GB458839A - Chitin compounds - Google Patents
Chitin compoundsInfo
- Publication number
- GB458839A GB458839A GB17940/35A GB1794035A GB458839A GB 458839 A GB458839 A GB 458839A GB 17940/35 A GB17940/35 A GB 17940/35A GB 1794035 A GB1794035 A GB 1794035A GB 458839 A GB458839 A GB 458839A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- chitin
- sodium
- treatment
- deacetylated
- dilute
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0027—2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucans; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/003—Chitin, i.e. 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-(beta-1,4)-D-glucan or N-acetyl-beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; Chitosan, i.e. deacetylated product of chitin or (beta-1,4)-D-glucosamine; Derivatives thereof
Abstract
Substantially undegraded, at least partially deacetylated chitin is prepared by treating chitin, preferably with limited access of air with 5--55 per cent aqueous caustic alkali at a temperature not exceeding 150 DEG C. until the product is soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid to give solutions which, at a concentration of 2,5 parts of product per 100 parts of acid, have a viscosity greater than 1 poise at 25 DEG C. The raw material for treatment according to this invention is obtained for example from the shells of crustacae such as shrimps, crabs and lobsters (canning industry waste), together with insects such as beetles, grass-hoppers, locusts and the like, also fungi such as aspergillus niger and mushrooms. The raw chitin is preferably subjected to a preliminary cleaning process to free it from meat, lime and other foreign matter. The cleaning process varies with the source of the chitin used, but generally a mild alkali treatment such as with soda ash or dilute alkali is used followed by a treatment with dilute acid. In place of soda ash, trisodium phosphate, sodium sulphide, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, calcium bisulphite, potassium or sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, calcium hydroxide, copper ammonium solution, sodium silicate, or certain putrificative bacteria may be used. The acid treatment which usually follows the alkali treatment serves to remove lime and other inorganic salts. In the special case of the use of fungi, where it is necessary to free chitin from cellulose, treatment with copper-ammonium, or sodium thiocyanate solutions or xanthation is necessary. After the preliminary purification the chitin may be bleached by treatment with a dilute solution of potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, sulphur dioxide or sodium bisulphite. In general, however, bleaching is not necessary. The viscosity of the deacetylated chitin may be regulated by the time, temperature, and concentration of alkali during the deacetylation. Another method for reducing the viscosity of the deacetylated product is to treat the deacetylated chitin in dilute acetic acid solution with oxidizing agents such as chlorine, bromine, hypochlorous acid, perborates, permanganates, bichromates, oxygen or air. The viscosity of the deacetylated chitin may be raised by first heating the chitin itself in the dry state before treatment. Tables are given to show the effects of various oxidizing agents, under various conditions. Chitin being essentially a highly polymeric free primary amine, forms salts with acids. A list is given of salts of chitin which have been prepared, together with their properties. The solutions of chitin prepared according to the present invention find numerous uses such as those disclosed in Specifications 458,813; 458,814, 458,815, [both in Group III]; 458,816; 458,817, [Group III]; 458,818, [Group V], and 458,819. In examples: (1) shrimps' "heads and hulls" are subjected to a preliminary cleaning with a mixture of soda ash and the sodium salts of the sulphate esters of higher fatty alcohols at 100 DEG C. After washing with water the shells are soaked overnight in dilute hydrochloric acid, washed, and then deacetylated with 40 per cent sodium hydroxide at 115 DEG C. for 6 hours; (2) chitin cleaned as described in example (1) is deacetylated at 100 DEG C. for one hour with 50 per cent sodium hydroxide. The viscosity of the product may be modified by treatment with dilute hydrogen peroxide solution for 4 hours; (3) completely deacetylated chitin is prepared by heating chitin purified as described in example (1) with 50 per cent sodium hydroxide at 100 DEG C. for 48 hours. In this case exclusion of air is essential to prevent degradation. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 comprises also additional examples of methods of pre-treating chitin before deacetylation. Such examples are: (1) shrimp, lobster or crab shells are boiled with soda ash solution, washed, and then treated with 5 per cent hydrochloric acid; (2) crab shells are boiled with trisodium phosphate, hymolal salts and pine oil; (3) dry shrimp meal is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, followed by soda ash and soap; (4) shrimp meal is treated first with gaseous sulphur dioxide under pressure and then with an aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide under pressure for 6 hours. The formation of the benzoic acid salt of deacetylated chitin is also described. This subject-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US458839XA | 1934-06-21 | 1934-06-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB458839A true GB458839A (en) | 1936-12-21 |
Family
ID=21940367
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB17940/35A Expired GB458839A (en) | 1934-06-21 | 1935-06-21 | Chitin compounds |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB458839A (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE855560C (en) * | 1940-09-08 | 1952-11-13 | Henkel & Cie Gmbh | Process for the production of glucosamine hydrochloride as well as humic substances from residues resulting from the fat extraction of fatty mycelium-forming microorganisms |
EP0002506A1 (en) * | 1977-12-09 | 1979-06-27 | Wella Aktiengesellschaft | Use of compositions for conditioning as well as washing hair |
FR2432046A1 (en) * | 1978-06-14 | 1980-02-22 | Muzzarelli Riccardo | CHITOSANE-GLUCANE COMPLEX, PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME AND ITS APPLICATIONS |
EP0161212A1 (en) * | 1984-04-17 | 1985-11-13 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Glycosaminoglycans for use in cosmetology |
EP0212688A2 (en) * | 1985-06-21 | 1987-03-04 | Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche | Substituted and crosslinked glucans, process for preparing them and use thereof |
WO1996023817A1 (en) * | 1995-02-03 | 1996-08-08 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Method of preparing low-viscosity cationic biopolymers |
US6693188B2 (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2004-02-17 | Cargill Incorporated | N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and process for producing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine |
US6972284B2 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2005-12-06 | Cargill, Incorporated | Chitosan and method of preparing chitosan |
US7488812B2 (en) | 2002-04-02 | 2009-02-10 | Cargill, Incorporated | Chitosan production |
US7816514B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2010-10-19 | Cargill, Incorporated | Glucosamine and method of making glucosamine from microbial biomass |
US7923437B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2011-04-12 | Cargill, Incorporated | Water soluble β-glucan, glucosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine compositions and methods for making the same |
US8222232B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2012-07-17 | Cargill, Incorporated | Glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine compositions and methods of making the same fungal biomass |
US20130200008A1 (en) * | 2012-02-06 | 2013-08-08 | Water Security Corporation | Methods of improving chitosan for water purification |
CN110862426A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-03-06 | 山东润德生物科技有限公司 | Method for preparing high-purity glucosamine sulfate |
-
1935
- 1935-06-21 GB GB17940/35A patent/GB458839A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE855560C (en) * | 1940-09-08 | 1952-11-13 | Henkel & Cie Gmbh | Process for the production of glucosamine hydrochloride as well as humic substances from residues resulting from the fat extraction of fatty mycelium-forming microorganisms |
EP0002506A1 (en) * | 1977-12-09 | 1979-06-27 | Wella Aktiengesellschaft | Use of compositions for conditioning as well as washing hair |
FR2432046A1 (en) * | 1978-06-14 | 1980-02-22 | Muzzarelli Riccardo | CHITOSANE-GLUCANE COMPLEX, PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME AND ITS APPLICATIONS |
EP0161212A1 (en) * | 1984-04-17 | 1985-11-13 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Glycosaminoglycans for use in cosmetology |
EP0212688A2 (en) * | 1985-06-21 | 1987-03-04 | Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche | Substituted and crosslinked glucans, process for preparing them and use thereof |
EP0212688A3 (en) * | 1985-06-21 | 1988-04-20 | Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche | Substituted and crosslinked glucans, process for preparing them and use thereof |
US4835265A (en) * | 1985-06-21 | 1989-05-30 | Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche | Substituted and crosslinked glucans, process and intermediates for preparing them and use thereof |
WO1996023817A1 (en) * | 1995-02-03 | 1996-08-08 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Method of preparing low-viscosity cationic biopolymers |
US7413881B2 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2008-08-19 | Cargill, Incorporated | Chitosan and method of preparing chitosan |
US6972284B2 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2005-12-06 | Cargill, Incorporated | Chitosan and method of preparing chitosan |
US7816514B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2010-10-19 | Cargill, Incorporated | Glucosamine and method of making glucosamine from microbial biomass |
US7923437B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2011-04-12 | Cargill, Incorporated | Water soluble β-glucan, glucosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine compositions and methods for making the same |
US8034925B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2011-10-11 | Cargill, Incorporated | Glucosamine and method of making glucosamine from microbial biomass |
US8222232B2 (en) | 2001-02-16 | 2012-07-17 | Cargill, Incorporated | Glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine compositions and methods of making the same fungal biomass |
US6693188B2 (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2004-02-17 | Cargill Incorporated | N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and process for producing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine |
US7488812B2 (en) | 2002-04-02 | 2009-02-10 | Cargill, Incorporated | Chitosan production |
US20130200008A1 (en) * | 2012-02-06 | 2013-08-08 | Water Security Corporation | Methods of improving chitosan for water purification |
CN110862426A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-03-06 | 山东润德生物科技有限公司 | Method for preparing high-purity glucosamine sulfate |
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