero point of the network.
Električna zaštitna veza po izumu i varijanti II karakteristična je po tome što je u glavnom sklopnom polju druge vrste drugi priključak mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača mreže spojen sa prvim priključkom primara transformatora kojeg drugi priključak je spojen sa nultom točkom mreže i kojeg sekundarni priključak je spojen sa trećim ulazom kontrolno signalnog sklopa, i što je obuhvaćajući fazne vodiče između strujnog transformatora i prvih priključaka prigušnica namješten obuhvatni transformator kojeg priključak je priključen na sedmi ulaz kontrolno signalnog sklopa, i što je drugi ulazni priključak polja spojen sa drugim izlaznim priključkom tog polja. The electrical protective connection according to the invention and variant II is characterized by the fact that in the main switching field of the second type, the second connection of the static contact of the main protective switch of the network is connected to the first connection of the primary of the transformer whose second connection is connected to the zero point of the network and whose secondary connection is connected to by the third input of the control signal circuit, and that a comprehensive transformer is arranged covering the phase conductors between the current transformer and the first connections of the choke, whose terminal is connected to the seventh input of the control signal circuit, and that the second input terminal of the field is connected to the second output terminal of that field.
Prednost električne zaštitne veze za električne mreže i trošila po izumu je pre svega u tome što je selektivna jer na osnovi logičke obrade interaktivno povezujući više podataka za ocjenu greške pouzdano ukazuje na mjesto greške po paralelnim granama i u nizu do trošila. Veza po izumu nadalje omogućuje i trajnu kontrolu stanja električne mreže čime se može pretkazati i reagirati na grešku dok još nije destruktivna. Zbog trajne kontrole integriteta uzemljenja trošila i uzemljivača kao i trajne kontrole izolacionog otpora mreže prema zemlji predložena električna zaštitna veza u električnim mrežama IT univerzalno je primenljiva na električne mreže IT niskog i srednjeg napona za industrijsku i konzumnu potrošnju jer je veoma izražena zaštita za ljude i postrojenja. Prednosno se specijalna trošila, na npr. hladnjaci, uređaji za elektronsku obradu podataka, uređaji za izvođenje kemijskih procesa, kod zemljospoja ne isključuju imajući i dalje zaštitu od indirektnog dodira dok se zaštita od direktnog dodira osigurava na pr. mehaničkim preprekama. Ostala trošila se međutim kod prve pojave zemljospoja isključuje čime se smanjuje vjerojatnost kratkog spoja što je posebno važno u prostorima ugroženima požarom i eksplozijom. Dalja prednost električne zaštitne veze po izumu je u tome da je logika mikro-elektronskog kontrolno signalnog sklopa jedinstvena a i po izvedbi jednaka za sve vrste električnih mreža s time što se tu logiku odredi projektom instalacije ili uređaja. The advantage of the electrical protective connection for electrical networks and consumers according to the invention is first of all that it is selective, because based on logical processing, interactively connecting multiple data for error evaluation, it reliably indicates the location of the fault in parallel branches and in series to the consumer. The connection according to the invention also enables permanent control of the state of the electrical network, which can be used to predict and react to a fault before it is yet destructive. Due to the permanent control of the integrity of the earthing of the consumer and the grounding device, as well as the permanent control of the insulation resistance of the network to the ground, the proposed electrical protective connection in IT electrical networks is universally applicable to low and medium voltage IT electrical networks for industrial and consumer consumption because it is a very pronounced protection for people and plants . In particular, special consumables, such as refrigerators, devices for electronic data processing, devices for performing chemical processes, are not switched off in the event of a ground fault, still having protection against indirect contact, while protection against direct contact is ensured, for example. mechanical obstacles. However, the other consumables are switched off at the first occurrence of an earth fault, which reduces the probability of a short circuit, which is especially important in areas threatened by fire and explosion. A further advantage of the electrical protective connection according to the invention is that the logic of the micro-electronic control signal circuit is unique and the execution is the same for all types of electrical networks, with the fact that this logic is determined by the project of the installation or device.
Izum detaljnije je opisan na primjerima izvedbe prikazanima na priloženom nacrtu u kome prikazuje The invention is described in more detail on the implementation examples shown on the attached drawing in which it shows
sl. 1, 2 električnu zaštitnu vezu za električnu mrežu i trošila po izumu i varijantama I odnosno II u glavnom sklopnom polju iza energetskog transformatora i shematski u sklopnim jedinicama za električnu mrežu iza prvog razvoda kao i za trošila različitih vrsta, Fig. 1, 2 electrical protective connection for the electrical network and consumers according to the invention and variants I and II respectively in the main switching field behind the energy transformer and schematically in the switching units for the electrical network behind the first distribution as well as for consumers of different types,
sl. 3 električnu zaštitnu vezu po izumu u sklopnim jedinicama. Fig. 3 shows the electrical protective connection according to the invention in the switching units.
Na sl. 1 i 2 prikazana su glavna sklopna polja GSP1 odnosno GSP2, sabirnice i sklopne jedinice SJ, SJ' prvog razvoda u električnim mrežama IT odnosno TNS u kojima je izvedena električna zaštitna veza za mrežu i trošila po izumu. Pomoću sklopnih jedinica SJ, SJ' priključuju se trošila TR, specijalna trošila STR i pomična trošila PTR odnosno električni ogranci R slijedećeg razvoda. Fazni priključci sekundara energetskog transformatora TR priključeni su preko ulaznih priključaka U1 glavnog sklopnog polja GSP1; GSP2 i preko glavnih kontakata glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže i preko primara strujnog transformatora ST na izlazne priključke 11 istog sklopnog polja. Priključci 11 priključeni su na sabirnice L1, L2, L3 faznih vodiča u prvom razvodu. Zvjezdište Z sekundara energetskog transformatora TS pak je priključeno na ulazni priključak U2 glavnog sklopnog polja GSP1; GSP2 dok je ulaznom priključku U2 odgovarajući izlazni priključak 12 istog polja priključen na sabirnice ZV; ZN zaštitnog vodiča odnosno zaštitnog nultog vodiča. Sabirnice ZV; ZN priključene su na glavni uzemljivač Rz zaštitnog uzemljenja mreže. Na sabirnice L1, L2, L3 priključeni ulazni priključci u1 (sl. 3) sklopnih jedinica SJ, SJ' priključeni su preko glavnih kontakata sklopnog aparata b odnosno b' preko primara strujnog transformatora st na izlazne priključke 11 tih jedinica, dok je njihov ulazni priključak u2, koji je priključen na izlazni priključak 12 glavnog sklopnog polja, priključen na izlazni priključak i2 tih jedinica. Izlazni priključci 11 i 12 sklopnih jedinica SJ, SJ' predstavljaju priključke za fazne vodiče i za zaštitni vodič trošila TR, specijalnog trošila STR koje se isključuje samo kod kratkog spoja ili pomičnog trošila PTR u slučaju sklopne jedinice SJ odnosno električnog ogranka R slijedećeg razvoda u slučaju sklopne jedinice SJ'. Istosmjeran izlaz uzemljenog izvora IN, in istosmjernog napona m za kontrolu izolacije prije uklopa napona u glavnom sklopnom polju odnosno u sklopnim jedinicama priključen je na prvi priključak mirnog kontakta prekidača B1 odnosno sklopnog aparata b, b', dok je izmjeničan ulaz izvora IN, in priključen na priključak U1 odn. u1 jedne od faza. Fig. 1 and 2 show the main switching fields GSP1 and GSP2, busbars and switching units SJ, SJ' of the first distribution in the electrical networks IT and TNS in which the electrical protective connection for the network and consumers according to the invention is performed. With the help of switching units SJ, SJ', consumers TR, special consumers STR and movable consumers PTR, or electrical branches R of the following distribution, are connected. The phase connections of the secondary of the power transformer TR are connected via the input connections U1 of the main switching field GSP1; GSP2 and through the main contacts of the main protective switch B1 of the network and through the primary of the current transformer ST to the output connections 11 of the same switching field. Terminals 11 are connected to busbars L1, L2, L3 of the phase conductors in the first distribution. The constellation Z of the secondary of the power transformer TS is connected to the input port U2 of the main switching field GSP1; GSP2, while the corresponding output port 12 of the same field is connected to the ZV buses; ZN of the protective conductor or protective neutral conductor. ZV buses; ZN are connected to the main earthing conductor Rz of the protective earthing of the network. The input ports u1 (fig. 3) of the switching units SJ, SJ' connected to the busbars L1, L2, L3 are connected via the main contacts of the switching device b and b' via the primary of the current transformer st to the output ports 11 of those units, while their input port is u2, which is connected to the output terminal 12 of the main switching field, connected to the output terminal i2 of those units. The output connections 11 and 12 of the switching units SJ, SJ' are the connections for the phase conductors and for the protective conductor of the consumer TR, the special consumer STR that is switched off only in case of a short circuit or the movable consumer PTR in the case of the switching unit SJ, that is, the electrical branch R of the following distribution in the case switching units SJ'. The direct output of the grounded source IN, in of the direct voltage m for insulation control before switching on the voltage in the main switching field, i.e. in the switching units, is connected to the first connection of the static contact of the switch B1, i.e. the switching device b, b', while the alternating input of the source IN, in is connected to connection U1 or in one of the phases.
Spojevi električne zaštitne veza za električnu mrežu i trošila po izumu koji se nalaze u glavnim sklopnim poljima obje varijante i svim sklopnim jedinicama su slijedeći. Izlazni priključci pojedinih faza primara strujnog transformatora ST, st radećeg u režimu praznog hoda, to jest priključci okrenuti prema izlaznim priključcima 11 odn. i1 priključeni su na prve priključke prigušnica PR1, PR2, PR3 odn. pri, pr2, pr3- Drugi priključci tih prigušnica međusobno su spojeni tvoreći nultu točku 0, o glavnog sklopnog polja odn. sklopne jedinice. The connections of electrical protective connections for the electrical network and consumers according to the invention, which are located in the main switching fields of both variants and all switching units, are as follows. The output connections of individual phases of the primary of the current transformer ST, ST operating in idle mode, that is, the connections facing the output connections 11 or i1 are connected to the first connections of chokes PR1, PR2, PR3 or pri, pr2, pr3- The other connections of these chokes are connected to each other forming the zero point 0, o of the main switching field or. switching units.
Nadalje je u glavnom sklopnom polju GSP1, GSP2 i u sklopnim jedinicama SJ, SJ' predviđen mikroelektronski kontrolno signalni sklop KSS odn. kss sa tabelarno opisanim funkcijama upravljanja u zavisnosti od ulaznih podataka o greškama u električnoj mreži. Izvedba kontrolno signalnog sklopa može biti hibridna upotrebom postojećih integriranih sklopova ili namjenska s fiksiranim programom. Na njegov visoko omski ulaz 1 priključen je priključak sekundara strujnog transformatora ST odn. st. Drugi priključak mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže odnosno sklopnog aparata b, b' priključen je na ulaz 2 pomenutog sklopa KSS odn. kss. Ulaz 4 u kontrolno signalni sklop KSS priključen je na ulazni priključak U3 glavnog sklopnog polja, a priključak U3 priključen je na sabirnice Sk za kontrolni signal k; ulaz 4 u sklop kss sklopne jedinice SJ' međutim spojen je ulaznim priključkom u3 te jedinice na koga se dovodi signal k slijedećeg razvoda. Ulaz 5 u sklopu KSS priključen je na prvi priključak korekturnog otpornika Rk' spojenog drugim priključkom sa pomoćnim uzemljivačem Rp. Ulaz 8 je uzemljen. Izlaz 1' sklopa KSS, kss priključen je na uklopno-isklopni priključak, a izlaz 2' na isklopni priključak glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže odn. sklopnog aparata b, b'. Izlaz 3' sklopa KSS, kss priključen je na isklopni priključak, a izlaz 4' na resetirni priključak bistabilnog releja BR odnosno br kojeg mirni kontakt je priključen na isklopni priključak glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže odn. sklopnog aparata b, b'. Izlazi 5', 6' i 7' priključeni su na signalna svjetla ze, c1 odn. c2. Furthermore, a microelectronic control signal circuit KSS or. kss with table-described management functions depending on the input data on faults in the electrical network. The performance of the control signal circuit can be hybrid using existing integrated circuits or dedicated with a fixed program. Its high ohmic input 1 is connected to the secondary connection of the current transformer ST or st. The second connection of the static contact of the main protective switch B1 of the network, that is, of the switchgear b, b' is connected to input 2 of the mentioned circuit KSS or. kss. Input 4 in the control signal circuit KSS is connected to the input port U3 of the main switching field, and the port U3 is connected to the buses Sk for the control signal k; input 4 in the circuit kss of the switching unit SJ', however, is connected to the input connection u3 of that unit to which the signal to the next distribution is fed. Input 5 in the KSS assembly is connected to the first connection of the correction resistor Rk' connected by the second connection to the auxiliary grounding device Rp. Input 8 is grounded. Output 1' of the circuit KSS, kss is connected to the on-off connection, and output 2' to the disconnection connection of the main protective switch B1 of the network or. of the switching device b, b'. Output 3' of the circuit KSS, kss is connected to the disconnection port, and output 4' to the reset port of the bistable relay BR or br whose non-stop contact is connected to the disconnection port of the main protective switch B1 of the network or. of the switching device b, b'. Outputs 5', 6' and 7' are connected to signal lights ze, c1 or c2.
Spojevi električne zaštitne veze za električnu mrežu i trošila po izumu u sklopnim jedinicama SJ, SJ' su slijedeći (sl. 3). Njihov ulazni priključak 13, koji je priključen na sabirnice Sk za kontrolni signal k, u samoj sklopnoj jedinici spojen je sa karakterističnim otpornikom Rk kojeg drugi priključak je uzemljen preko radnog kontakta bistabilnog releja br. Nadalje je nulta točka o sklopne jedinice SJ, SJ' preko primara transformatora t spojena sa drugim priključkom mirnog kontakta sklopnog aparata b, b', a priključak sekunda-ra transformatora t priključen je na ulaz 3 kontrolno signalnog sklopa kss. I konačno je priključak obuhvatnog transformatora ot, koji je namješten tako da između strujnog transformatora st i prvih priključaka prigušnica pri, pr2, pr3 obuhvata fazne vodiče, spojen je sa ulazom 7 sklopa kss. The connections of the electrical protective connection for the electrical network and consumers according to the invention in the switching units SJ, SJ' are as follows (fig. 3). Their input port 13, which is connected to the buses Sk for the control signal k, in the switching unit itself is connected to the characteristic resistor Rk, the other port of which is grounded via the working contact of the bistable relay no. Furthermore, the zero point o of the switching units SJ, SJ' is connected via the primary of the transformer t to the second connection of the static contact of the switching device b, b', and the connection of the secondary of the transformer t is connected to the input 3 of the control signal circuit kss. And finally, the connection of the comprehensive transformer ot, which is arranged so that between the current transformer st and the first connections of the chokes pri, pr2, pr3 includes the phase conductors, is connected to input 7 of the circuit kss.
U sklopnoj jedinici SJ, u kojoj se kao sklopni aparat b upotrebljava sklopnik, ulaz 5 sklopa kss je priključen preko otpornika Rkz na ulazni priključak u4 sklopne jedinice SJ. Na taj ulaz dovodi se signal kz za kontrolu uzemljenja trošila TR, STR ili PTR. Kućište tih strošila u mreži IT (sl. 1) priključeno je na zaštitni vodič ZV, a u mreži TNS (si. 2) na zaštitni nulti vodič ZN. U sklopnoj jedinici SJ' međutim kao sklopni aparat b' upotrebljava se zaštitni prekidač. In the switching unit SJ, in which a switch is used as the switching device b, the input 5 of the circuit kss is connected via the resistor Rkz to the input port u4 of the switching unit SJ. The kz signal is applied to this input to control the grounding of TR, STR or PTR consumers. The housing of these switches in the IT network (fig. 1) is connected to the protective conductor ZV, and in the TNS network (si. 2) to the protective neutral conductor ZN. In the switching unit SJ', however, a protective switch is used as the switching device b'.
U električnoj zaštitnoj vezi po izumu i varijanti I predviđenoj za glavno sklopno polje GSP1 za električnu mrežu IT izvedeni su slijedeći spojevi (si. 1). Odvojak potenciometra P1, kojeg prvi priključak je spojen sa izlaznim priključkom 12 a njegov drugi priključak preko ommetra OM i prigušnice PR sa ulaznim priključkom U2 glavnog sklopnog polja GSP1, priključen je na ulaz 6 kontrolno signalnog sklopa KSS. Drugi priključak potenciometra P1 spojen je i sa istosmjernim izlazom uzemljenog izvora IN1 istosmjernog napona, kojeg izmjeničan ulaz je priključen na ulazni priključak U1 jednog od faznih vodiča. Nulta točka O mreže spojena je sa drugim priključkom mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže, a time i sa ulazom 2 kontrolno signalnog sklopa KSS. In the electrical protective connection according to the invention and variant I provided for the main switching field GSP1 for the electrical network IT, the following connections are made (si. 1). The branch of the potentiometer P1, the first connection of which is connected to the output connection 12 and its second connection through the ohmmeter OM and the choke PR to the input connection U2 of the main switching field GSP1, is connected to the input 6 of the control signal circuit KSS. The second port of the potentiometer P1 is also connected to the direct output of the grounded source of direct voltage IN1, whose alternating input is connected to the input port U1 of one of the phase conductors. The zero point O of the network is connected to the second terminal of the static contact of the main protective switch B1 of the network, and thus to input 2 of the control signal circuit KSS.
U električnoj zaštitnoj vezi po izumu i varijanti II predviđenoj za glavno sklopno polje GSP2 za električnu mrežu TNS izvedeni su slijedeći spojevi (sl. 2). Prvi priključak primara transformatora T, kojeg drugi priključak je spojen sa nultom točkom o mreže, spojen je sa drugim priključkom mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže, dok je sekundar tog transformatora T spojen sa ulazom 3 sklopa KSS. Priključak obuhvatnog transformatora OT, koji je namješten tako da između strujnog transformatora ST i prvih priključaka prigušnica PR1, PR2, PR3 obuhvata fazne vodice, spojen sa ulazom 7 sklopa KSS. Ulazni i izlazni priključak U2 odn. 12 kratko su spojeni. In the electrical protective connection according to the invention and variant II provided for the main switching field GSP2 for the TNS electrical network, the following connections are made (fig. 2). The first connection of the primary of the transformer T, the second connection of which is connected to the neutral point of the network, is connected to the second connection of the static contact of the main protective switch B1 of the network, while the secondary of that transformer T is connected to input 3 of the KSS circuit. The connection of the encompassing transformer OT, which is arranged so that between the current transformer ST and the first connections of the chokes PR1, PR2, PR3 includes the phase conductors, connected to input 7 of the KSS circuit. Input and output connection U2 or 12 are short-circuited.
U slijedećem će biti opisom potrebnih signala, provjeravanja ispravnosti električne mreže pre uklopa i aktiviranja zaštitne veze za električne mrežu i trošila po izumu prikazano funkcioniranje te zaštitne veze. Podaci o mreži kao što su podaci o struji, naponu, izolacionom otporu dobivaju se na niže opisani način i služe kao ulazni podaci kontrolno signalnom sklopu KSS, kss gdje se logički dalje obradu. The following will be a description of the necessary signals, checking the correctness of the electrical network before switching on and activating the protective connection for the electrical network and consumers according to the invention, and the functioning of the protective connection. Network data such as data on current, voltage, insulation resistance are obtained in the manner described below and serve as input data to the control signal assembly KSS, kss where it is logically further processed.
Podatak o struji s ogranka mreže uzima se kao napon na sekundaru neopterećenog strujnog transformatora ST, st. Iz tog podatka izvode se signal s1 preopterećenja mreže koji je u stanju logičke 0 do struje veličine nazivne struje, a u stanju logičke 1 nalazi se od veličine nazivne struje do njezine dvostruke vrijednosti, i signal s2 kratkog spoja koji kod ove vrijednosti struje prelazi u stanje logičke 1. The data on the current from the network branch is taken as the voltage on the secondary of the unloaded current transformer ST, st. From this data, the network overload signal s1 is derived, which is in the logical 0 state up to the current of the nominal current, and in the logical 1 state it is from the nominal current to its double value, and the signal s2 of the short circuit, which at this value of the current goes to the logical 1 state.
Izlazni napon z1 sekundara transformatora T, t daje podatak o pomaku nulte točke ogranka kod greške. Napon z2 obuhvatnog transformatora OT, ot daje podatak o neizbalansiranosti ukupne struje kod zemljospoja. Upoređivanjem faze napona z1 i z2 dobi ja se signal z12. Signal z12 nalazi se u stanju logičke 1 kada naponi z1, z2 nisu protufazni, a to je u slučaju greške na štićenom ogranku iza obuhvatnog transformatora OT, ot. The output voltage z1 of the secondary of the transformer T, t gives information about the displacement of the zero point of the branch in the event of a fault. The voltage z2 of the comprehensive transformer OT, ot gives information about the imbalance of the total current in case of an earth fault. By comparing the voltage phase z1 and z2, the signal z12 is obtained. Signal z12 is in the state of logic 1 when the voltages z1, z2 are not anti-phase, and this is in case of a fault on the protected branch behind the comprehensive transformer OT, ot.
Podatak o izolacionom otporu ogranka pre uklopa napona ogranku dobiva se naponom n sa mirnog kontakta glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže. Na pomenuti kontakt dovodi se napon m izvora IN. Naponu n odgovarajući signal nO nalazi se u stanju logičke 1 kod zadovoljavajućeg izolacionog otpora mreže. U mreži IT međutim izolacioni otpor se kontrolira i kada je mreža pod naponom. Podatak o otporu dobiva se naponom n1 na odvojku potenciometra P1. Potenciometrom P1 izabere se kritična razina izolacionog otpora mreže IT. Naponu n1 odgovarajući signal n10 nalazi se u stanju logičke 1 kod zadovoljavajuće vrijednosti tog otpora. The information about the insulation resistance of the branch before switching on the voltage to the branch is obtained by the voltage n from the static contact of the main protective switch B1 of the network. The voltage m source IN is applied to the mentioned contact. The signal nO corresponding to the voltage n is in the state of logic 1 when the insulation resistance of the network is satisfactory. In the IT network, however, the insulation resistance is controlled even when the network is under voltage. The data on the resistance is obtained by the voltage n1 on the tap of the potentiometer P1. Potentiometer P1 selects the critical level of insulation resistance of the IT network. The signal n10 corresponding to the voltage n1 is in the logic 1 state at a satisfactory value of this resistance.
Podatak, da se je u ogranku pojavila greška, nadređenom kontrolno signalnom sklopu KSS (kss) javlja kontrolni signal k. Zbog uzemljivanja otpornika Rk u sklopnoj jedinici SJ, SJ' preko radnog kontakta bistabilnog releja br kontrolni signal k prelazi u stanje logičke 0. Signalom kz međutim analogno se kontrolira uzemljenje trošila priključenog na sklopnu jedinicu SJ odn. uzemljenje glavnog sklopnog polja GSP1, GSP2. The information that an error has occurred in the branch is sent to the superior control signal assembly KSS (kss) by the control signal k. Due to the grounding of the resistor Rk in the switching unit SJ, SJ' via the working contact of the bistable relay no, the control signal k goes to the state of logic 0. The signal kz, however, analogically controls the grounding of the consumer connected to the switching unit SJ or. grounding of the main switching field GSP1, GSP2.
Na izlazu 1' kontrolno signalnog sklopa KSS, kss pojavljuje se signal u upravljanja koji u slučaju stanja bez greške uklapa glavni zaštitni prekidač BI mreže odn. sklopni aparat b, b'. Njihov trenutni isklop ili isklop sa zaporom preko bistabilnog releja BR, br koji se resetira automatski signalom r sa izlaza 4 ili ručno (rm) vrše isklopni signal i na izlazu 2' odn. isklopni signal ib sa pamćenjem na izlazu 3' sklopa KSS, kss; bistabilni relej BR, br naime pamti svoje zadnje stanje i u beznaponskom stanju mreže. At the output 1' of the control signal circuit KSS, kss, a control signal appears which, in the event of a fault-free state, engages the main protection switch of the BI network, or switching apparatus b, b'. Their immediate shutdown or shutdown with a lock via the bistable relay BR, br which is reset automatically by signal r from output 4 or manually (rm) by a shutdown signal i on output 2' or. switch-off signal ib with memory at the output 3' of the circuit KSS, kss; the bistable relay BR, br remembers its last state even in a voltage-free state of the network.
Stanje ispravnosti električne mreže prikazuje se na izlazima 5', 6', 7' na pr. svjetlosnim signalima. Neprekidnim signalom se javlja se ispravnost električne mreže, dok pulsirajući signal ze javlja sniženi izolacioni otpor električne mreže. Signalom c1 javlja se zemljospoj, a tim signalom povećane frekvencije javlja se kratki spoj, dok signal c2 javlja nedovoljno uzemljenje ili neispravan pilotski krug za kontrolu uzemljenja. The state of correctness of the electrical network is displayed on outputs 5', 6', 7', e.g. light signals. A continuous signal indicates the correctness of the electrical network, while a pulsating signal ze indicates a reduced insulation resistance of the electrical network. Signal c1 indicates an earth fault, and this signal of increased frequency indicates a short circuit, while signal c2 indicates insufficient grounding or a faulty pilot circuit for grounding control.
U slijedećem prikazano je provjeravanje ispravnosti električne mreže IT pre uklapanja zaštitnom vezom po izumu. Uklop glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže moguć je samo ako In the following, checking the correctness of the IT electrical network before connecting it with the protective connection according to the invention is shown. Switching on the main circuit breaker B1 is possible only if
- su naponi n, ni dovoljne veličine, - are the voltages n, ni of sufficient size,
- je kontrolni signal k u stanju logičke 0 kada je prethodni isklop uslijedio aktiviranjem bistabilnog releja BR pomoću signala ib. Resetiranje bistabilnog releja BR nakon kratkog spoja u jednom od ogranka slijedećeg razvoda izvršiti će se automatski kontrolnim signalom k u logičkom stanju 0 što znači da je pomenuti ogranak isključen i otpornik Rk odgovarajuće sklopne jedinice uzemljen preko njezinog bistabilnog releja br, - is the control signal k in the state of logic 0 when the previous shutdown was caused by the activation of the bistable relay BR using the signal ib. The resetting of the bistable relay BR after a short circuit in one of the branches of the following distribution will be performed automatically by the control signal k in the logical state 0, which means that the mentioned branch is switched off and the resistor Rk of the corresponding switching unit is grounded via its bistable relay no.
- je kontrolni signal kz u stanju 1 što znači da je električna mreža ispravno uzemljena. - is the control signal kz in state 1, which means that the electrical network is properly grounded.
Nakon uklopa glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže nastavlja se kontroliranje izolacionog otpora električne mreže IT naponom n1, a naponom n u sklopnim jedinicama SJ, SJ'. Uklop sklopnog aparata b, b' moguć je samo ako After switching on the main protective switch B1 of the network, the insulation resistance of the electrical network continues to be controlled by IT voltage n1, and by voltage n in the switching units SJ, SJ'. Switching on the switchgear b, b' is possible only if
- je napon n dovoljne veličine, - is the voltage n of sufficient size,
- je kontrolni signal k sa sabirnica Sk slijedećeg razvoda u stanju logičke 0 kada je prethodni isklop uslijedio aktiviranjem bistabilnog releja br pomoću signala ib, - is the control signal k from the buses Sk of the next distribution in the state of logic 0 when the previous shutdown was followed by the activation of the bistable relay br using the signal ib,
- je kontrolni signal kz za provjeru uzemljenja u stanju logičke 1. Taj kriterij primenjuje se samo za obična trošila TR. - is the control signal kz for checking grounding in the state of logic 1. This criterion is applied only for ordinary consumers TR.
U slijedećem će biti prikazano aktiviranje zaštitne veza za električne mreže i trošila po izumu. In the following, the activation of protective connections for electrical networks and consumers according to the invention will be shown.
Preopterećenje registrira se signalom s1 u stanju logičke 1 u kontrolno signalnom sklopu kss. Sklopni aparat b isklapa se prema želji isklopnim signalom i ili isklopnim signalom ib sa pamćenjem. Bistabilni relej br resetira se ručno ili automatski nakon prestanka preopterećenja. Overload is registered by signal s1 in the state of logic 1 in the control signal assembly kss. The switching device b is switched off as desired by the switching off signal i or the switching off signal ib with memory. The bistable relay no is reset manually or automatically after the overload has stopped.
Zemljospoj u vidu indirektnog dodira kod električne mreže IT (sl. 1) odražava se prelaskom signala n10 u stanje logičke 0. To se u glavnom sklopnom polju GSP1 signalizira bez isklapanja napona na sabirnicama L1, L2, L3. Greška se signalizira ali se napon ne isklapa i u sklopnim jedinicama za specijalno trošilo STR ako je to ispravno uzemljeno (kz u stanju logičke 1), dok će u sklopnim jedinicama SJ za trošilo TR i u sklopnim jedinicama SJ' za električni ogranak R slijedećeg razvoda doći do isklopa napona ako se dodatno pojavi signal z12 u stanju logičke 1. An earth fault in the form of an indirect contact in the electrical network IT (fig. 1) is reflected by the transition of signal n10 to the state of logical 0. This is signaled in the main switching field GSP1 without switching off the voltage on buses L1, L2, L3. An error is signaled but the voltage is not switched off in the switching units for the special consumer STR if it is properly grounded (kz in the logic 1 state), while in the switching units SJ for the consumer TR and in the switching units SJ' for the electrical branch R of the next distribution, there will be turns off the voltage if signal z12 additionally appears in the state of logic 1.
Zemljospoj u vidu indirektnog dodira kod električne mreže TNS(sl. 2) odražava se prelaskom signala z12 u stanje logičke 1. U glavnom sklopnom polju GSP2 se zemljospoj signalizira bez isklopa napona ako greška ne poprimi razmjera kratkog spoja. Specijalno trošilo STR se odklapa od napona ako se u njegovoj sklopnoj jedinici SJ pored signala z12 u stanju logičke 1 registrira i neispravna uzemljonost (kz u stanju logičke 0). Električnim trošilima TR ili ograncima R napon se trenutno isklapa kod signala z12 u stanju logičke 1. U mreži TN isklop zbog zemljospoja i kratkog spoja slijedi isklopnim signalom ib sa pamćenjem preko bistabilnog releja br. Može doći i do isklopa glavnog sklopnog polja GSP2 u slučaju istovremenog jednopolnog kratkog spoja, ali uzemljivanjem otpornika Rk preko bistabilnog releja br u jednoj od sklopnih jedinica kontrolni signal k prelazi u stanje logičke 0 i odmah se izvrši automatsko uklapanje glavnog sklopnog polja GSP2. Isto važi i za sklopnu jedinicu SJ' za priključak električnog ogranka R slijedećeg razvoda, dok priključivanje na napon trošila TR može uslijediti samo ručnim rešetom odgovarajućeg bistabilnog releja br. An earth fault in the form of an indirect contact in the TNS electrical network (fig. 2) is reflected by the transition of signal z12 to the state of logic 1. In the main switching field GSP2, an earth fault is signaled without switching off the voltage if the fault does not take the scale of a short circuit. The special consumer STR disconnects from the voltage if in its switching unit SJ, in addition to signal z12 in the state of logic 1, a faulty grounding is also registered (kz in the state of logic 0). With electric consumers TR or branches R, the voltage is instantly switched off at signal z12 in the state of logic 1. In the TN network, switching off due to earth fault and short circuit is followed by switching off signal ib with memory via bistable relay no. The main switching field GSP2 may also be switched off in the event of a simultaneous single-pole short circuit, but by grounding the resistor Rk via the bistable relay br in one of the switching units, the control signal k goes to logic 0 and the main switching field GSP2 is automatically switched on immediately. The same applies to the switching unit SJ' for the connection of the electrical branch R of the following distribution, while the connection to the voltage of the consumer TR can only be made by the manual grid of the corresponding bistable relay no.
Predložena električna zaštita od zemljospoja u vidu direktnog dodira kod električne mreže IT posebno dolazi do izražaja jer reagira na razinu napona n1 i na brzinu njezine promjene čime trenutno i nezavisno o RC konstanti mreže djeluje na pad izolacije mreže prema zemlji. Predstavlja veoma pouzdanu zaštitu od direktnog dodira jer kapacitivne struje mreže nisu prevelike. Ponovni uklop izvrši se automatski malim vremenskim kašnjenjem od na pr. 2 sekunde zbog pražnjenja napona mreže. U mreži TN direktan dodir će uzrokovati napone z1 i z2 pri čemu obuhvatni transformator OT, ot registrira struju greške od 30 mA. Nije za očekivati ispade zbog vanjskih smetnji kao što su atmosfersko pražnjenje, atmosferski elektricitet i slično jer se neće istovremeno sa strujom greške pojaviti i pomak z1 nulte točke. Djelovanje zaštitne veze je identično opisanom kod zaštite od zemljospoja u vidu indirektnog dodira. Specijalno trošilo STR se ne isklapa već se isključuje mogućnost direktnog dodira što se osigura sprečavanjem dostupa do trošila pod naponom. Odziv kontrolno signalnog sklopa prikazan je sljedećom tabelom pri čemu prvi stupac kao i u daljim tabelama predstavlja stanje ulaznih signala i upravljanja u slučaju ispravnog stanja električne mreže: The proposed electrical protection against earth fault in the form of direct contact with the IT electrical network is particularly noticeable because it reacts to the voltage level n1 and the speed of its change, which instantly and independently of the RC constant of the network affects the decrease of the insulation of the network towards the ground. It represents a very reliable protection against direct contact because the capacitive currents of the network are not too large. The reconnection is performed automatically with a small time delay from e.g. 2 seconds due to network voltage discharge. In a TN network, a direct contact will cause voltages z1 and z2, whereby the encompassing transformer OT, ot registers a fault current of 30 mA. Outages due to external disturbances such as atmospheric discharge, atmospheric electricity and the like are not to be expected because the z1 zero point shift will not occur simultaneously with the fault current. The action of the protective connection is identical to that described for protection against earth faults in the form of indirect contact. The special STR consumer does not turn off, but the possibility of direct contact is excluded, which is ensured by preventing access to the consumer under voltage. The response of the control signal circuit is shown in the following table, where the first column, as in further tables, represents the state of input signals and control in the case of a correct state of the electrical network:
n10/n0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 n10/n0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
dR/dt 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 dR/dt 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
z12 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 z12 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
GSP1 u ze/c1 u c1 u c1 c1 GSP1 in ze/c1 in c1 in c1 c1
SJ' u u u i u i i SJ' u u u i u i i
SJ(TR) u u u i u i i SJ(TR) u u u i u i i
SJ(STR) u u u c1 u c1 c1 SJ(STR) u u u c1 u c1 c1
Električna zaštitna veza po izumu u slučaju kratkog spoja djeluje identično u električnim mrežama svih vrsta. Selektivno isklapa sklopne jedinice brez obzira na razliku struja kratkog spoja na različitim sabirnicama. Bistabilni releji BR, br glavnog sklopnog polja i sklopnih jedinica kroz koje je protekla struja kratkog spoja prebačeni su signalom s2 u stanju logičke 1 i odgovarajući karakteristični otpornici Rk priključeni su na zemlju što je podatak prvo o prolazu struje kratkog spoja i drugo da do tog mjesta nije nastao kratki spoj. Do ponovnog uključenja napona će doći čim sabirnica Sk dobije kontrolni signal k u stanju logičke 0 što znači da se je priključio jedan od otpornika Rk prema zemlji. U glavnom sklopnom polju GSP1, GSP2 i u sklopnoj jedinici SJ' ispred defektnog ogranka trenutno će se izvršiti automatsko resetiranje bistabilnog releja BR odnosno br. Električna zaštitna veza po izumu omogućuje da se kao sklopni aparat koristi i sklopnik uz uvjet da je u mreži barem jedan glavni prekidač koji će sigurno prekinuti kratki spoj i kojemu je rasklopna struja veća od maksimalno moguće struje kratkog spoja. Pošto su glavno sklopno polje i prvi razvod blizu jedan drugome vođenje kontrolnog signala k jednostavno se izvede. Vođenje karakterističnog signala k do dislociranih razvoda međutim traži dodatni vodič u kabelu što se troškovno kompenzira upotrebom sklopnika umjesto prekidača koji se ne rade za manje struje s pogonom za daljinski uklop. Funkcioniranje kontrolno signalnog sklopa prikazuje tabela: The electrical protective connection according to the invention in the event of a short circuit works identically in electrical networks of all types. It selectively turns off the switching units regardless of the difference in short-circuit currents on different buses. Bistable relays BR, br of the main switching field and switching units through which the short-circuit current passed were transferred by the signal s2 in the logic 1 state and the corresponding characteristic resistors Rk were connected to the ground, which is information first about the passage of the short-circuit current and secondly that it reached that place no short circuit occurred. The voltage will be switched on again as soon as the bus Sk receives the control signal k in the logic 0 state, which means that one of the resistors Rk has been connected to ground. In the main switching field GSP1, GSP2 and in the switching unit SJ' in front of the defective branch, the automatic reset of the bistable relay BR or no. The electrical protective connection according to the invention allows a circuit breaker to be used as a switching device, provided that there is at least one main switch in the network that will safely break the short circuit and whose breaking current is greater than the maximum possible short circuit current. Since the main switching field and the first distribution are close to each other, the conduction of the control signal k is easily performed. Conducting the characteristic signal k to the dislocated distributions, however, requires an additional conductor in the cable, which is compensated by the use of contactors instead of switches that do not work for lower currents with a remote switching drive. The table shows the functioning of the control signal circuit:
s2 0 1 1 s2 0 1 1
k 0 0 1 k 0 0 1
GSP1, GSP1,
GSP2, u ib u GSP2, in and in
SJ', SJ SJ', SJ
Električna zaštitna veza po izumu omogućuje u mreži IT trajnu kontrolu ispravnosti uzemljenja zaštitnog vodiča ZV i priključenja kućišta trošila na taj vodič. To omogućuje da se specijalno trošilo STR ne isključuje sa napona ako je greška samo zemljospoj jer će dodirni napon kod indirektnog dodira biti bezopasan, na npr. ispod 50 V. U glavnom sklopnom polju GSP1 kontrola vrši se signalom kz pomoću sonde u vidu pomoćnog uzemljivača Rp. Za mreže TN ova kontrola nije uobičajena jer suština zaštite bazira na nulovanju trošila a ne na uzemljenju izvora. Ispravnost uzemljenja trošila ili njegove povezanosti sa vodičem ZV, ZN kontrolira se signalom kz kojeg stanje zavisi o otporu ulaza 5 kontrolno signalnog sklopa kss prema zemlji.Funkcioniranje kontrolno signalnog sklopa prikazuje sljedeća tabela: The electrical protective connection according to the invention enables in the IT network permanent control of the correctness of the grounding of the protective conductor ZV and the connection of the consumer housing to that conductor. This enables the special consumer STR not to be disconnected from the voltage if the fault is only an earth fault, because the contact voltage in the case of an indirect contact will be harmless, e.g. below 50 V. In the main switching field GSP1, the control is carried out by the signal kz using a probe in the form of an auxiliary grounder Rp . For TN networks, this control is not common, because the essence of the protection is based on the zeroing of the consumer and not on the grounding of the source. The correctness of the grounding of the consumer or its connection to the conductor ZV, ZN is controlled by the signal kz, the state of which depends on the resistance of the input 5 of the control signal circuit kss to the ground. The functioning of the control signal circuit is shown in the following table:
n10/n0 1 0 1 0 n10/n0 1 0 1 0
kz 1 1 0 0 kz 1 1 0 0
GSP1 u u c2 c2 GSP1 u u c2 c2
SJ' u i u i SJ' in i in i
SJ(TR) u i i i SJ(TR) in i i i
SJ(STR) u ze/c1 c2 c2(i) SJ(STR) in ze/c1 c2 c2(i)
Kontrola izolacionog otpora mreže IT pomoću zaštitne veze po izumu prije uklopa glavnog zaštitnog prekidača B1 mreže vrši se naponom n1 čime se provjerava izolacija samog izvora, to jest sekundara transformatora TS. Nakon uklopa kontrola izolacije cijele priključene mreže vrši se čitanjem ommetra OM. Istovremeno kontrolira se i napon n1. U mreži TN izolacioni otpor kontrolira se naponom n koji nakon uklopa nestaje. Control of the insulation resistance of the network IT using the protective connection according to the invention before switching on the main protective switch B1 of the network is carried out with the voltage n1, which checks the isolation of the source itself, that is, the secondary of the transformer TS. After switching on, the insulation control of the entire connected network is performed by reading the ohmmeter OM. At the same time, the voltage n1 is controlled. In the TN network, the insulation resistance is controlled by the voltage n, which disappears after switching on.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| HRP931036 HRP931036A2 (en) | 1993-07-09 | 1993-07-09 | Protective connection for electric networks or consumers |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| HRP931036 HRP931036A2 (en) | 1993-07-09 | 1993-07-09 | Protective connection for electric networks or consumers |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| HRP931036A2 true HRP931036A2 (en) | 1995-08-31 |
Family
ID=10945989
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| HRP931036 HRP931036A2 (en) | 1993-07-09 | 1993-07-09 | Protective connection for electric networks or consumers |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| HR (1) | HRP931036A2 (en) |
-
1993
- 1993-07-09 HR HRP931036 patent/HRP931036A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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