GR20200100194A - Production of sacharomyces cerevisiae cell factory without genetic modification for cellobiose and cellulose fermentation in a batch - Google Patents
Production of sacharomyces cerevisiae cell factory without genetic modification for cellobiose and cellulose fermentation in a batch Download PDFInfo
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- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N D-Cellobiose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000012239 gene modification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 230000005017 genetic modification Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 235000013617 genetically modified food Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002029 lignocellulosic biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011138 biotechnological process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 108010084185 Cellulases Proteins 0.000 abstract description 7
- 102000005575 Cellulases Human genes 0.000 abstract description 7
- 241000499912 Trichoderma reesei Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001157 Fourier transform infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003851 biochemical process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000001965 potato dextrose agar Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AIUDWMLXCFRVDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl 2-(3-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)propanedioate Chemical compound CCC(C)(CC)CCC(C(=O)OC)C(=O)OC AIUDWMLXCFRVDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012978 lignocellulosic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007836 KH2PO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001213 Polysorbate 20 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000223259 Trichoderma Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011942 biocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940106157 cellulase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000256 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005002 sporogony Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
- C12N11/04—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier entrapped within the carrier, e.g. gel or hollow fibres
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
- C12N11/10—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a carbohydrate
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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Abstract
Description
Περιγραφή Description
Παραγωγή κυτταρικού εργοστασίου Saccharomyces cerevisiae χωρίς γενετική τροποποίηση για ζύμωση κελλοβιόζης και κυτταρίνης σε μία παρτίδα Production of non-genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell factory for cellobiose and cellulose fermentation in one batch
Η παρούσα εφεύρεση αφορά την παραγωγή δύο κυτταρικών εργοστασίων (cell factories) του Saccharomyces cerevisiae χωρίς γενετική τροποποίηση για ζύμωση κελλοβιόζης και κυτταρίνης προκειμένου να ελαττωθεί το κόστος εγκατάστασης και παραγωγής βιοαιθανόλης στη βιομηχανία. Ειδικότερα κύτταρα Saccharomyces cerevisiae καλύπτονται από πηκτή αμύλου (starch gel, SG) που περιέχει κύτταρα Trichoderma reesei ή κυτταρινάσες. Μ’ αυτόν τον τρόπο επιτυγχάνεται ταυτόχρονη υδρόλυση της κυτταρίνης και κελλοβιόζης από τις κυτταρινάσες ή τα κύτταρα Trichoderma reesei που παράγουν κυτταρινάσες προς γλυκόζη και ζύμωση της προκύπτουσας γλυκόζης προς αλκοόλη από τον Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Η μείωση της επένδυσης και του κόστους επιτυγχάνεται από το γεγονός ότι (α) η παραγωγή ενζύμων, (β) η υδρόλυση της κυτταρίνης σε γλυκόζη και (γ) η ζύμωση της γλυκόζης πραγματοποιούνται στον ίδιο αντιδραστήρα χωρίς γενετική τροποποίηση των κυττάρων. The present invention concerns the production of two cell factories of Saccharomyces cerevisiae without genetic modification for fermentation of cellobiose and cellulose in order to reduce the cost of installation and production of bioethanol in industry. Specifically, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are covered by starch gel (SG) containing Trichoderma reesei cells or cellulases. In this way, simultaneous hydrolysis of cellulose and cellobiose by cellulases or Trichoderma reesei cells that produce cellulases to glucose and fermentation of the resulting glucose to alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is achieved. The reduction of investment and cost is achieved by the fact that (a) enzyme production, (b) hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose and (c) fermentation of glucose are carried out in the same reactor without genetic modification of the cells.
Η προς ζύμωση κυτταρίνη είναι απολιγνινοποιημένη κυτταρίνη (Tubular Cellulose, TC) που προκύπτει από λιγνινοκυτταρινούχα βιομάζα με επίδραση με διάλυμα NaOH. The cellulose to be fermented is delignified cellulose (Tubular Cellulose, TC) obtained from lignocellulosic biomass by impact with a NaOH solution.
Σχήμα 1. Κινητική αλκοολικής ζύμωσης απολιγνινοποιημένης κυτταρίνης χρησιμοποιώντας S. cerevisiae/SG-T reesei (α) και (β) συγκέντρωση γλυκόζης κατά τη διάρκεια της αλκοολικής ζύμωσης σε ένα batch χωρίς γενετική τροποποίηση. Figure 1. Kinetics of alcoholic fermentation of delignified cellulose using S. cerevisiae/SG-T reesei (a) and (b) glucose concentration during alcoholic fermentation in a batch without genetic modification.
Σχήμα 2. Κινητική αλκοολικής ζύμωσης απολιγνινοποιημένης κυτταρίνης χρησιμοποιώντας S. cerevisiae/SG-κυτταρινάσες (α) και (β) συγκέντρωση γλυκόζης κατά τη διάρκεια της αλκοολικής ζύμωσης σε ένα batch χωρίς γενετική τροποποίηση. Figure 2. Kinetics of alcoholic fermentation of delignified cellulose using S. cerevisiae/SG-cellulanases (a) and (b) glucose concentration during alcoholic fermentation in a batch without genetic modification.
Παράδειγμα 1. Example 1.
Πραγματοποιήθηκε απολιγνινοποίηση του λιγνινοκυτταρινούχου υλικού με διάλυμα NaOH και θέρμανση στους 70°C για 3 h. Έτσι, προκύπτει το κυτταρινούχο απολιγνινοποιημένο υλικό σωληνωτής κυτταρίνης (Tubular Cellulose, TC). Ακολούθως, το υλικό εκπλένεται και ξηραίνεται. Ελήφθησαν εικόνες SEM και φάσματα XRD για τα ακατέργαστα λιγνινοκυτταρινούχα υλικά και τα απολιγνινοποιημένα κυτταρινούχα υλικά (TC), καθώς και αναλύσεις ποροσιμετρίας. Delignination of the lignocellulosic material was performed with NaOH solution and heating at 70°C for 3 h. Thus, the cellulosic apligninized tubular cellulose material (Tubular Cellulose, TC) is obtained. Next, the material is washed and dried. SEM images and XRD spectra were obtained for the raw lignocellulosic materials and delignified cellulosic (TC) materials, as well as porosimetry analyses.
Παράδειγμα 2. Example 2.
Παράλληλα ο μύκητας Trichoderma ressei αναπτύχθηκε σε στερεό υπόστρωμα Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). To θρεπτικό υπόστρωμα είχε αποστειρωθεί στους 120 °C για 15 min. Η καλλιέργεια αναπτύχθηκε στους 30 °C σε 7 μέρες. Μετά τη σπορογονία, συγκεντρώθηκαν, ασηπτικά, τα σπόρια προκειμένου να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την υδρόλυση της TC. At the same time the fungus Trichoderma ressei was grown on a solid substrate Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The nutrient medium was sterilized at 120 °C for 15 min. The culture was grown at 30 °C in 7 days. After sporogony, spores were aseptically collected to be used for TC hydrolysis.
Παράδειγμα 3. Example 3.
Σε συνέχεια του παραδείγματος 2, στο παράδειγμα 3 πραγματοποιείται παραγωγή κυτταρινασών από τα σπόρια. Προς τούτο χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 2 mL από το εναιώρημα σπορίων σε νερό, που μεταφέρθηκαν σε 60 mL αποστειρωμένο θρεπτικό μέσο το οποίο αποτελείτο από 20 g/L απολιγνινοποιημένο ξηρό πριονίδι, 10 g/L soy peptone, 10 g/L γλυκόζη, και αφέθηκε για επώαση στους 30°C και 180 rpm για 24h. Ακολούθως, 40 mL από το παραπάνω προκύπτον μέσο προστέθηκαν σε 1 L αποστειρωμένου θρεπτικού μέσου το οποίο αποτελείτο από 25 g/L απολιγνινοποιημένο ξηρό πριονίδι, 17 g/L soy peptone, 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 6 g/L KH2PO4, 2,05 g/L MgSO4* 7 H2O, 2,5 g/L γλυκερόλη, 2 mL/L Tween 20 που αφέθηκε για επώαση στα 300 rpm, θερμοκρασία 26 °C, αερισμό 1,5 L/min και ρύθμιση του pH στο 5. Following example 2, in example 3 cellulases are produced from the spores. To this end, 2 mL of the spore suspension in water were used, transferred to 60 mL of sterile nutrient medium consisting of 20 g/L delignized dry sawdust, 10 g/L soy peptone, 10 g/L glucose, and left for incubation at 30°C and 180 rpm for 24h. Next, 40 mL of the above resulting medium was added to 1 L of sterile nutrient medium consisting of 25 g/L delignized dry sawdust, 17 g/L soy peptone, 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 6 g/L KH2PO4, 2.05 g/L MgSO4* 7 H2O, 2.5 g/L glycerol, 2 mL/L Tween 20 allowed to incubate at 300 rpm, temperature 26 °C, aeration 1.5 L/min and pH adjusted to 5.
Παράδειγμα 4. Example 4.
Επραγματοποιήθηκε η παρασκευή του κυτταρικού εργοστασίου S. cerevisiae/Starch Gel-T reesei (S. cerevisiae/SG-T reesei) για τη ζύμωση της απολιγνινοποιημένης κυτταρίνης (TC) ως εξής: Αμυλο προστέθηκε σε 100 ml απιονισμένου νερού, θερμάνθηκε στους 90 °C και αφέθηκε να ψυχθεί σε θερμοκρασία δωματίου. Ακολούθως σπόρια Τ reesei (5. 3x1 0<6>cells/ml) από το παράδειγμα 2 αναμίχθησαν με την παρασκευασθείσα πηχτή αμύλου ( starch gel, SG). Ο παρασκευασθείς SG/T. reesei βιοκαταλύτης προστέθηκε στάγδην σε ζύμη αρτοποιίας (baker’s yeast) και το παρασκευασθέν κυτταρικό εργοστάσιο S. cerevisiae/SG-T. reesei ξηράνθηκε με λιοφιλίωση. Το ξηρανθέν κυτταρικό εργοστάσιο (cell factory) χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την (α) παραγωγή ενζύμων, (β)υδρόλυση και (γ) αλκοολική ζύμωση 5g ξηρής απολιγνινοποιημένης κυτταρίνης (TC) σε Potato Dextrose Broth. Η υδρόλυση και η ζύμωση έγιναν στους 30°C και με χαμηλή ανάδευση (Σχήμα 1). The preparation of the S. cerevisiae/Starch Gel-T reesei cell factory (S. cerevisiae/SG-T reesei) for the fermentation of delignified cellulose (TC) was carried out as follows: Starch was added to 100 ml of deionized water, heated to 90 °C and allowed to cool to room temperature. Then T reesei spores (5.3x10<6>cells/ml) from example 2 were mixed with the prepared starch gel (SG). The prepared SG/T. reesei biocatalyst was added dropwise to baker's yeast and the prepared S. cerevisiae/SG-T cell factory. reesei was freeze-dried. The dried cell factory was used for (a) enzyme production, (b) hydrolysis and (c) alcoholic fermentation of 5g of dry delignified cellulose (TC) in Potato Dextrose Broth. Hydrolysis and fermentation were performed at 30°C and with low agitation (Figure 1).
Παράδειγμα 5. Example 5.
Για την παρασκευή του κυτταρικού εργοστασίου S. cerevisiae/SG-κυτταρινάσες και την περαιτέρω ζύμωση της απολιγνινοποιημένης κυτταρίνης (TC) επραγματοποιήθηκαν τα εξής: For the preparation of the S. cerevisiae/SG-cellulanases cell factory and the further fermentation of delignified cellulose (TC) the following were carried out:
Αμυλο προστέθηκε σε απιονισμένο νερό, θερμάνθηκε στους 90 °C και αφέθηκε να ψυχθεί σε θερμοκρασία δωματίου. Ακολούθως όγκος διαλύματος κυτταρινασών (από παράδειγμα 3) αναμίχθηκε με το παρακευασθέν gel αμύλου. Ο βιοκαταλύτης starch gel/cellulase enzyme προστέθηκε στάγδην σε ζύμη αρτοποιίας (baker’s yeast) και έτσι το κυτταρικό εργαστάσιο S. cerevisiae/SG-cellulasses παρασκευάστηκε. Το κυτταρικό εργοστάσιο (cell factory) εχρησιμοποιήθηκε για την υδρόλυση και περαιτέρω αλκοολική ζύμωση 30g υγρής απολιγνινοποιημένης κυτταρίνης (TC) 15% σε κυτταρίνη. Η παραγωγή ενζύμων, υδρόλυση και η ζύμωση έγιναν στους 30°C με χαμηλή ανάδευση (Σχήμα 2). Starch was added to deionized water, heated to 90 °C and allowed to cool to room temperature. Then a volume of cellulase solution (from example 3) was mixed with the prepared starch gel. The starch gel/cellulase enzyme biocatalyst was added dropwise to baker's yeast and thus the cell lab S. cerevisiae/SG-cellulasses was prepared. The cell factory was used for the hydrolysis and further alcoholic fermentation of 30g of liquid delignified cellulose (TC) 15% in cellulose. Enzyme production, hydrolysis and fermentation were performed at 30°C with low agitation (Figure 2).
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0222462A1 (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1987-05-20 | Gist-Brocades N.V. | Novel immobilized biocatalysts and their preparation and use |
| US4840904A (en) * | 1987-09-18 | 1989-06-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Recovery and reuse of cellulase catalyst in an exzymatic cellulose hydrolysis process |
| CN105647977A (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2016-06-08 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for producing ethanol by synchronously saccharifying and fermenting cassava by immobilized glucoamylase and yeast |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0222462A1 (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1987-05-20 | Gist-Brocades N.V. | Novel immobilized biocatalysts and their preparation and use |
| US4840904A (en) * | 1987-09-18 | 1989-06-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Recovery and reuse of cellulase catalyst in an exzymatic cellulose hydrolysis process |
| CN105647977A (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2016-06-08 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for producing ethanol by synchronously saccharifying and fermenting cassava by immobilized glucoamylase and yeast |
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| JASON S. LUPOI, EMILY A. SMITH: "Evaluation of nanoparticle-immobilized cellulase for improved ethanol yield in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation reactions", BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING, JOHN WILEY, HOBOKEN, USA, vol. 108, no. 12, 1 December 2011 (2011-12-01), Hoboken, USA, pages 2835 - 2843, XP055425793, ISSN: 0006-3592, DOI: 10.1002/bit.23246 * |
| KAETSU, I. ; KUMAKURA, M. ; FUJIMURA, T. ; KASAI, N. ; TAMADA, M.: "Immobilization of microbial cell and yeast cell and its application to biomass conversion using radiation techniques", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART C. RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY, PERGAMON, vol. 29, no. 3, 1 January 1987 (1987-01-01), pages 191 - 193, XP024498117, ISSN: 1359-0197, DOI: 10.1016/1359-0197(87)90115-9 * |
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