GB2563478A

GB2563478A - A device and variants for electroylsts

Info

Publication number: GB2563478A
Application number: GB1805038.5A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Jackson John
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2017-06-16
Filing date: 2018-03-28
Publication date: 2018-12-19
Anticipated expiration: 2038-03-28
Also published as: GB2563436A; GB2563478B; GB2563436B; GB201709608D0; GB201805038D0

Abstract

A device and variants which can perform electrolysis within a tank or vessel T, utilising the operational theory of the homopolar generator, that an electrical conductor bisecting a line of magnetic flux will generate a potential difference within the electrical conductor. A magnet or electromagnet source SHE can be sealed from the ingress of the electrolyte and can be in the same tank as a conductor. When energised the magnet or electromagnet will produce lines of magnetic flux, which will travel through the electrolyte by rotating a conductor, or moving a liquid conductor through the lines of magnetic flux. A non-rotating electrode SE in the same electrolyte and subjected to the same lines of magnetic flux will not bisect the lines of the magnetic flux and therefor will not generate a potential difference. An electrical circuit can be made, whereby by an electrical current can be passed between negative and positive electrodes through an electrolyte.

Description

This description contains some description of the drawings and general workings of the variants shown in the drawings.

The basic system and process of electrolysis is shown in drawings figure 1, where a power supply supplies a -ve electrode or cathode and a separate +ve electrode, these electrodes are suspended in a liquid called the electrolyte, the electrolyte being contained within a tank or vessel. When the electrolysis cell is energised, it is known that electrons flow in a way from a source of an excess of electrons to where there is a deficit of electrons, and this electron flow is termed the potential difference or voltage. The -ve electrode or cathode has an excess of electrons, the separate +ve electrode or anode has a deficit of electrons, therefore electrons on/at the cathode are attracted το the anode. When the excess of electrons reaches a certain level, electrons in the outer shell orbits cf the molecules of the electrolyte ,can be knocked out of place, creating atomic ions .these ions then act as electron transfer mechanism and electrons appear to flow from the cathode to the anode and the process of electrolysis occurs. When the ions are created as electrons are introduced some of these electrolyte molecules, that share electrons in there chemical bonds, have sufficient electrons to become elements or other molecules and it can be said that dissociation of molecules can take place. In the case of water electrolysis, the molecule disassociation of H20 forms the elemental diatomic gases of Oxygen (02) at the anode and Hydrogen (H2) at the cathode. The voltage or potential difference to do this is thought to be 1.24v.

No electrolysis cell in operation for the electrolysis of water has achieved 100% efficiency of the electrical power inputted into the cell, and most classic water electrolysis cells of the type in figure 1 have been shown to achieve 4060% efficiency of conversion to elemental gases from the electrical input to the electrolysis cell, however this efficiency is measured as electrical energy in kw inputted as it has been difficult to make an electrical generator operate within a liquid.

The Faraday disc or homopolar generator principal (see drawings figure 2) was an early and inefficient electrical power generator, it is known that when a material that conducts electricity or conductor, bisects a line of magnetic flux, that a potential difference or voltage is created/generated within the

Description continued:

conductor. David Faraday (scientist and inventor) realised that if the conductor moved through a magnetic field (in this case a solid disc of metal), a potential difference would occur within the conductor, if the conductor bisected lines of magnetic flux/magnetic fields perpendicular, it was noted that the potential difference was greater. It was also observed that if the magnetic field/lines of flux were intensified a greater potential difference was observed and also if the speed at which the rotor bisects the magnetic field/lines of flux, a greater potential difference is observed.

It was later seen that windings rotating in magnetic field (the construct of most modern electrical generators) would give a better electrical generator of higher voltage and the homopolar generator had few uses other than in its effect to create low voltages, with high currents or amperage.

If we then look at magnetism we know that some materials e.g. soft iron have a physical ability to become and remain magnetic, the lines of magnetic flux from a piece of magnetised iron are the same forces as found in an electromagnet,however an ordinary iron magnet is not using any electrical energy once magnetised ,if its tines of magnetic flux/field of magnetism if used, can generate potential differences without the direct electrical inputs as would be seen e.g. in a classic electrolysis ceil. It cannot be free energy as such, but could make a practical electrolysis cell. In GB1709608.2 the basic horizontal electrolysis cell, of magnet/electro magnet, bar/rod sealed from the liquid electrolyte, producing lines of magnetic flux from its ends termed North and South poles was shown. A rotor conductor as a disc within the electrolyte, aligned to bisect (by rotation) the lines of magnetic flux, bisecting perpendicular to the lines of magnetic flux, would generate a potential difference or voltage within/on the rotor conductor and would make it a -ve electrode or cathode.

The homopolar generator can exhibit a further operational function, in that at its periphery (as a disc design rotor conductor) the conductor is effectively bisecting the lines of magnetic flux at greater speed, and it is observed that a greater potential difference exists at the periphery than at the centre of the rotor conductor. This effect has led to the theories that electrolysis could occur just on a single rotor conductor disc, due the potential difference gradient

Description continued:

across its radius, a +ve electrode area being near the centre of the disc and a ve electrode area being near the periphery, this design having the problem of both Hydrogen and Oxygen gases forming on the same disc and being difficult to separate.

GB1709608.2 and tne improvements and modifications /variations of this application proposes that this potential difference gradient; seen on a homopolar generator (as rotor conductor disc design) can be made better use of, and that it is possible to connect an +ve electrode or anode situated within an electrolysis cell., via an electrical connection to the rotor conductor ,with a one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode, so as to effect the electrolysis cell that has an anode and a cathode (as shown ir the figure 1) similar to the classic electrolysis cell and that the electrolysis process can be performed.

The basic horizontal electrolysis cell is composed (see drawings figure 7 and 8) of tank/vessel to contain the liquid electrolyte, in the centre is located a disc/short rod (or other physical shape) of a magnet/electro magnet, which is sealed from the electrolyte, using a material that is magnetically transparent, to allow the lines of magnetic flux to pass through it. To each side of the magnet/electromagnet ends faces, is aligned (within the electrolyte) a rotor conductor, which when rotating bisects the lines of magnetic flux emanating from the magnet/electromagnet ends (see drawings figure 6). Stationary electrodes are placed (within the electrolyte, but separated from the rotor conductors) within the tank .A return electrical flow from the stationary electrodes runs to the rotor conductor via a one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode and through a liquid conducting bearing .The liquid conducting bearing (see drawings figure 10) is an important feature of GB1709608.2 and this application, as it enables an electrical flow to be conducted from/to a fixed cable/wire, from/to a rotating object. The liquid conductor bearing should allow the rotor conductor to freely rotate.

The strength of the magnetic field/lines of flux is a factor in the a bility to create greater potential differences in the rotor conductor, as is speed and cross sectional area of the rotor conductor, and experimental work will be required to establish the parameters of these three factors in making an efficient electrolysis cell.

Description continued:

The rotor conductor has to rotate and the means to do is by using the electrolyte at pressure (via a pump driven electrically or mechanically, electrolyte overflows and tank extraction not shown in drawings) via three means shown in drawings figure 11, i) ii) and iii), which convey different advantages of operation and at the time of writing this application it is felt that drawings figure 11 ii) could offer the higher speeds of rotation, as shaft turbine. A dfrect rotation of the rotor conductor could be achieved by belt/rope/pulley system driven by an electrical or mechanical drive, however this may cause operational problems, as the electrolyte is electrically live Electrolyte is consumed in the electrolysis process and needs to be replenished and introducing it into the tank whilst using it as power source for the rotor conductor may also be efficient, compared to using a direct drive for the rotor conductor.

When operating the rotor conductor bisects the lines of magnetic flux, creating a potential difference in the conductor becoming the -ve electrode or cathode, in water electrolysis,the water molecule dissociates and Hydrogen gas is produced on the surface of the rotor conductor, which rises from the electrode to be collected (see drawings figure 7), ion formation in the electrolyte causes Oxygen gas to be produced at the +ve anode surface and this rises from the anode to be collected separately.

In drawings figure 12 i) and ii) and in GB1709608.2 it is shown that a liquid conductor e.g. mercury (in containment pipe sealed from the electrolyte and pumped in one way flow) could provide the rotation for the rotary conductor, the density of the material offering greater turning force and enabling an electrical circuit with the anode to be made (utilising a one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode within the circuit not shown in drawings figure 12 i) and ii)).

In drawings figure 14 i) and ii) a vertical electrolysis cell is shown using the same principals of a rotor conductor bisecting a line of magnetic flux .The magnetic source is provided by a vertical stack of horizontal bar/rod ,magnets/electromagnets, which is stationary and sealed (probably as a tube) from the electrolyte .The rotor conductor (also probably a tube) rotating around the stack of horizontal bar/rod magnets/eectromagnets, bisecting the

Description continued:

lines of magnetic flux emanating from the ends/faces ofthe bar/rod magnets/electromagnets, to produce a potential difference in the rotor conductor. The mass (kg) ofthe vertical stack of horizontal magnets/electromagnets would require to be supported from above the electrolysis cell to allow the rotor conductor to rotate freely utilising the liquid bearing in a vertical position. Drawings figure 14 i) and ii) differ in their means of propulsion ofthe rotor conductor in i) the propulsion is provided by directing a pressure electrolyte through a nozzle on to fins/blades fixed to the rotor conductor, the force/flow of the electrolyte acting upon the b ade to effect a one way rotation as in simple liquid turbine. In ii) the rotation is provided by a housed turbine, the blades/fins being fixed to the shaft ofthe rotor conductor, acting as a liquid turbine.

Drawings figure 15 shows a different approach to the principal of a conductor bisecting a line of magnetic flux, by using a liquid conductor e.g. mercury circulating around the sealed vertical stack of horizontal magnets/electromagnets. The liquid conductor could be contained within nonelectrical conducting materials and electrical conducting materials to control where potential differences can be transferred to the electrolyte to create a cathode or points/areas of cathode. Containment and pump mechanisms external to the tank/vessei should be made of none electrical conducting material. As the liquid conductor is circulated a potential difference is formed with in it, which can be transferred to the electrolyte, the stationery electrodes of+ve anodes having an electrical connection via a liquid conductor bearing and electrical ore way flow device e.g. a diode to make a circuit to enable electrolysis to occur.

Drawings figure 16 i) is a variation of the vertical liquid conductor electrolysis cell, utilising a different arrangement of the vertical stacked bar/rod magnets electro magnets see figure 16 ii) and drawings figure 9 ii) and iii) where four (or more or less magnets) are grouped as shorter units, so that the north and south poles create a central space through which a liquid conductor (if sealed and contained in a none electrical conducting material) may be circulated in one direction. The circulation when emerging from the stack of horizontal magnets/electromagnets and into the electrolyte, using an electrically

Description continued:

conducting containment material e.g. copper pipe to transmit the potential differences formed into the electrolyte, noting also that the containment pipe may utilise the patterns around the vertical stack of horizontal magnets as shown in drawings 15 of vertical convolutions or a spiral, before return to the means of circulation pressure or pump.

Whilst mercury is a problem material due to its toxicity it is very good electrical conductor and if the containment can be done with a good degree of safety the design advantages may be a more compact electrolysis cell or where such a system can bisect most lines of magnetic flux, a more efficient electrolysis cell, with few moving parts within the electrolyte.

Drawings Figure 17 i) shows a flat spiral of liquid conductor containment which could operate where large magnet ends/faces of magnet/electromagnet poles are available such as described in the horizontal electrolysis cell,again electrical non-conducting and electrical conducting containment pipe defining areas of electrode/cathode and potential difference holding, as described above.

Drawings figure 17 ill shows a theoretical efficiency gain for the rotor disc, horizontal electrolysis cell efficiency (although it may be used for the other designs of this application), that utilises the potential difference that is created across the radius of a rotor conductor .when the cell is energised, the rotor conductor bisects the lines of magnetic flux, but bisects the lines of magnetic flux, at a greater speed at the periphery, creating a greater potential difference at the rotor conductors periphery, than at the centre of rotation of rotor conductor. It is speculated/theorised that as the electrons move in one direction (as in a potential difference) that an opposite directional force is created of the absence of the electrons, which in some theories has been termed as current or electro motive force. The rotor conductor as it rotates is creating a potential difference or flow of electrons, more at its periphery and this opposing force therefore may exist in the centre of the rotor conductor and routing this flow (or routing the electrical circuit to receive electrons coming in the opposite direction) via the windings ofthe electromagnet and connecting the electrical circuit to the stationary electrodes, may effect a far me re efficient and powerful electrical flow for an electrolysis cell. Electrical

Description continued:

flow devices that are one way e.g. a diode are not shown in drawings figure 17 ii) as a series of them may be required to get balanced electrical flows and external electrical inputs may be required to the electromagnet from time to time, however theoretically the losses of electricity seen in the classic electrolysis cells of drawings figure 1, could be greatly reduced making the horizontal rotor conductor electrolysis cel’ state of the art.

This concludes the description section.

Possible modifications and variations:

The initial modifications and variations were outlined in GB1709608.2 and this application develops some of those earlier ideas (see drawings and description also),noting that whilst the principals of the electrolysis process are fairly well understood ,the application considers that there are details present in the invention that should be better defined.

1) Not shown in drawings is variant where the magnetic source is rotated counter to the rotor conductor or in the case of the liquid conductor counter to its direction of flow. This effectively increases the speed at which the conductor bisects the lines of magnetic flux creating a greater potential difference in the rotor conductor or liquid conductor. Rotating large mass (kg) smoothly and efficiently, is difficult and it is felt that the energy required to do this would not give much or any efficiency gain.

2) Not shown in the drawings is a variation where the electrical connection from the anode does not return to the cathode, but is connected to an ear thing rod or earth electrode.

3) The vertical electrolysis cell ,with a rotor conductor (drawings figure 14) may require a different rotor conductor construction, as the rotor conductor is subjected (if using the vertical stacked magnets/electromagnets of figure 9 i)) to north and south polarities upon the same rotor conductor surface .Such a rotor conductor design variation may be a vertical spiral of electrical conducting lines with nonelectrical conductors (electrical insulators) in between ,or triangles of electrical conductors separated by insulators running top to bottom and bottom to top of the rotor conductor, or bands of electrical conductor and insulator around the circumference. Experimental work would be needed to see which of the rotor conductor systems was more efficient, whether the horizontal or vertical system .At the time of filing this application it is felt that the horizontal rotor conductor cell will offer the greater efficiency noting that the vertical rotor conductor variant may obtain greater rotational speeds in the liquid electrolyte.

4) As shown in drawings figure 12 Hi) arrangements can be made of the electrolysis apparatus into larger groups. Operating within a single tank \

Possible modifications and variations:

and with ways of keeping gases separate to collect them ,in theory vertical stacks may also be made (not shown in drawings) which may make better use of ground area where many may be needed for a large process requirement.

5) A salt may be added to the electrolyte to improve the ion formation/exchange mechanism, and improve electrolysis cell efficiency.

6) A way of removing electrode by-products build up or product formations on the electrodes e.g. an auto scrubber or auto scraper, and a further system of removing these from the electrolyte (not shown in this applications drawing but in GB1709608.2) may be required where substances other than water are electrolysed. Or the tanks/vessels will have to be designed to drained and cleaned periodically.

7) The liquid conductor variants have some advantages, in that with careful design and routing of the circulation, (and careful use of electrical conducting and none conducting, containment) more of the magnetic lines of flux could be bisected, and could be particularly useful where materials that enable strong magnetic fields to be obtained. The containment tube routing could be in multi layered groupings around each magnetic flux source, bisecting or covering more of the magnetic field emanating, giving greater efficiency.

8) The liquid conductor bearings could have other shapes of static cable termination and/or rotor conductor shaft end.

9) The ends/faces of magnets/electromagnets where a North or South pole end, can be shaped, e.g. made convex, enabling the shape/surface profile of the rotor conductor (in the horizontal electrolysis cell) to be changed, which may confer efficiencies of speed of rotation within the electrolyte or rate of bisection of the lines of magnetic flux.(see drawings figure 13 A-G).

10) That the rotor conductor may have sectors/areas of electrical conductivity and of electrical insulation (see drawings figure 13 H and I)

11) That a liquid conductor e.g. mercury may be used to propel the conductor rotor, in a closed pumped one way circulation system.(see drawings figure 12 i) and ii))

Possible modifications and variations:

12) That pumps for the pressured electrolyte (to rotate the rotor conductors ,see drawings figure 11 and 14) can be powered by mechanical means such as a flowing gas or liquid as well as a conventional electric motor drive, enabling the conductor rotor energy source to be none electrical, gaining some electrical input efficiency.

13) That in the horizontal electrolysis cell design with disc rotor conductors, the rotation can be co or counter rotating, and it is thought that counter rotating rotor conductors will offer a greater efficiency.

14) A liquid conductor system could be made into a more compact electrolysis system by having fine liquid containment pipes, to enable the cell to be constructed as low voltage cathodes and anodes, resembling a layered wafer in construction for use in transport or for a more compact non-transport use.

Advantages of the invention:

The original design of GB1709608.2 and the horizontal rotor conductor electrolysis cell has changed little, and other factors of efficiency and size needed thought and clarification which are in this application related to GB1709608.2.

1) That cell when energised be able to conduct electrolysis of water using a high surface area of electrode surface to enable ,high quantities of electrolyte to be electrolysed and in waters case when electrolysed, more Hydrogen and Oxygen production.

2) As magnetism is used from material either being able to create or sustain a magnetic field, with or without an electrical source input, it is possible that electrical input figures per Kg of electrolyte consumed (and in waters case per m3 of gases produced) when compared to a classic electrolysis cell, electrical consumption figures can be improved, bring more uses for electrolysis of water into use.

3) That an electrolysis cell may be constructed, that is simple and safe, where circulated liquid conductors are used that has few moving parts.

4) That if the electrolysis cell efficiency is improved that such electrolysis designs as shown in GB1709608.2 and in this application could have transport uses e.g. shipping or railway and either replace or part replace fossil fuel use.

5) That by placing the rotor conductor within the electrolyte and it bisecting lines of magnetic flux (from a sealed magnetic flux source), that the said rotor conductor becomes the electrical source to effect electrolysis negating the need for electrical supply cables as a classic electrolysis cell would require, and the electrical losses associated with translating the classic electrolysis cell, in water electrolysis case to produce large volumes of Oxygen and Hydrogen gases.

6) That its simple design, if engineered well could be used in remote sites and be autonomous, and operate as group requiring little attention of maintenance.

Title: A device and variants for electrolysis

By John Jackson 26/03/2018

Introduction/background: There are a number of routes to producing the gases of Oxygen and Hydrogen, by the splitting of the water molecule H2O, by the passing of an electrical current between two electrodes suspended in aqueous solution or aqueous solution plus a salt. A salt is sometimes used to improve the efficiency of the electrolysis cell .To make large volumes of Hydrogen and Oxygen requires a large usage of electricity. The potential difference or voltage required to split water is below 50v (around 1.24v), and it is amperage, in the DC form that is needed for electrolysis .Most high output electrical generators are AC form, which can be rectified to the DC form with some energy losses, transferring large amperages at low voltage is difficult as it requires large cross sectional area wires to carry the current safely without overheating. If it were possible to generate electrical current within an aqueous or aqueous solution plus a salt or other additive/impurity without needing large cross sectional cables, this would bring a new design to electrolysis thinking. Whilst intended primarily for the electrolysis of water, to create large amounts of Hydrogen and Oxygen this device could have other uses for the electrolysis of other substances or a form of engine that generates Hydrogen and Oxygen, which can then be combusted or used in a fuel cell, or other use.

The device differs from common electrical generators in that it is basic, it is in effect a homo polar generator or Faraday disc, which is one of the first rotor electrical generators where a conductor (metal or other conductor of electricity) rotates/bisects lines of magnetic flux from a magnetic source .The conductor as it bisects the magnetic line of flux, creates a current in the conductor ,the theory, basically is of a rotating (rotor) conductor,bisecting lines of magnetic flux/field will generate an electrical current. In previous designs of the homopolar generator ,its inefficiency and lack of ability to deliver high potential differences or voltages, made its use fall away early on in history ,and having only a few uses in research .

This design makes use of its ability to not require, bushes, slip rings like a traditional DC generator, and have an enclosed liquid conductor bush/bearing,

Introduction continued:

allowing it to be submerged in the liquid/substance to be electrolysed. Whilst the generator is inefficient compared to a modern DC generator with multiple windings, it may give other cost savings to certain applications requiring/using electrolysis, utilising its simplicity and may allow for large scale generation of Hydrogen and Oxygen from water using lower energy supply for powering the cell indirectly via electromagnetic effect upon a conductor, bisecting a magnetic line of flux or flux field. This patent application advances GB1709608.2, with a possible vertical design, and suggested modifications and variations including a liquid conductor being used and a possible electrical energy circuit efficiency improvement.

Brief description:

The basic design of the apparatus in GB1709608.2 remains the same,which is primarily a horizontal electrolysis device, primarily for the electrolysis of water ,but could electrolyse other substances .The apparatus consists basically of a tank/vessel to contain a liquid electrolyte, a sealed magnet or electro magnet having a North and South pole, sealed using a material that is magnetically transparent and can keep the electrolyte from ingress into the magnet/electromagnet surfaces and electrical circuits /windings. Aligned and either side of the magnet/electromagnet rotating conductors are mounted ,that are solid conductors, and /or are patterns of insulator/conductor ,that rotate perpendicular to the lines of magnetic flux emanating from the poles of the magnet/electromagnet, causing an electrical potential difference and electrical current to be formed in the rotating conductor. The electrical potential difference and current being of a level, as to then cause electrons, upon the rotating conductor, to cause ions to form at the interface of rotating conductor and electrolyte.

A none rotating conductor separate from the rotating conductor (also within the body of electrolyte), but aligned with it, interacting simultaneously with the ions, at its conductor surface. The rotating conductor, having an electrical potential difference and current, becoming an -ve electrode, passing an electrical potential difference to the electrolyte and the none rotating conductor +ve electrode receiving the potential difference /electrons flow via ion transfer, becoming an electrode, thus making a cell of a of a +ve and -ve electrode within an electrolyte.

The convention of-ve and +ve terminals and electrodes in this application, being that the -ve terminal containing an excess of electrons (and or potential difference) compared to the +ve electrode containing a deficit of electrons. Voltage or potential difference traveling from the -ve to the +ve terminal or electrode. It is considered that measured amperage flows appear to be in the opposite direction to the flow of electrons.

As observed by David Faraday with his early demonstration of the disc generator, greater potential differences were observed as the speed of the conducting rotor was increased, and if the magnetic field or lines of flux, that the conductor rotor bisects, were increased in strength/number.

Brief description continued:

The application and GB1709608.2 makes use of these effects ,by keeping the magnetic source or electromagnet, separate from the electrolyte ,but using a material that allows the magnetic field or lines of magnetic flux to pass through the sealed magnet /electromagnet enclosure and into the electrolyte (held within a vessel or tank) ,the conducting rotor (in the electrolyte) then bisecting the lines of magnetic field/flux emanating from the magnetic source, to produce a potential difference or voltage, which is sufficient for the electrolysis to occur.

The strength ofthe magnetic field can be adjusted, and in this application some further rotor designs are shown to maximise the presented lines of magnetic flux, as well as a modified rotor propulsion, using a simplified turbine on the rotor shaft, powered by the pressurised electrolyte or other method .A vertical variant ofthe apparatus is also shown as well some possible modifications. Maximising the rotor bisection ofthe magnetic lines of flux, either by speed of rotation or design of the rotor, will improve efficiency, and it is thought that where the conductor rotor will need a design profile that can move in liquids (water) with little drag to give good speeds of rotation .The formation of gas/gases on the conductor rotor surface may aid this, however at the time of writing defining the operational parameters to gain the optimal cell for water electrolysis, will need experimentation.

It is thought that Hydrogen gas will be formed on the -ve electrode (shown as the rotor conductor and or liquid conductor) and that Oxygen gas will form on the +ve electrode (or stationary electrode). Greater bisection ofthe magnetic lines of flux can be achieved by counter rotating the sealed magnetic source with the rotor conductor, however it is felt that this can only be done where the mass (kg) of the magnetic source is low, and would require an additional input of energy to do this, but it could be done where energy surpluses arise such as kinetic energy in certain transport modes, e.g. a vehicle travelling with power off via gravity, to give a boost, however precision and stability are important in high speed movements and as the process requires liquid electrolyte, there may be difficulty in stabilising the electrolysis cell contents to give efficiency unless something like a ships gimbal is used to minimise this. Using the basic design of conductor disc rotor and sealed rod/ bar magnetic source, it is possible to locate/align a conductor rotor at each end ofthe

Brief description continued:

magnet enabling two conducting rotors to be powered from the same magnetic source, improving efficiency of current designs, the design also allowing for the possibility of large conductor rotors and large magnet/electromagnet sources to be used, which may enable higher amounts of electrolysis product gases (oxygen and hydrogen gases in water electrolysis) per Kw of electrical energy used, where large rotor conductors are used the peripheral velocity of the rotors could be quite high, giving useful efficiency. If the rotation is in the correct direction perpendicular to the magnetic field /line of flux then the conductor rotor may exhibit an effect of producing (in a dynamic fashion) its potential difference either to the periphery or to the centre (also dependent on location of magnetic source or as in vertical system multiple magnetic sources),whilst this may not make much difference in performance as the rotor conductor will behave in a way to even such potential differences out (being a good electrical conductor), this could be harnessed to create a greater cell efficiency when the stationary conductor (shown as the +ve stationary electrode) is electrically connected to the rotor conductor .Whilst this electrical connection from the stationary +ve electrode to the -ve rotor conductor could be a natural one /this application clarifies how a one way electrical flow device (particularly one that can control electrical current in a one way flow) e.g. a diode could improve the electrolysis cell efficiency.

The liquid conductor designs shown may offer some useful design applications, the liquid conductor e.g. mercury could be contained in pipes of a conductor e.g. copper in some sections and in an insulator e.g. glass or plastic in other sections enabling potential differences to be delivered/focused to conductors in the electrolyte, and may offer some better cell space/shape configurations. A liquid conductor system may also be shaped to maximise bisection of the available magnetic field/flux, and give improved electrolysis cell efficiency.

Introduction to drawings: The drawings are not to scale and show only the schematic ofthe design and design variations .Final fixings, supports, bearings seals, valves or other design aspects e.g. electrical safety systems are omitted to help give the drawings clarity to explain working and show designs and variants, Where electrolyte feeds directly flow into the tank/vessel, electrolyte overflow or surplus routes are not shown, as are any solids removal routes/methods (produced where impurities or salts may be present in the electrolyte,which may build up on the rotor conductor electrode or stationary electrode, as they were shown in GB1709608.2) .It is assumed that all electrical circuits would be specified,installed and aligned to give electrical safety and electrolysis function, as would be any liquid electrolyte feeds or liquid conductor feeds ,or tank vessel construction, to avoid any potential hazards, risks or damage e.g. the electrolyte will conduct electricity and it's in feed will require its supply source to be electrically separate by physical means •

The drawings attempt to show the underpinning principals and designs as best as possible, and has some challenging aspects to show such as the use of a liquid conductor in pipe containment, or a form of liquid bearing conductor in some designs. Most drawings are cross section and the key is given and where necessary some explanation.

Drawings Figure 1: A cross section of a classic electrolysis cell showing: Key

-ve=power supply potential difference terminal and conduct wire +ve=power supply potential difference terminal and conduct wire A= -ve electrode connected to power supply B= +ve electrode connected to power supply T=tank or vessel to contain electrolyte E=Electrolyte (usually a liquid)

When the cell is energised the potential difference of electrons travels to the -ve electrode (or cathode) causing ions to form in the electrolyte which enable electrical charge to be conducted via ion transfer to/between the +ve electrode (or anode).

In water electrolysis when the cell is energised Hydrogen gas should be produced at the -ve cathode surface and Oxygen gas should be produced at

Introduction to drawings continued:

the +ve anode surface, the gases products rising to the electrolyte surface as free diatomic gases. If impurities are present in the water, these may enhance electrical conduction within the electrolyte if they can create ions and it is known that adding certain salts/substances to the electrolyte can give improved cell efficiency. Impurities that do not create ions or that are the products from ionic salts/compounds can build up on electrode surfaces, causing cell efficiency to decrease unless removed. Too low a potential difference/voltage will not overcome the forces of molecular bonding, and it is thought that 1.24 volts is sufficient for water electrolysis to occur, other molecules/substances may require different voltage. Too higher voltage or placing the electrodes too close together may cause electrical arcing and be dangerous/damaging to the cell operation. It is considered that only DC (Direct Current) potential differences can perform the electrolysis.

Drawings Figure 2:

i) A cross section through an early design of David Faradays homopolar electricity generator showing:

Key

F=Frame to support rotating metal disc.

MRD=solid conducting metal freely rotating disc on a shaft R=rotational input to shaft to rotate metal disc N=North pole of magnet/electro magnet source S=South pole of magnet /electro magnet source PP=disc periphery electrical brush/pick up CP=disc centre/shaft electrical brush/pick up V= volt/potential difference meter ii) Front view of main components without frame

R=rotational input

D=periphery of conducting metal disc S=South pole of magnet electro magnet

The conducting solid metal disc (supported in a frame) rotates freely on a central axis/shaft and is rotated by the force/input R .The disc rotates between the poles of the magnets/electromagnets being

Introduction to drawings continued:

aligned opposite one another, so that magnetic flux passes between the N and S poles, the disc passing through the magnetic flux/lines of magnetic flux, perpendicular to, and bisecting, the magnetic lines of flux. As the disc rotates, through the lines of magnetic flux a potential difference is created in the, metal disc, an electrical pick up on the periphery, conducts the electrical potential difference (which is greater at the periphery than at the centre), which is registered using a voltmeter and is DC, the potential difference being conducted to the centre brush/pick up.

There are some important observations of this early homopolar generator, the magnetic field/flux is located near the periphery of the disc, which naturally gives a potential difference between the periphery and centre of the disc ,it should also be noted that the rotational speed of the disc will be greater at the periphery, hence the rate of the metal disc bisecting the lines of magnetic flux is greater and hence the potential difference and it can be said that a -ve and +ve potential difference exist on the same disc conductor, which if in a circuit of a suitable electrical load could power it (the load replacing the position of the voltmeter) and has given the theory that such a generator could perform electrolysis.

In practice the potential differences produced on the device shown are low. Noting the field of magnetic flux/lines of magnetic flux are at the disc periphery, in some of the designs shown in this application and in GB1709608.2 the magnetic flux field being bisected is as large as the disc and the conductor/disc will be generating a potential difference over more of its volume/surface, however the rotational speed towards the centre of the disc will be slower and a potential difference should still be set up across the radius of the disc, even though the magnetic field/flux is much greater through which the metal disc conductor bisects.

Introduction to drawings continued:

Drawings Figure 3: A view of basic DC generator using a coil of wire conductor, rotated between the North and South poles of magnet electromagnet.

Key

N=North pole of magnet/electromagnet

S=South pole of magnet/electromagnet

C=coil of conducting wire that can be rotated, connected in a circuit. A=ammeter to measure current

R=bearings to allow electrical conduction and rotation.

Modern electrical generators are based on this principal, the coil of wire is in effect bisecting the lines of magnetic flux and creating a potential difference in the conductor, as each wire bisects a line of flux slightly before (or after) the next loop/coil of wire an electrical flow is generated. Conducting bearings or slip rings R allows the coil to rotate (becoming a rotor conductor) and for a circuit to be made. A device for measuring electrical current or ammeter if placed in the circuit will register a current as the coil is rotated between the magnetic flux/field.

Drawings Figure 4: Side view of a bar or rod electromagnet,showing the invisible to the eye, lines of magnetic flux that emanate from the North pole flowing to the South pole.

Key

BM=rod or bar composed of material capable of holding or being magnetised e.g. soft iron, wound with a conductor e.g. copper wire (usually the wire is coated with a special insulating material to act as insulator between windings and also to insulate from electrical conduction to the magnet material. LMF=Lines of magnetic flux (invisible to the naked eye) that emanate from the North and South ends or poles, flowing North to South.

ESI=electrical supply input ESO=electrical supply out. N=North pole of magnet S=South pole of magnet

Introduction to drawings continued:

It is accepted theory that the invisible (to the naked eye) lines of magnetic flux flow from the North pole of a magnet/electromagnet to the South pole. In this diagram lines of magnetic flux can be seen, at the periphery of the ends, making a circuit of flow that is close to the magnets/electromagnets surface. However most of the magnetic flux appears to flow, or become gathered/more concentrated at the ends/centre of the magnet/electromagnet. There are larger magnetic flux circuits extending beyond the bar/rod surface which are weaker (not shown in drawing) .Materials that can be magnetised vary in their ability to form atomic arrangements, to form permanent magnet, groups or domains, and also the abilities to lose magnetism. The theory why some materials can form stable atomic domains and some cannot is complex, however a material like soft iron can be magnetised in a coil electric field and remain magnetised when the electrical input to the coil is ceased. This can be used in the devices outlined in this patent application (and GB1709608.2), as the rotor conductor can still generate a potential difference from the magnetic lines of flux. This feature of materials that can not only be magnetised but remain magnetised under certain conditions could give such a device using them an efficiency advantage, in that the magnetic field can be regenerated at lower electrical input powers or intermittent electrical power inputs, when compared to e.g. an electrical power supply for electrolysis so used as in figure 1, that is supplying electrical power to the electrodes in a constant way.

Drawings Figure 5: Shows a side view of a short rod electromagnet. Key

EM=Electromagnet of a short round rod N=North pole of magnet S=South pole of magnet

LMF=lines of magnetic flux (invisible to the naked eye)

The drawing shows a short rod electromagnet (rather than a bar) and the lines of magnetic flux emanating from the North and South poles/faces/ends of the magnet. This drawing shows the sort of shorter rod electromagnet that could sealed and more easily be fitted into a electrolysis cell, than a long bar or rod electromagnet. The drawing does not indicate scale and it may be possible

Introduction to drawings continued:

with such a design of magnet to engineer them to both large and small diameters, larger diameters giving more lines of magnetic flux/magnetic field, enabling large rotor conductors to be used, which could theoretically enable more electrolysis products to be produced per kw of electrical input energy than other designs.

Drawings Figure 6: Showing a side view of a short rod electromagnet and the position of the rotor conductors either side of the North and South poles. Key

EM=Electromagnet

LMF=Lines of magnetic flux passing through the rotor conductor RC=Rotor conductor

This drawing shows rotating conductors aligned either side of an electromagnet poles/ends ,the lines of magnetic flux (not visible to the naked eye) emanating,passing through the rotor conductor, bisecting the lines of flux perpendicular to their direction of travel. Also showing some dissipation of the lines of magnetic flux once they have been bisected or passed through the rotor conductor, the rotor conductor becoming -ve charged or a cathode.

Drawings Figure 7: Cross section of the basic components of the electrolysis cell using horizontal rotor conductors.

Key

T=Tank vessel to contain the components and electrolyte

SE=Stationary electrodes (becoming the +ve anodes when the cell is energised) RC=Rotor conductors (becoming the -ve cathodes when the cell is energised) GP=gas products rising from the electrodes (in water electrolysis Oxygen at the anode and Hydrogen at the Cathode), a non-conducting and non-magnetic material providing dividing partitions to keep the gas products separate. EL=Electrolyte EM=Electromagnet ES=Electrical supply for the electromagnet.

Introduction to drawings continued:

This drawing shows that the electromagnet, rotor conductor (-ve cathode) and stationary electrode (+ve anode) should be aligned horizontally, and the rise of gas products vertically from the electrodes to exit the tank/vessel.

Drawings Figure 8: Cross section of the basic components of the electrolysis cell showing the basic electrical connections of the electrodes and operational structures.

Key

T=Tank vessel to contain the electrolyte and components EL=Electrolyte

EM=Sealed Electromagnet

ES=Electrical supply for electromagnet RC=Rotor Conductor electrode (-ve Cathode) SE=Stationary electrode (+ve Anode)

D=one way electrical flow device e.g. anode

LCB=Liquid conductor bearing

The drawing shows that the stationary electrodes (+ve Anodes) are connected electrically back to the rotor conductor (-ve Cathodes) via wire/cable, the return flow passing through a one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode ,to a liquid conductor bearing (which enables the conductor rotor to rotate and take any electrical return).

Drawings Figure 9: Modifications and variations

i) Showing two rod/bar magnets/electromagnets in a stack/ vertical arrangement, as the repeat pattern for a vertical stack to be used in a vertical electrolysis cell.

ii) Showing four rod/bar magnets (more or less could be used) in a configuration of equal numbers of opposite facing poles of magnets/electromagnets for a repeat pattern to be used in a vertical stack for a vertical electrolysis cell. The arrangement leaving a space through which a liquid conductor could be passed, where the liquid conductor variant is used.

Introduction to drawings continued:

iii) Showing four rod/bar magnets (more or less could be used) in a configuration of equal numbers of similar facing poles of magnets/electromagnets for a repeat pattern to be used in a vertical stack for a vertical electrolysis cell. The arrangement leaving a space through which a liquid conductor could be passed, where the liquid conductor variant is used.

Key

N=North pole S=South pole

This drawing shows possible repeat patterns for stacking rod/bar magnets and electromagnets for use in vertical electrolysis cell. The first i) shows a simple stacking of bar/rod magnets/electromagnets on top of one another and at right angles to each other, ii) shows separate bar/rod magnets/electromagnets that are arranged so as to leave a space in the centre, where a liquid conductor could be passed through (with suitable sealing), the north and south poles facing in opposition,creating magnetic flux flows of attraction,within the gap which could be used in repeat pattern to create a stack for a vertical electrolysis cell, iii) shows separate bar/rod magnets/electromagnets that are arranged so as to leave a space in the centre, where a liquid conductor could be passed through (with suitable sealing), the north and south poles facing the same direction creating magnetic flux flows of repulsion (as understood that opposite poles of magnet attract and same poles repel),within the gap which could be used in repeat pattern to create a stack for a vertical electrolysis cell.

Drawings Figure 10: Showing a cross sectional view of the rotor conductor, liquid conductor bearing, support and electrical return cable.

Key:

RC=Rotor conductor (conductor extending into the liquid conductor bearing and providing the shaft for rotation).

IS=lnsulated support EC= return electrical circuit

Introduction to drawings continued:

D=one way electrical flow device e.g. a Diode

SB= main support bearing

NC=None electrical conducting containment/chamber for the liquid conductor

LC=Liquid conductor material e.g. Mercury LCB=Bearing which allows the RC shaft to rotate and also acts to contain the liquid conductor material, within the NC chamber.

CT=terminal of incoming cable EC sealed within the NC chamber.

The drawing shows a key component of the apparatus of the liquid conductor bearing, for all variants that have a rotor conductor (whether horizontal or vertical) and is not required for the liquid conductor variant. Its design enables a rotor shaft (which is electrically conducting), to connect to a static cable terminal, and transfer the electrical flow from the cable to the shaft of the rotor, through and liquid conductor material e.g. Mercury. This is lower friction electrical transfer bearing than e.g. a bush or traditional ball/roller bearing and enables the rotor conductor to be more freely running, to give higher speed.

The rotor conductor has an extension/shaft which is supported by ordinary roller/baII bearing housed within a strong support structure which is electrically insulated, the shaft entering the electrically insulated chamber/containment that contains the liquid conductor, through a special bearing that also keeps the liquid conductor from leaking as well as being electrically insulated or one face being insulated.

The static return electrical flow terminal is the terminal of the conductor returning from the stationary electrode and in this example is shaped as a cup. The liquid conductor containment chamber is suggested to be mostly/or completely filled with the liquid electrical conductor material, the rotor conductor shaft and the static cable terminal, being in good electrical contact continuously with the liquid conductor.

The one way electrical flow device e.g. diode is to enable one way electrical flow, or controlled return electrical flow back to the rotor conductor and is within an electrically insulated structure.

Introduction to drawings continued:

As no support of the mass (kg) of the rotor conductor (in the design where the RC is powered by jets at the periphery of the rotor see drawings figure 11 i)) the rotor conductor shaft and insulated support would require careful mechanical design, to keep a small profile and smooth even running.

Drawings Figure 11: Cross sectional views showing propulsion and support designs of the rotor conductor of the horizontal version.

i) Cross section of version showing the rotor conductor powered by an in feed of electrolyte under pressure to the centre of the rotor conductor (via pipe and bearing to the back of the rotor conductor), travelling through shaped passages within the rotor conductor as in the design of a water turbine, to create a rotational movement, the electrolyte exiting the periphery of the rotor conductor as jets of vectored thrust that act to propel the rotation of the rotor conductor.

Key:

EM=Electromagnet/magnet

RC=Rotor conductor

LC=Liquid conductor bearing

IS=Electrically Insulated support frame EC=Electrical connection to LC

ELI=Pressured electrolyte inflow PJ=Pressure jets giving vectored thrust ELO=Electrolyte outflow from PJ ii) Cross section of version showing the rotor conductor powered by an in feed of electrolyte under pressure, to turbine blades,within a turbine housing,causing the shaft of the rotor conductor to rotate. The electrolyte exiting the turbine onto the surface of the rotor conductor.

Key:

EM=Electromagnet/magnet

RC=Rotor conductor

LC=Liquid conductor bearing

IS=Electrically Insulated support frame

Introduction to drawings continued:

EC=Electrical connection to LC

ELI=Pressured electrolyte inflow

TB=Blades of turbine fixed to RC shaft arranged to cause rotation TH=Turbine housing

ELO=Electrolyte outflow from turbine outflowing onto RC surface. RCB=Rotor conductor bearing iii) Cross section of version showing the rotor conductor powered by an in feed of electrolyte under pressure ,from a directed nozzle ,to produce a jet of electrolyte ,directed to blades on the rotor conductor periphery ,so as to effect rotation ofthe rotor conductor.

Key:

EM=Electromagnet/magnet

RC=Rotor conductor

LC=Liquid conductor bearing IS=Electrically Insulated support frame EC=Electrical connection to LC ELI=Pressured electrolyte inflow PB=Blades fixed to RC periphery arranged to cause rotation from ELI NZ=Nozzle through which ELI is directed onto PB ELO=Electrolyte outflow from turbine outflowing onto RC surface. RCB=Rotor conductor bearing

The three variations of propulsion ofthe rotor conductor have differing advantages but all of them are required to give stable rotation and where possible high speed rotation of the rotor conductor, within the electrolyte of the electrolysis cell. The means of pressurising the electrolyte is not shown in the drawings but is expected to be a rotary pump, which could be powered electrically or mechanically. The larger cell apparatus is not shown and direction of rotation ofthe rotor conductor should be chosen to give the electrolysis cell the best efficiency. The rotor conductor bearing shown in ii) and iii) is to give support to the mass (kg) of the rotor conductor and should be of preferred material that is non-electrical conducting and magnetically transparent. In ii) it is thought that the turbine blades on the rotor conductor

Introduction to drawings continued:

shaft and the turbine housing should be of preferred none electrical conducting material and magnetically transparent. The jets PJ on version i) at the rotor conductor periphery should be angled to optimise the vectored thrust they produce (enhancement shown figure 13 i) and ii)) and the pipe in feed of electrolyte should be of preferred none electrical conducting material and magnetically transparent.

Figure 12: modifications and variations

i) Cross section simplified view of a form of propulsion for the rotor conductor from a liquid conductor at pressure, to drive a turbine, directly mechanically then rotating the rotor conductor. The liquid conductor entering and exiting the tank/vessel of the apparatus contained within a pipe (preferred as nonelectrical conducting material and possibly magnetically shielded, as should the turbine housing also be).

Key:

EM=Electro magnet/magnet

RCB=rotor conductor support bearing

RC=Rotor conductor with shaft extension to turbine

LCI=Liquid conductor in feed

LCO=Liquid conductor out feed

TB= Turbine blades fixed to shaft

TH=Turbine housing ii) Cross section of simplified view of a form of propulsion for the rotor conductor from a liquid conductor at pressure, to drive an integral turbine within the rotor conductor, directly mechanically then rotating the rotor conductor as it passes through the rotor conductor integral turbine. The liquid conductor entering and exiting the tank/vessel of the apparatus contained within a pipe

Introduction to drawings continued:

(preferred as non-electrical conducting material and possibly magnetically shielded).

Key:

EM=Electro magnet/magnet

RC=Rotor conductor with integral simple turbine

LCI=Liquid conductor in feed

LCO=Liquid conductor out feed.

iii)Overhead view of a possible larger electrolysis cell arrangement,where units of electromagnet/magnets and rotor conductors are placed within a larger tank and the with stationary electrodes in larger units(that could extend vertically as well as horizontally), giving an arrangement that may help with cleaning ofthe stationary electrode if required .This pattern could be varied by placing a further set of E1,E2 and E3 (or more or less units) on the side of stationary electrode ,or could apply to the vertical electrolysis cell or liquid conductor electrolysis cell ,with the appropriate increase in the tank/vessel size, and/or other larger grouping arrangement patterns not shown in this drawing.

Key:

T=Tank/containment vessel of electrolyte

El=Electro magnet/magnet

E2=Electromagnet/magnet E3=Electromagnet/magnet RC=rotor conductors

SE=Stationary electrodes

Introduction to drawings continued:

Drawings Figure 13: Modifications and variations

i) Showing basic cross section of rotor conductor, rotated by vectored thrust peripheral jets from an internal pressured electrolyte feed as per drawings figure 11 i),but with a peripheral stator added, that the conductor rotor vectored thrust jets would be directed upon, to create additional thrust forces for more powerful rotation.(fixing of stator not shown)

Key:

EM=Electromagnet/magnet

RC= Rotor conductor powered by peripheral vectored thrust

ELO=Electrolyte outflow from jets of electrolyte where a peripheral stator is used

ST=Peripheral stator ii) Showing section of peripheral stator, which may have shaped fins or slots and is positioned, to not interfere with the rotor conductor rotation, and to move introduced electrolyte from the rotor conductor peripheral jets cleanly.

Key:

ST=Peripheral stator iii) Showing a variation of a cross section of rotor conductor where the rotation propulsion is supplied, by a jet/or jets of pressured electrolyte directed onto the rotor conductor periphery which has blades on the periphery to convert the thrust of the electrolyte to rotational movement.

ELI=Pressured Electrolyte inflow (probably using a directed nozzle not shown)

PTB=Rotor conductor peripheral turbine blades.

Introduction to drawings continued:

iv)Showing a basic cross section of electromagnet/magnet profile with a shaped rotor conductor.

Key:

EM=Electro magnet/magnet

RC=Rotor conductor

In this basic drawing it is shown that the profile shape of the electromagnet /magnet end may be convex and that the rotor may be similar to a cup (concave) to give possible energy efficiencies compared to flat profiles of electromagnet ends and/or rotor conductor faces.

Figure 13 continued

Drawings A,B,C,D,E,F,G showing cross sections of basic rotor conductor shapes , which may be useful in improving the efficiency of cell operation by e.g. enabling greater rotor conductor speed in the electrolyte or as in D facilitating greater bisection of the magnetic lines of flux ,by two electrically connected rotors.

Drawings H and I

Showing a basic face profile of a rotor conductor sub divided into conducting and insulation sectors shown as. Drawing H showing swept conductor and insulator sectors, which may help electrical flows better or even give some pulsed effects. Drawing I showing a more classic division of sectors of conductor and insulator.

Key:

1= conductor sector

2=insulator sector

Introduction to drawings continued:

Drawings Figure 14: Modifications and variations showing two variants of a vertical rotor conductor electrolysis unit.

i) Drawing showing a cross section vertical rotor conductor electrolysis unit, where the rotor is rotated by the force of a pressured electrolyte inflow, through a nozzle, is directed onto turbine blades attached to the external of the rotor conductor.

Key:

T=Tank/vessel to contain the apparatus and electrolyte

SHE=Stacked horizontal electromagnets (see also drawings figure 9) sealed from the electrolyte.

RCE=Vertical rotor conductor

RB=Blades attached to vertical rotor conductor

NZJ=Nozzle/jet directing pressured electrolyte onto turbine blades of rotor conductor.

LCB=Liquid conductor bearing

SE=stationary electrode with electrical connection to the LCB ii) Drawing showing a cross section vertical rotor conductor electrolysis unit, where the rotor is rotated by the force of a pressured electrolyte inflow, through a turbine, is directed onto turbine blades attached to the shaft of the rotor conductor. Key:

T=Tank/vessel to contain the apparatus and electrolyte

RCE=Vertical rotor conductor

Introduction to drawings continued:

RB=Blades attached to vertical rotor conductor

ELI=Electrolyte inflow

TH=Turbine housing

RB=Rotor blades of turbine attached to Rotor conductor shaft

LCB=Liquid conductor bearing

ELO=Electrolyte outflow into tank/vessel

SE=stationary electrode with electrical connection to the LCB

In these variations the rotor conductor is a vertical tube and rotates on a vertical axis, the conductor rotor bisecting lines of magnetic flux generated from a stationary column of stacked bar/rod magnets/electromagnets (stacked in vertical pattern suggested in drawings figure 9), sealed to be separate from the electrolyte. The rotor conductor is supported by a central vertical shaft (or other supporting apparatus not shown) which contains a liquid conductor bearing, to enable any electrical flow from the stationary electrodes, to the vertical rotor conductor .the i) variant having the vertical rotor conductor powered a thrust of electrolyte onto turbine blades fixed to the rotor conductor body and variant ii) where the electrolyte is pressured and fed to a turbine powering the vertical rotor shaft.

The rotor conductor is the -ve cathode and the stationary electrode becomes the +ve Anode. One way electrical devices for the electrical flow from the anode to the cathode not shown.

Drawings Figure 15: Modifications and variations

Showing variations of a liquid conductor instead of a rotor conductor design, electrolysis cell that may offer some design advantages. The containment pipe for the liquid conductor material e.g. mercury can be composed of sections of electrical conducting material .e.g. copper and sections of electrically non

Introduction to drawings continued:

conducting/and magnetic transparent containment material e.g. a plastic, so as to create areas/sections of containment pipe, within the tank/vessel (that contains the electrolyte and could be a large cylinder) that can become -ve cathode electrodes and areas/sections of pipe, that can create an internal potential difference generation. The working principal being of a conductor bisecting a magnetic line of flux, in this variation, the conductor bisects (as a moving liquid) the magnetic lines flux creating a potential difference in the liquid conductor. Pipe/containment outside of the tank/vessel should be electrically non-conducting and the pump to circulate the liquid conductor should be made of non-electrically conducting material. The magnetic source Is from a stacked group of stationary horizontal electromagnets (see also drawings figure 9) sealed from the electrolyte.

i) Drawing showing a cross section vertical electrolysis vessel with vertical circulation of liquid conductor around a magnetic source.

Key:

T=Tank /vessel to contain the apparatus and electrolyte

SHE= Stacked horizontal electromagnets/magnets (see also drawings figure 9) sealed from the electrolyte

LCC=Pipe/ containment containing a liquid conductor material e.g. mercury running in convoluted vertical pattern

P=Pump for circulating the liquid conductor

SE=Stationary electrode

D=one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode ii) Drawing showing a cross section vertical electrolysis vessel with vertical circulation of liquid conductor around a magnetic source.

Key:

T=Tank /vessel to contain the apparatus and electrolyte

Introduction to drawings continued:

LCC=Pipe/ containment containing a liquid conductor material e.g. mercury running in spiral pattern

P=Pump for circulating the liquid conductor

SE=Stationary electrode

D=one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode

The two variants of a liquid conductor differ in the shape of the pipe/containment and liquid conductor flow around the magnetic field /magnetic lines of flux. The liquid conductor bisecting lines of magnetic flux as it flows in one direction around the shape of the pipe/containment, will generate within itself a potential difference, where the pipe containment of the liquid conductor is an electrical conducting material, the potential difference will be transferred through it into the electrolyte, making such sections an -ve electrode/electrode surface. The stationary electrode or anode creating an electrolysis process with the cathode. The return electrical flow from the anode (with a one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode), being electrically connected to the liquid conductor in feed to the electrolysis cell.

Drawings Figure 16: Modifications and variations of a liquid conductor electrolysis cell.

i) Showing a cross section vertical electrolysis cell composed of tank/vessel to contain the electrolyte, a group of stationary stacked horizontal electromagnets/magnets (see also drawings figure 9 and this figure ii)) sealed from the electrolyte, and stationary electrodes and a liquid conductor containment /pipe arrangement, where the liquid conductor may travel through the centre of the stacked horizontal electromagnets/magnets (in an electrical non-conducting Introduction to drawings continued:

/magnetically transparent containment. The LCC flow travelling to the top of the group of stacked horizontal electromagnets/magnets where if an electrical conducting pipe/containment is used, the potential difference generated can be transferred to the electrolyte, this section of the LCC becoming a -ve electrode/cathode which with the separate stationary +ve electrode /anode would enable the electrolysis process to occur.

Key:

T=Tank /vessel to contain apparatus and electrolyte

SE=Stationary electrode

LCC=Pipe/ containment containing a liquid conductor material e.g. mercury, running in direction/circulation that travels through the centre of group of stacked horizontal magnets/electromagnets and around the outside ofthe stacked horizontal magnets (which are sealed from the electrolyte) returning to the pump/circulation propulsion device.

P=Pump for circulating the liquid conductor

D=one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode

This variant of a liquid conductor differs from drawings figure 15, in the shape of the pipe/containment and liquid conductor flows through the centre of stacked horizontal electromagnets/magnets bisecting the magnetic field /magnetic lines of flux contained in a non-electrical conducting material e.g. plastic and then circulates back through the electrolyte to the external of stacked horizontal electromagnets/magnets in a pipe composed of an electrical conductor e.g. copper. The liquid conductor bisecting lines of magnetic flux as it flows in one direction around the shape ofthe pipe/containment, will generate within itself a potential difference, and where the pipe containment ofthe liquid conductor, is an electrical conducting

Introduction to drawings continued:

material, the potential difference will be transferred through it into the electrolyte, making such sections an -ve electrode/electrode surface. The stationary electrode or anode creating an electrolysis process with the cathode. The return electrical flow from the anode (with a one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode), being electrically connected to the liquid conductor in feed to the electrolysis cell.

ii) Drawing showing a unit (repeat pattern) of a stacked horizontal electromagnet/magnet, where four bar/rod electromagnets/magnets are arranged with North and South poles in opposition and having a central space through which a liquid conductor (contained within a non-electricahconducting pipe) can circulate, bisecting the magnetic field/lines of flux present.

Key:

N=North pole of magnet/electromagnet

S=South pole of magnet/electromagnet

CF=liquid conductor flow

SHE= a unit (repeat pattern) of a stacked horizontal electromagnet/magnet, where four bar/rod electromagnets/magnets are arranged with North and South poles.

This variant of the liquid conductor electrolysis cell differs, in that the liquid conductor flows through the central space of a stacked horizontal magnet/electromagnet arrangement, rather than round the external of the sealed group stacked horizontal magnets/electromagnets. The drawing i) shows a downward return through the electrolyte from the top of the stacked horizontal magnets/electromagnets, to return to the pump, however is possible that the liquid conductor containment pipe could have patterns similar to drawings figure 15 of vertical convolutions or of a spiral ,to maximise

Introduction to drawings continued:

the available magnetic field /magnetic lines of flux. By using none sections of electrical and none electrical conducting containment pipe for the liquid conductor, potential differences generated in the non-electrical conducting containment pipe sections, will be available when the liquid conductor is flowing through electrical conducting containment pipe .which would be the pipework in the electrolyte. This would make such sections of electrical conducting containment pipe an electrode (-ve cathode) allowing the electrolysis process to take place, where there is an electrical flow between the -ve electrode and the stationary +ve electrode, a return electrical flow flowing through a one way electrical flow device e.g. a diode, before being electrically connected to the liquid conductor flow .The liquid conductor containment external to the tank/vessel and also the pump should be made of a non-electrical conducting material.

Drawings figure 17: Showing modifications and variations.

i)andii) front and side view showing a variation of a liquid electrical conductor ,containment pipe shape as a close wound spiral, for use where a magnet electromagnet is a horizontal bar/rod shape (such as shown in drawings figure 5i)).

Key:

LCI=liquid conductor inflow

LCO=liquid conductor outflow

This variant of the liquid conductor electrolysis component is of use where sealed large rod/bar magnet/electromagnet end surfaces are used. The component sited within the electrolyte .As the liquid conductor circulates one way around the pipe/containment shape; it bisects the lines of magnetic flux/magnetic field, creating a potential difference within the liquid conductor. Where the liquid conductor flows through containment material made of electrical conducting material e.g. copper the potential difference and electron flow should transfer to the electrolyte making such sections an -ve electrode or cathode,if the stationary electrode becomes the +ve electrode or anode then the electrolysis process of the electrolyte should occur. Other apparatus

Introduction to drawings continued:

is not shown and liquid conductor pipe work outside the tank vessel and the pump should be made of non-electrical conducting material.

Drawings figure 17 continued iii)

This shows an overhead view of horizontal electrolysis cell (the same principals being applicable to vertical conductor rotor and liquid conductor electrolysis cells) of the electrical connections of the -ve electrode, +ve electrode and electromagnet. It is theoretical but may provide a far more efficient electrolysis cell in terms of electrical energy consumed to conduct the electrolysis process, it relies on the way that basic homopolar generators work (see drawings figure 2) in that greater potential differences dynamically occur as the disc rotates, at the periphery of the disc and greater currents occur more towards the centre of the disc .In the drawing, potential difference is being created in the rotor conductor ,by it bisecting lines of magnetic flux/magnetic field from the electromagnet (when the rotor conductor is rotating in the magnetic field/lines of flux), that a back flow of electrical current could be transferred,through a liquid conductor bearing .In the drawing two rotor conductors are shown ,the centres of the rotor conductors are connected electrically to a single electrical wire, which forms the winding of the electromagnet ,the exit wire/electrical flow from the electromagnet winding, then being split and going to the stationary electrodes. It is possible that current (which in some electrical theories is described as a observed flow in the opposite direction of the flow of electrons) could then energise the electromagnet before being directed to the stationary electrodes. If the theory holds true that that the -ve electrode (the rotor conductor and possibly liquid conductor variant) is generating a potential difference (or flow of electrons) then conversely the +ve electrode must have a deficit of electrons which is a demand from the -ve electrode for electrons, enabling electrons to transfer via ion formation in the electrolyte, thus making an electrical circuit, but in this design also energising the windings for the electromagnet.

There may have to be one way flow devices e.g. a diode placed at one or more points within the electrical circuit describe (electrical one way flow devices not shown in drawing), and as no system or electrical circuit is 100% electrically

Introduction to drawings continued:

efficient, energy inputs to the electromagnet may be required from an external source (external input source and separate windings on electromagnet not shown in drawing).It could in theory offer a more powerful electrolysis cell as well as more efficient one,if the potential differences and electrical current can flow smoothly as theorised.

Key:

T=Tank/vessel to contain the electrolyte

EM=Electromagnet

LCB=Liquid conductor bearing

RC=Rotor conductor (could also be liquid conductor example)

SE=Stationary electrode

ECF=electrical current flow.

Claims

1) That the devices shown utilise the homopolar generator principal of a conductor bisecting a magnetic field or lines of magnetic flux, to generate a potential difference in the said conductor.

2) That where the rotor conductor is a disc, when the cell is energised and in operation, that a greater potential difference will be observed at the periphery of the disc, than at the centre.

3) That a conductor bisecting a fixed magnetic field/magnetic line of flux will generate a potential difference, and a conductor not bisecting a line of magnetic flux, will not generate a potential difference, enabling a rotating conductor ,-ve cathode to be in the same vessel/electrolyte, as a static conductor ,+ve anode and that an electrical flow (via ion formation) could pass between the electrodes and the process of electrolysis could occur.

4) That this device and variants can electrolyse liquids other than water.

5) That a theoretical efficiency is possible in the use of the rotor conductor as disc, whereby an electrical connection from the centre of the disc rotor conductor can form windings on the electromagnet ,and then from the electromagnet can be connected to the stationary electrode (with one electrical flow devices e.g. a diode placed at certain points) gaining the benefits of the none potential difference flows, suggested in some electrical theories, to create a larger electrical circuit system, that could be more electrically efficient as shown in drawings 17 ii).

6) That a one way circulation of a liquid conductor in a pipe containment, acts as conductor bisecting a magnetic line of flux, and that by using electrical conducting and none conducting containment pipe work ,that an efficient -ve Cathode can be produced.

7) That in the horizontal disc rotor conductor, these can be placed either side of an electromagnet/magnet, making use of the magnetic lines of flux emanating from both the North and South poles, and offer a greater efficiency than designs that utilise a single rotor.

8) That by addition of salt greater ion formation can be achieved and improve the electrolysis cell efficiency.

Claims continued:

9) That the electrolyte can be used as a form of propulsion as pressured jet of vectored thrust, or as liquid turbine to rotate rotor conductors, and that the pumping of the electrolyte can be done by a mechanically operated (but electrically separate/insulated) pump, and use other sources of energy than an electrical motor may use and thereby reduce the electrical energy consumption ofthe process.

10) That because a magnet/electro magnet is used, and a rotor conductor produces the electrical potential difference, that this should consume less electricity per kg of water electrolysed than a classic electrolysis cell as intermittent energising can be used, to use permanent magnetism to create a potential difference, rather than a source of DC electrical flow.

11) That the apparatus can be arranged into larger groups within a single body of electrolyte, vertically or horizontally, to give material efficiencies.

12) That the electrolyte is contained within a tank/vessel made of non-electrical conducting material and that the magnet/electromagnet is sealed from the electrolyte and can operate, using a sealing material that is magnetically transparent to allow the lines of magnetic flux emanating from the magnetic source to enter the tank/electrolyte environment, and that the rotor conductors/liquid conductors are able to be fully submerged in the electrolyte.