GB2609985A - Electrode - Google Patents

Electrode Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2609985A
GB2609985A GB2111987.0A GB202111987A GB2609985A GB 2609985 A GB2609985 A GB 2609985A GB 202111987 A GB202111987 A GB 202111987A GB 2609985 A GB2609985 A GB 2609985A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
electrode
graphite particles
composite electrode
particles
rounded
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
GB2111987.0A
Other versions
GB202111987D0 (en
Inventor
Eweka Emmanuel
Abdelsalam Mamdouh
stone Grant
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Amte Power Plc
Original Assignee
Amte Power Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Amte Power Plc filed Critical Amte Power Plc
Priority to GB2111987.0A priority Critical patent/GB2609985A/en
Publication of GB202111987D0 publication Critical patent/GB202111987D0/en
Priority to PCT/GB2022/052142 priority patent/WO2023021296A1/en
Publication of GB2609985A publication Critical patent/GB2609985A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

A composite electrode 10 containing active graphite comprising rounded graphite particles 12 with high-aspect ratio graphite particles 14 interspersed inbetween. The rounded graphite may comprise spherical, oval or oblate particles, be present from 50 to 80 wt. % and have an average particles size, d50, between 1 and 30 microns. The high aspect ratio graphite may contain flake, fibre, sheet or oblong particles, be present from 10 to 50 wt. % and have a d50 of 1 to 25 micrometres. The electrode may further comprise a conductive additive to enhance conductivity. The conductive additive may be spherical particles of carbon powder 16, with a particle size of 50 to 100 nanometres, present at 0.5 to 10 wt. %. The electrode may contain a polymeric binder at between 1 and 10 wt. %. The electrode may be an anode for use in lithium-ion cells used for rechargeable batteries.

Description

ELECTRODE
The present invention relates to a composite electrode for a power cell. Particularly, though not exclusively, the invention relates to a carbon anode provided for use in high power lithium-ion cells forming rechargeable batteries.
Power cells for rechargeable batteries include a cathode and an anode, with these electrodes spaced by a separator and an electrolyte through which ions are transported. Applications involving power cells for high energy density batteries, such as those used in electric vehicles and power backup, require rechargeable batteries that combine high energy density with high charge and discharge rate capability. Therefore, the power cells should have a low overall ohmic and charge transfer resistance (i.e., high electrical conductivity).Typically, cells containing an anode with low electrical conductivity will exhibit high over-potentials / voltage polarisation, resulting in a limitation in the voltage window and consequently, failure to deliver the target capacity.
Additionally, a high resistance anode coulc produce considerable heat when charged/discharged at high current. Moreover, if the potential of the anode drops below the equilibrium potential of lithium ion/metallic lithium this could lead to plating and dendritic growth of lithium, which introduces significant safety hazards. As a result of balancing the above-described parameters, it requires a careful evaluation of design factors to create an electrode having low resistance without compromising the first cycle efficiency. Such an electrode would still need to have a volumetric and gravimetric energy density that will allow for competitive performance.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved electrode with a low resistance suitable for incorporation in power cells for high-power applications.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a composite electrode for a rechargeable power cell, the electrode comprising active graphite particles and a binder, wherein the active graphite particles comprise rounded graphite particles with high aspect ratio graphite particles interspersed therebetween.
Thus, according to the invention there are two different types of active graphite within the composite electrode.The combination of rounded graphite particles and high aspect ratio graphite particles provide a functional material to host the lithium and enhance electrical conductivity and the power capability of the electrode. This combination of graphite particles makes the electrode suitable for ultra-high-power (UHP) applications.
Preferably, the high aspect ratio graphite particles may be interstitially arranged between the rounded graphite particles. The high aspect ratio graphite particles may be arranged to at least partially fill spaces between the rounded graphite particles to provide an electrode with a high natural density. Thus, this blend of graphite particles maximises electrode volumetric capacity and hence overall cell volumetric energy density. Additionally, the high aspect ratio graphite will increase the points of contact between the rounded graphite particles, hence increasing the long-range conductivity.
The electrode may consist of two types of active graphite particles: the rounded graphite and the high-aspect ratio carbon particles. The presence and distribution of these active graphite particles can maximise capacity of the electrode.
The rounded graphite particles may include graphite particles of any shape including but not limited to: spherical, substantially spherical, oval, potato-shaped, generally rounded, irregular rounded shaped, oblate and the like.The surface of the rounded graphite particles may be smooth or rough. The rounded graphite particles may be artificial (synthetic) or natural.
The particle size of the rounded graphite particles may include particles (of D50 representing 50% of the particles are less than the stated value) between 1 pm and 30 pm. Optionally, the range of the rounded graphite particles may include particles (of D50) between 5 pm and 20 pm.
The electrode may comprise between around 50 and 80 wt% of rounded graphite particles. The electrode may comprise between around 60 and 80 wt% of rounded graphite particles. The electrode may comprise between around 65 and 75 wt% of rounded graphite particles.
The relatively large diameter rounded graphite particles and their weight composition within the electrode is advantageously selected to provide the composite electrode with high capacity and low irreversible capacity loss.
The high-aspect ratio graphite particles may include any graphite particle with a high aspect ratio and the shapes of such high-aspect ratio graphite particles may include but are not linaited to: flake, plate, sheet, oblong, fibre and the like. The surface of the high-aspect ratio graphite particles may be smooth or rough. The high-aspect ratio graphite particles may be artificial (synthetic) or natural.
The particle size of the high aspect ratio graphite particles may include particles (of D50 representing 50% of the particles less than the stated value) between 1 pm to 25 pm in length (the longest dimension). Optionally, the range of the high-aspect ratio graphite may include particles (of D50) between 5 pm to 15 pm in length.
The electrode may comprise between around 10 and 50 wt% of high aspect ratio graphite particles. The electrode may comprise between around 20 and 40 wt% of high aspect ratio graphite particles. The electrode may comprise between around 25 and 35 wt% of high aspect ratio graphite particles.
The specific shape, particle size, type and weight ratios of the active graphite particles may be tailored to each specific application and the desired capacity and/or charge/discharge rates of the power cell in which the electrode is to be used.
The electrode may further comprise an electro-conductive additive for facilitating short range conductivity. The electrode may further comprise an electro-conductive carbon particle to provide enhanced short-range conductivity. The electro-conductive carbon additive with short-range conductivity may be blended with the rounded graphite and high-aspect-ratio graphite. The additive having short range conductivity may comprise substantially spherical particles. The electrode may further comprise carbon black.
The electro-conductive additive for facilitating short range conductivity may comprise substantially spherical particles having a diameter of approximately 50-100 nm.The additive for facilitatling short range conductivity may comprise between around 0,5 and 10 wt % of the electrode, The additive for enabling short range conductivity may comprise between around 1 and 3 wt %.
The electrode may consist of carbon particles and a binder. The electrode may consist of at least two types of active graphite particles and at least one conductive additive formed from carbon, in addition to a binder.
The binder within the composite electrode may comprise between arounc 1 and 10 wt%.
The composite electrode may comprise an anode for a high power rate lithlim-ion power cell. The power cell may comprise a lithium-ion power cell.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a power cell comprising a composite electrode composed of active graphite particles and a binder, wherein the active graphite particles comprise rounded graphite particles with high aspect ratio graphite particles interspersed therebetween.
The composite electrode may comprise the electrode described with reference to the first aspect of the invention including any optional feature described with reference thereto.
The power cell may comprise at least one negative and positive electrode spaced with a separator and an electrolyte.
The composite electrode may be a negative electrode.The electrode may be an anode.
The power cell may further comprise a positive electrode comprising a lithium metal oxide. The positive electrode may comprise nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron and aluminium.
The power cell may comprise a lithium-ion power cel I. The power cell may comprise a pouch cell.
The power cell may comprise a lithium salt within an organic based electrolyte.
According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a battery, battery pack and/or battery module comprising power cells including the composite electrode according to the first aspect of the invention.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a vehicle or object comprising at least one power cell having a composite electrode according to the first aspect of the invention.
The first, second, third and fourth aspects of the invention may be combined with any other aspect, feature or embodiment described in the specification or shown in the figures.
Embodiments of the invention is described with reference to the following drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of particles comprising an electrode according to a first aspect of the invention; Figure 2 is a table showing one embodiment of the composition of the electrode of Figure 1; Figure 3 is table showing one embodiment of the method of forming/mixing the electrode of Figure 1; Figure 4 is a graph showing electrochemical performance of a full cell comprising an anode of the invention against a nickel cobalt aluminium cathode; Figures is a graph showing discharge pulse performance energy and temperature of the full cell; Figure 6 is a graph showing charge pulse performance energy and temperature of the full cell; Figure 7 is a graph showing charge pulse performance of the full cell; and Figure 8 is a table showing key electrochemical parameters to show the performance of lithium-ion cells containing the anode according to the invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a negative electrode or anode composed of active graphite particles as shown in figure 1. The anode is provided for use within a lithium-ion power cell (not shown) having a positive electrode or cathode formed from a lithium metal oxide, and comprising lithium nickel cobalt and aluminium, The electrolyte between the anode and cathode is lithium salt in an organic solvent. The liquid electrolyte allows the movement of lithium ions in solution.
The composition of the carbon anode 10 according to the present embodiment is shown generally at 10 in the schematic figure 1.The anode 10 is formed from a plurality of rounded graphite particles 12 with a plurality of high aspect ratio graphite particles 14 therebetween, According to the present embodiment, the high aspect ratio graphite particles 14 are synthetic graphite flakes and are available as SFG6 with a known size distribution. The graphite flakes 14 occupy interstices between the rounded graphite particles 12. Advantageously, gaps between the rounded graphite particles 12, are filled with high-aspect ratio graphite 14 to maximise interparticle connectivity between rounded graphite particles 12, consequently increasing electrical conductivity and densifying the anode 10, The high electrical conductivity enhances charge transfer at the electrode/electrolyte and electrode/current collector interfaces when the anode is in use within a power cell, The carbon anode 10 also includes a conductive additive in the form of carbon black particles 16.
The small spherical carbon black particles 16 promote and enhance short range conductivity within the anode 10. The anode 10 further comprises a binder in the form of a polymer, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), which is a non-conductive inactive material.
Figure 2 shows the target composition of the anode 10 according to the present embodiment. The anode 10 is composed of active carbon particles: 70wt% of rounded graphite particles 12 in the form of a black powder; and 20wt% of flaked graphite particles 14 in the form of a black powder, The anode further comprises 2wt% carbon black in the form of a black powder to aid short range conductivity. The anode further comprises around 8wt% binder in the form of the polymer (PVDF) powder, which may be adjusted to alter the rheology and viscosity of the slurry mix composing the anode 10. The solid components of the composite anode 10 are mixed using a liquid organic solvent in the form of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).The solvent is provided to dissolve the binder and facilitate the mixing process. Figure 3 provides a stepwise mixing process to demonstrate the method of manufacture of the anode 10.
The graphs of figures 4 to 7 and the table of figures illustrate the results of tests carried out on a lithium-ion pouch cell (not shown) with a capacity 4.6 Ah. The pouch cell of the invention incorporates one embodiment of the anode 10 and a cathode spaced by a separator and an electrolyte. The anode 10 is made according to the invention and includes a blend of potato-shaped graphite particles (available as MAGE3 graphite) and flaked graphite (available as SFG6 graphite). The cathode comprises nickel, cobalt and aluminium (NCA). The electrolyte within the pouch cell is organic based and contains lithium ions in solution.
Figure 4 shows a plot of voltage against capacity displaying charge and discharge curves for the full lithium-ion cell at different charge and discharge rates. Figure 5 plots energy and temperature as a function of time to display discharge pulse performance. Figure 6 plots energy and temperature as a function of time to display the charge pulse performance. Figure 7 plots voltage and power as a function of time to display the charge pulse performance.
The graphs and table demonstrate how the anode 10 of the invention has both increased power and capacity. The two types of active carbon particles 12, 14 present in the anode 10 gives a high density of active carbon particles thereby improving capacity and increases the contact surface area between adjacent graphite particles of both types, thereby improving electrical conductivity. As a result, both the capacity and the power of the anode 10 is increased, unlike conventional anodes which tend to support either high energy (capacity) applications or high power applications.
The carbon black particles 16 further enhance electrical conductivity. The arrangement and distribution of the carbon 12, 14, 16 within the anode 10 enhances both electronic and ionic conductivity. Long range conductivity is provided by the enhanced surface contact area between the rounded 12 and flaked graphite 14 particles. Short range conductivity is enhanced by carbon black particles.The reduction in the length of the conduction path improves ionic conductivity.
The graphs that include temperature characteristics of the full cell is use, as well as the final three columns of the table of figure 8, demonstrate that the pouch cell using the anode 10 of the invention has very low resistance. Therefore, the power cell can sustain high currents without overheating. This allows the charge/discharge rates of the cell to be maximised with minimal changes in temperature. These figures and results demonstrate that the cell containing the anode 10 of the invention has a significantly lower resistance when compared with conventional cells.
Overall, the two types of active carbon particles (rounded graphite 12 and flaked graphite 14) present in the anode 10 improve both conductivity and capacity simultaneously, which is atypical for conventional anodes. Test results show that these two different active carbon particles provide improved capacity and power/charge rates. The graphs and tables demonstrate that the anode 10 is suitable for use in high power applications.
According to other embodiments of the invention, different particle sizes or shapes may be selected for the rounded and/or high aspect ratio graphite. The particle sizes and/or weight compositions may be altered to provide the optimum anode for use within a lithium-ion power cell having the requisite capacity and charge/discharge rate capabilities. Further alternative embodiments may involve selection of optimum types, shapes and proportions of carbon particles in order to satisfy other requirements such as mechanical strength. For example, the active particles selected may be not perfectly spherical rounded graphite but rather potato-shaped rounded graphite particles having a rough or uneven surface (giving a high surface area) for improved mechanical strength.
Modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Relative terms are used for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention

Claims (22)

  1. Claims 1. A composite electrode for a rechargeable power cell, the electrode comprising active graphite particles and a binder, wherein the active graphite particles comprise rounded graphite particles and high aspect ratio graphite particles interspersed therebetween.
  2. 2. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 1, wherein the high aspect ratio graphite particles are interstitially arranged between the rounded graphite particles such that the high aspect ratio graphite particles at least partially fill spaces between the rounded graphite particles to provide an electrode with a high natural density.
  3. 3. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the electrode comprises between 50 and 80 wt% of rounded graphite particles.
  4. 4. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode comprises between around 65 and 75 wt% of rounded graphite particles.
  5. 5. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode comprises between around 10 and 50 wt% of high asgect ratio graphite particles.
  6. 6. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode comprises between around 15 and 35 wt% of high asgect ratio graphite particles.
  7. 7. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein at least half of the rounded graphite particles have a size between and less than 1 pm and 30 pm.
  8. 8. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein at least half of the rounded graphite particles have a size between and less than 5 pm and 20 pm.
  9. 9. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein at least half of the high aspect ratio graphite particles have a length between and less than 1 pm to 25 pm.
  10. 10. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein at least half of the high aspect ratio graphite particles have a length between and less than 5 pm to 15 pm.
  11. 11. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode includes graphite particles of any shape including but not limited to: spherical, substantially spherical, oval, potato-shaped, generally rounded and/or oblate.
  12. 12. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode includes high aspect ratio graphite particles having a shape including but not limited to: flake, plate, fibre, sheet and/or oblong
  13. 13. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode further comprises an electro-conductive additive for facilitating short range conductivity and comprising conductive particles between around 0.5 and 10 wt %.
  14. 14. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 13, wherein the conductive additive comprises substantially spherical conductive particles having a diameter of approximately 50-100 nm.
  15. 15. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the electrode comprises between around 1 and 3 wt % of conductive additive in the form of conductive carbon powder.
  16. 16. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the binder comprises between around 1 and 10 wt% of polymer.
  17. 17. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode comprises an anode for a high-power rate lithium-ion power cell.
  18. 18. A composite electrode as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the electrode consists of two different types of active graphite particles and an electro-conductive additive formed from carbon, in addition to a binder.
  19. 19. A power cell comprising a composite electrode according to any one of the preceding claims.
  20. 20. A power cell according to claim 19, wherein the power cell comprises a lithium-ion cell having at least one anode and cathode and wherein the anode comprises a composite electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 18.
  21. 21. A battery, battery pack and/or battery module comprising at least one power cell according to claim 19 or claim 20.
  22. 22. A vehicle or object comprising at least one power cell according to claim 19 or claim 20.
GB2111987.0A 2021-08-20 2021-08-20 Electrode Pending GB2609985A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2111987.0A GB2609985A (en) 2021-08-20 2021-08-20 Electrode
PCT/GB2022/052142 WO2023021296A1 (en) 2021-08-20 2022-08-18 Electrode

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2111987.0A GB2609985A (en) 2021-08-20 2021-08-20 Electrode

Publications (2)

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GB202111987D0 GB202111987D0 (en) 2021-10-06
GB2609985A true GB2609985A (en) 2023-02-22

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GB2111987.0A Pending GB2609985A (en) 2021-08-20 2021-08-20 Electrode

Country Status (2)

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GB (1) GB2609985A (en)
WO (1) WO2023021296A1 (en)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09147862A (en) * 1995-11-22 1997-06-06 Hitachi Maxell Ltd Organic electrolyte secondary battery
US20040013942A1 (en) * 2002-07-08 2004-01-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Negative electrode and lithium ion secondary battery using the same
US6998192B1 (en) * 2002-08-29 2006-02-14 Quallion Llc Negative electrode for a nonaqueous battery
WO2012133611A1 (en) * 2011-03-29 2012-10-04 三菱化学株式会社 Negative electrode material for nonaqueous secondary battery, negative electrode using the same, and nonaqueous secondary battery
US20160211512A1 (en) * 2013-09-24 2016-07-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki Negative-electrode active material and electric storage apparatus

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10749179B2 (en) * 2014-03-31 2020-08-18 Envision Aesc Energy Devices Ltd. Graphite-based negative electrode active material, negative electrode, and lithium ion secondary battery
KR102323428B1 (en) * 2015-03-13 2021-11-09 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 Negative electrode for rechargeable lithium battery, method of manufacturing the same, and rechargeable lithium battery including the same
KR102080255B1 (en) * 2015-11-05 2020-02-21 주식회사 엘지화학 Negative electrode active material and negative electrode for secondary battery comprising the same

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09147862A (en) * 1995-11-22 1997-06-06 Hitachi Maxell Ltd Organic electrolyte secondary battery
US20040013942A1 (en) * 2002-07-08 2004-01-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Negative electrode and lithium ion secondary battery using the same
US6998192B1 (en) * 2002-08-29 2006-02-14 Quallion Llc Negative electrode for a nonaqueous battery
WO2012133611A1 (en) * 2011-03-29 2012-10-04 三菱化学株式会社 Negative electrode material for nonaqueous secondary battery, negative electrode using the same, and nonaqueous secondary battery
US20160211512A1 (en) * 2013-09-24 2016-07-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki Negative-electrode active material and electric storage apparatus

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Publication number Publication date
GB202111987D0 (en) 2021-10-06
WO2023021296A1 (en) 2023-02-23

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