GB2569355A - Method and apparatus of bridging arbitrary radio protocols over IP networks - Google Patents
Method and apparatus of bridging arbitrary radio protocols over IP networks Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2569355A GB2569355A GB1720913.1A GB201720913A GB2569355A GB 2569355 A GB2569355 A GB 2569355A GB 201720913 A GB201720913 A GB 201720913A GB 2569355 A GB2569355 A GB 2569355A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- communication
- bridging apparatus
- ordinating
- low
- enabled device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/08—Protocols for interworking; Protocol conversion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/70—Services for machine-to-machine communication [M2M] or machine type communication [MTC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
- H04W88/005—Data network PoA devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a system for communicating data between a coordinating device (10) and at least one communication-enabled device (30), e.g. a household device having communication functionality such that it forms part of the Internet of Things (IoT), which communicates using a low-power radio protocol. A bridge (20) converts data between the radio protocols used by the devices (30) and an IP protocol (e.g. Wi-Fi) used by the coordinating device (10). The devices (10)-(30) form an IP subnet. The device (10) runs software for coordinating the activity of the devices (30). The bridge (20) is separate from the coordinating device.
Description
The following terms are registered trade marks and should be read as such wherever they occur in this document:
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
ZigBee
RFID
Sigfox
Neul
Intellectual Property Office is an operating name of the Patent Office www.gov.uk/ipo
Method and Apparatus of Bridging Arbitrary Radio Protocols over IP Networks
Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a means for providing a wireless connection between one or more devices over one or more IP Networks, in particular to providing connectivity for communication-enabled devices in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Introduction
It becoming increasingly common for everyday household appliances and other electrical products within a home to be produced with communicative capabilities, these devices are named ‘communication-enabled devices’.
Most buildings in current times are equipped with an IP network subnet, for example a WiFi network; therefore, initially it made operational sense for devices to communicate via such networks. Early communication-enabled devices, were produced with WiFi radio technology in-built to enable connection to other local devices as well as communication with remote servers via the WiFi network router, as depicted in FIG. 1 A. Remote servers are operated by the suppliers of the devices, on the servers is stored information received from each communication-enabled device. The servers are also used to run the IoT platform software which co-ordinates between all desired communication-enabled devices, analyses the data as well as enabling access and control to said devices from other parties such as the owner of the communication-enabled device via their own personal electronic device, e.g. a smart phone.
Using WiFi protocols for communication has associated benefits, it has a relatively long range, has a high data rate and is a low latency/fast response system. Being constantly on however systems using WiFi connectivity have rather high energy demands, therefore it is mainly suited to communication-enabled devices connected to mains-power sources. Due to the popularity of communication-enabled devices in the public conscious, driven by media attention, the number of devices has drastically increased. While most of these devices are mainspowered, the sheer quantity of devices can drastically increase the energy consumption of a user’s property such as a home.
In order to reduce the energy consumption of communication-enabled devices, alternative radio technologies have been implemented in new devices, these are primarily been low-power radio technologies such as ZigBee, Z-Wave, DECT-ULE and Bluetooth® although others do exist. These radio technologies generally have low power consumption, have a low data rate and have a high latency and are therefore suitable for the types of data being communicated by internet enabled devices such as light bulbs, fridges and energy consumption monitors.
Conventional internet routers around which a home’s WiFi network is hosted, are not equipped with the necessary radio hardware to connect with these new communication-enabled devices. Therefore a market has developed for so called ‘smart hubs’; comprising low-power radio technologies and WiFi radios. These hubs provide a communicative link between the communication-enabled devices and the remote servers such as a cloud-based server via the home’s WiFi network as depicted in FIG. IB. In order to ensure that communication between the home and the remote servers remains secure, the hub is produced with sufficient data processing capacity to permit any data being communicated to be encrypted. Some manufacturers looking to reduce the costs associated with hosting or leasing a remote server equip their hubs with further processing capacity. The hubs equipped to run the IoT platform software is therefore able store and analyse data from the communication-enabled devices prior to transmitting it to the remote servers.
Storing and processing data on a remote server introduces a single central location for all information related not only to one person’s devices but for all persons with devices or hubs from particular manufacturers. This weakness can be exploited by individuals with malicious intentions to steal information related to consumers, or even take control of customer’s devices. Hubs with sufficient processing capacity to avoid the need for remote servers are expensive to customers and have high power demands therefore using them is in contradistinction to the aim of using low-power radio technologies which is to reduce the energy consumption of a property with communication-enabled devices.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention is as given in the claims and the detailed description: A system for communicating data between a co-ordinating device and an communication-enabled device each having different communication protocols, comprising: an communication-enabled device comprising means for communicating over a lowpower radio technology protocol, a co-ordinating device comprising means for communicating over an IP network subnet and a controller for running a platform software for co-ordinating the activity of the communication-enabled device; and a bridging apparatus comprising means for communicating data over an IP network subnet; a digital radio system for communicating data over the low-power radio technology protocol of the communication-enabled device; the bridging apparatus configured to provide a communication link between the co-ordinating device and the communication-enabled device; wherein the bridging apparatus is independently positionable with respect to the co-ordinating device.
The system of the present invention provides an energy and cost efficient means for co-ordinating an array of communication-enabled devices over any number of low-power radio technologies.
By removing the necessity for the provision of a separate dedicated ‘smart hub’ to co-ordinate the devices, the system of the present invention also increase the connectivity of the low-power radio technologies by removing the causes of radio frequency interference from the proximity of the low-power radio systems. Additionally, the present invention provides a more secure system than for conventional IoT systems as a result of the removal of the more accessible nodes of conventional IoT systems such as the remote servers. In the present invention data from each communication-enabled device operator is stored in the co-ordinating device rather than being stored in a remote server, which in conventional IoT systems provides a central cache from which many user’s data could be accessed should the remote server be accessed by malicious entities.
Low-power radio technology protocols according to the present invention include but are not limited to any of Z-wave, Bluetooth LE®, ZigBee, ANT+, RFID, Sigfox, Neul, LoRaWan, DECT-ULE.
The bridging apparatus of the present invention comprises a plurality of digital radio systems for providing communicative links between any number of communicative devices over any number of low-power radio technologies.
According to the present invention, the means for communicating data over an IP network subnet includes at least one of a WiFi radio system, a wired Ethernet port or a Powerline port.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Further preferred features and aspects of the present invention will be apparent from the claims and the following illustrative description made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1A &B are schematic representations of the prior art;
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the system of an example of the present invention;
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the system of an example of the present invention;
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the system of an example of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The present invention has as object to reduce the cost of operating a premises equipped with connected communication-enabled devices.
The present invention comprises a system that enables communication-enabled devices utilizing different lowpower radio technology protocols for wireless connectivity to establish a communicative link with a coordinating device, for managing the activity of the communication-enabled devices. The co-ordinating device being a node of a IP network subnet, the co-ordinating device can communicate with other nodes of the subnet in any number of ways including but not limited to for example WiFi radio protocols, wired Ethernet or Powerline.
The system comprises an communication-enabled device (30) comprising means for communicating over a lowpower radio technology protocol; a co-ordinating device (10) comprising means for communicating over a IP network subnet as well a controller for running a platform software for co-ordinating the activity of the communication-enabled device; and a bridging apparatus (20) configured to provide a forwarding communicative link between the co-ordinating device and the communication-enabled device, as schematically depicted in FIG. 2.
An communication-enabled device is a device that can generate data for sharing. Said data can relate to performance of the device itself such as information as to the status of a kettle (on or off), or can correspond to performance parameters of another device or system such as the energy consumption data of a household. The communication-enabled device of the present invention can comprise a plurality of communication-enabled devices as shown in FIG. 3. Each communication-enabled device can utilize different low-power radio technology protocols for connection, however, two or more communication-enabled devices can also utilize the same low-power radio technology protocols for connection. Communication-enabled devices according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, light bulbs, kettles, energy consumption meters, internet routers and fridges. For merely demonstrative purposes the system of the present invention is illustrated with references to a household IoT using a WiFi network to establish the IP network subnet. However, the system of the present invention is applicable to innumerable other scenarios where communication-enabled devices are active.
In the present invention, low-power radio technology protocols include but are not limited to Z-wave, Bluetooth LE®, ZigBee, ANT+, RFID, DECT-ULE, Thread, Neul, LoRaWanand SigFox.
The bridging apparatus of the present invention comprises a means for communicating data over an IP network subnet, for example a WiFi radio system (21) for communicating data over WiFi radio protocols and a digital radio system (25) for communicating data over a low-power radio technology protocol associated with that of an communication-enabled device for example ZigBee. The digital radio system can comprise a plurality of digital radio systems to enable communication between two or more communication-enabled devices utilizing different low-power radio technology protocols and the co-ordinating device. More than one communication-enabled devices can connect to each digital radio system. The bridging apparatus can comprise more than one digital radio system for each of the low-power radio technology protocols supported by the bridging apparatus. To provide interconnectivity between the plurality of digital radio systems and the means for communicating data over an IP network subnet, the bridging apparatus comprises at least one serial interface (22). The at least one serial interface includes but is not limited to a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) and a Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI). The means for communicating data over an IP network subnet can include for example a WiFi radio system, a wired Ethernet port or a Powerline port.
The co-ordinating device of the present invention can be any device with sufficient processing capacity to run the IoT platform software, and therefore capable of performing analytical operations on data received from an communication-enabled device and comprises a means for communicating data over an IP network subnet for example a digital radio system for communicating over a WiFi protocol. In the home environment there are plenty of devices which can fulfil these requirements including but not limited to WiFi routers, Television SetTop boxes, Personal Computers. These devices typically do not have the capability to connect and communicate via low-power radio technology protocols as their primary design function is driven by alternate concerns.
The bridging apparatus of the present invention can be considered an connectivity apparatus, providing forwarding of data from one radio technology to another. The co-ordinating device and the bridging apparatus can be spaced apart and are independently positionable within a IP network subnet. The communication-enabled device is also independently positionable with respect to each of the co-ordinating device and the bridging apparatus.
Problems associated with a conventional smart hub, such as that described in the introduction, include high energy consumption as well as high production and distribution cost due to needing to provide customers with a new smart hub each time radio technologies change. The present invention enables suppliers of co-ordinating devices with an existing customer base - for example an Internet Provider often provides a WiFi router as a part of their services - to enter the Internet of Things field without having to replace existing distributed products. Such suppliers can supply the bridging apparatus of the present invention to customers at minimal component cost and thus enable their existing devices to be utilised for running the IoT platform software by performing a software update. This provides an environmental benefit as it reduces waste as well as reducing energy consumption and set-up cost in the user’s environment due to needing to introduce another device (the new smart hub in conventional systems) with high power consumption.
As new radio protocols are developed or existing protocols are changed, the digital radio systems within the bridging apparatus can, for minimal cost, be adapted or changed. Examples of said digital radio systems are available from NXP - the JN5168, Sigma Designs - ZM5101 or Silicon Labs Mighty Gecko - the MGM12P. The digital radio systems comprising a built-in microcontroller and a radio frequency transmitter and receiver.
The simplicity of the bridging apparatus enables it to be placed in locations within any environment, such as a home, to give best connectivity coverage without being intrusively large.
The system, according to one example of the present invention as shown in FIG. 4, can include a plurality of bridging apparatus each connected to the co-ordinating device. Therefore enabling coverage of additional communication-enabled devices as well as increasing the area in which these communication-enabled devices can be located and yet still be within communicative range of the co-ordinating device. A WiFi router or any other WiFi range extending means can be utilised to forward data from the bridging apparatus to the coordinating device in order to increase the distance between the co-ordinating device and the bridging apparatus where the IP network subnet uses WiFi radio protocols for communication.
Utilising the controller of the co-ordinating device to run the IoT platform software in the present invention provides further benefits over the environmental benefits discussed above when compared with the provision of a smart hub for the same purpose. Electrical components common between the controller and the smart hub, such as a CPU, RAM, and flash memory, create Radio Frequency (RF) interference that affects the connectivity of low-power radio technologies. The absence of these electrically noisy components in the bridging apparatus of the present invention reduces the need for internal shielding and improves the connectivity capacity of the system over the low-power radio technologies. Therefore reducing the energy consumption of the bridging apparatus in comparison to a conventional smart hub providing the same strength connectivity over low-power radio technologies.
According to an example of the present invention, the bridging apparatus can comprise a buffer system to store data being forwardly communicated over the bridging apparatus for a period of time. This is implemented so as to prevent loss of data in the event that connection to either the co-ordinating device or an associate device is lost, producing a ‘buffer’ for the data stream until the dropped connection is regained and forwarding transmission can continue.
The bridging apparatus of the present invention can comprise a system-on-a-chip (SoC), for example ESP-32 available from Espressif Systems). To enable the forwarding function of the bridging apparatus, software within the SoC can perform the following steps:
A - Connect to a WiFi network
B - Expose a TCP port on a IP interface of the IP network subnet
C - listen for connections and data on the IP network subnet
D - demultiplex said data and forward said data to a relevant digital radio system via the serial interface
E - repeat steps C and D
F - while doing steps C - E, listen for data communicated from communication-enabled devices over lowpower radio technology protocols
G - forward said data of step F to the co-ordinating device via the IP network subnet communication means.
Any data communicated to and/or from the bridging apparatus can be encrypted via any suitable means such as Transport layer Security or Secure Sockets Layer. The bridging apparatus can be securely paired with the coordinating device or any communication-enabled device to ensure information appearing to originate from the co-ordinating device or communication-enabled device does truly originate from that respective device.
The bridging apparatus is designed to resist tampering of the software and comprises cryptographic keys to verify the integrity of the software as part of start-up processes. This is implemented by securely flashing a cryptographic public key onto the SoC being used, in such a way that it is impossible to tamper with (for example: either via a one-time-write “efuse” or by directly burning it to the chip). The boot-loader of the device is designed in such a way as to verify that the image being loaded is signed with a corresponding private key, and will refuse to boot otherwise. This makes it impossible to flash unauthorized firmware on to SoC, even with physical access to the bridging apparatus itself.
Further to this, all of the data stored on the bridging apparatus is hardware-encrypted as well, in such a way that only the bridging apparatus itself is able to perform the encryption/decryption (similarly to the above, by having a key burned in that is not accessible from the “outside”), thus even having physical access to the apparatus (or the flash storage chip alone) does not allow reading back of data.
In an implementation of the present invention, the co-ordinating device can be in communication with an external interface including but not limited to a cloud based server or a personal electronic device such as a phone. The platform software uploaded to the co-ordinating device can enable data to be transferred to and/or from said external interface.
Each example presented in any part of the above description can be combined any other example of the present invention unless specifically disclosed as alternatives.
Claims (12)
1. A system for communicating data between a co-ordinating device and an communication-enabled device each having different communication protocols, comprising:
an communication-enabled device comprising means for communicating over a low-power radio technology protocol, a co-ordinating device comprising means for communicating over an IP network subnet and a controller for running a platform software for co-ordinating the activity of the communication-enabled device; and a bridging apparatus comprising means for communicating data over an IP network subnet;
a digital radio system for communicating data over the low-power radio technology protocol of the communication-enabled device;
the bridging apparatus configured to provide a communication link between the co-ordinating device and the communication-enabled device;
wherein the bridging apparatus is independently positionable with respect to the co-ordinating device.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the co-ordinating device comprises means for storing and/or processing data communicated from the communication-enabled device via the bridging apparatus.
3. The system of any preceding claim, wherein communication-enabled device comprises a plurality of communication-enabled devices, each communication-enabled device comprising means for communicating over at least one low-power radio technology protocol.
4. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the low-power radio technology protocol comprises any one of Z-wave, Bluetooth LE®, ZigBee, ANT+, RFID, Sigfox, Neul, LoRaWan, DECT-ULE or a combination thereof.
5. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the bridging apparatus comprises a plurality of digital radio systems for communicating data over low-power radio technology protocols.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the each of the plurality of digital radio systems is for communicating data over different low-power radio technology protocols.
7. The system of 5, wherein one or more of the plurality of digital radio systems is for communicating data over the same low-power radio technology.
8. The system of any claim 5 to 7, wherein the bridging apparatus comprises a serial interface to connect the plurality of digital radio systems to the means for communicating data over an IP network subnet.
9. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the system comprises a plurality of bridging apparatus.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the plurality of bridging apparatus comprises a first bridging apparatus in communication with a second bridging apparatus, wherein the first and second bridging apparatus are configured to provide a communication link between the co-ordinating device and the communication-enabled device.
11. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the means for communicating data over an IP network subnet includes at least one of a WiFi radio system, a wired Ethernet port or a Powerline port.
12. A bridging apparatus for providing a communicative link between the co-ordinating device and the communication-enabled device of any of the preceding claims.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1720913.1A GB2569355A (en) | 2017-12-14 | 2017-12-14 | Method and apparatus of bridging arbitrary radio protocols over IP networks |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1720913.1A GB2569355A (en) | 2017-12-14 | 2017-12-14 | Method and apparatus of bridging arbitrary radio protocols over IP networks |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201720913D0 GB201720913D0 (en) | 2018-01-31 |
| GB2569355A true GB2569355A (en) | 2019-06-19 |
Family
ID=61009075
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1720913.1A Withdrawn GB2569355A (en) | 2017-12-14 | 2017-12-14 | Method and apparatus of bridging arbitrary radio protocols over IP networks |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2569355A (en) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20020078161A1 (en) * | 2000-12-19 | 2002-06-20 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | UPnP enabling device for heterogeneous networks of slave devices |
| WO2015001041A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-08 | Lyse Smart As | A gateway system for facilitating the interoperability between different service domains and a multitude of communication protocols within and outside a home network |
| US20160150057A1 (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2016-05-26 | Vango Technologies, Inc. | Internet of things, communication method, bridge device and access device for internet of things |
-
2017
- 2017-12-14 GB GB1720913.1A patent/GB2569355A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20020078161A1 (en) * | 2000-12-19 | 2002-06-20 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | UPnP enabling device for heterogeneous networks of slave devices |
| WO2015001041A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-08 | Lyse Smart As | A gateway system for facilitating the interoperability between different service domains and a multitude of communication protocols within and outside a home network |
| US20160150057A1 (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2016-05-26 | Vango Technologies, Inc. | Internet of things, communication method, bridge device and access device for internet of things |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol.738-739, 2015, pub. Trans Tech, Switzerland, pp. 247-250, Pengju Zhang et al, "Design of Embedded Smart Home System Based on Internet of Things" * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201720913D0 (en) | 2018-01-31 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Ray et al. | IoT based Smart home: Security Aspects and security architecture | |
| US20220109743A1 (en) | Framework for iot protocol identification and management | |
| AU2017210535B2 (en) | Efficient communication for devices of a home network | |
| Minoli | Positioning of blockchain mechanisms in IOT-powered smart home systems: A gateway-based approach | |
| US10149335B2 (en) | Connectivity module for internet of things (IOT) devices | |
| US9596603B2 (en) | Distributed bulk onboarding process | |
| EP3934203A1 (en) | Decentralized data storage and processing for iot devices | |
| Martín-Lopo et al. | A literature review of IoT energy platforms aimed at end users | |
| CN107079181B (en) | Method for managing server, mobile device and readable storage medium | |
| US9590817B2 (en) | Logical network generation using primary gateway credentials | |
| US9468029B2 (en) | Unifying multiple wireless networks | |
| US20130179593A1 (en) | Cloud computing controlled gateway for communication networks | |
| Yan et al. | Survey on recent smart gateways for smart home: Systems, technologies, and challenges | |
| KR20190051326A (en) | Internet Of Things Device Control System and Method Based On Block Chain | |
| CN205304872U (en) | Cloud control system towards remote terminal unit | |
| Bergmann et al. | Server-based internet of things architecture | |
| Hjorth et al. | Trusted Domain: A security platform for home automation | |
| Orfanos et al. | Trends in home automation systems and protocols | |
| GB2569355A (en) | Method and apparatus of bridging arbitrary radio protocols over IP networks | |
| US20230101603A1 (en) | Secured communications with display device | |
| McPherson et al. | Using smartphones to enable low-cost secure consumer IoT devices | |
| Schenk | Matter and the Web of Things | |
| US10512026B2 (en) | Technique for mediation in a residential network | |
| CN102377835B (en) | Communication method and device for network element group network | |
| Sen | Internet of things-A standardization perspective |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |