GB2584111A - System and method for controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines - Google Patents

System and method for controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2584111A
GB2584111A GB1907172.9A GB201907172A GB2584111A GB 2584111 A GB2584111 A GB 2584111A GB 201907172 A GB201907172 A GB 201907172A GB 2584111 A GB2584111 A GB 2584111A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
noise
wind turbines
noise characteristics
controller
wind
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
GB1907172.9A
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GB201907172D0 (en
Inventor
Bass Jeremy
Birchby Andrew
Clerc Alex
Stuart Peter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Renewal Energy Systems Ltd
Original Assignee
Renewal Energy Systems Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Renewal Energy Systems Ltd filed Critical Renewal Energy Systems Ltd
Priority to GB1907172.9A priority Critical patent/GB2584111A/en
Publication of GB201907172D0 publication Critical patent/GB201907172D0/en
Publication of GB2584111A publication Critical patent/GB2584111A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0296—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor to prevent, counteract or reduce noise emissions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F03D7/048—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller controlling wind farms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/333—Noise or sound levels
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Abstract

A system and method which can be used to control one or more wind turbines 2 including a controller 3 to control the operation of the turbines and one or more noise meters located at measuring points, the noise meters 4 having a microphone 5 and a processor, the sound processor taking microphone input and determine one or more sound characteristics and pass them to the controller which changes the operation of the wind turbine to reduce the noise emission of the wind turbine based on the characteristic(s). The characteristics of the noise may be the amplitude modulation, tonality or impulsivity, and for each of those may measure the level or persistence of the noise. The system may also include SCADA to gather information on meteorological conditions and control the wind turbine based on them. The system may include multiple noise sensors, those sensors may be distributed at multiple points in and around the wind turbine or wind farm.

Description

System and method for controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines The present disclosure relates to a system and method for controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines, in particular to such a system and method in which control is based, at least in part, upon measured noise characteristics.
There is a significant desire, the world over, to limit reliance on fossil fuels in the production of electricity. Wind power represents one of the cleanest and most environmentally friendly energy sources presently available. This has resulted in a significant interest in the installation of new wind turbines, and wind farms comprising multiple wind turbines, where possible. During operation of a wind turbine, the drive train components generate mechanical noise and the rotation of the rotor blades through air generates aerodynamic noise. Due to limited suitable sites for the installation of wind farms and the inevitable juxtaposition of people and wind farms, noise regulations exist. Under such regulations, the noise emitted from wind turbines that are located close to people must be carefully controlled. Noise control has an impact on a wind farm's yield. Due to the significant capital investment required to install a wind farm, it is critical that any wind farm operates as close as possible to maximum efficiency, whilst operating within the respective noise regulations.
Prior art arrangements exist for operating wind farms within noise regulations.
These have included arrangements in which a noise level is measured at a point of interest, such as a residential property neighbouring a wind farm, and in dependence on the noise level measured, the operation of one or more wind turbines on the wind farm is controlled, either by means of altered modes of operation or complete shutdown of one or more turbines Such prior art arrangements, whilst effective at controlling noise level and enabling wind farms to operate within the noise regulations, have been largely inefficient. Significant capacity has typically been lost in the operation of wind farms under the control of these prior art control systems.
The present invention arose in a bid to provide a more efficient control system.
According to the present invention in a first aspect, there is provided a system comprising one or more wind turbines, a controller for controlling the operation of the one or more wind turbines, and at least one noise meter located at a measuring point, the noise meter comprising one or more microphones and a sound processor, wherein the sound processor is configured to determine one or more noise characteristics of the sound received by the one or more microphones, and the controller is configured to change the operation of one or more of the wind turbines to an operation mode with reduced noise emission in dependence on the one or more determined noise characteristics.
The noise characteristics are not a detected noise level alone. The system of the present invention uniquely alters operation of the one or more wind turbines on the basis of determined noise characteristics, this contrasts to the prior art which simply relies upon a detected noise level.
The system of the present invention increases efficiency of operation, since external (non-wind turbine) noise sources are discounted by the unique consideration of noise character, rather than just noise level. The noise character preferably comprises amplitude modulation, wherein the presence of amplitude modulation provides a strong indication that the noise being measured is due to the one or more wind turbines rather than another source. Without a measure of noise characteristics, such as the preferred amplitude modulation, there is a lack of certainty regarding the source of any noise, i.e. whether it was due to the one or more wind turbines or not. Increased efficiency of the system arises since the amount of curtailment being wrongly implemented, e.g. when the noise level is high due external sources rather than the one or more wind turbines, is reduced. The prior art has not allowed noise characteristics to be accounted for when checking whether a wind farm was operating within any noise regulations.
As mentioned, it is most preferable that the one or more noise characteristics include amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation may be defined as periodic fluctuations in the level of audible noise from a wind turbine (or wind turbines), the frequency of the fluctuations being related to the blade passing frequency of the turbine rotor(s).
The system may be configured to determine the level of amplitude modulation and/or the persistence of amplitude modulation measured over a predetermined period of time. There may be a single measuring point or two or more distributed measuring points, wherein operational changes are only effected when noise characteristics are determined at each of the two or more distributed measuring points in excess of predefined limits/persistence.
The one or more noise characteristics may additionally or alternatively comprise tonality and/or impulsivity.
Where tonality or impulsivity are used, the system may be configured to determine the level of tonality or impulsivity and/or the persistence of tonality or impulsivity measured over a predetermined period of time.
According to the present invention in a further aspect, there is provided a method of controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines by controlling the operation of the one or more wind turbines, the method comprising providing at least one noise meter located at a measuring point, the noise meter comprising one or more microphones and a sound processor, wherein the sound processor determines one or more noise characteristics of the sound received by the one or more microphones, and the controller changes the operation of one or more of the wind turbines to an operation mode with reduced noise emission in dependence on the one or more determined noise characteristics.
Further, preferable, features are presented in the dependent claims.
Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a simplified schematic view of an embodiment of the present invention; and Figure 2 is a flowchart showing the operation of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
With reference to the figures, embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed.
In broadest terms, there is provided a system 1 comprising one or more wind turbines 2, a controller 3 for controlling the operation of the one or more wind turbines 2, and at least one noise meter 4 located at a measuring point. The noise meter comprises one or more microphones 5 and a sound processor (6, Figure 2). The sound processor is configured to determine one or more noise characteristics of the sound received by the one or more microphones 5. The controller 3 is configured to change the operation of one or more of the wind turbines 2 to an operation mode with reduced noise emission in dependence on the one or more determined noise characteristics.
The measuring point will typically be remote to the wind turbines. When the 20 wind turbines are arranged as a wind farm, the measuring point will typically be outside of the wind farm. It may be at or adjacent to a neighbouring property. This may be a residential property, as depicted, or otherwise.
The measuring point may additionally or alternatively be adjacent to the wind 25 turbines and remote from neighbouring property. When the wind turbines are arranged as a wind farm, the measuring point may be inside the wind farm.
There may be multiple measuring points, as is preferred. In such case, one or more noise meters may be provided at each of the measuring points.
Means will be provided to calculate parameters describing the character of the noise. Most likely suitable software will be used. As mentioned above, such parameters may include at least the level of amplitude modulation. They may, however, comprise alternative parameters, such as tonality or impulsivity instead of, or in addition to, amplitude modulation. Such calculation will occur automatically. The controller 3 controls the operation of one or more of the wind turbines in dependence on the results. The operation mode with reduced noise emission may include the shutting down of one or more of the wind turbines or the slowing down or alteration of blade pitch angle of one or more of the wind turbines, or otherwise, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
The noise characteristics may be calculated in accordance with any known methods, as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
One preferable, non-limiting, method of measuring amplitude modulation is in accordance with that laid out in The Institute of Acoustics Noise Working Group (Wind Turbine Noise) Amplitude Modulation Working Group final report dated 9 Aug 2016 (Version 1) entitled "A Method for Rating Amplitude Modulation in Wind Turbine Noise". In this methodology: 1. Noise is measured in short-term, 100-millisecond LAeci values in 1/3-octave bands. Three frequency ranges or bands are evaluated: 50 -200 Hz; 100 400 Hz and 200 -800 Hz, and the results which exhibit the highest resulting levels of amplitude modulation are used.
2. The fundamental length of input sample to be assessed (the minor time interval) is 10 seconds.
3. The hybrid reconstruction method is used to determine the AM value for each second value.
4. The values of AM measured by the metric in each 101second interval are aggregated over a 10-minute period (the major time interval) to provide a single value which is the AM rating for the 10 minute period.
One preferable, non-limiting, method of measuring tonality is in accordance with that laid out in The Department of Trade & Industry's Working Group on Noise from Wind Turbines final report dated September 1996 entitled The Assessment and Rating of Noise from Wind Farms" In this methodology, there are the following steps: A) Frequency analysis of the noise at receiver locations.
B) Determination of the sound pressure level of the tone(s) and the sound pressure level of the masking noise within the critical band.
C) Evaluation of the difference between the tone and the masking noise sound pressure levels (ALtm) by comparison with a criterion curve to determine the audibility of a tone.
Of course, as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, various 15 alternative known methodologies may be used to measure amplitude modulation or tonality. Moreover, the above described methodologies may be adapted as appropriate.
It is preferable that the controller 3 additionally receives inputs from a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system (7, Figure 2) of the one or more wind turbines. The SCADA system may monitor meteorological conditions, including but not limited to wind direction and speed, and may comprise suitable sensors for such purposes. Such information could, however, alternatively be gathered by suitable sensors associated with the controller 3 or noise meter 4 rather than the SCADA system 7.
Before deciding how the wind farm should be operating the controller 3 can apply various criteria, which will always include some aspect of the determined noise characteristics. This may be the amount of noise character or characters and/or the persistence of noise character or characters. There may also be consideration of consistency across multiple locations when there are multiple measuring points.
Additional criteria, in addition to the determined noise characteristic, or aspect thereof, may comprise one or more or all of the following: The level of noise.
Whether wind speed is within a certain range.
Whether wind direction is within a certain range.
What time of day it is.
The values of other meteorological variables, for example any of the following taken in isolation or in any combination: turbulence intensity, wind shear, temperature gradient, atmospheric stability, rainfall, solar insolation, air temperature, air pressure.
These checks, when implemented, serve to increase the likelihood that the noise character or noise characters data is valid, i.e. is due to the wind farm rather than another noise source, and the values used can be customised as appropriate for a given site. If all of the selected criteria are fulfilled then the controller 3 sends operational instructions to the one or more wind turbines 2 automatically. As mentioned, this might include pausing turbines 2 or operating them in a different mode, such as by reducing their speed or altering the pitch of their blades. The system 1 continuously monitors the situation and reverts the one or more wind turbines placed into the operation mode with reduced noise emission back to a normal operating mode after a predetermined amount of time if the noise data supports this. In contrast with wind farm control strategies which do not receive live inputs from nearby noise monitors, the system 1 only controls the wind farm when the noise data confirms that action should be taken. This means that the wind farm is not curtailed unnecessarily and thus the associated energy losses are reduced. Moreover, the data upon which control is based is not simply a noise level, which increases accuracy.
In a particularly preferred, but non-limiting, embodiment there is provided a system 1 that consists of a plurality of noise meters 4 setup to measure the level of amplitude modulation at two or more locations close to a wind farm, which comprises a plurality of wind turbines 2. The controller 3 of the system receives inputs from a SCADA system 7 of the wind farm. The controller is configured to pause any one of the turbines 2 depending upon the: Level of noise character or characters.
The persistence of noise character or characters.
Whether the noise character or characters is present at all measurement locations.
Whether wind speed is within a certain range.
Whether wind direction is within a certain range. What time of day it is.
What meteorological conditions exist.
io The system 1 continuously monitors the situation and restarts the turbine after a certain amount of time if the above criteria are no longer fulfilled.
Figure 2 shows an operational flowchart of the above described embodiment, wherein the SCADA system 7 provides the meteorological data relating to wind speed and direction. Other sources of meteorological data, including fixed meteorological masts and remote sensing devices, such as SODARs (Sonic Detection And Ranging devices) and LIDARs (Light Detection and Ranging devices) may be used.

Claims (12)

  1. Claims 1. A system comprising one or more wind turbines, a controller for controlling the operation of the one or more wind turbines, and one or more noise meters located at one or more measuring points, the noise meter comprising one or more microphones and a sound processor, wherein the sound processor is configured to determine one or more noise characteristics of the sound received by the one or more microphones, and the controller is configured to change the operation of one or more of the wind turbines to an operation mode with reduced noise emission in dependence on the one or more determined noise characteristics.
  2. 2. A system as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise amplitude modulation.
  3. 3. A system as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise the level of amplitude modulation and/or the persistence of amplitude modulation measured over a predetermined period of time.
  4. 4. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise tonality.
  5. 5. A system as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise the level of tonality and/or the persistence of tonality measured over a predetermined period of time.
  6. 6. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise impulsivity.
  7. 7. A system as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise the level of impulsivity and/or the persistence of impulsivity measured over a predetermined period of time.
  8. 8. A system as claimed in any preceding claim comprising two or more distributed measuring points.
  9. 9. A system as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to change the operation of the one or more wind turbines only when the one or more noise characteristics are determined at each of the two or more distributed measuring points.
  10. 10. A system as claimed in any preceding claim further comprising sensors for determining meteorological parameters, wherein the sensors are configured to provide information regarding the meteorological parameters to the controller, the controller being configured to change the operation of the one or more wind turbines in dependence on this information.
  11. 11. A system as claimed in Claim 10, wherein the meteorological parameters comprise any of the following parameters taken in isolation or in any combination: wind speed and direction, turbulence intensity, wind shear, temperature gradient, atmospheric stability, rainfall, solar insolation, air temperature, and air pressure..
  12. 12. A method of controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines by controlling the operation of the one or more wind turbines, the method comprising providing at least one noise meter located at a measuring point, the noise meter comprising one or more microphones and a sound processor, wherein the sound processor determines one or more noise characteristics of the sound received by the one or more microphones, and the controller changes the operation of one or more of the wind turbines to an operation mode with reduced noise emission in dependence on the one or more determined noise characteristics.Amendment to Claims have been filed as folows Claims 1. A system comprising one or more wind turbines, a controller for controlling the operation of the one or more wind turbines, and one or more noise meters located at one or more measuring points remote to the one or more wind turbines, the noise meter comprising one or more microphones and a sound processor, wherein the sound processor is configured to determine one or more noise characteristics of the sound received by the one or more microphones, and the controller is configured to change the operation of one or more of the wind turbines to an operation mode with reduced noise emission in dependence on the one or more determined noise characteristics, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise amplitude modulation.2. A system as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise the level of amplitude modulation and/or the persistence of C\I amplitude modulation measured over a predetermined period of time. a) cpCD 3. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the one or more noise 4. A system as claimed in Claim 3 wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise the level of tonality and/or the persistence of tonality measured over a predetermined period of time.5. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise impulsivity.6. A system as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise the level of impulsivity and/or the persistence of impulsivity 30 measured over a predetermined period of time.characteristics comprise tonality.7. A system as claimed in any preceding claim comprising two or more distributed measuring points.8. A system as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the controller is configured to change the operation of the one or more wind turbines only when the one or more noise characteristics are determined at each of the two or more distributed measuring points.9. A system as claimed in any preceding claim further comprising sensors for determining meteorological parameters, wherein the sensors are configured to provide information regarding the meteorological parameters to the controller, the controller being configured to change the operation of the one or more wind turbines in dependence on this information.O C\I43015 10. A system as claimed in Claim 9, wherein the meteorological parameters comprise any of the following parameters taken in isolation or in any combination: wind speed and direction, turbulence intensity, wind shear, temperature gradient, atmospheric stability, rainfall, solar insolation, air temperature, and air pressure..11. A method of controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines by controlling the operation of the one or more wind turbines, the method comprising providing at least one noise meter located at a measuring point remote to the one or more wind turbines, the noise meter comprising one or more microphones and a sound processor, wherein the sound processor determines one or more noise characteristics of the sound received by the one or more microphones, and the controller changes the operation of one or more of the wind turbines to an operation mode with reduced noise emission in dependence on the one or more determined noise characteristics, wherein the one or more noise characteristics comprise amplitude modulation.
GB1907172.9A 2019-05-21 2019-05-21 System and method for controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines Pending GB2584111A (en)

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GB1907172.9A GB2584111A (en) 2019-05-21 2019-05-21 System and method for controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines

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GB1907172.9A GB2584111A (en) 2019-05-21 2019-05-21 System and method for controlling the noise emission of one or more wind turbines

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GB2584111A true GB2584111A (en) 2020-11-25

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1944667A1 (en) * 2007-01-05 2008-07-16 General Electric Company Tonal emission control for wind turbines
US20100143117A1 (en) * 2009-06-03 2010-06-10 General Electric Company System and method for wind turbine noise control and damage detection
US20120027591A1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2012-02-02 General Electric Company System and methods for controlling the amplitude modulation of noise generated by wind turbines
US20160032893A1 (en) * 2014-07-31 2016-02-04 General Electric Company System and method for enhanced operation of wind parks
EP3096006A1 (en) * 2015-05-21 2016-11-23 General Electric Company System and methods for controlling noise propagation of wind turbines
WO2018086671A1 (en) * 2016-11-14 2018-05-17 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Wind turbine noise analysis and control
WO2020098892A1 (en) * 2018-11-16 2020-05-22 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Wind turbine noise masking

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1944667A1 (en) * 2007-01-05 2008-07-16 General Electric Company Tonal emission control for wind turbines
US20100143117A1 (en) * 2009-06-03 2010-06-10 General Electric Company System and method for wind turbine noise control and damage detection
US20120027591A1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2012-02-02 General Electric Company System and methods for controlling the amplitude modulation of noise generated by wind turbines
US20160032893A1 (en) * 2014-07-31 2016-02-04 General Electric Company System and method for enhanced operation of wind parks
EP3096006A1 (en) * 2015-05-21 2016-11-23 General Electric Company System and methods for controlling noise propagation of wind turbines
WO2018086671A1 (en) * 2016-11-14 2018-05-17 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Wind turbine noise analysis and control
WO2020098892A1 (en) * 2018-11-16 2020-05-22 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Wind turbine noise masking

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