GB2599457A - A transport apparatus and storage system - Google Patents

Abstract

An assembly comprising a carton 40 provided with a base, sidewalls 41 and a cover 42, internal insulation comprising planar elements 44 arranged to line the base and inside walls of the carton and cover, a first sleeve 47 arranged to line an inside face of the insulation elements, a second sleeve (figure 4cii, 49) having means for spacing from the insulation elements, and a container (figure 5a, 51) suitable for dry ice comprising a base and oppositely presented aperture, the base being operably placed adjacent the second sleeve and having a flexible base. Also, an assembly comprising a carton, internal insulation, load volume and dry ice container, the container being provided with a data logger unit and thermocouple for measuring temperature, wherein the carton is formed from a corrugated or apertured material.

Description

A TRANSPORT APPARATUS AND STORAGE SYSTEM

Field of Invention

001 The present invention relates to the field of the transportation and storage of thermally labile goods such as pharmaceuticals, and to a container system and apparatus employing a total loss evaporation agent such as dry ice. In particular, but not necessarily restricted thereto, the present invention relates to a system for the transportation and temperature controlled storage of ultra-low temperature, low volume, high value goods.

Background to the Invention

002 Temperature controlled logistics relates to the storage, preservation and transportation of cargo that is sensitive to atmospheric conditions and needs to maintain a certain temperature. The chemical stability of a medicine or the physical properties thereof -in the form of sedimentation and separation of emulsion systems for example -may be affected by elevated temperatures or sub-zero temperatures. Due to the potential consequences of improperly stored drugs, the demands of national and international regulators have become more stringent and pharmaceutical companies need to be able to prove that they're products are transported via a temperature controlled supply chain. Indeed, by the use of temperature tracking sensors, pharmaceutical products are rejected in the event of any temperature excursion, as spoiled drugs can have serious consequences on the health and wellbeing. Even a brief period at sub-zero temperatures may irreversibly denature protein and lead to a loss of efficacy, and therefore such medicinal products must be maintained within a narrow temperature range above freezing point throughout the distribution chain. With individual medicine dosages sometimes costing hundreds of dollars, it can be appreciated that a temperature excursion can lead to wastage of many thousands of dollars in an individual container or carton. Minimizing the amount of time the drugs spend at ambient temperatures is critical, especially in warmer climates. Furthermore, it is important to ensure cooling apparatus remains active for the duration of the transit. Mistakes can come in the form of energy saving modes being turned on without notice, and cooling apparatus being switched off during rest periods.

003 The margin of error is different from product to product, but the industry has seen a greater regulatory emphasis on drugs that can maintain integrity between 20C and 80C. This temperature range is referred to as "cold-chain" -a temperature range where the medicine is maintained above sub-zero temperatures. These conditions must be assured by all parties, including the manufacturer, shipper, and wholesaler. Whilst logistics operators are responsible for maintaining the temperature of a cargo, adequate labelling should be provided to ensure that specific conditions for the product are understood by all involved parties.

004 Some pharmaceutical goods, notably vaccines, need to be maintained at 193K+10K, which is effectively approximately 80K less than typical cold chain logistics temperatures. Notwithstanding this, the same pressures of cost are present together with an arguably greater need to simplify the product -to ensure that operator error does not ruin valuable product through ignorance or otherwise. Whilst, standard 2°C -8°C operating procedures are known by producers, logistics companies and end users alike, vaccines may need to be deployed to areas of the world where there are no recognised cold chain procedures or where there are no appropriate storage facilities.

For example, in the United Kingdom, hospitals normally possess refrigeration facilities operating to low temperatures such as -20°C, with emergency back-up power etc., it is extremely rare for -80°C refrigeration facilities to be provided outside a hospital regularly dealing with vaccines. Equally, bureaucratic demands insist on the use of the maintenance of recyclable materials.

Healthcare packaging solutions are necessarily validated to international standards, and typically, are "over engineered' to cope with isolated but inevitable delays. It will be noted that the amount of coolants supplied per journey/delivery/stationery emergency refrigeration facility are calculated with regard to anticipated geographical weather ambient conditions and storage facility ambient conditions for the cold chain logistics product. Phase change materials are routinely used across the cold chain industry. However, when ultra low temperatures are required other coolant systems are required.

006 A typical product will employ temperature control systems employing passive or active stored liquid/solid phase change materials within plastics containers or have an active, powered refrigeration system. In the case of a carton employing phase change materials -which are typically maintained in the temperature range of 2°C -8°C -the volume and heat capacity of the goods, together with the predicted external temperatures likely to be encountered and time of travel and storage are taken into account whereby the cargo volume is maintained within the desired temperature range.

Active refrigeration systems must be arranged so that the petrol/LPG/diesel motors driving the refrigeration system is provided with fuel or, if electric, has sufficient electrical storage / mains electrical supply to ensure that a desired temperature range in a load volume is maintained, taking into account the aforesaid variables of time, external temperature and humidity. Evaporative phase change materials can also be employed in cold chain distribution, especially ultra low temperature distribution. Liquid evaporating from a surface has a cooling effect, as its molecules convert from the liquid phase to the vapour phase and escape from the surface. Energy in the form of heat from the surrounding atmosphere drives this process. In order for the molecule to leave the liquid surface and escape as a vapour, it must take heat energy with it. The heat that it takes with it comes from the surface from which it evaporated. Since the molecule is taking heat with it as it is evaporating from a surface, this has a cooling effect on the surface left behind.

007 Once the temperature in the atmosphere of the gas has reduced, it becomes liquid and then solid. However, certain gasses such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen have become useful for their sublimation and evaporative properties -typically solid carbon dioxide, which is ordinarily referred to as dry ice. With reference to Figure 1, there is shown a graph of phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) showing the carbon dioxide sublimation point (middle-left) at 1 atmosphere. As dry ice is heated, it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly into the gaseous phase. Water, on the other hand, passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere. As a rule of thumb, for a carton expect a half Kilogramme of dry ice to sublimate every 24 hours. However, the exact sublimation rate will depend on the quality of the insulation provided. The lower the level of insulation, the faster the rate of sublimation -and this is factored into any determination of the amounts of dry ice that are required for any period of time of transport and storage, taking into account the varying needs of the goods, whether they be placed outside on a ground support vehicle on, for example, Miami airport on a summer's day or in the hold of an aircraft thousands of metres in the sky.

008 Thus, dry ice is presently widely employed -but still presents difficulties: It is essential that not only are the contents of a load volume kept separate from the dry ice, but personnel must be provided with correct safety gear to prevent unintended contact, since if personnel do not take the necessary handling precautions with dry ice, it can cause burns similar to frostbite. Indeed such burn-frostbite injuries are common when procedures have not been followed. In contrast with many storage containers, a dry ice coolant system must not be gas -tight -an increase in load volume atmospheric pressure will occur as dry ice sublimes and a resultant increase in vapour pressure needs to be released -otherwise an ultra-low temperature package could explode. As one might expect, regulations cover this and, for example, in the United States, non-medical, non-hazardous air shipments with 2.5Kg (5.51b) or less of dry ice, a carton can be simply marked as containing "Dry Ice" or "Carbon Dioxide, Solid," along with a note of the contents and how many pounds or kilogrammes of dry ice are included. If there is more than 2.5Kg (5.51b) of dry ice, then a Class 9 diamond hazard label needs to be applied to the package. Notwithstanding this, dry ice is a safe and effective way of shipping goods that need to stay frozen, if used properly and compliantly.

009 Companies operating within the pharmaceutical cold chain must be aware of the latest rules and standards in the market. The complexity of international transportation of medicines may appear nefarious but the personal and financial value of a carelessly packaged medicine leading to its destruction is significant. In the EU, the Directive 2001/83/EC determines the production, distribution and use of medicinal products in the European Union and the data is easily available. Notwithstanding this, some countries may even have safety regulation that involves physically opening and inspecting cargo, which can result in temperature deviations. Accordingly, it is good practice to make real time temperature loggers and data accessible externally from a load volume of a storage container to ensure that the opening of containers is kept to a minimum.

An additional complexity to the cold chain arises in confirming that a product has been maintained at the correct temperature, without any excursion beyond a permitted temperature range e.g. 193K±10K. The type of temperature monitoring equipment used must be able to refer to the worst-case position within a load volume (typically stated by a producer of a pharmaceutical product). The probes must be over engineered so that they are resilient to handling issues and maintain their position within the load volume. The reporting system must ensure that the monitoring is continuous and reports can be produced for transit and storage times of a product in cold chain.

0011 Presently, there are few containers for ultra low temperature distribution: Figure 2a shows a trolley bin which, whilst providing a good volume for large items, the trolley bin is oversize for vials as are commonly employed in medical supplies and vaccines, the trolley bin has no easily assembled configuration for product, the trolley bin cannot be flat-packed and present a large "dead" volume when not employed. Figure 2b shows a sidewall entry system polypropylene container but, akin with the trolley bin of Figure 2a, present problems on temperature monitoring and secure placement of a load. Figure 3a shows a carton wherein an EPS container 31 is placed within a cardboard box 30. An absorbent material 32 and an insulation buffer pad 33 lie below a product 34 -in this case a food product. Above the product, an insulation buffer pad 33, to isolate the product from direct contact with the dry ice, is provided prior to placement by dry ice 36 -shown as being introduced by a nozzle 37 element connected to a dry ice supply, with a further absorbent pad 33 being provided to underlie a complementary EPS lid 38 of the container. Once in place, the lid is in place, the cover flaps 39 of the carton are then sealed. This system has loose dry ice which cannot be prevented from getting into contact with product. Figure 3b shows another form of expanded polystyrene temperature control carton where samples are maintained sandwiched between a buffer insulation layer and an outer ice pack. It will be noted that this form of temperature control, whilst compact does not permit ultra low temperatures to be maintained and positioning of temperature probes will be difficult, with ensuing compliance issues.

Obiect of the Invention 0012 The present invention seeks to provide a solution to the problems addressed above. The present invention seeks to provide a low temperature evaporative cooled system that can enable goods to be reliably maintained in at low temperatures for periods ranging from a few hours to several days. The present invention also seeks to provide an easy to implement method of packing and unpacking taking into account the fact that improper handling of dry ice can cause injury whilst improperly secured packages retaining dry ice as a coolant can permit product to achieve temperatures outside their permitted range of compliance, resulting in wasted product with potential great personal and financial loss.

0013 Furthermore, the present invention seeks to provide a system for cartons -which may be transported pallet-borne goods that protects the goods and enables simple, logical packing and unpacking. The present invention also seeks to provide a temperature controlled transport/storage assembly for goods, whereby goods can be maintained within an atmosphere having a predefined, ultra low temperature range.

Statement of Invention

0014 In accordance with a general aspect of the invention, there is provided a low temperature transport/storage assembly comprising a carton, internal insulation, a load volume and a dry ice container; wherein the container is provided with a base and sidewalls and a cover; Wherein the internal insulation comprises planar elements, operably arranged to line the base and inside walls of the carton and cover; a sleeve arranged to line an inside face of the base and sidewall insulation elements; a load receiving sleeve, the load receiving sleeve having means for spacing the sleeve from the sidewall insulation elements; characterized in that there is provided a container for dry ice comprising a base and an oppositely presented aperture for placement of dry ice therein, the base being operably placed adjacent the load containing box; wherein the container for dry ice has a conformable base whereby to adapt its shape to seal around the load box and any cover therefore.

It is believed that the present invention can also provide benefit with the transmission of pandemic related vaccines, of particular note given recent epidemics in the Far East with SARS and C-19, worldwide, where diurnal temperatures can vary 33 significantly -yet the medication needs to be kept cool.

0016 Conveniently the insulation panels are VIP panels, which are preferably protected from mechanical shock by way of shock absorbing panels.

0017 Conveniently, the base and sidewall VIP panels are arranged without spaces between adjacent panels.

0018 Conveniently, the cover to the carton is formed from tongues extending from the sidewalls, the tongues being arranged such that they can fold with respect to the sidewalls and be fastened together across a top surface of the box.

0019 Alternatively, the cover to the carton comprises a separable lid with depending lips to enable securement with respect to the carton. Conveniently at least one of the interfaces as between the lid and the upper edges of the container are provided with seals. Whilst the dry ice mass will ordinarily sublimate and the increase in internal pressure needs to be relieved, it has been found that by the provision of a polymeric seal or similar, there is a reduced tendency for gas at a low temperature to flow out, especially when the carton is displaced from a normal upstanding orientation, during transport and upon accidental displacement. This can otherwise have serious negative consequences.

The carton can conveniently be formed from one of corrugated cardboard or corrugated plastics or high density plastics foam.

0021 The conformable container -for retaining dry ice in use is conveniently formed from a metalized Polyethylene (PE) -Polypropylene (PP) fabric material.

0022 In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a low temperature transport/storage assembly comprising a carton, internal insulation, a load volume and a dry ice container; wherein the container is provided with a data logger unit and a thermocouple for measuring temperature; wherein there is a load securing element within the carton formed from a corrugated or apertured material, wherein the corrugated material or apertures are parallel to a wall surface of the load securing element, whereby load temperatures can be monitored accurately, from a position close to the load volume, but not within the load volume.

0023 In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a 30 low temperature transport/storage assembly, wherein the data logger unit can communicate wirelessly with IoT devices to enable data transfer between the data logger and a logistics or operator assistant.

0024 By arranging the cartons upon a pallet, a pallet assembly in accordance with the present invention may be assembled in a rapid and expeditious manner. The parts making up the carton assembly may be stacked for storage in a relatively small space, conveniently being associated with a pallet to assist in distribution in a flat-pack style.

The present invention, can also assist in a depleting load, for example, where parts of the load are distributed across a distribution network, yet the temperature must be maintained within a specified range.

Brief Description of the Figures

0026 For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the Figures as shown in the accompanying drawing sheets, wherein:-Figure 1 shows a phase change diagrams for carbon dioxide and water; Figures 2a and 2b, illustrate two prior forms of plastics moulded ultra low temperature containers; Figures 3a and 3b shows a prior form of cardboard cold chain carton; Figure 3c shows a prior form of polystyrene cold chain container; Figures 4a shows a completed container in accordance with the present invention; Figure 4b shows the main components in perspective view of the container with the cover elements raised; Figures 4c -4h show plan views of the invention during placement of dry ice and a payload; Figure 4i shows how the component sleeve elements to the load compartment can operate; Figures 5a -5f detail aspects of the conformable cover and how it can be deployed; Figures 5g -5i show how conformable container cooperates with sleeve in operation; Figures 6a -6f detail aspects of a real time data logging assembly and controls therefor and how sensors are mounted within the carton; Figures 7a -7d show how the system can be deployed in a packing out procedure; Figures 8a -8d show how the system can be deployed in a product removal procedure; Figures 8a and 8b show how cartons can be stacked and arranged upon a pallet, respectively; Figures 10a -10f show schematic representations of a carton indicating how sublimation gases expire and how they can be controlled; and, Figures 109 & 10h show schematic representations of a temperature profile of a carton without and with gas control seals.

Detailed description of the Preferred Embodiments

0027 There will now be described, by way of example only, the best mode contemplated by the inventor for carrying out the present invention. In the following description, numerous specific details are set out in order to provide a complete understanding to the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, that the present invention may be put into practice with variations of the specific.

0028 Figure 4a shows a perspective view of an external view of a carton 40 in accordance with the present invention. Logistics / end user information is displayed upon the external walls. Figure 4b shows a first perspective view of the carton 40 in an open state, with cover flaps 42 depending from sidewalls 41. In particular, the inside volume 43 defines a coolant and payload volume and includes a number of elements, including insulation panels 44, which surround the coolant and payload volume. Conveniently, the insulation panels 44 comprise vacuum insulation panels (VIP) as are known. These VIP panels can be easily damaged and so it is preferably provided with a protective material, for example, a panel of e-flute cardboard 45, having a thickness of 2mm, which provides simple and adequate protection. Conveniently, the VIPS are contiguously arranged together whereby, once installed within the external, four sided carton, there are only four non-contiguous edges as between each adjacent pair of edges of the five panels, with such panels being secured with, for example, so-called "sticky-back plastics tape" (not indicated) so as not to compromise heat sealing efficacy by reason of a passage of air between such adjacent pair of non-contiguously arranged VIP panels. The tape is conveniently reinforced with fibre, as is known. Sleeve element 47 defines the actual payload area and simply provides a sleeve into which vial cartons can be placed, as are frequently employed in ultra low temperature vaccine and medicament supply. Vials are small plastics or glass containers -analogous to truncated test-tubes -each vial being provided with a secured lid. Sleeve element 47, conveniently made from d-flute cardboard, rests upon a base 46 of the inside surface of the defined coolant and payload volume 43, yet is spaced from the inside wall 45, by a distance 48 which permits coolant such as dry ice to be placed therein. Dry ice can be decanted by way of a dispenser with a nozzle as is shown in Figure 3a. The distance 48 between the sleeve element and the inside wall 45 can be determined by die cut tabs extending from the corners of the sleeve element when fabricated by standard die-cutting techniques. This also permits the fluting to be exposed -which provides a secure placement for a thermocouple lead temperature sensor as shall be discussed below. In figure 4ci, there is a single cardboard sleeve element 47 (e-flute), which has upstanding walls, which are folded over at the top. In contrast, Figure 4cii shows a two-part sleeve, wherein a top sleeve 49 telescopes with respect to an outer, lower sleeve 47. This configuration ensures that a conformable upper container which retains dry ice can remain in close proximity to the payload, which comprises vials within cardboard box containers, of approximately 230 mm square.

0029 Figure 4d shows the next stage of filling a container when dry ice DI is placed.

Dry ice, as mentioned above, tends to sublime rapidly at room temperature and appears smoky in this figure. An insulation buffer may be provided prior to the placement of vial packaging as is known. Figures 4e shows a vial package 50 having been placed within the load sleeve 47. Following this one of cover flaps extending from the internal sleeve 47i are placed over the packaged vials 50 and folded over an internal telescoping cover sleeve with a closed upper aperture is placed over the product -per Figure 4f. Figure 4g shows how the flaps 47i of a single sleeve element are closed. Subsequently, dry ice DI is placed over the cover flaps 47i of the sleeve, telescoping 49 or otherwise 47 and between the product sleeve 47 and the inside walls 45 -per Figure 4h. In a packaging facility, by automation means or otherwise, the dry ice which is ordinarily provided by means of a flowable solid, will be dispensed in measured amounts and then shaken, to permit settling so as to attain a minimum volume of dry ice. Given that the dry ice is provided in quantities to correspond with an anticipated transport and storage period, insulation spacer means may be provided to reduce the total amount of the dry ice product, to maintain costs in a logistics environment.

It will be appreciated, especially when vial packages are removed that the requirement for load space is reduced. With reference to Figure 4i, it will be see that sleeve 48 comprises an inverted five sided box, with an open end, the open end facing downwardly and about vial packages 50, which packages 50 are retained within the load volume by product sleeve 47 and slidable sleeve 49 having the closed end. Given that the load spaced is reduced and to maintain thermal contact arrangement, to ensure continuity of thermal profile over time, the sleeve in operation moves downwardly. This movement of the slidable sleeve, changes the volume of the coolant area. The materials of the sleeve are ideally provided with a smooth finish and ideally with an aqua-phobic coating whereby to prevent any atmospheric water vapour sticking to adjacent surfaces thereby to prevent adjacent surfaces from becoming stuck together.

0031 Referring now to Figure 5a, there is shown a conformable container 51 to support dry ice above the load and above then peripheral channel about the load, within the interior of the carton 40. The container is of low thermal resistance (0.0056m2KW-1) and is adapted to be flat-packed when not in use as shown. It has been found convenient to employ a composite material such as a polyethylene -polypropylene sheet, conveniently provided with a reflective material, being a thin film of aluminium. This material is not biodegradable and although the "composite" nature of this material makes it less easy to recycle, recycling solutions are known, nonetheless, contributing to a circular economy with respect to this product. Figure 5b shows how the conformable container 51 can be opened out, which in Figure 5c is shown ready to accept dry ice, as shown in Figure 5d.

Once the required amount of dry ice has been provided, the cover -meaning the extended walls 52 to the conformable container can be folded over. Figure 4n shows the conformable container outside the carton 50, filled with dry ice DI. By having the base of the conformable container of a flexible material, the dry ice can be in close a contact with an upper surface 47, 49 of the payload container, which is especially important in the case of the telescoping container, wherein the weight of the dry ice -which is diminishing in weight as the period of transport and storage continues -diminishes. The lower surface of the conformable container can also be permitted to sag to a degree. By permitting the container to be wholly flexible, it is ensured that the container will not be frozen by virtue of any water condensation that may have been present, associated with, for example, improper procedures being adopted when a vial package is removed.

Accordingly, the use of a conformable container can be beneficial over what could be a container with a rigid rim/sides and a conformable base or perhaps, for known point-to-point trips, for example, a noon-confirmable container could be employed.

0032 Returning to Figure 4b, once the conformable container has been filled with dry ice and the covers 42 are folded over, noting that one of the cover panels also comprises corresponding vacuum insulation panel element 42a and a shock absorbing panel 42b -conveniently formed form expanded polystyrene, to absorb physical shocks and protect the inside thermal insulation panel 42a, noting, as above that VIP materials tend to be more fragile than, for example, polystyrene. It will be appreciated that, below the base VIP panel, there will also be similarly provided a shock absorbing panel to protect the base VIP element.

0033 Ultra Low temperature logistics must at all times be subject to temperature monitoring, to ensure conformance with design performance for a particular load. Figure 6a shows a data logger 54 having a control face 55 which provides switches to start data recording of a shipment -once the dry ice has been placed (note that this must not be determined from an intended pick-up time of arrival of a logistics operator). This control element 54 is connected to at least one thermocouple element 59, per figures 6b and Sc, which show the container 40 and thermocouple arrangement respectively. The control element is retained within the shock absorbing element 42b of the lid element and is connected to at least one thermocouple sensor 59 via wire 58. It will be appreciated that the real time monitoring capabilities are supported by blue tooth transmission protocols to communicate with an operator reader and/or a separate control system for remote monitoring. Figure Sc show an exemplary thermocouple 59, complete with control wire 58 and plug-in connector 60 whereby to fasten to a control element, noting that many may well be pre-configured upon assembly during manufacture and it will also be appreciated that more than one sensor may be installed within the load containing/positioning sleeve 47. Figure 6d shows a detail of a cardboard sleeve element 47 wherein the flutes of the d-flute board provide an appropriately sized containment aperture: the elongate tip defined by the thermocouple 59 is snugly retained within a flute hollow 61. The flute hollow 61 opens at a distance to the wall 45 of the inside face of the container sufficient to prevent the thermocouple sliding out and becoming loose, proving incorrect data -if not otherwise detected. Conveniently, the tabs 62 extending to enable secure positioning of the sleeve with respect to the walls 45 of the coolant -load volume 43. This scheme of fixture is equally relevant whether the corrugated material is cardboard or of a plastics extrusion, ensuring that the temperature probe remains in position, noting that by being within the flutes of the corrugated material, the probe is not within the load compartment as such. Figures 6e -6f show the assembly from different angles -noting that in Figure 6e, the four sided sleeve is shown in a folded fashion, enabling access if required to remove the sensor 59. In Figure 6g, it is clear that the temperature sensor is very close to the load volume but does not impinge on the load volume at all, enable unrestricted access to vial containers 50 and the like.

0034 Figure 6g shows an alternative payload carton assembly wherein sleeve assembly 47, 49 comprises an upper sleeve structure 49 having two foldable covers 63, each cover having an aperture 64 to assist a manual removal -using suitable gloves, bearing in mind the extremely low temperature. A slot 65, provide visibility to the number of vial tray present within the payload carton. Inside surface 66 of lower payload carton 49 is provided with a low friction coating, which is preferably hydrophobic, to minimize the attraction of water molecules, which will always be present in an atmosphere, whereby the likelihood of icing will be reduced. It will be appreciated that alternate methods of ensuring access can be provided, for example, by way of the provision of thin sheets of plastics material. It will be appreciated that liquids such as oils and the like at STP are likely to be solid or extremely viscous greases at reduced temperatures. Special laminate materials may be required for longevity. Hingedly attached to one of the top surfaces of the walls of the base payload container is a cover flap 67, which acts to prevent loose dry ice form entering the lower payload compartment when a payload has been removed. The base 47 is conveniently formed as a five-sided structure to provided structural integrity, noting that dry ice is placed to the outside of thereof; A lower surface of the base is provided to ensure that dry ice external to the payload carrier does not deform the container when removed for removal of some of the contents; the surface can be arranged as a non-stick, optionally dimpled surface, to assist in preventing removal of the upper payload cover / vial trays.

Figures 6h shows the status of the carton upon loading of the goods, with vials 50 placed upon dry ice in the sleeve assembly, 47, 49, with dry ice in the upper conformable container 51. After a period of time -typically a few days, the dry ice volume will have depleted through sublimation -the volume of gas will escape through the small gap that will exist between the side walls and the lid of the carton: with reference to Figure 6i, the amount of dry ice in both the conformable container and the space beneath the vials 50 will have depleted -together with an amount from the channel around the sleeve. In figure 6j, as the amount of dry ice approaches its limit for viable ultra low temperature compliance, the sagging of the conformable base of the dry ice container is apparent -but, importantly, the base is in contact with the top of the sleeve 49, ensuring that the temperature within the load sleeve arrangement 47, 49 is maintained.

0036 In view of the number of steps taken in packing and unpacking product from the carton in accordance with the invention, it will be appreciated that instructions for loading and unloading can be followed quite simply, conveniently using non-linguistic figures, as shall now be discussed. Figure 7a shows how vials 65, strapped together by means of straps 66 can be placed within a load sleeve, Figure 7b shows how the conformable dry ice container can then be placed upon the product -using gloved hands to protect the user's hands from freeze-burns. It is noted that the polyethylene material of the container has such a low thermal capacity any accidental touching of the material; even at ultra low temperatures is unlikely to cause ill effect to an operator. Figures 7bi -7biii show a further variant wherein the conformable container 70 for dry ice is provided by a fabric bag conveniently formed from a material low in water content such as a recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fibre bag -which is of the type of material that looks and feels like an organic fabric such as on made of cotton, jute of hemp, but is made of plastic and therefore devoid of water which would otherwise have a tendency to become ice-welded to the carton or part thereof. PET fabric, being recycled from post-consumer recycled plastic bottles and containers, tend to be durable and are widely considered as being so-called "eco-friendly". The fibre bag can be tailored to fit in specific load-carton configurations and with separate loop-handle elements -conveniently sewn or adhesively attached to the bag, provide a reduced chance for a person filling and emptying the carton to get into contact with any dry ice. In figure 7c the first cover 42a, b is placed over the folded covers of the conformable dry ice container, the control element switched on and then the last two cover panels 42 are taped in placed -whereby the ultra-low temperature product can begin its journey, per Figure 7d. Note however, that when the carton is employed as an effective ultra low temperature storage facility for an indefinite period of time, the dry ice -which continuously sublimes -can be re-filled to ensure that the temperature of 193 K is maintained.

0037 Figures 8a -8c show how simple the steps in retrieving product at low temperature can be. In the first instance the first three covers 42 of a container 40 are folded back after the release of a tape through cutting or otherwise, whereby to expose the temperature logger. The logger data pad is activated to indicate the nature of the opening (emptying product completely or just to indicate that one or more vials are removed; the fourth cover is then removed, together with the VIP and mechanical impact absorption material 42a.

0038 It will be appreciated that the cardboard employed for the construction of this invention can use sheet materials that are generally available, from multiple vendors; indeed, the present invention is not restricted to the use of cardboard products per se, but it is widely employed and can be recycled in a simple fashion. It is to be noted that certain plastics may become too brittle at low temperatures, although plastics do not suffer from becoming wet -other than consequential matters arising from the presence of water. Notwithstanding this, there are several standard waterproof grades of cardboard with differentiators including the weight of the papers and the flute profiles, as well as the number of corrugations, the use of wet strength resins and wet strength adhesives to give good-excellent performance in moist or humid conditions. It is also possible to coat the board to provide further moisture protection, for example.

0039 In the manufacture of the carton, several types of sheet material can be employed. Indeed, whilst cardboard is relatively environmentally friendly, can be reused other materials can also be employed; Card/paperboard, plastics sheeting, formed plastics panels corrugated plastics sheeting and other sheet materials can be employed, the choice being determined upon requirements for specific use, such as weight to be supported, number of uses expected and such like.

Conveniently, the insulation material would comprise of VIP materials for best results, but other insulation materials could be employed, such as expanded or extruded polystyrene or polyurethane foam. Notwithstanding the above, any insulation material must have sufficient physical properties that they do not become too rigid and brittle at low temperatures.

0041 Figure 9a shows how carton in accordance with the present invention can be stacked. In addition to the provision of single cartons, the present invention can be multiply deployed by the use of pallets and derivative containers, such as cartons that can be packed in groups of six upon the foot print of a Euro-pallet, for example. A Euro Pallet -has dimensions of 1200mm x 1000mm. Such pallets and derivative containers have a weight ranging from tens of Kilogrammes to a ton or more and are transported in ships, lorries & aeroplanes and tend to be employed in normal distribution channels taking several hours, if not days to complete a distribution. Cardboard cartons of a few litres in load volume -but requiring a transport package space of 50 -90 litres are also employed on local distribution routes. It will also be appreciated that the invention can be provided in a variety of sizes, in accordance to specific requirements.

0042 In development of the present invention it has been noticed that upon the occurrence of displacement of the carton during handling and travel, that the dry ice sublimation characteristics can be counter-productive. For example, with reference to Figures 10a and 10b, a carton 40 is shown initially upright and then in a position 900 to the upright position. It has been found that due to the density of dry ice, once tipped over, carbon dioxide gas will tend to flow out of the shipper through lid, as indicated by reference numeral 100. Ambient Air is then drawn into the lid, as indicated by reference numeral 101. The effect of the ambient air being introduced within the carton accelerates sublimation rate, with an effect of reducing the temperature below -90°C -i.e. this permits super-cooling to occur. It has been found that the inner carton and lid assembly can be modified in one of two ways, noting that these are fastened so that there are no gaps between adjacent panels, as is known and also disclosed in certain co-pending patent applications to present applicant. A continuous seal about the interface of the lid and carton such as a gas-tight polymeric seal 103 can be provided which gives a substantially gas tight seal under normal pressures, reducing a likelihood of escape of carbon dioxide gas will tend to flow out. The seal can be provided in a number of ways: there could be a single seal placed upon the upstanding edges of the walls 44 of the carton 103; there could be a single seal upon the lid 104 being provided, around the contact edges; there could be a seal provided on both the upstanding edges of the walls and the lid. It is believed that the fastening of lid (which is practice will be adhesively fastened to the inside lid 42 of the outer carton 40) together with the seal or seals, together with subsequent fastening of the flaps of the lid can enable the internal pressure within the load volume to increase as the dry ice sublimates, preventing ambient air from entering, since ambient air will be at a reduced pressure relative to the load volume.

0043 Conveniently, the walls of the outer carton 40 are formed so that they fold reliably at a specified length relative to the height of the internal carton, such that when the top flaps of the container are closed and adhesively fastened, as is known, a substantially uniform increase in pressure can be achieved, when filled with dry ice. For example, opposing flaps could be permitted to meet at the top and then an adhesive tape be applied to secure the flaps in abutment, whereby in a packaging line, fastening by tape could be simply and reliably performed.

0044 With reference to Figure 10e, it is seen, that under normal conditions, the sublimation pressures will still cause escape of the carbon dioxide gas, yet when the shipper is tipped over per Figure 10f, then it has been found that whilst carbon dioxide will still tend to escape through surface tension effects or otherwise, it has been noticed that, as the dry ice sublimates such that the carbon dioxide gas continues to vent from the shipper. The Lid Seal does not allow Ambient Air ingress, preventing accelerated sublimation rates and substantially maintains the correct sublimation temperature. Figure lOg shows a graphical representation of a temperature profile of a carton having been packed out with 23Kg of dry ice, with the carton as shown in Figures 10a and 10b which is then subjected to displacement by the carton or shipper being displaced on its side. It will be seen that upon each incidence of being displaced, the temperature has fallen below 90°C. As will be appreciated, in the event that the temperature extends beyond a desired range, this will potentially compromise the product. Figure 10h shows a graphical representation of a temperature profile of a carton having been packed out with 23Kg of dry ice, with the carton as shown in Figures 10e and 10f which is then subjected to displacement by the carton or shipper being displaced on its side. It will be seen that upon each incidence of being displaced, the temperature did not fall below the 90°C threshold. It will be appreciated that in the cold chain industry, quality control procedures through examination of data loggers associated with each and every carton will confirm whenever there has been a temperature excursion outside permitted range, resulting in wastage of product. However, one should not think of this merely as a product that needs to be replaced, the wastage can be costly in terms of expense and, in the case of medicines, dire consequence could ensue to the health of a potential patient or group of patients. Additionally, in terms of cold chain supply the business confidence in a transport company could well have significant contract ramifications.

Claims (19)

1. CLAIMS: 1) A low temperature transport/storage assembly comprising a carton, internal insulation, a load volume and a dry ice container; wherein the container is provided with a base and sidewalls and a cover; Wherein the internal insulation comprises planar elements, operably arranged to line the base and inside walls of the carton and cover; a sleeve arranged to line an inside face of the base and sidewall insulation elements; a load receiving sleeve having sidewalls, the load receiving sleeve having means for spacing the sleeve from the sidewall insulation elements; characterized in that there is provided a container for dry ice comprising a base and an oppositely presented aperture for placement of dry ice therein, the base being operably placed adjacent the load containing box; wherein the container for dry ice has a conformable base whereby to adapt its shape to seal around the load box and any cover therefore.
2. 2) A transport/storage assembly according to claim 1, wherein the insulation panels are VIP panels.
3. 3) A transport/storage assembly according to claim 2, wherein the base and sidewall panels are arranged without spaces between adjacent panels.
4. 4) A transport/storage assembly according any one of claims 1 -3, wherein the cover to the external carton is formed from tongues extending from the sidewalls, the tongues being arranged such that they can fold with respect to the sidewalls and be fastened together across a top surface of the box.
5. 5) A transport/storage assembly according any one of claims 1 -3, wherein the cover to the external box comprises a separable lid with depending lips to enable securement with respect to the carton.
6. 6) A transport/storage assembly according to any one of claims 1 -4, wherein the carton is formed from one of corrugated cardboard or corrugated plastics or high density plastics foam.
7. 7) An assembly according to any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the conformable container is capable of being flat packed when not in use.
8. 8) An assembly according to any one of claims 1 -7, wherein the conformable container is manufactured from a fabric.
9. 9) An assembly according to claim 8, wherein the conformable container fabric is manufactured from a plastics-based fibre.
10. 10) An assembly according to claim 8, wherein the conformable container is formed from a metalized Polyethylene (PE) -Polypropylene (PP) fabric material.
11. 11) An assembly according to any one of claims 8 -10, wherein the conformable container is provided with rigid sidewalls.
12. 12) An assembly according to any one of claims 1 -11, wherein the load receiving box, is formed from a planar rigid material, and is separated by upstanding elements to space the box from an inside face of the sleeve and maintain a minimum spacing 15 therefrom.
13. 13) An assembly according to any one of claims 1 -12, wherein the contact faces of the materials of the sleeve are provided with a smooth finish.
14. 14) An assembly according to any one of claims 1 -13, wherein the contact faces of the materials of the sleeve are provided with an aqua-phobic coating whereby to prevent any atmospheric water vapour sticking to adjacent surfaces.
15. 15) An assembly according to any one of claims 1 -14, wherein the load receiving box, is separated by one of cardboard spacing elements or plastics foam material from an inside face of the sleeve and maintain a minimum spacing therefrom.
16. 16) An assembly according to any one of claims 1 -15, wherein the cover is provided with an insulation panel, whereby, upon closure of the cover, there is provided insulation between the inside of the carton and the outside lid.
17. 17) A low temperature transport/storage assembly comprising a carton, internal insulation, a load volume and a dry ice container; wherein the container is provided with a data logger unit and a thermocouple for measuring temperature; Wherein there is a load securing element within the carton formed from a corrugated or apertured material, wherein the corrugated material or apertures are parallel to a wall surface of the load securing element, whereby load temperatures can be monitored accurately, from a position close to the load volume, but not within the load volume.
18. 18) A low temperature transport/storage assembly according to any one of claims 1 - 16, wherein the container is provided with a data logger unit and a thermocouple for measuring temperature; Wherein there is a load securing element within the carton formed from a corrugated or apertured material, wherein the corrugated material or apertures are parallel to a wall surface of the load securing element, whereby load temperatures can be monitored accurately, from a position close to the load volume, but not within the load volume.
19. 19) A low temperature transport/storage assembly according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the data logger unit can communicate wirelessly with IoT devices to enable data transfer between the data logger and a logistics or operator assistant.